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Luévanos-Rojas, Arnulfo, Blanca Lucia Estrada-Mendoza, and Mónico Juárez-Ramírez. "Estudio comparativo para áreas mínimas en contacto con el suelo de zapatas aisladas rectangulares y circulares trabajando parcialmente bajo compresión." Boletín de Ciencias de la Tierra, no. 55 (June 12, 2024): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/rbct.n55.111624.
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Este trabajo presenta un estudio comparativo para áreas mínimas en contacto con el terreno de ZAR (zapatas aisladas rectangulares) y ZAC (zapatas aisladas circulares) que trabajan total MA (Modelo Actual) o parcialmente NM (Nuevo Modelo) a compresión. La metodología se describe utilizando las ecuaciones desarrolladas por el mismo autor para ZAR y ZAC. Principales hallazgos: las ZAR bajo flexión uniaxial tienen menos área que las ZAC en el MA y en el NM; El NM presenta menor área que el MA para ZAR y ZAC bajo flexión biaxial en todos los casos; El NM para ZAC muestra menos área que las ZAR, cuando los momentos son iguales y la relación de la carga axial dividida por el momento es 0.75 o mayor, cuando el momento más pequeño dividido por el momento más grande está entre 0.50 y 0.75, y la carga axial es mayor que el momento más grande. Por ello, se recomienda realizar un estudio previo para elegir el tipo de zapata.
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Vlajic-Popovic, Jasna. "The interrogative particle zar - from syntax and semantics to etymology." Juznoslovenski filolog 72, no. 1-2 (2016): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi1602065v.
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This paper deals with the Serbian interrogative particle zar/zar/zar ?num, forsan?, typically positioned at the beginning of a sentence (expressing surprise, wonder, disbelief, dissent, etc.) or at its end, coupled with ne and separated by a comma (in guided questions, affirmative and negative alike: Ti ga (ne) volis, zar ne?), yet also broadly attested in obsolete use (in the 19-20th-century literature) in modal function, where it is synonymous to valjda, mozda ?perhaps, maybe?. After a review of the ways zar is treated in modern Serbian grammars and descriptive dictionaries (including several dialectal dictionaries), and following research of Macedonian, Bulgarian and Turkish dictionaries, its etymology is discussed: Skok?s unconvincing idioglottal interpretation is refuted, and Resetar?s idea is reintroduced (prevoiusly rejected by Skok, questioned by Elezovic, accepted in the RJA) that zar, along with its obliterated forms zaer, zajer, zaher, should be traced back to Turkish zahir adv. ?apparently, clearly, evidently?, ?seemingly, perhaps, maybe?. The semantic-syntactic evolution of the loanword within the Serbian language is illustrated, and hence the alloglottal etymology corroborated, by a selection of quotes from folklore and eminent 19-20th-century writers. And finally, as the most likely, the paper offers the interpretation of this particle as a hybrid formation resulting from contamination by the Turkisms of an idioglottal zar, which could be related to archaic Polish za? < PSl. *za-ze.
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Husselmann, D., R. Joubert, J. R. Burger, M. S. Lubbe, and M. Cockeran. "Maximum potential cost-savings attributable to generic substitution of antipsychotics 2008 to 2013." Health SA Gesondheid 21 (October 11, 2016): 356–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v21i0.991.
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Background: Schizophrenia is a costly illness to treat, especially during a time of escalating medicine inflation costs, putting a large economic strain on patients, their families and the community. Treatment, however, can become more affordable through generic substitution.Objective: To determine the maximum potential cost-saving through generic substitution for both originator and more expensive generic items while observing the prescribing patterns of antipsychotics.Method: Antipsychotic medicine usage was analysed retrospectively during the study period 2008 to 2013 using data obtained from a nationally representative Pharmaceutical Benefit Management Company. The study population consisted of 4410 patients with ICD-10 codes (F20-F20.9) who had paid claims for an antipsychotic reimbursed from their prescribed minimum benefits. Active ingredients were identified using the MIMS classification system. Maximum potential cost savings were determined by substituting all originator and more expensive generic antipsychotic items with the cost of the least expensive generic antipsychotic item available.Results: Through generic substitution, a total potential cost-saving of ZAR4 642 685.45 could be possible from 2008 to 2013. Average cost per items increased from ZAR600.53 ± ZAR435.00 (median ZAR 539.82) in 2008 to ZAR1 196.59 ± ZAR 942.16 (median ZAR 940.72) in 2013 and had a significant effect on patients' contribution, which increased with 726.94% from 2005 to 2008. Psychiatrists prescribed the majority of antipsychotics. Although generic items claimed increased by 60.31% during the study period, psychiatrist still favoured non-generic prescribing (40.63%).Conclusions: Potential economic benefits can be generated with generic substitution.
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Šolak, Zdravko. "Rečca zar u Krležinoj zbirci priča Hrvatski bog Mars." Fluminensia 31, no. 2 (2019): 353–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31820/f.31.2.13.
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Posmatran je ukupan skup javljanja rečce zar u Krležinoj zbirci priča Hrvatski bog Mars. Pri osnovnom pregledu tog skupa jasno su uočene kvantitativne karakteristike: neravnomeran raspored reči zar po pojedinim pričama u zbirci, pojava mesta koncentracije na kojim javljanja rečce zar dolaze u blizini jedno drugog, zatim asimetrija javljanja kada je u pitanju raspored javljanja rečce zar u govoru pojedinih likova u priči. Tipična situacija u čijem je opisu upotrebljena rečca zar jeste oficirsko obraćanje vojnicima. Ona je doprinela da se u tom obraćanju iskažu: prekor, ruženje, uvrede, ispoljavanje besa, psovke, pretnje. Rečca zar se takođe javljala i u unutrašnjim monolozima, kao i u razgovorima koje vojnici vode među sobom. Upotreba rečce zar znatno je doprinela karakterizaciji likova kada su u pitanju oficiri. Njena upotreba omogućila je da u opisu do izražaja dođe živost razgovora koje vode vojnici, kao i da se opiše preispitivanje kojem su u trenucima osame podložni i oficiri i vojnici.
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Sahruji, Ilham, and Johan Septian Putra. "SIRAJUDDIN ZAR THINKING CONSTRUCTION ABOUT COSMOLOGY." Zawiyah: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam 8, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31332/zjpi.v8i2.4494.
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AbstrakTujuan dari artikel ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan landasan pemikiran Sirajuddin Zar; menganalisis faktor-faktor mempengaruhi pemikiran Sirajuddin Zar tentang kosmologi; dan menjelasakan corak pemikiran kosmologi dari Sirajuddin Zar. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kepustakaan (library research) dengan penggunaan metode deskriptif-analitis, induksi dan holistika. Data primer dari kajian ini adalah karya Sirajuddin Zar yaitu Konsep Penciptaan Alam dalam Pemikiran Islam Sains dan al-Qur’an. Penelitian ini didukung dengan data sekunder berupa buku dan jurnal berkaitan dengan tajuk kajian dalam artikel ini. Hasil penelitian menjelaskan beberapa hal tentang konstruksi pemikiran Sirajuddin Zar yaitu; pertama, pemikiran kosmologi Sirajuddin Zar berlandaskan sumber dari al-Qur’an, para filsuf Islam masa klasik dan ilmu sains. kedua, pemikiran kosmologi Sirajuddin dipengaruhi oleh gurunya yaitu; Harun Nasution, Quraish Shihab dan Ahmad Baiquni serta mereferensi dari buku teologi Islam, filsafat Islam dan tafsir al-Qur’an. Ketiga, corak kosmologi Sirajuddin Zar diposisikan sebagai rasional empiris.Kata Kunci: Konstruksi, Kosmologi, Sirajuddin Zar AbstractThe purpose of this article is to describe the rationale of Sirajuddin Zar; analyze the factors influencing Sirajuddin Zar's thoughts on cosmology; explain the cosmological thinking style of Sirajuddin Zar. This research is library research using descriptive-analytical, induction, and holistic methods. The primary data of this study is the work of Sirajuddin Zar, namely the Concept of Creation of Nature in Islamic Thought, Science, and the Qur'an. This research is supported by secondary data in the form of books and journals related to the title of the study in this article. The results of the study explain several things about the construction of Sirajuddin Zar's thoughts, namely; First, Sirajuddin Zar's cosmological thinking is based on sources from the Qur'an, classical Islamic philosophers, and science. second, Sirajuddin's cosmological thinking was influenced by his teacher, namely; Harun Nasution, Quraish Shihab, and Ahmad Baiquni as well as references from books on Islamic theology, Islamic philosophy, and interpretation of the Qur'an. Third, Sirajuddin Zar's cosmological style is positioned as empirically rational.Keywords: Construction, Cosmology, Sirajuddin Zar
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Moore, Taylor M. "Occult Epidemics." History of the Present 13, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/21599785-10253325.
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Abstract In the 1903 text Madar al-Zar (The Damages of Zar), Egyptian writer Muhammad Hilmi Zayn al-Din decried the growing popularity of zar rituals and the superstitious women who participated in them as an epidemic ravaging his country. This article employs Anjuli Fatima Raza Kolb’s method of “epidemiological reading” to reveal and analyze the racial and imperial anxieties that underlie this understudied text. The article begins with a summary of Madar al-Zar and an account of the sociopolitical context in which it was published. It then pulls back the surface layers of the text to reveal that the “disease” running rampant in early twentieth-century Egypt was not zar, but the scourge of African enslavement and the ever-looming specter of Egypt’s imperial desires in Sudan. The article concludes with a meditation on zar as an archive of African dispossession, displacement, and resilience.
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Gerharz, Elmar W. "Putin und der Zar." Uro-News 26, no. 10 (October 2022): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00092-022-5500-2.
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Jackson, Donald A. "Biostatistical Analysis.Jerrold H. Zar." Quarterly Review of Biology 73, no. 3 (September 1998): 397–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/420409.
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Chifurira, Retius, Knowledge Chinhamu, and Dorah Dubihlela. "Co-integration analysis with structural breaks: South Africa’s gold mining index and USD/ZAR exchange rate." Banks and Bank Systems 11, no. 3 (October 12, 2016): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.11(3).2016.11.
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This paper examines the presence of cointegration between South African gold mining index and USD/ZAR exchange rate. The results show that gold index and USD/ZAR exchange rate series are both I(1) and are cointegrated. The Granger causality test shows a two-way directional causality between gold index and USD/ZAR exchange rate for the period 9 June 2005-9 June 2015. By accounting for possible structural breaks, the Zivot-Andrews unit root test suggests two different breaking points in the data. By using the breaking dates to divide the dataset into 3 sub-periods, the results show that gold index and USD/ZAR exchange rate series are not cointegrated. The Granger causality test shows no causality between the two variables. This finding suggests that gold mining index does not play a key role in explaining the trends in the exchange rate and likewise exchange rate does not affect gold mining index. Keywords: USD/ZAR exchange rate, gold mining index, unit root tests, breaking points, cointegration. JEL Classification: F3, F4, F63, O47
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Taşdemir, Bilal, and Necaattin Barışçı. "Derin Öğrenme İle Beyin Tümör Segmentasyonu." Bilişim Teknolojileri Dergisi 17, no. 3 (May 15, 2024): 159–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17671/gazibtd.1396872.
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Artan nüfus ile birlikte her geçen gün daha fazla insan beyin tümöründen etkilenmektedir. Diğer hastalıklar ile kıyaslandığında beyin tümörünün ölüm oranı çok daha yüksektir. Ayrıca beyin tümörü hastalığına yakalanan bireyler günlük yaşamlarında önemli zorluklarla karşılaşmaktadır. Beyin tümörünün tanısı doktorlar için zorlu bir süreçtir. Teşhis aşamasında doktorların karşılaştığı zorluklar ve bu sorunların üstesinden gelmek adına bir çözüm önerisi olarak, beyin MR görüntülerinin otomatik segmentasyonunu sağlayacak bir modelin tasarlanması hedeflenmiştir. Bu çalışmada beyin MR görüntülerinin segmentasyonundaki zorluğu aşmak için topluluk öğrenimi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Topluluk öğrenimi yönteminde derin öğrenme tabanlı dikkat mekanizmalı u-net ve u-net modelleri kullanılmıştır. Bu yöntem ile iki farklı modelden gelen tahmin değerlerinin ortalamasının alınması ve daha kararlı bir modelin geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Model eğitimi için BRATS veri setinin 2018, 2019 ve 2020 versiyonları kullanılırken, model testleri için 2017 versiyonu tercih edilmiştir. Veri setindeki dengesiz sınıf dağılımı problemine çözüm olarak farklı veri ön işleme adımları kullanılmıştır ve topluluk öğrenimi modeli ile beyin MR görüntülerinin segmentasyon problemi ele alınmıştır. Elde edilen topluluk öğrenimi yöntemi ile BRATS2017 veri seti üzerinde %87,33 ortalama zar skoru, %81,74 nekrotik sınıfı zar skoru, %91,57 ödem sınıfı zar skoru, %76,03 artırılmış tümör sınıfı zar skoru, %99,96 arka plan sınıfı zar skoru ve Tüm Tümör (TT), Çekirdek Tümör (ÇT) ve Artırılmış Tümör (AT) için sırasıyla %83,11, %78,88 ve %76,03 zar skoru elde edilmiştir.
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Nugraha, Hamka Surya, Hilman Mutaqin, Adittia Fathah, and Christina Juliane. "Mengidentifikasi Strategi Promosi pada Jasa Penjualan Saldo Digital menggunakan Pendekatan Clustering." Edumatic: Jurnal Pendidikan Informatika 7, no. 1 (June 20, 2023): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.29408/edumatic.v7i1.7385.
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The rapid development of information technology has impacted various fields, one of which is cellular telephony. The increasing number of people who have cell phones impacts the need for digital products, especially digital balances, which are increasing. This study aims to identify digital balance sales so that they become input, especially the ZAR counter-promotion strategy. This study uses the clustering method and the K-Means Algorithm to obtain several clusters of transaction types based on the nominal sales price. The silhouette is used to find the number of clusters. The dataset used in this study is the sale of digital ZAR counterbalances from November 2021 to October 2022. This research resulted in a total of 2 clusters. First cluster with low price nominal sales was 49,213 data, while second with high nominal price sales was 3,076. The study results show that the k-means algorithm can be used to cluster sales of ZAR counter digital balances, and ZAR counter digital balances are quite good. Still, there is data in clusters with high nominal prices. ZAR counter owners can create promotional strategies by providing discounts below 142,000 so that customers who buy at a high nominal price move to a lower nominal price.
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Shingwenyana, Rhulani, Ayanda N. Shabalala, Ryneth Mbhele, and Vhahangwele Masindi. "Techno-Economic Analysis of the Reclamation of Drinking Water and Valuable Minerals from Acid Mine Drainage." Minerals 11, no. 12 (November 30, 2021): 1352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11121352.
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The concept of circular economy in wastewater treatment has recently attracted immense interest and this is primarily fueled by the ever-growing interest to minimise ecological footprints of mining activities and metallurgical processes. In light of that, countries such as the Republic of South Africa, China, Australia, and the United States are at the forefront of water pollution due to the generation of notorious acid mine drainage (AMD). The disposal of AMD to different receiving environments constitutes a severe threat to the receiving ecosystem thus calling for prudent intervention to redress the prevailing challenges. Recent research emphasises the employment of wastewater treatment, beneficiation and valorisation. Herein, the techno-economic evaluation of the reclamation of clean water and valuable minerals from AMD using the Magnesite Softening and Reverse Osmosis (MASRO) process was reported. The total capital expenditure (CAPEX) for the plant is ZAR 452,000 (USD 31,103.22) which includes ZAR 110,000 (USD 7569.37) for civil works on a plant area of 100 m2. The operational expenditure (OPEX) for the pilot is 16,550,000 ZAR (South African Rand) or USD 1,138,845.72 in present value terms (10 years plant life). The plant reclaimed drinking water as specified in different water quality standards, guidelines, and specifications, including Fe-based minerals (goethite, magnetite, and hematite), Mg-gypsum, and calcium carbonate. These minerals were verified using state-of-the-art analytical equipment. The recovered valuables will be sold at ZAR 368/kL (USD 25.32), ZAR 1100/t (USD 75.69), and ZAR 2000/t (USD 137.62) for water, gypsum, and limestone, respectively. The project has an NPV of ZAR 60,000 (USD 4128.75) at an IRR of 26%. The payback period for this investment will take 3 years. The total power consumption per day was recorded to be 146.6 kWh, and 103,288 kWh/annum. In conclusion, findings of this work will significantly contribute to improving the sustainability of the mining sector by proposing economically feasible solutions for wastewater streams treatment, beneficiation, and valorisation.
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Shandu, Philani, Gideon Boako, and Paul Alagidede. "Price leadership in the South African foreign-exchange market: an empirical analysis." International Journal of Emerging Markets 13, no. 1 (January 15, 2018): 87–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-07-2016-0173.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the information-based microstructure theory’s effectiveness in explaining short-term disturbances in currency prices by determining whether the price discovery process in the US dollar (USD) and South African rand (ZAR)-USD/ZAR spot market is led by an individual market agent, around an exogenous news event. Design/methodology/approach The influence of central bank intervention-related events on USD/ZAR volatility is investigated through the application of Brown-Forsythe variance equality tests on individual dealer and market quotes. Furthermore, the study applies bivariate Granger-causality tests to individual dealers’ USD/ZAR spot rate quotes, in an effort to determine whether certain dealers can be established as price leaders around an exogenous news event. Findings The study finds significant evidence to suggest the USD/ZAR market price leadership of Nomura forex (FX) prior to the public announcement of a South African Reserve Bank intervention-related news event. This finding supports microstructure theory’s assertions regarding the existence of foreign-exchange market characteristics such as trader heterogeneity and private information. Research limitations/implications The paper is conducted on a sample of eight USD/ZAR market agents, of which six are offshore dealers, and only two are located locally. Although these proportions are somewhat relatable to the locations of rand turnover, it would still be interesting to investigate the existence of price leadership solely amongst South African authorised FX dealers. Practical implications The results suggest the existence and price relevance of private information, as well as the heterogeneous nature of USD/ZAR market participants, based on informational asymmetries. The outcomes of the paper are useful to market participants, researchers, and central banks alike. Originality/value Though the study does not impugn the body of work related to the orthodox macroeconomic approaches to exchange rate determination, it seems apparent that much more microstructure-related research still has to be conducted in the context of emerging market currencies. It is this void that the current study has attempted to provide for in contribution to literature.
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Kohli-Lynch, Ciaran N., Agnes Erzse, B. Rayner, and Karen J. Hofman. "Hypertension in the South African public healthcare system: a cost-of-illness and burden of disease study." BMJ Open 12, no. 2 (February 2022): e055621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055621.
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ObjectivesTo quantify the health and economic burden of hypertension in the South African public healthcare system.SettingAll inpatient, outpatient and rehabilitative care received in the national public healthcare system.ParticipantsAdults, aged ≥20 years, who receive care in the public healthcare system.OutcomesWorksheet-based models synthesised data from multiple sources to estimate the burden of disease, direct healthcare costs, and societal costs associated with hypertension. Results were disaggregated by sex.ResultsApproximately 8.22 million (30.8%, 95% CI 29.5% to 32.1%) South African adults with no private health insurance have hypertension. Hypertension was estimated to cause 14 000 (95% CI 11 100 to 17 200) ischaemic heart disease events, 13 300 (95% CI 10 600 to 16 300) strokes and 6100 (95% CI 4970 to 7460) cases of chronic kidney disease annually. Rates of hypertension, hypertension-related stroke and hypertension-related chronic kidney disease were greater for women compared with men.The direct healthcare costs associated with hypertension were estimated to be ZAR 10.1 billion (95% CI 8.98 to 11.3 billion) or US$0.711 billion (95% CI 0.633 to 0.793 billion). Societal costs were estimated to be ZAR 29.4 billion (95% CI 26.0 to 33.2 billion) or US$2.08 billion (95% CI 1.83 to 2.34 billion). Direct healthcare costs were greater for women (ZAR 6.11 billion or US$0.431 billion) compared with men (ZAR 3.97 billion or US$0.280 billion). Conversely, societal costs were lower for women (ZAR 10.5 billion or US$0.743 billion) compared with men (ZAR 18.9 billion or US$1.33 billion).ConclusionHypertension exerts a heavy health and economic burden on South Africa. Establishing cost-effective best practice guidelines for hypertension treatment requires further research. Such research will be essential if South Africa is to make progress in its efforts to implement universal healthcare.
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Al-Adawi, Samir H., Rodger G. Martin, Ahmed Al-Salmi, and Harith Ghassani. "Zar: Group distress and healing." Mental Health, Religion & Culture 4, no. 1 (May 2001): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13674670124303.
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Jackson, Donald A. "Biostatistical Analysis. Jerrold H. Zar." Quarterly Review of Biology 75, no. 4 (December 2000): 501–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/393742.
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Luković, Slađana, Aleksandar Baucal, and Branka Tišma. "Dinamičko procenjivanje zone narednog razvoja testom za ispitivanje prvaka-1 (TIP-1)." Primenjena psihologija 6, no. 4 (December 26, 2013): 371–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.19090/pp.2013.4.371-383.
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Osnovni predmet rada jeste ispitivanje mogućnosti primene instrumenta TIP-1 za dinamičko procenjivanje zone narednog razvoja. U okviru istraživanja su za svako dete dobijeni podaci o zoni aktuelnog razvoja (ZAR) i, uz odgovarajuće modifikacije procedure ispitivanja, o zoni narednog razvoja (ZNR). Rezultati pokazuju da su ZAR i ZNR u pozitivnoj korelaciji (r = .50), što je veća ZAR veća je i ZNR i obrnuto, što je slabije samostalno postignuće u manjoj meri dete napreduje i u saradnji sa kompetentnijim odraslim. Rezultati su u skladu sa očekivanjima formulisanim na osnovu teorije Vigotskog, kao i sa rezultatima nekih prethodnih istraživanja. Na osnovu istraživanja definisane su i praktične preporuke za psihologe koji se bave predškolskim testiranjem zrelosti za polazak u školu.
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Wagner, Martin, and Benjamin Conrad. "Scheine drucken, Schätze evakuieren. Kontingenzbewältigung in Russland angesichts der Bedrohung St. Petersburgs 1812." Historische Zeitschrift 312, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 62–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hzhz-2021-0003.
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Zusammenfassung Im Sommer 1812 sah das Russische Reich einer militärischen wie finanziellen Katastrophe entgegen. Noch bevor die napoleonische Grande Armée russisches Territorium betrat, hatte sich das Russische Imperium, erschüttert durch vergangene Kriege, in einer tiefen Schuldenkrise befunden. Mit dem Vormarsch der französischen Truppen geriet das Zarenreich zudem an den Rand der militärischen Niederlage. Russland stand einer doppelten Krise gegenüber – dem drohenden Staatsbankrott wie der erwarteten Eroberung seiner Hauptstadt. Denn anders als die Meistererzählung jüngerer Darstellungen nahelegt, gingen Zar Alexander I. und seine Berater davon aus, Napoleon werde St. Petersburg – und nicht etwa Moskau – angreifen und erobern können. Wie bewältige Zar Alexander I. die Kontingenz der Krise? Der Ungewissheit über den Fortgang des Krieges und der Unsicherheit seiner finanziellen Verteidigungsressourcen, zweier ineinander verschränkter Bedrohungen, begegnete der Zar durch aktives Zukunftshandeln: Binnen weniger Tage verordnete er, Schätze und Geldreserven aus St. Petersburg zu evakuieren und Assignaten in großer Stückzahl zur Kriegsfinanzierung zu drucken. Die Strategien finanzpolitischer und evakuatorischer Prävention lassen erkennen, wie der Zar seinen Staat verstand, wie es seinen Beamten gelang, die Verteidigungs- und Regierungsfähigkeit des Reiches zu wahren und welchen Anteil die zivile Verwaltung daran hatte, die Niederlage Russlands 1812 abzuwenden.
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Gibbs, Naomi, Colin Angus, Simon Dixon, Charles DH Parry, Petra S. Meier, Micheal Kofi Boachie, and Stéphane Verguet. "Equity impact of minimum unit pricing of alcohol on household health and finances among rich and poor drinkers in South Africa." BMJ Global Health 7, no. 1 (January 2022): e007824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007824.
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IntroductionSouth Africa experiences significant levels of alcohol-related harm. Recent research suggests minimum unit pricing (MUP) for alcohol would be an effective policy, but high levels of income inequality raise concerns about equity impacts. This paper quantifies the equity impact of MUP on household health and finances in rich and poor drinkers in South Africa.MethodsWe draw from extended cost-effectiveness analysis (ECEA) methods and an epidemiological policy appraisal model of MUP for South Africa to simulate the equity impact of a ZAR 10 MUP over a 20-year time horizon. We estimate the impact across wealth quintiles on: (i) alcohol consumption and expenditures; (ii) mortality; (iii) government healthcare cost savings; (iv) reductions in cases of catastrophic health expenditures (CHE) and household savings linked to reduced health-related workplace absence.ResultsWe estimate MUP would reduce consumption more among the poorest than the richest drinkers. Expenditure would increase by ZAR 353 000 million (1 US$=13.2 ZAR), the poorest contributing 13% and the richest 28% of the increase, although this remains regressive compared with mean income. Of the 22 600 deaths averted, 56% accrue to the bottom two quintiles; government healthcare cost savings would be substantial (ZAR 3.9 billion). Cases of CHE averted would be 564 700, 46% among the poorest two quintiles. Indirect cost savings amount to ZAR 51.1 billion.ConclusionsA MUP policy in South Africa has the potential to reduce harm and health inequality. Fiscal policies for population health require structured policy appraisal, accounting for the totality of effects using mathematical models in association with ECEA methodology.
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Michaux, Geneviève, Albert Mwembo-Tambwe, Zakaria Belrhiti, Francis Monet, and Bart Criel. "Développement des Zones de Santé d’Apprentissage et de Recherche en République Démocratique du Congo : enseignements utiles d’une évaluation qualitative des expériences antérieures en Afrique Subsaharienne." Global Health Promotion 27, no. 2 (October 15, 2018): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757975918784537.
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Trois Zones d’Apprentissage et de Recherche (ZAR) sont développées par le programme RIPSEC en République Démocratique duCongo (RDC). Cette stratégie consiste à utiliser un district sanitaire comme substrat pour former des managers des districts de santé et mener des recherches sur les systèmes de santé. L’objet de cet article est d’explorer les principes, les effets et les conditions de succès de cette stratégie à travers une évaluation qualitative des expériences ZAR antérieures en Afrique Subsaharienne. Elle concerne quatre expériences, deux menées au Niger, une en RDC et une au Congo-Brazzaville. Les données proviennent des témoignages de responsables du développement des expériences, présentés dans un séminaire en 2014 et approfondis par des entretiens en 2015, et des publications traitant des expériences. Les faits communs aux quatre expériences sont la diffusion nationale et souvent internationale des bonnes pratiques et des modèles organisationnels, leur développement inscrit dans le long-terme et l’implication des managers des ZAR dans tous les volets de leur transformation. Le centrage de la recherche sur les problèmes de la ZAR et la promotion de la réflexivité dans les décisions managériales sont importants pour cette transformation. L’utilisation des résultats par le programme RIPSEC, les logiques imbriquées dans le concept ZAR et l’apport potentiel de l’implication d’écoles de santé publiques nationales dans leur développement sont ensuite discutés. La validité de l’étude est limitée mais renforcer le leadership des managers des districts sanitaires est un défi fréquent pour les systèmes de santé aux ressources limitées. Cet article peut aider à développer une stratégie pour le renforcer.
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Chicco, Adam J., Micah S. Johnson, Casey J. Armstrong, Joshua M. Lynch, Ryan T. Gardner, Geoff S. Fasen, Cody P. Gillenwater, and Russell L. Moore. "Sex-specific and exercise-acquired cardioprotection is abolished by sarcolemmal KATP channel blockade in the rat heart." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 292, no. 5 (May 2007): H2432—H2437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01301.2006.
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The present study was conducted to determine whether the infarct sparing effect of short-term exercise is dependent on the operation of the myocardial sarcolemmal ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channel. Adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were exercised on a motorized treadmill for 5 days. Twenty-four hours following the training or sedentary period, hearts were isolated and exposed to 1 h of regional ischemia followed by 2 h of reperfusion on a modified Langendorf apparatus in the presence or absence of the sarcolemmal KATP channel antagonist HMR-1098 (30 μM). Following the ischemia-reperfusion protocol, infarct size was determined as a percentage of the total ischemic zone at risk (ZAR). Short-term exercise reduced infarct size by 24% in males (32 ± 2% of ZAR; P < 0.01) and by 18% in females (26 ± 2% of ZAR; P < 0.05). Sarcolemmal KATP channel blockade abolished the training-induced cardioprotection in both males and females, increasing infarct size to 43 ± 3% and 52 ± 4% of ZAR, respectively. In the absence of HMR-1098, infarct size was significantly lower in sedentary females than in males (33 ± 4% vs. 42 ± 2% of ZAR, respectively; P < 0.01). However, the presence of HMR-1098 abolished this sex difference, increasing infarct size by 58% in the sedentary females ( P < 0.01) but having no effect on infarct size in sedentary males. This study demonstrates that the sex-specific and exercise-acquired resistance to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury is dependent on sarcolemmal KATP activity during ischemia.
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Natvig, Richard. "Oromos, Slaves, and the Zar Spirits: A Contribution to the History of the Zar Cult." International Journal of African Historical Studies 20, no. 4 (1987): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/219657.
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Salymatova, N. R., and K. M. Bolyssova. "The ideological essence of the concept of “Zar zaman”." Bulletin of the Karaganda university History.Philosophy series 110, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2023hph2/367-374.
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The task of the article will be aimed at determining the philosophical essence of the period in the Kazakh worldview called “Zar Zaman”. In the context of time, attention is paid to the specifics of “Zar Zaman”, the problems of personal identity. Based on the analysis of the historical and cultural situation for the specified period of time, the consideration of the causes of the difficulties of the critical period is based. Understanding the ideological meaning of “Zar Zaman”, concept which has a special meaning in the cognitive consciousness of the Kazakh people, is important for understanding the entire system of thinking of the Kazakh people. The relevance of the topic under consideration is determined by several reasons. First of all, the study of the problem of time is a general, fundamental, important philosophical categorical concept reflecting the relationship of cognition and reality. In addition, the question of time is very important in human life. The consideration of time is connected with the purpose of comprehending not only the individual existence of time, but also human existence. The problem of time has an important ideological significance. One of the integral parts of our idea is the preservation of spiritual values, the revival of traditions. Their importance increases even more in rapidly changing times. In the article we have tried to consider the ideological essence of the time period called “Zar Zaman” as one of the historically and culturally significant periods of time, taking modernity as a basis. On this basis, the differentiation of the worldview of the “Zar Zaman” period's representatives was laid by studying their creativity
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Van Heerden, Chris, and André Heymans. "The relationship between the forward and realised spot exchange rate in South Africa." Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences 5, no. 1 (April 30, 2012): 175–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jef.v5i1.312.
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It is well known that the forward exchange rate and the realised future spot exchange rate differ. This phenomenon is better known as the exchange rate puzzle. Two approaches were followed to ascertain whether this difference is due to the weak explanatory ability of current economic fundamentals or whether the use of an ineffective econometric approach to model exchange rate theories is to blame. The first approach makes use of stationary economic time series data to model the ZAR/USD realised future spot exchange rate, while the second uses non-stationary level economic data to model the ZAR/USD realised future spot exchange rate. While the first approach reported weak results, the second approach illustrated that economic fundamentals are able to explain the ZAR/USD realised future spot exchange rate. These results also confirm that the exchange rate puzzle is a pseudoproblem.
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Kong, V., C. Aldous, J. Handley, and D. Clarke. "The cost effectiveness of early management of acute appendicitis underlies the importance of curative surgical services to a primary healthcare programme." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 95, no. 4 (May 2013): 280–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588413x13511609958415.
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Introduction Appendicitis in the developing world is a cause of significant preventable morbidity. This prospective study from a regional hospital in South Africa constructs a robust cost model that demonstrates the cost effectiveness of an efficient curative surgical service in a primary healthcare-orientated system. Methods A prospective audit of all patients with acute appendicitis admitted to Edendale Hospital was undertaken from September 2010 to September 2011. A microcosting approach was used to construct a cost model based on the estimated cost of operative and perioperative interventions together with the associated hospital stay. For cost analysis, patients were divided into the following cohorts: uncomplicated appendicitis, complicated appendicitis with localised intra-abdominal sepsis, complicated appendicitis with generalised intra-abdominal sepsis, with and without intensive care unit admission. Results Two hundred patients were operated on for acute appendicitis. Of these, 36% (71/200) had uncomplicated appendicitis and 57% (114/200) had perforation. Pathologies other than appendicitis were present in 8% (15/200) and these patients were excluded. Of the perforated appendices, 45% (51/114) had intra-abdominal contamination that was localised while 55% (63/114) generalised sepsis. The mean cost for each patient was: 6,578 ZAR (£566) for uncomplicated appendicitis; 14,791 ZAR (£1,272) for perforation with localised intra-abdominal sepsis and 34,773 ZAR (£2,990) for perforation with generalised intra-abdominal sepsis without intensive care admission. With intensive care admission it was 77,816 ZAR (£6,692). The total cost of managing acute appendicitis was 4,272,871 ZAR (£367,467). Almost 90% of this total cost was owing to advanced disease with abdominal sepsis and therefore potentially preventable. Conclusions Early uncomplicated appendicitis treated appropriately carries little morbidity and is relatively inexpensive to treat. As the pathology progresses, the cost rises exponentially. An efficient curative surgical service must be regarded as a cost effective component of a primary healthcare orientated system.
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Ndlovu, Thabani, and Delson Chikobvu. "The Generalised Pareto Distribution Model Approach to Comparing Extreme Risk in the Exchange Rate Risk of BitCoin/US Dollar and South African Rand/US Dollar Returns." Risks 11, no. 6 (May 31, 2023): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks11060100.
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Cryptocurrencies are said to be very risky, and so are the currencies of emerging economies, including the South African rand. The steady rise in the movement of South Africans’ investments between the rand and BitCoin warrants an investigation as to which of the two currencies is riskier. In this paper, the Generalised Pareto Distribution (GPD) model is employed to estimate the Value at Risk (VaR) and the Expected Shortfall (ES) for the two exchange rates, BitCoin/US dollar (BitCoin) and the South African rand/US dollar (ZAR/USD). The estimated risk measures are used to compare the riskiness of the two exchange rates. The Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) method is used to find the optimal parameters of the GPD model. The higher extreme value index estimate associated with the BTC/USD when compared with the ZAR/USD estimate, suggests that the BTC/USD is riskier than the ZAR/USD. The computed VaR estimates for losses of $0.07, $0.09, and $0.16 per dollar invested in the BTC/USD at 90%, 95%, and 99% compared to the ZAR/USD’s $0.02, $0.02, and $0.03 at the respective levels of significance, confirm that BitCoin is riskier than the rand. The ES (average losses) of $0.11, $0.13, and $0.21 per dollar invested in the BTC/USD at 90%, 95%, and 99% compared to the ZAR/USD’s $0.02, $0.02, and $0.03 at the respective levels of significance further confirm the higher risk associated with BitCoin. Model adequacy is confirmed using the Kupiec test procedure. These findings are helpful to risk managers when making adequate risk-based capital requirements more rational between the two currencies. The argument is for more capital requirements for BitCoin than for the South African rand.
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Kakouris, Georgios. "The symbolization of a snake and tree among the devotees of the zar spirit in Sudan." IJoReSH: Indonesian Journal of Religion, Spirituality, and Humanity 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 68–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/ijoresh.v2i1.68-92.
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This paper deals with a symbolic interpretation of the structural position that the snake and the tree possess in the local worship of the zar spirit within the borders of Islamic Sudan. The paper at hand aims to study, via bibliographic research, how the snake Azrag Banda, a manifestation of zar, and his tree-abode are regarded as significant symbols in the Sudanese zar tumbura, a self-nominated Islamic practice and spirit-possession cult with therapeutic functions. The snake Azrag Banda and his tree play a special role in the life of the cult and are meaningful symbols due to the collective historical experience of the Sudani, the devotees of zar tumbura. As it will be shown, the main characteristic of the Sudani Self is a past of slavery and displacement and a present of living on the margins of Sudanese society. In this regard, the current article aims at indicating what the snake entity Azrag Banda and his tree-abode mean for the Sudani. Adopting an emic approach, the snake and the tree will be seen as traditional Sudanese earth symbols, which are considered able to offer protection, heal the historical stigma of slavery, help the subaltern establish their “roots” in the Sudanese ground, and thus upgrade the low social status of the Sudani. In this way, the latter is transformed into free men and genuine landowners.
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Kenyon, Susan M. "Zar as Modernization in Contemporary Sudan." Anthropological Quarterly 68, no. 2 (April 1995): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3318050.
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Mtshali, Nontobeko Nontokozo, Thokozani Patmond Mbhele, and Nkechi Dorothy Neboh. "Demand Planning Information Sharing: N ZAR." Journal of Reviews on Global Economics 8 (December 27, 2019): 1391–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-7092.2019.08.122.
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Kosiński, Dariusz. "Teatr ZAR: Theatre Out of Death." TDR/The Drama Review 64, no. 1 (March 2020): 62–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/dram_a_00896.
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Working in the building formerly inhabited by Grotowski's Polish Laboratory Theatre, Teatr ZAR has been struggling for years in the shadow of the master to achieve its own original theatre language and performance style.
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Naicker, Kaamil-Inaam, Paul Kaweesa, Michael O. Daramola, and Samuel A. Iwarere. "Non-Thermal Plasma Review: Assessment and Improvement of Feasibility as a Retrofitted Technology in Tertiary Wastewater Purification." Applied Sciences 13, no. 10 (May 19, 2023): 6243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13106243.
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Chlorination, ozonation and non-thermal plasma water purification technologies were compared in terms of their effectiveness, efficiency, capital and operating costs, energy yield and chemical demand. Retrofitting plasma technology to chlorination plants offered the lowest capital cost (ZAR 14,000 or USD 253,376 based on the current South African Reserve Bank rate of ZAR/USD of 18.0983) and the most effective contaminant removal (of the three possible combinations). How- ever, this combination yielded the highest operating costs (ZAR 586,000 per annum or USD 10.6 million) and the lowest energy efficiency. It was concluded that retrofitting chlorination plants with plasma technology is feasible. However, plasma generators should be redesigned to consume less energy or to operate using renewable energy. Furthermore, research should be performed on contaminants of emerging concern to establish a deadline after which their concentration must not exceed a specified limit. This will accelerate the implementation of plasma technology and secure the health of our posterity.
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Olamijuwon, Emmanuel Olawale. "Characterizing low effort responding among young African adults recruited via Facebook advertising." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 14, 2021): e0250303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250303.
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Multiple studies have successfully used Facebook’s advertising platform to recruit study participants. However, very limited methodological discussion exists regarding the magnitude of low effort responses from participants recruited via Facebook and African samples. This study describes a quasi-random study that identified and enrolled young adults in Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa between 22 May and 6 June 2020, based on an advertisement budget of 9,000.00 ZAR (US $521.44). The advertisements attracted over 900,000 views, 11,711 unique clicks, 1190 survey responses, and a total of 978 completed responses from young adults in the three countries during the period. Competition rates on key demographic characteristics ranged from 82% among those who attempted the survey to about 94% among eligible participants. The average cost of the advertisements was 7.56 ZAR (US $0.43) per survey participant, 8.68 ZAR (US $0.50) per eligible response, and 9.20 ZAR (US $0.53) per complete response. The passage rate on the attention checks varied from about 50% on the first question to as high as 76% on the third attention check question. About 59% of the sample passed all the attention checks, while 30% passed none of the attention checks. Results from a truncated Poisson regression model suggest that passage of attention checks was significantly associated with demographically relevant characteristics such as age and sex. Overall, the findings contribute to the growing body of literature describing the strengths and limitations of online sample frames, especially in developing countries.
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Brown, David A., Korinne N. Jew, Genevieve C. Sparagna, Timothy I. Musch, and Russell L. Moore. "Exercise training preserves coronary flow and reduces infarct size after ischemia-reperfusion in rat heart." Journal of Applied Physiology 95, no. 6 (December 2003): 2510–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00487.2003.
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The effect of endurance training on the resistance of the heart to left ventricular (LV) functional deficit and infarction after a transient regional ischemia and subsequent reperfusion was examined. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to an endurance exercise training (Tr) group or a sedentary (Sed) control group. After 20 wk of training, hearts were excised, perfused, and instrumented for assessment of LV mechanical function, and the left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded to induce a transient regional ischemia (1 h) that was followed by 2 h of reperfusion. Throughout much of the regional ischemia-reperfusion protocol, coronary flow rates, diastolic function, and LV developed pressure were better preserved in hearts from Tr animals. During the regional ischemia, coronary flow to myocardium outside the ischemic zone at risk (ZAR) was maintained in Tr hearts, whereas it progressively fell in Sed hearts. On release of the coronary artery ligature, flow to the ZAR was greater in Tr than in Sed hearts. Infarct size, expressed as a percentage of the ischemic ZAR, was significantly smaller in hearts from Tr rats (24 ± 3 vs. 32 ± 2% of ZAR, P < 0.05). Mn- and CuZn-SOD protein expression were higher in the LV myocardium of Tr animals ( P < 0.05 for both isoforms). Our data indicate that long-term exercise training leads to infarct sparing and better maintenance of coronary flow and mechanical function after ischemia-reperfusion.
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Chikobvu, Delson, and Thabani Ndlovu. "The Generalised Extreme Value Distribution Approach to Comparing the Riskiness of BitCoin/US Dollar and South African Rand/US Dollar Returns." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 16, no. 4 (April 21, 2023): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm16040253.
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In this paper, the generalised extreme value distribution (GEVD) model is employed to estimate financial risk in the form of return levels and the value at risk (VaR) for the two exchange rates, BitCoin/US dollar (BTC/USD) and the South African rand/US dollar (ZAR/USD). The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) responsible for developing supervisory guidelines for banks and financial trading desks recommended that VaR be computed and reported. The maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method is used to estimate the parameters of the GEVD. The estimated risk values are used to compare the riskiness of the two exchange rates and help both traders and investors to define their position in forex trading. This is to helping understanding the risk they are taking when they convert their savings/investments to BitCoin instead of the South African currency, the rand. The high extreme value index associated with the BTC/USD compared to the ZAR/USD implies that BitCoin is riskier than the rand. The BTC/USD has higher values of expected extreme/tail losses of 13.44%, 18.02%, and 23.41% at short (6 months), medium (12 months), and long (24 months) terms, compared to the ZAR/USD expected extreme/tail losses of 2.40%, 2.84%, and 3.28%, respectively. The computed VaR estimates for losses of USD 0.17, USD 0.22, and USD 0.38 per dollar invested in BTC/USD at 90%, 95%, and 99%, compared to ZAR/USD’s USD 0.03, USD 0.03, and USD 0.04 at the respective confidence levels, confirm the high risk associated with BitCoin. The conclusion drawn from this study is that BTC/USD is riskier than ZAR/USD, despite the rand being a developing country’s currency, hence perceived as being risky. The perception is that the rand is riskier than BitCoin and perceptions do influence exchange rates. Kupiec’s backtest results confirmed the model’s adequacy. These findings are helpful to investors, traders, and risk managers when deciding on trading positions for the two currencies.
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Gopane, Thabo J. "Volatility Behaviour of Bitcoin as a Digital Asset." Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 10, no. 2 (June 10, 2022): 195–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v10n2.510.
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The objective of this study is to use the South African financial markets (Johannesburg Stock Exchange or JSE and USD/ZAR) as a case study to understand the volatility spillover dynamics of Bitcoin as a digital asset. Methodologically, the study applies the exponential generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic (EGARCH) model, followed by a robustness check by applying the time-varying conditional correlation multivariate GARCH (VCC-MGARCH) model. The study utilizes the data set for the period 2011 to 2019, a period before the COVID‑19 pandemic. The research outcome revealed three interesting observations. First, Bitcoin and the South African stock market are independent of each other. Second, there is a bidirectional shock transmission between Bitcoin and USD/ZAR in the mean returns only, but not variance. Lastly, results confirm the existence of a bidirectional volatility spillover in both the mean and variance between the JSE stock market and the USD/ZAR market. The study outcome should enlighten investors who may want to consider Bitcoin as a diversifier in their investment and portfolio strategies.
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Saayman, Andrea, and Melville Saayman. "Exchange rate volatility and tourism – revisiting the nature of the relationship." European Journal of Tourism Research 6, no. 2 (October 1, 2013): 104–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v6i2.125.
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Tourism literature mainly argues that exchange rate volatility signals risk associated with a destination, which may cause tourists to refrain from visiting the destination and/or cancel their trips. This is especially true if the cause of volatility is seen as a result of political unrest or instability. However, not all volatility is due to country-specific factors and the volatility of the South African rand (ZAR) is an example of this phenomenon. Because of the floating nature of the currency, sharp depreciations in the value of the ZAR have been felt during crises times. Since the ZAR volatility is not always associated with adverse political conditions, it is postulated that volatility may influence spending in South Africa, and not only arrivals. This paper therefore investigates the relationship between exchange rate volatility and international tourism to South Africa. Volatility is modelled using GARCH models, while the influence thereof on tourism is modelled using an autoregressive distributed lag model (ADL) and a bounds test approach. Results support the notion that spending is more consistently influenced by volatility than arrivals.
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Zieger, Andreas, and Paul Sauer. "Rezension von: Sauer, Paul, Der schwäbische Zar." Württembergisch Franken 70 (November 20, 2023): 201–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.53458/wfr.v70i.8582.
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Stevens, Matt. "Construction item pricing for more profit and less risk." Construction Economics and Building 12, no. 3 (September 11, 2012): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ajceb.v12i3.2743.
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Bollig, Ben. "Cortázar and Music by Nicholas Roberts." Modern Language Review 116, no. 4 (2021): 671–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mlr.2021.0034.
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Kenyon, Susan M., and Martin Zillinger. "New Work on Zar and Possession Rituals." Anthropology News 58, no. 4 (July 2017): e166-e168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/an.564.
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Graeme, Roland. "Der Zar lässt sich photographieren. Kurt Weill." Opera Quarterly 7, no. 4 (1990): 180–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oq/7.4.180.
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Martin, Jimmy W. "Zar, Inc.: A Case in Earnings Quality." Issues in Accounting Education 17, no. 4 (November 1, 2002): 419–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/iace.2002.17.4.419.
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Zar, Inc., a high-tech company, has recently experienced turnover in its CEO and CFO positions. Zar, like other firms in its industry, is undergoing a down year due to the declining economy. Thomas Brown, who has recently been hired as the CFO, quickly realizes that there is little he can do to avoid the firm's first loss in many years. However, Thomas also understands that there are things that he can do to pave the way toward greater profits in the future. You are invited to listen in on three separate conversations that the CFO has with the CEO, the firm's audit committee, and finally with Zar's independent auditor. After hearing each conversation, you will be asked to evaluate the CFO's ideas as well as those of other parties to the dialogue. Some of the questions are rather straightforward and can be answered by recalling or researching specific accounting standards. Other questions are more open-ended and will require your best judgment based on the facts given in the case. Some questions may require you to provide additional information before making a definite decision. All of the scenarios focus on earnings quality and should enhance your understanding of this critical and controversial issue that pervades financial reporting today.
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El Guindy, Howaida, and Claire Schmais. "The Zar: An ancient dance of healing." American Journal of Dance Therapy 16, no. 2 (September 1994): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02358570.
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Wildenboer, Liezl. "Raising the Yellow Flag: Legal Regulation to Contain the Spread of Smallpox and Other Contagious Diseases in The Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek." Fundamina 27, no. 2 (2021): 87–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/fund/v27/i2a4.
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Although the Cape had experienced frequent outbreaks of smallpox and other epidemics since the early eighteenth century, the first smallpox epidemic only started in the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek (ZAR) much later, in the 1890s. This contribution takes a closer look, first, at the regulation of the medical profession in the ZAR, and, secondly, at the government’s attempts to prevent the spread of the disease with the promulgation of the Contagious Diseases Law 12 of 1895. That law also attempted to prevent the spread of other diseases, such as syphilis and leprosy, although the latter would eventually be regulated in terms of the Leprosy Law 15 of 1897.
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Nurtazina, N., and A. Azmukhanova. "Islamic perspective on the social cataclysms in the history of Kazakhstan (on the example of the heritage of the school “Zar zaman”)." BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Historical sciences. Philosophy. Religion Series 133, no. 4 (2020): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7255-2020-132-3-87-99.
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The texts of traditional poetry «Zar zaman» («the era of sorrow») are a special reflection of the pessimistic, anti-colonial and religious sentiments of the Kazakhs in connection with the negative perception in the collective memory of the colonial system of the Russian Empire on the territory of Kazakhstan. These samples of poetry, which illustrate the Islamic self-consciousness of educated Kazakhs, such as the poets Shortanbai, Dulat, Murat, and others, remained insufficiently studied during the Soviet period. Although over the years of political Independence in Kazakhstan, an objective study of this topic has begun, but in the available studies, a philological approach prevails, and the connection with Islam is not considered. The spiritual heritage of the Kazakh school «Zar zaman» requires deep interdisciplinary research. It is not excluded that they can be used as alternative historical sources in the study of issues of religion, ethnic consciousness and culture of Kazakhs. In these works, created by the Kazakh poets of a religious and philosophical direction that are opposed to the political regime, a peculiar Kazakh historical self-consciousness is reflected, an interesting interpretation of the civilizational conflict between the empire and the nomads is given. At the same time, the general characteristic of the “Zar zaman” school is regret and lamentation over the fact of political defeat from tsarism and the moral degradation of the people in the spirit of the religious and eschatological ideas of Sharia and Sufism. The poetry texts “Zar zaman” are interesting in the context of the discourse on Kazakh Islamic identity related to the 19th century, since the assessment of social cataclysms in them is given in accordance with one of the main plots of the Muslim worldview - the expectation of the End of the World (“Akyr zaman”).
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Pram, Wandisile, Njabulo Kambule, and Omoseni Adepoju. "Probing the Financial Sustainability of Eskom’s Open Cycle Gas Turbines (OCGTs) Utilisation (2018–2021)." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (August 12, 2022): 9987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14169987.
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Contributing to achieving sustainability in South Africa’s energy sector, this study probes financial sustainability and its relationship to the environmental sustainability of Eskom. This is because, over the past three financial years (FY2018–2019 to FY2020–2021) of Eskom’s generating plants’ performance, the energy availability factor (EAF) has taken a deep dive, reaching an extremely low generation availability year-end performance of 64.2%, translating to approximately an average of 29,800 MW available generation capacity out of a nominal generation capacity of 46,466 MW in FY2020–2021. Therefore, the study employed a quantitative research methodology, where the relevant financial records were analysed, and the necessary energy calculations made using descriptive analysis in Microsoft Excel. The findings show that the volumes (GWh) produced by the OCGTs during this period far exceed the regulatory approved volumes, thus attracting substantial costs, amounting to ZAR 25.9 bn instead of ZAR 8.9 bn, that could have been spent on the OCGTs if the level of efficiency achieved in FY2016–2017 and FY2017–2018 was maintained. The analysis also revealed that the OCGTs’ long-term financial and environmental sustainability could be achieved through switching from diesel to natural gas, thus resulting in lower fuel costs and lower emissions. Further, potential savings of approximately ZAR 27 bn (excluding capital expenditure) at a 10% load factor can be realised over a ten-year period when the natural gas price is sitting at ZAR 85/GJ (minimum). Finally, in order to attain financial and environmental sustainability, it is recommended that both Eskom’s and the independent power producers’ (IPPs) OCGTs must switch fuel from diesel to natural gas and be run at a 10% load factor, allowing the OCGTs to be run as mid-merit generators.
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Ndlovu, Thabani, and Delson Chikobvu. "A Wavelet-Decomposed WD-ARMA-GARCH-EVT Model Approach to Comparing the Riskiness of the BitCoin and South African Rand Exchange Rates." Data 8, no. 7 (July 24, 2023): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data8070122.
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In this paper, a hybrid of a Wavelet Decomposition–Generalised Auto-Regressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity–Extreme Value Theory (WD-ARMA-GARCH-EVT) model is applied to estimate the Value at Risk (VaR) of BitCoin (BTC/USD) and the South African Rand (ZAR/USD). The aim is to measure and compare the riskiness of the two currencies. New and improved estimation techniques for VaR have been suggested in the last decade in the aftermath of the global financial crisis of 2008. This paper aims to provide an improved alternative to the already existing statistical tools in estimating a currency VaR empirically. Maximal Overlap Discrete Wavelet Transform (MODWT) and two mother wavelet filters on the returns series are considered in this paper, viz., the Haar and Daubechies (d4). The findings show that BitCoin/USD is riskier than ZAR/USD since it has a higher VaR per unit invested in each currency. At the 99% significance level, BitCoin/USD has average values of VaR of 2.71% and 4.98% for the WD-ARMA-GARCH-GPD and WD-ARMA-GARCH-GEVD models, respectively; and this is slightly higher than the respective 2.69% and 3.59% for the ZAR/USD. The average BitCoin/USD returns of 0.001990 are higher than ZAR/USD returns of −0.000125. These findings are consistent with the mean-variance portfolio theory, which suggests a higher yield for riskier assets. Based on the p-values of the Kupiec likelihood ratio test, the hybrid model adequacy is largely accepted, as p-values are greater than 0.05, except for the WD-ARMA-GARCH-GEVD models at a 99% significance level for both currencies. The findings are helpful to financial risk practitioners and forex traders in formulating their diversification and hedging strategies and ascertaining the risk-adjusted capital requirement to be set aside as a cushion in the event of the occurrence of an actual loss.
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Boachie, Micheal Kofi, Susan Goldstein, Petronell Kruger, Shu Wen Ng, Karen J. Hofman, and Evelyn Thsehla. "Beverage industry’s advertising expenditures and airtimes in South Africa from 2013 to 2019 target children and families." Journal of Public Health Research 12, no. 2 (April 2023): 227990362311682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/22799036231168207.
Full textAbstract:
With the growing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), countries across the globe are finding ways to reduce the consumption of ultra-processed food and drinks including sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). South Africa implemented a health promotion levy (HPL) in April 2018 as one strategy to reduce sugar intake. Such efforts are frequently countered or mitigated by industry action in various ways, including through marketing and advertising strategies. To better understand trends in the extent of advertising, this paper analyses advertising expenditures and exposure of children to SSB advertisements in South Africa. Using Nielsen’s monthly data on advertising expenditure before and after the introduction of the HPL, for the period January 2013 to April 2019, the results show that manufacturers spent ZAR 3683 million to advertise their products. Advertising expenditure on carbonated drinks accounted for over 60% (ZAR 2220 million) of the total expenditure on SSBs. The results also show that companies spend less in advertising powdered SSBs (an average of ZAR 0.05 million per month). Based on expenditure patterns, television (TV) was the preferred medium of advertisements, with companies prioritizing what is often considered children’s and family viewing time. Urgent mandatory regulations are needed to prevent child-directed marketing.
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Rotondo, Rossella, Sara Ragucci, Salvatore Castaldo, Nicola Landi, Maria Antonietta Oliva, Paolo V. Pedone, Antimo Di Maro, and Antonietta Arcella. "Ageritin—The Ribotoxin-like Protein from Poplar Mushroom (Cyclocybe aegerita) Sensitizes Primary Glioblastoma Cells to Conventional Temozolomide Chemotherapy." Molecules 27, no. 8 (April 7, 2022): 2385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27082385.
Full textAbstract:
Here, we propose Ageritin, the prototype of the ribotoxin-like protein family, as an adjuvant treatment to control the growth of NULU and ZAR, two primary human glioblastoma cell lines, which exhibit a pharmacoresistance phenotype. Ageritin is able to inhibit NULU and ZAR growth with an IC50 of 0.53 ± 0.29 µM and 0.42 ± 0.49 µM, respectively. In this study, Ageritin treatment highlighted a macroscopic genotoxic response through the formation of micronuclei, which represents the morphological manifestation of genomic chaos induced by this toxin. DNA damage was not associated with either the deregulation of DNA repair enzymes (i.e., ATM and DNA-PK), as demonstrated by quantitative PCR, or reactive oxygen species. Indeed, the pretreatment of the most responsive cell line ZAR with the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) did not follow the reverse cytotoxic effect of Ageritin, suggesting that this protein is not involved in cellular oxidative stress. Vice versa, Ageritin pretreatment strongly enhanced the sensitivity to temozolomide (TMZ) and inhibited MGMT protein expression, restoring the sensitivity to temozolomide. Overall, Ageritin could be considered as a possible innovative glioblastoma treatment, directly damaging DNA and downregulating the MGMT DNA repair protein. Finally, we verified the proteolysis susceptibility of Ageritin using an in vitro digestion system, and considered the future perspective use of this toxin as a bioconjugate in biomedicine.
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Battain, Tiziana. "La divination dans le rituel du zar égyptien." Égypte/Monde arabe, no. 14 (June 30, 1993): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/ema.572.
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