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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "ZE 37100"
Mähnert, Pia. "Kinetik der Biogasproduktion aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffen und Gülle." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Landwirtschaftlich-Gärtnerische Fakultät, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15651.
Full textAnaerobic digestion of energy crops for biogas production has attracted much interest in recent years. In Germany, the most common process is the continuous wet-fermentation of energy crops with cattle slurry or pig slurry (co-digestion). But also the digestion of energy crops as single substrate without slurry (mono-digestion) becomes more important. Because of the great diversity of substrates and the danger of an overload of the reactor at the digestion of high-energetic substrates, sufficient experience for energy crops is still missing. This project should investigate the kinetics of biogas production from energy crops in lab-scale experiments. Biogas and methane yield of different substrates can be estimated easily by discontinuous batch-experiments. These experiments allow a good comparability in case of equal conditions. On the other hand, the influence of the reactor performance and the optimal operational mode can be identified only by continuous long-term experiments with loading increase. Therefore, long-term lab-scale experiments were conducted with maize silage, whole-crop rye silage and fodder beet silage as mono-substrate and co-substrate in a mixture with both cattle slurry and pig slurry under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. For calculation of biogas yield as function of the organic loading rate, a hyperbolic equation was developed on base of a first order reaction rate for substrate degradation. The biogas yield also depends on the corresponding maximum biogas yield, the concentration of volatile solids of the input, the density of the effluent, the density of the biogas and the reaction rate constant which are all substrate- and process-specific. The results of the experiments approve this model and allow an estimation of the parameters. This is helpful as a guideline for a stable and efficient biogas process.
Meyer, Carl-Christian. "Der Zusammenhang von Biogasproduktion und inner- und zwischenbetrieblicher Wettbewerbsfähigkeit landwirtschaftlicher Betriebe in Niedersachsen." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/19812.
Full textThis paper examines the question of whether and to what extent biogas production has an impact on the competitiveness of other agricultural production methods, both in general and in particular under the German Renewable Energy Act (EEG) 2012 guidelines. For this purpose, four regions at municipal level within Lower Saxony are identified which can be characterised by production focuses of agricultural activities. These include dairy farming, pig and bull fattening, arable farming with a focus on potato cultivation and finally mixed arable farming. The procedure and the result of this classification are to be considered as completely new and lead to the respective intensive regions of the respective operational orientations. The instrument of the branch analyses is used and adapted on an own model. This makes it possible to determine the economic advantages and disadvantages in competition between the respective regionally based process and the local biogas production. In a second step, a survey of farm managers provides information on how the competitiveness of biogas and non-biogas operators is perceived. In addition, the survey captures the maximum factor remuneration of the farm managers. Thus, the objective and subjective measurement of operational competitiveness complement each other. As expected, the results of the present study conclude that biogas production has competitive advantages in the regions of Lower Saxony characterised by livestock farming. However, this advantage is lower than previously assumed in the region dominated by dairy farming. While biogas production with mixed arable farming is on a level with overall competition, farmers in the region characterised by potato cultivation see themselves at a competitive disadvantage compared to biogas farms, which however cannot be objectively proven.
Souidi, Khadidja. "Mikrobielle Diversität in Biogasreaktoren." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Landwirtschaftlich-Gärtnerische Fakultät, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15872.
Full textThe efficiency of biogas reactors depends on the substrate utilisation by the involved microbial community. However, the exact composition of the microbial biocoenosis was rudimental characterized. In this study an overview of the microbial diversity in different anaerobic biogas reactor types (completly stirred tank reactor, leach bed reactor, fixed bed anaerobic filter) is given for the fermentation of different substrates (corn-, carrots-, triticale whole crop silage as renewable raw materials, partly in co-fermentation with cattle liquid manure). The characterisation of the microbial community was conducted via the construction of 16S rDNA libraries for both, methanogenic Archaea and fermentative Bacteria. Individual taxonomic groups within the 16S rDNA libraries were determined by means of amplified rDNA restriction analysis (ARDRA). The taxonomic classification of these groups was performed via a phylogenetic analysis of representative 16S rDNA sequences. In total six 16S rDNA libraries with 627 clones were developed. Together 223 taxonomic groups were detected; from these 114 was assigned to the domain Archaea and further 109 was assigned to the domain Bacteria. Within the examined biogas reactors a high diversity was found within the hydrogenotrophic methane producing Archaea, acetotrophic methane producing Archaea appears only with a comparatively small diversity. From the domain Bacteria fermentative species of phylum Firmicutes especially of the genus Clostridium were found to be dominant in the microbial community.
Krieg, Andreas Ludwig. "Perkolierte Feststoff-Vergärung Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur Prozesssteuerung in ein- und mehrstufigen Verfahren." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/19958.
Full textNumerous research findings and experience on the batchwise fermentation of stacked biomass are available. At the same time, the percolated and continuously operated Sauter-process was developed to market maturity. Research on a two-stage variant has been carried out and published by the Leibnitz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomics e.V. (ATB). This paper provides for the first time a direct comparison of the above-mentioned percolated process variants using maize and sedge silages. The effects of percolation intensity on composition and properties of the solids and the process fluid as well as on the gas formation kinetics are investigated in particular. Furthermore, suitable benchmarks of the variants are identified and evaluated. The link to practice is a operators questioning and a one year lasting monitoring of a Sauter plant. The findings allow a differentiated assessment of percolation processes. Findings on solid matter density as well as on dry matter content in the fermenting stock or floating layer are presented in detail. During continuous operation, particulate biomass retention time is considerably shorter than would result from usual calculation of hydraulic retention time. It is indicated that the microflora in the fermenter is also indirectly affected. This requires further research work. It is shown that in percolation processes substrate composition and extent of grinding also dominate the gas formation kinetics, albeit to different extents. Methane yields differ under comparable load and operating parameters only marginally from yields of stirred tank systems. Composition of percolate also varies variant-specific. Findings can be used to define in a first approximation limits of volatile solid load. It has been proven that percolated solid-state fermentation with an additional percolate methanization stage allows higher space-time yields. This extra stage suits also for controlled flexible methane production.
Schimpf, Ulrike. "Enzymatischer Abbau des Lignocellulosekomplexes in Energiepflanzen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Silierung und der Biogasproduktion." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16929.
Full textPolysaccharides of plant cell walls are of limited digestibility due to their cross-linking to lignin. In order to make the molecules available for the biogas process and thus increase the substrate utilization and process efficiency appropriate substances or techniques are needed. It was therefore the aim of this work to investigate the effects of different enzyme preparations in three digestion process stages. Selected energy plants with varying degrees of particle sizes (chopping lengths) were used as digester feedstock. Enzyme preparations for the different process stages were chosen by enzyme assays. The selected enzymes were added to the feedstock during the ensiling, directly before the biogas process or during the biogas process separate or in mixtures. Pre-treated substrates were subsequently digested in batch fermentation tests. Beside the biogas and methane yield the degradation degree of lignocellulose and the release of low molecular carbohydrates were investigated for evaluating the enzyme performance. Additionally, the swelling of lignocellulose caused by addition of water in a pre-hydrolysis process was examined as a method of pre-treatment, with generally positive results. The aim of an improved substrate conversion of maize and rye and thus an enhanced biogas production by enzymatic pretreatments was achieved. Scientific fundamentals regarding the impact of enzymes on biogas processes were established. Enzymatic pretreatments in process steps before methanation showed potential for further developments.
Budde, Jörn. "Improving digestibility of cattle waste by thermobarical treatment." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17191.
Full textHydrolysis and digestibility of cattle waste as feedstock for anaerobic digestion were improved by thermobarical treatment in lab-scale experiments. The effects of this improvement on greenhouse gas emissions, energy balance and economic benefit was assessed in a full-scale model application. Thermobarical treatment temperatures in lab-scale experiments were 140 to 220°C in 20 K steps for a 5-minute duration. Methane yields could be increased by up to 58 % at a treatment temperature of 180°C. At 220°C, the abundance of inhibitors and other non-digestible substances led to lower methane yields than those obtained from untreated material. In an extended analysis, it could be demonstrated that there is a functional correlation between the methane yields after 30 days and the formation rate and methane yield in the acceleration phase. It could be proved in a regression of these correlation values that the optimum treatment temperature is 164°C and that the minimum treatment temperature should be above 115°C. The theoretical application of a full-scale model was used for assessing energy balance and greenhouse gas emissions following an LCA approach according to ISO 14044 (2006) as well as economy. A model device for thermobarical treatment has been suggested for and theoretically integrated in a biogas plant. The assessment considered the replacement of maize silage as feedstock with liquid and / or solid cattle waste. The integration of thermobarical pretreatment is beneficial for raw material with high organic dry matter content that needs pretreatment to be suitable for anaerobic digestion: Solid cattle waste revealed very short payback times, e.g. 9 months for energy, 3 months for greenhouse gases, and 3 years 3 months for economic amortization, whereas, in contrast, liquid cattle waste did not perform positive replacement effects in this analysis.
Hansen, Anja. "From impact to resource." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17790.
Full textBiomass-based energy and materials are considered important for the mitigation of human-induced climate change and as relevant bioeconomic feedstock. This publication-based dissertation aims to contribute to the discussion about the reliability of mitigation assessment of biomass applications in an increasingly bio-based, low-carbon economy that also fulfils sustainability constraints of resource conservation. It analysed how preference of biomass use in direct comparison as well as in larger economic context is affected by single uncertainties as well as by mitigation calculation methods. A case study on stationary bioelectricity generation from poplar wood chip gasification with a Monte Carlo approach showed that such bioelectricity could emit less greenhouse gases (GHG) or even sequester carbon despite existing uncertainties. The second case study analysed biomass use in a systemic context. Besides GHG emissions also resource demand of cropland and fossil fuels were used to assess two strategies to isolate buildings. From the three criteria, none of the strategies would clearly be preferred. The third case study presented an approach to assess the efficiency of biomass carbon use (CUDe; Carbon Utilization Degree) and applied it exemplarily to a biogas and a hemp insulation system. GHG mitigation analyses of biomass use must be performed with profound knowledge of the methodology and the biomass system in its regional context. In land use change assessment, emissions resulting from deviating nitrous oxide baselines from annual and perennial crops should be considered in addition to carbon stock changes. Optimization of biomass applications only with respect to GHG emissions (or other single criteria) might overlook trade-offs. However, multi-criteria analyses might yield ambiguous results. A resource-efficient viewpoint on biogenic carbon use instead of its sole GHG implications might help to foster a transformation to bio-based, low-carbon economies.