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1

Luo, Li, James M. Carpenter, Bin Chen, and Tingjing Li. "First Comprehensive Analysis of Both Mitochondrial Characteristics and Mitogenome-Based Phylogenetics in the Subfamily Eumeninae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)." Insects 13, no. 6 (2022): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13060529.

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The subfamily Eumeninae plays a significant role in the biological control of agricultural pests. However, the characteristics of eumenine mitogenomes that are important molecular markers for phylogenetics are not clearly revealed. Here, 52 eumenine mitogenomes are newly sequenced and annotated, and the phylogenetic relationships of the subfamily are comprehensively analyzed based on 87 vespid mitogenomes. Through the comparative analysis of the 54 eumenine mitogenomes, the gene compositions of about one half of the 54 species match with ancestral insect mitogenome, and remaining others contain two trnM which are highly similar, with 51.86% (Eumenes tripunctatus) to 90.65% (Pseumenes nigripectus) sequence identities, which is unique among the reported mitogenomes of the family Vespidae. Moreover, the translocation trnL1 upstream of nad1 is a common rearrangement event in all eumenine mitogenomes. The results of phylogenetic analyses support the paraphyly of the subfamily Eumeninae and the tribe Odynerini, respectively, and the monophyly of the tribe Eumenini, and verify that the tribe Zethini is a valid subfamily Zethinae. In this study, the relationships between some genera such as Allorhynchium and Pararrhynchium or the taxonomic status of the subgenera such as Eremodynerus and Dirhynchium are found to be confusing and there should be further inquiry with more samples.
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LOPES, ROGÉRIO BOTION, ANA HELENA CRUCIOL, and FERNANDO BARBOSA NOLL. "Notes on Zethini (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae): complementary sex descriptions, synonymies and a new species of Zethus Fabricius." Zootaxa 4743, no. 2 (2020): 232–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4743.2.6.

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This paper brings a series of contributions to the taxonomy of the Zethini: description of a new species, Zethus denticlypeus Lopes, sp. n.; description of the female of Z. anomalus Cooper, 1999; description of the males of Z. angustior Bohart & Stange, 1965, Z. clypeolaris Bohart & Stange, 1965, Z. satanicus Bohart & Stange, 1965 and Argentozethus willinki Stange, 1979; synonymy of Discoelius argentinus Brèthes, 1905 under Z. dicomboda Spinola, 1851; and rearrangements for the species of Raphiglossoides Giordani Soika, 1936, with Raphiglossoides minutus (Gusenleitner, 2000) (= R. aethiopicus Giordani Soika, 1936) and R. gibbus (Gusenletiner, 2000) n. comb.
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3

Pannure, Arati, Vasuki V. Belavadi, and James M. Carpenter. "Taxonomic notes on poorly known species of potter wasps (Vespidae: Eumeninae: Zethini) from India." Oriental Insects 53, no. 3 (2018): 395–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00305316.2018.1521345.

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4

LOPES, ROGÉRIO BOTION, FRANCIELE BROZOSKI, and MARIA LUISA TUNES BUSCHINI. "Zethus (Zethus) pilosus Zavattari, 1912 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae) from Southern Brazil: description of the female, the male genitalia, its nest and notes on biology." Zootaxa 4648, no. 1 (2019): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4648.1.11.

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Zethus is the largest vespid genus and, despite being very diverse in the Neotropical region, little is known about its biology and many species are known from only one sex. Zethini are centered in one of the controversies involving Vespidae phylogeny; increased knowledge of terminals will allow for more precise analyses, because some phylogenetically informative characters are observed in only one sex and others can be extracted from nests. With this in mind, complementary knowledge on Zethus pilosus is presented: the description of the female, of the male genitalia, of the nest and notes in its biology. Additional key features in the pronotum for identification of this species are provided. Nests were founded between December and April, presenting construction of partitions out of a combination of mud, sand, vegetable matter and insect parts. Development from egg to adult lasted an average of 39 days.
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5

Lopes, Rogério Botion, and Fernando Barbosa Noll. "Cladistic analysis of the Zethus (Zethoides) (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) species groups with insights on the current subgeneric classification of Zethus Fabricius, 1804." Insect Systematics & Evolution 49, no. 2 (2018): 103–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1876312x-00002165.

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Zethus is the largest genus in Eumeninae, with over 250 species. Currently, it is divided in four subgenera: Z. (Zethus), Z. (Zethusculus), Z. (Zethoides) and Z. (Madecazethus). Z. (Zethoides), with 42 species, is subdivided in eight species groups, each considered a phylogenetic unit, that were created without any phylogenetic analysis. Eighteen species of Z. (Zethoides) corresponding to different groups were examined, altogether with terminals from distinct lineages of Zethus, Zethini and Eumenini, to perform a cladistics analysis to verify the proposed divisions. Zethus (Zethoides) and all of its species groups, except for the Z. biglumis group, were monophyletic. Zethus s.s. was paraphyletic in relation to Z. (Madecazethus), Z. (Zethoides) and Ctenochilus. Z. (Zethusculus) was also retrieved paraphyletic. Despite the subgeneric incongruences, the outgroups were too poorly represented to carry a taxonomic modification. Thus, the only alteration was the inclusion of the Z. clypearis group in the Z. biglumis group.
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6

Waldemar, Żyła, and Wendzonka Jacek. "Materiały do poznania kopułkowatych (Vespidae: Eumeninae, Zethinae) Polski Zachodniej oraz nowe stanowiska gatunków rzadko notowanych w Polsce." ROCZNIK MUZEUM GÓRNOŚLĄSKIEGO W BYTOMIU, PRZYRODA 28, online007 (2022): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6592251.

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<strong>Materials to the knowledge of potter wasps (Vespidae: Eumeninae, Zethinae) of western Poland and new records of rare species from Poland</strong>. The article presents the fauna of wasps from the subfamilies Eumeninae and Zethine, mainly from western Poland. During the years 2003-2021, 37 species were recorded from over 100 localities. The most interesting species are: <em>Allodynerus rossii </em>(Lepeletier, 1841) known from Poland only from Białowieża Forest, confirmed after almost a century; <em>Eumenes subpomiformis</em> Bl&uuml;thgen, 1938 known only from one locality in Poland, specimen lost; <em>Odynerus simillimus</em> Morawitz, 1867 extremely rare species in Poland, and <em>Symmorphus debilitatus</em> (Sauss ure, 1855) very rare in western Poland.
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7

Lopes, Rogério Botion, James M. Carpenter, and Fernando Barbosa Noll. "Cladistic analysis of Zethus Fabricius, 1804 (Hymenoptera, Vespidae): a new subgeneric classification." Journal of Hymenoptera Research 82 (April 29, 2021): 253–83. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.82.65760.

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Zethus is the largest genus in Vespidae with over 270 species. It is currently divided into four subgenera: Z. (Zethus), Z. (Zethoides), Z. (Zethusculus) and Z. (Madecazethus). While the last three are restricted to certain biogeographic areas, the first is spread through western and eastern hemispheres. Studies have shown possible phylogenetic incongruence regarding this current division and even raised the possibility of paraphyly in the genus. To evaluate this classification, morphological pasimony analyses under implied weights was carried out, examining external morphology and male genitalia. Analyses showed paraphyly of the genus under various "k" values and paraphyly of two subgenera. Ischnocoelia and Ctenochilus are lowered to subgenera of Zethus. Zethus (Madecazethus) is no longer restricted to Malagasy species and now includes those of the African continent as well. Zethus (Zethastrum) subg. nov. is defined for Oriental representatives. Z. (Zethus) is subdivided into three subgenera: Z. (Zethus), Z. (Didymogastra) and Z. (Wettsteinia). Zethus (Zethusculus) and Z. (Zethoides) are monophyletic and hold their status as subgenera. Three species-groups are Incertae sedis: Z. albopictus, Z. pallidus and Z. spinosus.
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8

de Souza, Marcos Magalhães, Fernando Gonçalves de Aguiar Crispim, Glauco Cássio de Sousa Oliveira, Taiguara Pereira de Gouvêa, Marcel Gustavo Hermes, and Gabriel de Castro Jacques. "Eumeninae and Zethinae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) from Conservation Units in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil." REVISTA CHILENA DE ENTOMOLOGÍA 50, no. 4 (2024): 645–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.35249/rche.50.4.24.07.

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Despite the significant biodiversity and ecological importance of solitary and pre-social wasps, the subfamilies Eumeninae and Zethinae are still under-sampled in Minas Gerais state, southeastern Brazil. The aim of this study was to record the occurrence of species of these subfamilies in different Conservation Units (CUs) in the state. The study was conducted in eight CUs in the Cerrado and Atlantic Forest domains and recorded 95 individuals distributed among 31 species of Eumeninae and seven individuals from five Zethinae species. Alphamenes campanulatus (Fabricius, 1804), Pachodynerus argentinus (de Saussure, 1870) and Pseudodynerus auratoides (Bertoni, 1918) (Eumeninae) are recorded for the first time in Minas Gerais state. In turn, Zethus wagneri Bohart &amp; Stange, 1965 (Zethinae) is recorded for the first time in Brazil. Our results illustrate the importance of UCs for the conservation of vespid biota and reinforce the need for further studies of these insects.
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9

Selis, Marco, and Arturo Femia. "The genus Calligaster de Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Zethinae) in the Philippine Islands." Zootaxa 5155, no. 1 (2022): 124–32. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5155.1.6.

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10

Hermes, Marcel G., and Rogério B. Lopes. "A new species of Zethus Fabricius (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Zethinae) from Northeast Brazil, with notes on morphology and distributional records of Z. alessandroi Lopes." Zootaxa 4462, no. 2 (2018): 245–50. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4462.2.6.

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Hermes, Marcel G., Lopes, Rogério B. (2018): A new species of Zethus Fabricius (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Zethinae) from Northeast Brazil, with notes on morphology and distributional records of Z. alessandroi Lopes. Zootaxa 4462 (2): 245-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4462.2.6
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11

Nugroho, Hari, Jun-Ichi Kojima, and Rosichon Ubaidillah. "Review of potter wasps with a petiolate metasoma excluding so-called " Zethinae " (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae) in the Lesser Sunda Islands of the Indonesian Archipelago." Zootaxa 3608, no. 1 (2013): 1–25. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3608.1.1.

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Nugroho, Hari, Kojima, Jun-Ichi, Ubaidillah, Rosichon (2013): Review of potter wasps with a petiolate metasoma excluding so-called " Zethinae " (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae) in the Lesser Sunda Islands of the Indonesian Archipelago. Zootaxa 3608 (1): 1-25, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3608.1.1
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12

PRAKASH, SHAKTI. "An empirical study of customers satisfaction with service quality of Private Banks using servqual Model." Devi Ahilya University Journal of Social Science and Humanities 01, no. 01 (2018): 25. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14743361.

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Customers are the king of all business &amp; for maintaining a good base of Loyal customers quality is one of the considerations. &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; As many multinational companies have also entered the Indian Market, It has brought Keen Competition among companies. <strong>Servqual Model:- </strong>1985-Parasuraman,Zethani &amp;Berry <strong>Reliability</strong>:-accurate bills, Keeps Record accurately. <strong>Assurance:-Inspiring</strong> Trust &amp; Confidence in Staff-credibility. <strong>Tangibility</strong>:-Difference services &amp; physical like Plastic Cards or Bank statements.Understanding stakeholders &amp; servicing accordingly in timely communication. <strong>Responsiveness</strong>:-Timeliness of Services answering the queries. <strong>Objectives of Study:M Measure</strong>&nbsp;customer satisfaction with private sector banks in Indoreusingh, as well as various service quality dimensions.
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13

de, Souza Marcos Magalhães, Aguiar Crispim Fernando Gonçalves de, Sousa Oliveira Glauco Cássio de, de Gouvêa Taiguara Pereira, Marcel Gustavo Hermes, and Castro Jacques Gabriel de. "Eumeninae and Zethinae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) from Conservation Units in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil." Revista Chilena de Entomología 50, no. 4 (2024): 645–53. https://doi.org/10.35249/rche.50.4.24.07.

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de Souza, Marcos Magalhães, de Aguiar Crispim, Fernando Gonçalves, de Sousa Oliveira, Glauco Cássio, Pereira de Gouvêa, Taiguara, Hermes, Marcel Gustavo, de Castro Jacques, Gabriel (2024): Eumeninae and Zethinae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) from Conservation Units in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Revista Chilena de Entomología (Rev. Chil. Entomol.) 50 (4): 645-653, DOI: 10.35249/rche.50.4.24.07, URL: https://doi.org/10.35249/rche.50.4.24.07
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14

HARA, Hideho, and Yasutomo HIGASHIURA. "Factors Causing Outbreak Decline of Larch Geometrid Moth, Zethenia rufescentraria." Japanese journal of applied entomology and zoology 39, no. 1 (1995): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1303/jjaez.39.15.

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15

Yang, Mingsheng, and Yalin Zhang. "Phylogenetic utility of ribosomal genes for reconstructing the phylogeny of five Chinese satyrine tribes (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)." ZooKeys 488 (March 19, 2015): 105–20. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.488.9171.

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Satyrinae is one of twelve subfamilies of the butterfly family Nymphalidae, which currently includes nine tribes. However, phylogenetic relationships among them remain largely unresolved, though different researches have been conducted based on both morphological and molecular data. However, ribosomal genes have never been used in tribe level phylogenetic analyses of Satyrinae. In this study we investigate for the first time the phylogenetic relationships among the tribes Elymniini, Amathusiini, Zetherini and Melanitini which are indicated to be a monophyletic group, and the Satyrini, using two ribosomal genes (28s rDNA and 16s rDNA) and four protein-coding genes (EF-1α, COI, COII and Cytb). We mainly aim to assess the phylogenetic informativeness of the ribosomal genes as well as clarify the relationships among different tribes. Our results show the two ribosomal genes generally have the same high phylogenetic informativeness compared with EF-1α; and we infer the 28s rDNA would show better informativeness if the 28s rDNA sequence data for each sampling taxon are obtained in this study. The placement of the monotypic genus Callarge Leech in Zetherini is confirmed for the first time based on molecular evidence. In addition, our maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) trees consistently show that the involved Satyrinae including the Amathusiini is monophyletic with high support values. Although the relationships among the five tribes are identical among ML and BI analyses and are mostly strongly-supported in BI analysis, those in ML analysis are lowly- or moderately- supported. Therefore, the relationships among the related five tribes recovered herein need further verification based on more sampling taxa.
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SELIS, MARCO, and ARTURO FEMIA. "The genus Calligaster de Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Zethinae) in the Philippine Islands." Zootaxa 5155, no. 1 (2022): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5155.1.6.

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The Philippine species of the genus Calligaster de Saussure, 1852 are reviewed. Two species are recorded: C. ilocana Selis, sp. nov. and C. williamsi Bequaert, 1940. Calligaster zetteli Gusenleitner, 2006 is recognized as a synonym of Pseudozumia gracilis van der Vecht, 1963 syn. nov. New distributional records and a key to species are provided.&#x0D;
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Benda, Daniel, Hans Pohl, Rolf Beutel, and Jakub Straka. "Solitary folded-winged wasps of the genus Zethus Fabricius (Vespidae, Zethinae) parasitised by two new species of Strepsiptera on different continents." Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97 (September 9, 2024): 721–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.97.127500.

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Two new species of Strepsiptera from the genus Zethus Fabricius, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) are described. Although the stylopisation of the genus Zethus has been known for almost a century, we provide the first description of its strepsipteran parasites. Zethus brasiliensis fuscatus R. Bohart &amp; Stange, 1965 is parasitised by Eupathocera zethisp. nov. in the Neotropical Region (French Guiana) and Zethus favillaceus Walker, 1871 by Deltoxenos impressussp. nov. in the Afrotropical Region (Kenya). An independent switch to the same host genus is supported by molecular and morphological data. Diagnoses and detailed descriptions of the species are provided based on characters of the female cephalothorax and male cephalotheca. Diagnostic characters are discussed.
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Budrienė, Anna, Eduardas Budrys, and Svetlana Orlovskytė. "A bilateral gynandromorph of Discoelius dufourii (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Zethinae): morphology and mating behaviour." Journal of Hymenoptera Research 81 (February 25, 2021): 23–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.81.61550.

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A gynandromorph is an organism combining both female- and male-type tissues. While the vast majority of studies have described the morphology of gynandromorphs, their sexual behaviours remain under-explored. We studied a predominantly bilateral gynandromorph specimen of the predatory wasp Discoelius dufourii (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Zethinae) reared from a trap-nest. In addition to describing the morphology, we explored the gynandromorph’s response to a conspecific female, comparing it with the behavioural interactions between normal males and females of D. dufourii and the phylogenetically related D. zonalis. For most specific behavioural elements, males of both Discoelius species exhibited a greater frequency and a higher probability of occurrences of the behaviour than did females. However, aggression and plopping behaviours were prevalent in females. The gynandromorphic specimen demonstrated behavioural activities similar to those of a male, including a relatively frequent mate body antennation and an attempt to mount a female. However, it approached the female less frequently in comparison to conspecific normal males, and it did not demonstrate substrate antennation and jumping, typical of Discoelius male mating behaviour. Based on the parameters of the nest cell, the probability of the development of the gynandromorphic specimen from an unfertilized (male) egg was higher than the probability of development from a fertilized (female) egg.
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Budrienė, Anna, Eduardas Budrys, and Svetlana Orlovskytė. "A bilateral gynandromorph of Discoelius dufourii (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Zethinae): morphology and mating behaviour." Journal of Hymenoptera Research 81 (February 25, 2021): 23–41. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.81.61550.

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A gynandromorph is an organism combining both female- and male-type tissues. While the vast majority of studies have described the morphology of gynandromorphs, their sexual behaviours remain under-explored. We studied a predominantly bilateral gynandromorph specimen of the predatory wasp Discoelius dufourii (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Zethinae) reared from a trap-nest. In addition to describing the morphology, we explored the gynandromorph's response to a conspecific female, comparing it with the behavioural interactions between normal males and females of D. dufourii and the phylogenetically related D. zonalis. For most specific behavioural elements, males of both Discoelius species exhibited a greater frequency and a higher probability of occurrences of the behaviour than did females. However, aggression and plopping behaviours were prevalent in females. The gynandromorphic specimen demonstrated behavioural activities similar to those of a male, including a relatively frequent mate body antennation and an attempt to mount a female. However, it approached the female less frequently in comparison to conspecific normal males, and it did not demonstrate substrate antennation and jumping, typical of Discoelius male mating behaviour. Based on the parameters of the nest cell, the probability of the development of the gynandromorphic specimen from an unfertilized (male) egg was higher than the probability of development from a fertilized (female) egg.
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Fateryga, Alexander F., Maxim Yu Proshchalykin, Denis N. Kochetkov, and Batchuluun Buyanjargal. "New records of eumenine wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) from Russia, with description of a new species of Stenodynerus de Saussure, 1863." Journal of Hymenoptera Research 79 (October 30, 2020): 89–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.79.57887.

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New additions to the knowledge of the subfamily Eumeninae in Russia are provided. Stenodynerus rossicus Fateryga &amp;amp; Kochetkov, sp. nov. is described from Amurskaya Province and Altai Republic. Three species of eumenine wasps are reported from Russia for the first time: Onychopterocheilus kiritshenkoi (Kostylev, 1940), Pterocheilus quaesitus (Morawitz, 1895), and Stenodynerus chitgarensis Giordani Soika, 1970. Ancistrocerus dusmetiolus (Strand, 1914) is excluded from the fauna of Russia; the previous records of this species were based on a misidentification of another similar species, i. e., A. raddei (Kostylev, 1940). The taxonomic status of A. raddei, however, is unclear: its differences from A. dusmetiolus, including the material from Central Asia described as A. alius (Kostylev, 1935), are mainly in the color pattern but not in the structure (including the structure of the male genitalia). New and confirmative regional records for 20 species are reported. The known fauna of Russia currently numbers 34 genera and 165 species of Eumeninae s. l. (including Raphiglossinae and Zethinae). In addition, Eumenes tripunctatus (Christ, 1791) is reported for the first time from Afghanistan; the first data on the nesting of this species are also reported.
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Fateryga, Alexander V., Maxim Yu. Proshchalykin, Denis N. Kochetkov, and Batchuluun Buyanjargal. "New records of eumenine wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) from Russia, with description of a new species of Stenodynerus de Saussure, 1863." Journal of Hymenoptera Research 79 (October 30, 2020): 89–109. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.79.57887.

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New additions to the knowledge of the subfamily Eumeninae in Russia are provided. Stenodynerus rossicus Fateryga &amp; Kochetkov, sp. nov. is described from Amurskaya Province and Altai Republic. Three species of eumenine wasps are reported from Russia for the first time: Onychopterocheilus kiritshenkoi (Kostylev, 1940), Pterocheilus quaesitus (Morawitz, 1895), and Stenodynerus chitgarensis Giordani Soika, 1970. Ancistrocerus dusmetiolus (Strand, 1914) is excluded from the fauna of Russia; the previous records of this species were based on a misidentification of another similar species, i. e., A. raddei (Kostylev, 1940). The taxonomic status of A. raddei, however, is unclear: its differences from A. dusmetiolus, including the material from Central Asia described as A. alius (Kostylev, 1935), are mainly in the color pattern but not in the structure (including the structure of the male genitalia). New and confirmative regional records for 20 species are reported. The known fauna of Russia currently numbers 34 genera and 165 species of Eumeninae s. l. (including Raphiglossinae and Zethinae). In addition, Eumenes tripunctatus (Christ, 1791) is reported for the first time from Afghanistan; the first data on the nesting of this species are also reported.
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Benda, Daniel, Hans Pohl, Rolf Beutel, and Jakub Straka. "Solitary folded-winged wasps of the genus Zethus Fabricius (Vespidae, Zethinae) parasitised by two new species of Strepsiptera on different continents." Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97 (September 9, 2024): 721–39. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.97.127500.

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Two new species of Strepsiptera from the genus <i>Zethus</i> Fabricius, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) are described. Although the stylopisation of the genus <i>Zethus</i> has been known for almost a century, we provide the first description of its strepsipteran parasites. <i>Zethus brasiliensis fuscatus</i> R. Bohart &amp; Stange, 1965 is parasitised by <i>Eupathocera zethi</i> sp. nov. in the Neotropical Region (French Guiana) and <i>Zethus favillaceus</i> Walker, 1871 by <i>Deltoxenos impressus</i> sp. nov. in the Afrotropical Region (Kenya). An independent switch to the same host genus is supported by molecular and morphological data. Diagnoses and detailed descriptions of the species are provided based on characters of the female cephalothorax and male cephalotheca. Diagnostic characters are discussed.
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Bissessarsingh, Mario, and Christopher K. Starr. "Comparative Morphology of the Stinger in Social Wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)." Insects 12, no. 8 (2021): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12080729.

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The physical features of the stinger are compared in 51 species of vespid wasps: 4 eumenines and zethines, 2 stenogastrines, 16 independent-founding polistines, 13 swarm-founding New World polistines, and 16 vespines. The overall structure of the stinger is remarkably uniform within the family. Although the wasps show a broad range in body size and social habits, the central part of the venom-delivery apparatus—the sting shaft—varies only to a modest extent in length relative to overall body size. What variation there is shows no apparent correlation with social habits. This is consistent with the hypothesis that stinger size is constrained by the demands of a flight-worthy body. The sting lancets bear distinct, acute barbs in all examined species except in members of the Stenogastrinae. Barbs vary considerably among species in number, their summed lengths, and the relative degree of serration (summed length relative to lancet width). Where they are numerous and strong, it increases the likelihood of the stinger remaining fatally embedded in the skin of a vertebrate adversary (sting autotomy). Although an index that combines the number and strength of barbs is a more natural measure of overall serration, the number of barbs alone is almost as good a predictor of the likelihood of sting autotomy. Across the family as a whole, the tendency to sting autotomy is concentrated in the swarm-founding New World polistines.
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24

FATERYGA, ALEXANDER V., MAXIM YU PROSHCHALYKIN, MIKHAIL V. MOKROUSOV, and ASKAR G. AKHMEDOV. "To the knowledge of the solitary vespid wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Masarinae and Eumeninae s. l.) of Uzbekistan." Zootaxa 5278, no. 3 (2023): 439–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5278.3.2.

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The knowledge of the solitary Vespidae of Uzbekistan is very poor and a preliminary list of species is provided. The list contains 105 species of 34 genera: seven species of three genera in the subfamily Masarinae, 96 species of 29 genera in Eumeninae s. str., one species in Raphiglossinae and one in Zethinae. Among them, eight genera and 27 species are reported from Uzbekistan for the first time; their label data and general distribution are reported. New synonymies are proposed: Leptochilus (Lionotulus Blüthgen, 1938) = L. (Neoleptochilus Blüthgen, 1961), syn. nov. = L. (Sarochilus Gusenleitner, 1970), syn. nov.; Leptochilus (Lionotulus) crassiceps (Kostylev, 1940) = L. (L.) flavicornis Giordani Soika, 1970, syn. nov.; Euodynerus (Pareuodynerus) cylindriventris (Kostylev, 1935) = E. (P.) distinctus (Kostylev, 1935), syn. nov.; Eustenancistrocerus (Eustenancistrocerus) askhabadensis (Radoszkowski, 1886) = E. (E.) jerichoensis (von Schulthess, 1928), syn. nov. = E. (E.) askhabadensis danticoides (Giordani Soika, 1943), syn. nov. = E. (E.) jerichoensis iconius Blüthgen, 1957, syn. nov. The synonymy of Eumenes (Eumenes) sareptanus André, 1884 with E. (E.) crimensis Blüthgen, 1938 is rejected. A nest of Stenodynerus chitgarensis Giordani Soika, 1970 is briefly described for the first time; it consisted of a constructed mud cell, with a turret-like entrance, attached to a subvertical surface of a stone. Bionomical observations on some other species are reported including prey records for three species, flower-visiting records for nine species, a sleeping aggregation of two species, and a Strepsiptera parasite of one species.
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25

HERMES, MARCEL G., and ROGÉRIO B. LOPES. "A new species of Zethus Fabricius (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Zethinae) from Northeast Brazil, with notes on morphology and distributional records of Z. alessandroi Lopes." Zootaxa 4462, no. 2 (2018): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4462.2.6.

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Zethus giseleae new species is described from Maranhão State, Northeastern Brazil. The species fits into the Z. hilarianus species-group which was partially revised only recently, and a set of features from both external morphology and male genitalia allows readily separation from closely related taxa. Notes on morphology and collecting records of Z. alessandroi are also provided, extending its range within the Southeast Amazon domain.
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26

NUGROHO, HARI, JUN-ICHI KOJIMA, and ROSICHON UBAIDILLAH. "Review of potter wasps with a petiolate metasoma excluding so-called "Zethinae" (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae) in the Lesser Sunda Islands of the Indonesian Archipelago." Zootaxa 3608, no. 1 (2013): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3608.1.1.

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Twenty species and six subspecies of nine genera of eumenine wasps with a petiolate metasoma occurring in the Lesser Sunda Islands are listed. New synonymies are proposed for Delta campaniforme campaniforme (Fabricius 1775) (=D. campaniforme gracilior Giordani Soika 1986, syn. nov.) and D. nigriculum Giordani Soika 1986, stat. nov. (=D. campaniforme rendalloide Giordani Soika 1993, syn. nov.). Eumenes piriformis de Saussure and E. inconspicuus Smith are newly recorded from the Lesser Sunda Islands; E. pius Giordani Soika, D. nigriculum Giordani Soika, D. pyriforme (Fabricius), D. sciarum (van der Vecht), Pareumenes nigerrimus van der Vecht, and Labus vandervechti Giordani Soika, are newly recorded from some islands of the Lesser Sunda. Hitherto unknown male of P. nigerrimus is described.
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27

Shi, Qinghui, Xinyue Wang, Jianhong Xing, Xiaoyun Xu, Gang Sun, and Juncheng Zhang. "Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Two Amathusiini Species (Lepidoideae: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): Characterization, Comparative Analyses, and Phylogenetic Implications." Genes 16, no. 4 (2025): 447. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16040447.

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Background: The Satyrinae subfamily represents a taxonomically critical group within Nymphalidae, characterized by its remarkable species diversity. Despite its evolutionary significance, the phylogenetic relationships among tribal and subtribal lineages remain poorly resolved. Although mitochondrial genomes have become crucial molecular markers in Lepidoptera phylogenetics, their potential remains underutilized in the systematics of Satyrinae. Notably, Amathusiini exhibits a particular paucity, with only two congeneric representatives having been comprehensively sequenced to date. Methods: We employed high-throughput sequencing to assemble the complete mitochondrial genomes of two Amathusiini species, Discophora sondaica and Aemona amathusia. Our study revealed novel evolutionary insights through comparative genomics, which encompassed all available Satyrinae mitochondrial genomes. Additionally, we conducted phylogenetic reconstruction using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference approaches, utilizing the most extensive dataset to date. Results: The closed, circular mitochondrial genomes measure 15,333 bp for D. sondaica and 15,423 bp for A. amathusia, maintaining the ancestral lepidopteran architecture: 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs, and an AT-rich control region. Comparative analyses of 71 mitochondrial genomes revealed strong evolutionary conservation across multiple parameters: nucleotide composition (AT content range: 77.9–81.8%), codon usage bias (ENC = 30.83–37.55), tRNA secondary structures, and control region organization. All PCGs showed purifying selection signals (Ka/Ks &lt; 1.0), with atp8 exhibiting the highest evolutionary rate (Ka/Ks = 0.277). Phylogenetic reconstructions yielded congruent tribal-level topologies with strong nodal support: ((Satyrini + Melanitini) + (Amathusiini + Elymniini) + Zetherini), confirming a sister relationship between Amathusiini and Elymniini. Within Satyrini, five subtribes formed monophyletic groups: Ypthimina, Erebiina, Maniolina, Satyrina, and Melanargiina, arranged as ((Ypthimina + (Erebiina + Maniolina)) + (Satyrina + Melanargiina)). Mycalesina, Lethina, and Parargina comprised a well-supported clade (BS = 100%; PP = 1.0), though internal relationships required further resolution due to Lethina’s polyphyly. Conclusions: This study provides novel insights into mitochondrial genomic evolution within the Satyrinae subfamily while elucidating the efficacy of mitogenomic data for resolving deep phylogenetic relationships within this ecologically significant subfamily. Our findings establish critical genome baselines for further systematic research and underscore essential pathways for refining subtribal-level taxonomy through integrative molecular approaches.
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28

Bagati, Archis, Zethan Koch, Timothy C. Hutcherson, et al. "Abstract B32: A novel combination therapy for metastatic melanoma potentiates a gap junction positive feedback mechanism." Cancer Research 80, no. 19_Supplement (2020): B32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.mel2019-b32.

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Abstract We have developed a novel approach for treating melanoma by selectively targeting cancer cells with reactive oxygen species (ROS). This combination therapy incorporates ROS generated by 1) nonthermal plasma (NTP) that emits a multitude of ROS and 2) SR-4233 (TPZ) that undergoes a chemical change to become a ROS only in conditions of hypoxia. The results show an additive to synergistic effect of the combination therapy as compared to each agent individually. Since gap junctions promote the intercellular communication of small molecules up to 1 kDa, we assessed the effect of this combination therapy on metastatic melanoma with functional and nonfunctional gap junctions. We utilized 1205Lu metastatic melanoma cells expressing an empty vector, overexpressing a wild-type Cx43, or a dominant negative variant. The results demonstrated that NTP induced a highly localized cell death in the target area whereas TPZ partially reduced viability over the total surface area. However, when the combination of NTP/TPZ therapy was delivered, complete cell death was observed across the entire plate, specifically in the cells expressing high gap junctions. Similarly, in vivo studies of human metastatic melanoma in a mouse tumor model demonstrated a 90% reduction in tumor volume when treated with the combination of NTP/TPZ in high gap junction expressing tumors. Treatment with NTP/TPZ increased expression of genes activated by apoptosis and oxidative stress while decreasing genes related to cell migration. Microarray analysis also demonstrated a high induction of interleukins and cytokines, indicative of the potential for an immune response. In addition, the transcription factor, HIF1α, known to promote tumor progression, was decreased only under the conditions of NTP/TPZ with high gap junctions. Interestingly, the connexin protein, Cx26, was upregulated following treatment with NTP/TPZ, and the associated gap junctions were shown to maintain functionality during the onset of treatment. Therefore, we conclude that gap junctions both increase the efficacy of NTP/TPZ and are induced by the therapy, thus promoting a positive feedback mechanism of tumoricidal activity. Our unique approach to ROS induction in melanoma cells with NTP/TPZ shows preclinical efficacy, suggesting potential as a novel cancer treatment. Citation Format: Archis Bagati, Zethan Koch, Timothy C. Hutcherson, Joseph Pechette, Hossein Dianat, Cory Higley, Lisa Chiu, Yesul Song, Jay Shah, Elana Chazen, Andrew Nicolais, Peter Casey, Kyle Thompson, Mikhail A. Nikiforov, Jennifer Zirnheld, Shoshanna N. Zucker. A novel combination therapy for metastatic melanoma potentiates a gap junction positive feedback mechanism [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Melanoma: From Biology to Target; 2019 Jan 15-18; Houston, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(19 Suppl):Abstract nr B32.
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29

PARKER, JOSEPH. "Transitional morphology and Afrotropical affinity of a bythinoplectine rove beetle from the early Eocene of India (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae)." Palaeoentomology 5, no. 5 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.5.5.6.

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Recently discovered Ypresian-age amber from Cambay, India, reveals an ancient arthropod assemblage on the Indian subcontinent during its collision with Asia. Despite the tectonic history of India, limited connections have been found between the Cambay palaeofauna and present-day Madagascan and mainland African faunas. Here, I describe a new fossil pselaphine rove beetle (Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae) recovered from the Cambay deposit that shows closest apparent phylogenetic affinity to modern Afrotropical genera. Yprezethinus grimaldii gen. et sp. nov. is placed in Bythinoplectini, subtribe Bythinoplectina. Based on antennal and maxillary palp morphology, Yprezethinus is a putative transitional stem lineage of the Zethinus-group of genera—an extant clade distributed across equatorial African rainforests. Although Yprezethinus shares with this clade the derived feature of ovoid antennal clubs formed by tight appression of the apical two segments, it differs from its putative extant relatives in its possession of the plesiomorphic complement of 11 antennomeres, without any fusions of segments. The fossil taxon signifies a biotic link between early Eocene India and continental Africa, and marks the Cenozoic emergence of a tropical leaf litter arthropod fauna approaching that of contemporary, ant-dominated rainforests.
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30

Shi, Qinghui, Jinling Xie, Jialing Wu, Shengchung Chen, Gang Sun, and Juncheng Zhang. "Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of an endemic species in China, Aulocera merlina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) and phylogenetic analysis within Satyrinae." Ecology and Evolution 14, no. 5 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.11355.

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AbstractThe mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) has been extensively used as molecular markers in determining the insect phylogenetic relationships. In order to resolve the relationships among tribes and subtribes of Satyrinae at the mitochondrial genomic level, we obtained the complete mitogenome of Aulocera merlina (Oberthür, 1890) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) with a size of 15,259 bp. The mitogenome consisted of 37 typical genes, including 13 protein‐coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), and an A + T‐rich region. The gene organization and arrangement were similar to those of all other known Satyrinae mitogenomes. All PCGs were initiated with the canonical codon pattern ATN, except for the cox1 gene, which used an atypical CGA codon. Nine PCGs used the complete stop codon TAA, while the remaining PCGs (cox1, cox2, nad4, and nad5) were terminated with a single T nucleotide. The canonical cloverleaf secondary structures were found in all tRNAs, except for trnS1 which lacked a dihydrouridine arm. The 448 bp A + T‐rich region was located between rrnS and trnM, and it included the motif ATAGA followed by a 19‐bp poly‐T stretch and a microsatellite‐like (TA)6 element preceded by the ATTTA motif. The phylogenetic tree, inferred using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods, generated similar tree topologies, revealing well‐supported monophyletic groups at the tribe level and recovering the relationship ((Satyrini + Melanitini) + ((Amathusiini + Elymniini) + Zetherini)). The close relationship between Satyrina and Melanargiina within the Satyrini was widely accepted. Additionally, Lethina, Parargina, and Mycalesina were closely related and collectively formed a sister group to Coenonymphina. Moreover, A. merlina was closely related to Oeneis buddha within the Satyrina. These findings will provide valuable information for future studies aiming to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships of Satyrinae.
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31

Hastriter, Michael W. "Records of Fleas (Siphonaptera) from Australia, Malaysia, and Papua New Guinea with the Description of a New Species of Bibikovana Traub, 1980 (Pygiopsyllidae)." Annals of Carnegie Museum 87, no. 2 (2021). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14820566.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) The Robert Traub collection of fleas is maintained in the Carnegie Museum of Natural History. During the height of collecting fleas from the 1960s onward, many specimens were collected from Australia, Malaysia, and New Guinea and provided to Robert Traub. A plethora of publications resulted; however, Dr. Traub died before he could finish much of that work. Following his death, specimens were available that had never been fully studied, and in many cases, inadequately curated (alcohol material, unidentified slides, vials of dried up specimens, etc.). Following the in-depth reviews of 14 genera (published in six parts by the author), additional specimens were obtained from the Carnegie Museum. These additional specimens represented 32 species in nine flea families and are reported here for the first time. Many of the specimens included in this study, are supplementary specimens associated (but not reported) by Hastriter (2012) and in Hastriter's six-part series (Parts I–VI) published between 2013 and 2021. Among the material was a new species of Bibikovana Traub, 1980, from Australia, Bibikovana acumena, that is closely related to Bibikovana colossus (Rothschild, 1906). This new taxon is described and illustrated. The ranges of five flea species are extended: 1) Porribius caminae (Rothschild, 1903) to Tasmania, 2) Neopsylla dispar Jordan, 1932, to the island of Borneo (State of Sabah, Malaysia), 3) Bibikovana engilisi Hastriter, 2021, to Papua New Guinea, 4) Pygiopsylla zethi (Rothschild, 1904) to Mole Creek and Bridport, Tasmania, and 5) Smitella thambetosa Traub, 1968, to Papua New Guinea. Eight new host records include: 1) Sigmactenus toxopeusi Smit, 1953, on Rattus giluwensis Hill, 1960, 2) Stephanocircus pectinipes Rothschild, 1915, on Pseudomys novaehollandiae (Waterhouse, 1843), 3) Stephanocircus simsoni Rothschild, 1905, on Pseudomys higginsi Trouessart, 1897, 4) Bibikovana engilisi Hastriter, 2021 on Microperoryctes papuensis (Laurie, 1952), 5) Parastivalius gressitti Holland, 1969 on Mi. papuensis, 6) Rectidigitus glomerospinosus Hastriter, 2016 on Cercartetus caudatus (Milne-Edwards, 1877), 7) Rectidigitus traubi Holland, 1969, in a Mi. papuensis nest, and 8) Smitella thambetosa Traub, 1968 on Mammelomys rattoides (Thomas, 1922). Host data supporting the primary host of Choristopsylla ochi (Rothschild, 1904) was presented and determined to be Trichosurus vulpecula (Kerr, 1792). Host associations are discussed for each species and a list of hosts and respective flea species are provided.
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