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Journal articles on the topic 'Zeaxanthin-dependent quenching'

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Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Xu, Chang-Cheng, Liangbi Li, and Tingyun Kuang. "Photoprotection in chilling-sensitive and -resistant plants illuminated at a chilling temperature: role of the xanthophyll cycle in the protection against lumen acidification." Functional Plant Biology 27, no. 7 (2000): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp00009.

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The role of the xanthophyll cycle in the protection against photoinhibition of photosystem II (PSII) induced by chilling in moderate light was investigated in leaves of eight species or varieties of higher plants differing widely in chilling sensitivity. The extent of photoinhibition measured as the increase in the slowly reversible fluorescence quenching (qI) was found not to correlate with the overall amount of zeaxanthin formed during photo-inhibitory treatment. On the other hand, a strong, positive correlation existed between qI and the rate difference between the development of the rapidl

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2

Leuenberger, Michelle, Jonathan M. Morris, Arnold M. Chan, Lauriebeth Leonelli, Krishna K. Niyogi, and Graham R. Fleming. "Dissecting and modeling zeaxanthin- and lutein-dependent nonphotochemical quenching in Arabidopsis thaliana." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 33 (2017): E7009—E7017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1704502114.

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Photosynthetic organisms use various photoprotective mechanisms to dissipate excess photoexcitation as heat in a process called nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ). Regulation of NPQ allows for a rapid response to changes in light intensity and in vascular plants, is primarily triggered by a pH gradient across the thylakoid membrane (∆pH). The response is mediated by the PsbS protein and various xanthophylls. Time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) measurements were performed on Arabidopsis thaliana to quantify the dependence of the response of NPQ to changes in light intensity on the pres

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3

Savitch, Leonid V., Alexander G. Ivanov, Loreta Gudynaite-Savitch, Norman P. A. Huner, and John Simmonds. "Effects of low temperature stress on excitation energy partitioning and photoprotection in Zea mays." Functional Plant Biology 36, no. 1 (2009): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp08093.

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Analysis of the partitioning of absorbed light energy within PSII into fractions utilised by PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII), thermally dissipated via ΔpH- and zeaxanthin-dependent energy quenching (ΦNPQ) and constitutive non-photochemical energy losses (Φf,D) was performed in control and cold-stressed maize (Zea mays L.) leaves. The estimated energy partitioning of absorbed light to various pathways indicated that the fraction of ΦPSII was twofold lower, whereas the proportion of thermally dissipated energy through ΦNPQ was only 30% higher, in cold-stressed plants compared with control plants. In

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4

Gilmore, A. M., and H. Y. Yamamoto. "Dark induction of zeaxanthin-dependent nonphotochemical fluorescence quenching mediated by ATP." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 89, no. 5 (1992): 1899–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.89.5.1899.

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5

Girolomoni, Laura, Stefano Cazzaniga, Alberta Pinnola, Federico Perozeni, Matteo Ballottari, and Roberto Bassi. "LHCSR3 is a nonphotochemical quencher of both photosystems inChlamydomonas reinhardtii." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 10 (2019): 4212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1809812116.

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Photosynthetic organisms prevent oxidative stress from light energy absorbed in excess through several photoprotective mechanisms. A major component is thermal dissipation of chlorophyll singlet excited states and is called nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ). NPQ is catalyzed in green algae by protein subunits called LHCSRs (Light Harvesting Complex Stress Related), homologous to the Light Harvesting Complexes (LHC), constituting the antenna system of both photosystem I (PSI) and PSII. We investigated the role of LHCSR1 and LHCSR3 in NPQ activation to verify whether these proteins are involved i

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6

Zulfugarov, Ismayil Sohbat. "Non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence and its components – recent advances." Journal of Life Sciences and Biomedicine 77, no. 1 (2022): 76–83. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7239759.

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To protect themselves from fluctuating light environments, plants have evolved non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) as a protective mechanism. NPQ comprises the thermal dissipation of excess light energy via the de-excitation of singlet excited chlorophyll (Chl) in photosystem II of photosynthetic organisms. In this review, all available data on the NPQ and its components have been summarized. NPQ components were primarily distinguished based on the NPQ relaxation and its sensitivity to chemical inhibitors. However, numerous diverse processes contribute to NPQ therefore, it has been suggested to

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7

Tian, Lijin, Pengqi Xu, Volha U. Chukhutsina, Alfred R. Holzwarth, and Roberta Croce. "Zeaxanthin-dependent nonphotochemical quenching does not occur in photosystem I in the higher plant Arabidopsis thaliana." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 18 (2017): 4828–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1621051114.

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Nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) is the process that protects the photosynthetic apparatus of plants and algae from photodamage by dissipating as heat the energy absorbed in excess. Studies on NPQ have almost exclusively focused on photosystem II (PSII), as it was believed that NPQ does not occur in photosystem I (PSI). Recently, Ballottari et al. [Ballottari M, et al. (2014) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111:E2431–E2438], analyzing PSI particles isolated from an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant that accumulates zeaxanthin constitutively, have reported that this xanthophyll can efficiently induce chloroph

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8

Nowicka, Beatrycze. "Gaining Insight into Mechanisms of Nonphotochemical Quenching of Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii via the Observation of Dark-induced State Transitions." Journal of Botanical Research 6, no. 1 (2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/jbr.v6i1.6089.

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Photosynthetic organisms are usually exposed to fluctuating light, and therefore they evolved mechanisms enabling fast acclimation to changing light conditions. Among them, two important ones are energy-dependent quenching of excited chlorophyll (qE) and state transitions (ST). qE is a photoprotective mechanism regulated by pH gradient across thylakoid membranes, in which excessive energy is dissipated as heat. ST are rearrangements of antenna systems regulated by the phosphorylation of LHC II complexes. Both of these mechanisms result in changes in NPQ parameters. In the present article, chan

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9

Johnson, Matthew P., María L. Pérez-Bueno, Ahmad Zia, Peter Horton, and Alexander V. Ruban. "The Zeaxanthin-Independent and Zeaxanthin-Dependent qE Components of Nonphotochemical Quenching Involve Common Conformational Changes within the Photosystem II Antenna in Arabidopsis." Plant Physiology 149, no. 2 (2008): 1061–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.108.129957.

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10

Ruban, AV, and P. Horton. "Regulation of Non-Photochemical Quenching of Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Plants." Functional Plant Biology 22, no. 2 (1995): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9950221.

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Non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence indicates the de-excitation of light-generated excited states in the chlorophyll associated with photosystem II (PSII). The principle process contributing to this quenching is dependent on the formation of the thylakoid proton gradient and is an important mechanism for protecting PSII from photodamage. Evidence points to the importance of the light-harvesting chlorophyll proteins as the site of dissipation of energy, and suggests that the structure and function of these proteins are regulated by protonation and the ratio of zeaxanthin to

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11

Saccon, Francesco, Vasco Giovagnetti, Mahendra K. Shukla, and Alexander V. Ruban. "Rapid regulation of photosynthetic light harvesting in the absence of minor antenna and reaction centre complexes." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 12 (2020): 3626–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa126.

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Abstract Plants are subject to dramatic fluctuations in the intensity of sunlight throughout the day. When the photosynthetic machinery is exposed to high light, photons are absorbed in excess, potentially leading to oxidative damage of its delicate membrane components. A photoprotective molecular process called non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) is the fastest response carried out in the thylakoid membranes to harmlessly dissipate excess light energy. Despite having been intensely studied, the site and mechanism of this essential regulatory process are still debated. Here, we show that the mai

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12

Mohanty, N., AM Gilmore, and HY Yamamoto. "Mechanism of Non-Photochemical Chlorophyll Fluorescence Quenching. II. Resolution of Rapidly Reversible Absorbance Changes at 530 Nm and Fluorescence Quenching by the Effects of Antimycin, Dibucaine and Cation Exchanger, A23187." Functional Plant Biology 22, no. 2 (1995): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9950239.

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The putative relationship between the light-induced absorbance increase at 530 nm (ΔA530), the so-called light-scattering change, and non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching (NPQ) was examined by the effect of inhibitors. Antimycin at a low concentration (350 nM) completely inhibited fluorescence quenching while only partially inhibiting A530. This effect was independent of the mode of thylakoid energisation and preinduction of violaxanthin de-epoxidation. Dibucaine at 20 FM abolished NPQ but had little effect on ΔA530. Moreover, the light-induced ΔA530 signal was present even in

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13

Mohanty, N., and HY Yamamoto. "Mechanism of Non-Photochemical Chlorophyll Fluorescence Quenching. I. The Role of De-Epoxidised Xanthophylls and Sequestered Thylakoid Membrane Protons as Probed by Dibucaine." Functional Plant Biology 22, no. 2 (1995): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9950231.

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Dibucaine reportedly inhibits the light-induced transthylakoid proton gradient of chloroplasts without inhibiting energy-dependent non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching (Laasch, H. and Weis, E. (1989). Photosynthesis Research 22, 137-146). We show that dibucaine can inhibit fluorescence quenching, depending on the de-epoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle. Whereas dibucaine (20-40 μM) had little effect on fluorescence quenching in pre-illuminated-type thylakoids (loaded with zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin), it strongly inhibited quenching in dark-adapted-type thylakoids (no p

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14

Sies and Stahl. "Non-Nutritive Bioactive Food Constituents of Plants: Lycopene, Lutein and Zeaxanthin." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 73, no. 2 (2003): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.73.2.95.

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Lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin are major carotenoids in human blood and tissues but unlike b-carotene do not contribute to vitamin A supply. These carotenoids are efficient antioxidants quenching singlet molecular oxygen which is formed in photooxidative processes and thus may contribute to the prevention of light-exposed tissue, skin and eyes, from light-induced damage. Increasing lycopene intake by daily consumption of tomato paste over a period of ten weeks provides protection against erythema formation following UV-irradiation. Lycopene and other carotenoids may be used as oral sun prote

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15

Johnson, Matthew P., та Alexander V. Ruban. "Restoration of Rapidly Reversible Photoprotective Energy Dissipation in the Absence of PsbS Protein by Enhanced ΔpH". Journal of Biological Chemistry 286, № 22 (2011): 19973–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m111.237255.

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Variations in the light environment require higher plants to regulate the light harvesting process. Under high light a mechanism known as non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) is triggered to dissipate excess absorbed light energy within the photosystem II (PSII) antenna as heat, preventing photodamage to the reaction center. The major component of NPQ, known as qE, is rapidly reversible in the dark and dependent upon the transmembrane proton gradient (ΔpH), formed as a result of photosynthetic electron transport. Using diaminodurene and phenazine metasulfate, mediators of cyclic electron flow aro

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16

Gilmore, Adam M., and Harry Y. Yamamoto. "Zeaxanthin Formation and Energy-Dependent Fluorescence Quenching in Pea Chloroplasts under Artificially Mediated Linear and Cyclic Electron Transport." Plant Physiology 96, no. 2 (1991): 635–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.96.2.635.

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17

Noctor, Graham, Deborah Rees, Andrew Young, and Peter Horton. "The relationship between zeaxanthin, energy-dependent quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence, and trans-thylakoid pH gradient in isolated chloroplasts." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 1057, no. 3 (1991): 320–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0005-2728(05)80143-4.

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18

Wilson, Kenneth E., Marianna Kr�l, and Norman P. A. Huner. "Temperature-induced greening of Chlorella vulgaris . The role of the cellular energy balance and zeaxanthin-dependent nonphotochemical quenching." Planta 217, no. 4 (2003): 616–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00425-003-1021-8.

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19

Wagner, B., R. Goss, M. Richter, A. Wild, and A. R. Holzwarth. "Picosecond time-resolved study on the nature of high-energy-state quenching in isolated pea thylakoids different localization of zeaxanthin dependent and independent quenching mechanisms." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 36, no. 3 (1996): 339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1011-1344(96)07391-5.

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20

Thiele, Alexandra, and G. Heinrich Krause. "Xanthophyll Cycle And Thermal Energy Dissipation In Photosystem II: Relationship between Zeaxanthin Formation, Energy-Dependent Fluorescence Quenching and Photoinhibition." Journal of Plant Physiology 144, no. 3 (1994): 324–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0176-1617(11)81194-6.

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21

Vaswani, Harsha M., Nancy E. Holt, and Graham R. Fleming. "Carotenoid-chlorophyll complexes: Ready-to-harvest." Pure and Applied Chemistry 77, no. 6 (2005): 925–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200577060925.

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The fundamental interactions between naturally occurring pigments in light-harvesting systems are responsible for the high efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus. We describe the role of carotenoids (Cars) in light-harvesting systems, including our work elucidating the mechanism of energy transfer from the optically dark Car singlet excited state (S1) to chlorophyll (Chl) and calculations on the electronic structure of Cars by means of time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). We highlight new studies on the charge-transfer state of the Car, peridinin (Per), which enhances the ligh

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22

Krause, G. Heinrich, Esther Grube, Olga Y. Koroleva, Carina Barth, and Klaus Winter. "Do mature shade leaves of tropical tree seedlings acclimate to high sunlight and UV radiation?" Functional Plant Biology 31, no. 7 (2004): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp03239.

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Seedlings of neotropical forest trees grown in low light were exposed to 0.5–9 h d–1 direct sunlight, for up to 3 months, to test the capability of mature shade leaves to acclimate to full solar visible and UV radiation. Photosynthetic pigments and the antioxidant, ascorbate, were analysed in leaves of two pioneer and two late-succession species. Seedlings of one or two of these species were used to assess further acclimative responses. Sun-exposure for 0.5 or 1 h d–1 resulted in strongly decreased α-carotene and increased β-carotene and lutein levels. The pool size of xanthophyll-cycle pigmen

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Zulfugarov, Ismayil S., Altanzaya Tovuu, Bolormaa Dogsom, Chung Yeol Lee, and Choon-Hwan Lee. "PsbS-specific zeaxanthin-independent changes in fluorescence emission spectrum as a signature of energy-dependent non-photochemical quenching in higher plants." Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 9, no. 5 (2010): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b9pp00132h.

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24

Velikova, Violeta, Nia Petrova, László Kovács, et al. "Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modify Leaf Micromorphology, Chloroplast Ultrastructure and Photosynthetic Activity of Pea Plants." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 9 (2021): 4878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094878.

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Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) emerge as promising novel carbon-based nanoparticles for use in biomedicine, pharmacology and precision agriculture. They were shown to penetrate cell walls and membranes and to physically interact and exchange electrons with photosynthetic complexes in vitro. Here, for the first time, we studied the concentration-dependent effect of foliar application of copolymer-grafted SWCNTs on the structural and functional characteristics of intact pea plants. The lowest used concentration of 10 mg L−1 did not cause any harmful effects on the studied leaf character

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Nilkens, Manuela, Eugen Kress, Petar Lambrev, et al. "Identification of a slowly inducible zeaxanthin-dependent component of non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence generated under steady-state conditions in Arabidopsis." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 1797, no. 4 (2010): 466–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.01.001.

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Busch, Florian, Norman P. A. Hüner, and Ingo Ensminger. "Biochemical constrains limit the potential of the photochemical reflectance index as a predictor of effective quantum efficiency of photosynthesis during the winter spring transition in Jack pine seedlings." Functional Plant Biology 36, no. 11 (2009): 1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp08043.

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Leaf reflectance spectral measurements are an emerging non-invasive technique that can be used to derive the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) to assess the physiological state of plants from leaf to ecosystem level. Changes in PRI are associated with changes in the xanthophyll cycle activity and provide an estimate of changes in the effective photochemical quantum efficiency (ΦII) during the growing season. However, we hypothesised that the correlation between PRI and ΦII might be poor when the xanthophyll cycle is primed for sustained thermal dissipation of the light energy absorbed. To

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Pashayeva. "PsbS Dependence in Lipid and Pigment Composition in Rice Plants." Bulletin of Science and Practice 7, no. 9 (2021): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/70/05.

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Plants acclimate to fluctuations in light conditions by adjusting their photosynthetic apparatus. When the light intensity exceeds, an unbalanced excitation of the two photosystems occurs. It results in reduced photosynthetic efficiency. Photosystem II (PSII) is the most susceptible and dynamically regulated part of the light reactions in the thylakoid membrane. Non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence (NPQ) is one of the short-term photoprotective mechanisms, which consist of the number of components. The strongest NPQ component — qE is localized in the PSII antenna and induced

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Govindjee та Paul Spilotro. "An Arabidopsis thaliana mutant, altered in the γ-subunit of ATP synthase, has a different pattern of intensity-dependent changes in non-photochemical quenching and kinetics of the P-to-S fluorescence decay". Functional Plant Biology 29, № 4 (2002): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp01136.

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A major photoprotective mechanism that plants employ against excess light involves interplay between the xanthophyll cycle and the accumulation of protons. Using mutants in the xanthophyll cycle, the roles of violaxanthin, antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin have already been well established. In this paper, we present data on intact leaves of a mutant [coupling factor quick recovery mutant (cfq); atpC1:E244K] of Arabidopsis thaliana that we expected, based on 515-nm absorbance changes (Gabrys et al. 1994, Plant Physiology 104, 769–776), to have differences in light-induced ΔpH. The significance of

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Ramalho, José C., Thijs L. Pons, Henri W. Groeneveld, Helena G. Azinheira, and M. Antonieta Nunes. "Photosynthetic acclimation to high light conditions in mature leaves of Coffea arabica L.: role of xanthophylls, quenching mechanisms and nitrogen nutrition." Functional Plant Biology 27, no. 1 (2000): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp99013.

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Young coffee plants (Coffea arabica L. cv. Catuaí), originally from a shaded habitat, were separated in three groups to be grown under different levels of N fertilization: 0.3 mmol N supplements were given to the soil every 7 days (high N treatment, 2N), every 15 days (medium N treatment, 1N) and every 45 days (low N treatment, 0N). These plants were later exposed to a high sunlight irradiance (noon PPFD up to 1500 µmol m–2 s–1 ) for a period of 12 or 15 days. Among others, the values of electron trans-port capacity, maximum carboxylation activity, photosynthetic capacity (Amax) and several fl

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Ashikhmin, Aleksandr, Pavel Pashkovskiy, Anatoliy Kosobryukhov, et al. "The Role of Pigments and Cryptochrome 1 in the Adaptation of Solanum lycopersicum Photosynthetic Apparatus to High-Intensity Blue Light." Antioxidants 13, no. 5 (2024): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox13050605.

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The effects of high-intensity blue light (HIBL, 500/1000 µmol m−2s−1, 450 nm) on Solanum lycopersicum mutants with high pigment (hp) and low pigment (lp) levels and cryptochrome 1 (cry1) deficiency on photosynthesis, chlorophylls, phenols, anthocyanins, nonenzymatic antioxidant activity, carotenoid composition, and the expression of light-dependent genes were investigated. The plants, grown under white light for 42 days, were exposed to HIBL for 72 h. The hp mutant quickly adapted to 500 µmol m−2s−1 HIBL, exhibiting enhanced photosynthesis, increased anthocyanin and carotenoids (beta-carotene,

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Wilson, Sam, Matthew P. Johnson та Alexander V. Ruban. "Proton motive force in plant photosynthesis dominated by ΔpH in both low and high light". Plant Physiology 187, № 1 (2021): 263–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab270.

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Abstract The proton motive force (pmf) across the thylakoid membrane couples photosynthetic electron transport and ATP synthesis. In recent years, the electrochromic carotenoid and chlorophyll absorption band shift (ECS), peaking ∼515 nm, has become a widely used probe to measure pmf in leaves. However, the use of this technique to calculate the parsing of the pmf between the proton gradient (ΔpH) and electric potential (Δψ) components remains controversial. Interpretation of the ECS signal is complicated by overlapping absorption changes associated with violaxanthin de-epoxidation to zeaxanth

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Smirnoff, Nicholas. "Ascorbate biosynthesis and function in photoprotection." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 355, no. 1402 (2000): 1455–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2000.0706.

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Ascorbate (vitamin C) can reach very high concentrations in chloroplasts (20–300 mM).The pool size in leaves and chloroplasts increases during acclimation to high light intensity and the highest concentrations recorded are in high alpine plants. Multiple functions for ascorbate in photosynthesis have been proposed, including scavenging of active oxygen species generated by oxygen photoreduction and photorespiration, regeneration of α–tocopherol from α–tocopheryl radicals, cofactor for violaxanthin de–epoxidase and donation of electrons to photosystem II. Hydrogen peroxide scavenging is catalys

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Xia, Guohai, and Lailiang Cheng. "Xanthophyll Cycle-dependent Thermal Dissipation and the Antioxidant System of `Gala' Apple Peel in Response to Nitrogen Supply." HortScience 40, no. 4 (2005): 1097D—1098. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1097d.

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Four-year-old `Gala'/M.26 trees were grown under low (2.5 mm), medium (12.5 mm), or high (25 mm) N supply with balanced nutrients in sand culture and the cropload was adjusted to 5 fruit/cm2 trunk cross-sectional area at 10 mm king fruit. At about 100 days after bloom, exposed fruit on the south side of the canopy were chosen for monitoring chlorophyll fluorescence and fruit peel samples were taken for measuring xanthophyll cycle pigments, antioxidant enzymes, and metabolites. At noon, the efficiency of excitation transfer (Fv'/Fm') of the sun-exposed peel was higher in the low N treatment tha

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Baroli, Irene, and Krishna K. Niyogi. "Molecular genetics of xanthophyll–dependent photoprotection in green algae and plants." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 355, no. 1402 (2000): 1385–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2000.0700.

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The involvement of excited and highly reactive intermediates in oxygenic photosynthesis inevitably results in the generation of reactive oxygen species. To protect the photosynthetic apparatus from oxidative damage, xanthophyll pigments are involved in the quenching of excited chlorophyll and reactive oxygen species, namely 1 Chl*, 3 Chl*, and 1 1O 2 *. Quenching of 1 Chl* results in harmless dissipation of excitation energy as heat and is measured as non–photochemical quenching (NPQ) of chlorophyll fluorescence. The multiple roles of xanthophylls in photoprotection are being addressed by char

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Smith, Brandon R., and Lailiang Cheng. "Photoprotective Mechanisms of `Concord' Grape Leaves in Relation to Iron Supply." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 130, no. 3 (2005): 331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.130.3.331.

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The objective of this study was to quantify how photoprotective mechanisms in the leaves of `Concord' grapevines (Vitis labruscana Bailey) respond to a range of iron (Fe) supply. Own-rooted, 1-year-old container-grown vines were fertigated twice weekly for 11 weeks with a complete nutrient solution containing 1, 10, 20, 50, or 100 μm Fe from ferric ethylenediamine di (o-hydroxyphenylacetic) acid (Fe-EDDHA). Leaf total Fe content did not increase in response to Fe supply; however, “active” Fe (extracted with 2,2′-dipyridyl) and chlorophyll (Chl) increased on a leaf area basis as applied Fe incr

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Rajewicz, Paulina, Chao Zhang, Jon Atherton, et al. "Behind the Spatio-Temporal Variation in Spectral Chlorophyll Fluorescence of Boreal Species." ARPHA Conference Abstracts 8 (May 28, 2025): e149326. https://doi.org/10.3897/aca.8.e149326.

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Boreal forests constitute about one-third of all the global forest area (Brandt et al. 2013). Capturing a significant portion of global atmospheric CO2 (Beer et al. 2010, Thurner et al. 2016, Thurner et al. 2013), boreal forests play a key role in the global carbon cycle (Anav et al. 2015). However, monitoring photosynthetic activity in these forests is difficult with traditional greenness or vegetation indices, particularly due to the dominance of evergreen species and thus relatively little seasonal variation in greenness (Magney et al. 2019). Fortunately, emerging studies suggest that chlor

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Troiano, Julianne M., Federico Perozeni, Raymundo Moya, et al. "Identification of distinct pH- and zeaxanthin-dependent quenching in LHCSR3 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii." eLife 10 (January 15, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/elife.60383.

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Under high light, oxygenic photosynthetic organisms avoid photodamage by thermally dissipating absorbed energy, which is called nonphotochemical quenching. In green algae, a chlorophyll and carotenoid-binding protein, light-harvesting complex stress-related (LHCSR3), detects excess energy via a pH drop and serves as a quenching site. Using a combined in vivo and in vitro approach, we investigated quenching within LHCSR3 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. In vitro two distinct quenching processes, individually controlled by pH and zeaxanthin, were identified within LHCSR3. The pH-dependent quenchi

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Xu, Pengqi, Lijin Tian, Miroslav Kloz, and Roberta Croce. "Molecular insights into Zeaxanthin-dependent quenching in higher plants." Scientific Reports 5, no. 1 (2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep13679.

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Sardar, Samim, Roberto Caferri, Franco V. A. Camargo, et al. "Molecular Mechanisms of Light Harvesting in the Minor Antenna CP29 in Near-Native Membrane Lipidic Environment." Journal of Chemical Physics, May 4, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0087898.

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CP29, a chlorophyll (Chl) a/ b-xanthophyll binding protein, bridges energy transfer between the major LHCII antenna complexes and Photosystem II reaction centres. It hosts one of the two identified quenching sites making it crucial for regulated photoprotection mechanisms. CP29 photophysics has been so far studied on the purified protein in detergent solutions, since spectrally overlapping signals affect in vivo measurements. However, the protein in detergent assumes non-native conformations compared to its physiological state in the thylakoid membrane. Here, we report a detailed photophysical

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Lee, Tsung-Yen, Lam Lam, Dhruv Patel-Tupper, et al. "Chlorophyll to zeaxanthin energy transfer in nonphotochemical quenching: An exciton annihilation-free transient absorption study." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 121, no. 42 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2411620121.

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Zeaxanthin (Zea) is a key component in the energy-dependent, rapidly reversible, nonphotochemical quenching process (qE) that regulates photosynthetic light harvesting. Previous transient absorption (TA) studies suggested that Zea can participate in direct quenching via chlorophyll (Chl) to Zea energy transfer. However, the contamination of intrinsic exciton–exciton annihilation (EEA) makes the assignment of TA signal ambiguous. In this study, we present EEA-free TA data using Nicotiana benthamiana thylakoid membranes, including the wild type and three NPQ mutants ( npq1 , npq4 , and lut2 ) ge

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Kappel, Sandrine, Maureen J. Frieboes, Ryo Yokoyama, et al. "Developmental and environmental effects on VTC2-dependent leaf ascorbate accumulation and functions." Journal of Experimental Botany, January 28, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraf035.

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Abstract In nature, environmental conditions strongly fluctuate, frequently subjecting plants to periods of immediate photo-oxidative stress. The small molecule ascorbate allows plants to cope with such stress conditions. Ascorbate scavenges reactive oxygen species and enables the rapid and full induction of photoprotective non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). NPQ is dependent on zeaxanthin (Zx), which requires ascorbate as the electron donor during its synthesis by the violaxanthin de-epoxidase. The VTC2 gene encodes for one of two isoforms of GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase, the rate-controlling

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Huang, Yongbo, Ziyu Weng, Shuang Li, et al. "The photosynthetic performance and photoprotective role of carotenoids response to light stress in intertidal red algae Neoporphyra haitanensis." Journal of Phycology, July 17, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpy.13480.

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AbstractNeoporphyra haitanensis, a red alga harvested for food, thrives in the intertidal zone amid dynamic and harsh environments. High irradiance represents a major stressor in this habitat, posing a threat to the alga's photosynthetic apparatus. Interestingly, N. haitanensis has adapted to excessive light despite the absence of a crucial xanthophyll cycle‐dependent photoprotection pathway. Thus, it is valuable to investigate the mechanisms by which N. haitanensis copes with excessive light and to understand the photoprotective roles of carotenoids. Under high light intensities and prolonged

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Michelberger, Tim, Eleonora Mezzadrelli, Alessandra Bellan, Giorgio Perin, and Tomas Morosinotto. "The Xanthophyll Cycle balances Photoprotection and Photosynthetic Efficiency in the seawater alga Nannochloropsis oceanica." Plant Physiology, July 4, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiaf301.

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Abstract Photosynthetic reactions are continuously modulated to respond to highly dynamic environmental conditions. Balancing photosynthesis and photoprotection involves various mechanisms, which differ across phylogenetic groups. One such mechanism that is widespread in photosynthetic eukaryotes is the xanthophyll cycle, which involves the reversible light-dependent conversion between the carotenoids violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, and zeaxanthin. In this study, we investigated the role of the xanthophyll cycle in Nannochloropsis oceanica, a seawater microalga that possesses peculiarly high xan

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Ware, Maxwell A., Andrew J. Paton, Yu Bai, Tessema Kassaw, Martin Lohr, and Graham Peers. "Identifying the gene responsible for non‐photochemical quenching reversal in Phaeodactylum tricornutum." Plant Journal, October 30, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tpj.17104.

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SUMMARYAlgae such as diatoms and haptophytes have distinct photosynthetic pigments from plants, including a novel set of carotenoids. This includes a primary xanthophyll cycle comprised of diadinoxanthin and its de‐epoxidation product diatoxanthin that enables the switch between light harvesting and non‐photochemical quenching (NPQ)‐mediated dissipation of light energy. The enzyme responsible for the reversal of this cycle was previously unknown. Here, we identified zeaxanthin epoxidase 3 (ZEP3) from Phaeodactylum tricornutum as the candidate diatoxanthin epoxidase. Knocking out the ZEP3 gene

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Salvatori, Nicole, Fabrizio Carteni, Francesco Giannino, Giorgio Alberti, Stefano Mazzoleni, and Alessandro Peressotti. "A System Dynamics Approach to Model Photosynthesis at Leaf Level Under Fluctuating Light." Frontiers in Plant Science 12 (January 28, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.787877.

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Photosynthesis has been mainly studied under steady-state conditions even though this assumption results inadequate for assessing the biochemical responses to rapid variations occurring in natural environments. The combination of mathematical models with available data may enhance the understanding of the dynamic responses of plants to fluctuating environments and can be used to make predictions on how photosynthesis would respond to non-steady-state conditions. In this study, we present a leaf level System Dynamics photosynthesis model based and validated on an experiment performed on two soy

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Matzner, Monique, Larissa Launhardt, Olaf Barth, Klaus Humbeck, Reimund Goss, and Ingo Heilmann. "Inter-Organellar Effects of Defective ER-Localized Linolenic Acid Formation on Thylakoid Lipid Composition, Non-Photochemical Quenching of Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Xanthophyll Cycle Activity in the Arabidopsis fad3 Mutant." Plant And Cell Physiology, November 8, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcad141.

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Abstract Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) is the main lipid constituent of thylakoids and a structural component of photosystems and photosynthesis-related proteo-lipid complexes in green tissues. Previously reported changes in MGDG abundance upon stress treatments are hypothesized to reflect mobilization of MGDG-based polyunsaturated lipid intermediates to maintain extraplastidial membrane integrity. While exchange of lipid intermediates between compartmental membranes is well documented, physiological consequences of mobilizing an essential thylakoid lipid, such as MGDG, for an alternativ

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Rajewicz, Paulina, Chao Zhang, Jon Atherton, et al. "Behind the Spatio-Temporal Variation in Spectral Chlorophyll Fluorescence of Boreal Species." ARPHA Conference Abstracts 8 (May 28, 2025). https://doi.org/10.3897/aca.8.e149326.

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Boreal forests constitute about one-third of all the global forest area (Brandt et al. 2013). Capturing a significant portion of global atmospheric CO2 (Beer et al. 2010, Thurner et al. 2016, Thurner et al. 2013), boreal forests play a key role in the global carbon cycle (Anav et al. 2015). However, monitoring photosynthetic activity in these forests is difficult with traditional greenness or vegetation indices, particularly due to the dominance of evergreen species and thus relatively little seasonal variation in greenness (Magney et al. 2019). Fortunately, emerging studies suggest that chlor

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