Relevant bibliographies by topics / Zidovudin

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Academic literature on the topic 'Zidovudin'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Zidovudin"

1

Kis, Heitzmann, Keusch, and Möddel. "Schwere Anämie im Rahmen der Zidovudin-Behandlung bei HIV-Erkrankung." Praxis 95, no. 4 (January 1, 2006): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0369-8394.95.4.119.

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Eine 34-jährige Patientin mit einer HIV-Erkrankung im Stadium C3 nach CDC-Klassifikation wurde uns wegen einer symptomatischen Anämie zugewiesen. Die Patientin wurde seit 18 Monaten mit einer antiretroviralen Therapie mit Nukleosidanaloga (Combivir®: Zidovudin , Lamivudin) und HIV-Protease-Inhibitoren (Kaletra®: Lopinavir, Ritonavir) behandelt. Es wurde eine schwere hypoproliferative, makrozytäre Anämie (Hämoglobin 3.0 g/dl) festgestellt. Eine Blutungsanämie und ein Eisen-, Vitamin-B12- oder Folsäuremangel wurden ausgeschlossen. Die Knochenmarksuntersuchung zeigte bei fehlenden peripheren Retikulozyten eine isoliert verminderte Erythropoese bei ansonsten unauffälligen, normalreifenden Zellreihen. Es wurde die Diagnose einer Zidovudin-induzierten Pure red cell aplasia gestellt. Nach Absetzen von Zidovudin und Umstellung der antiretroviralen Therapie erholte sich die Erythropoese mit Normalisierung des Hämoglobin.
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2

Hirschel, B. "Indikationen und Kontraindikationen von Zidovudin." DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 114, no. 34 (March 25, 2008): 1289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1066756.

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Kara, Ahu, Nuri Bayram, and İlker Devrim. "Postpartum Antiretroviral Prophylaxis with Zidovudine, Lamivudine, and Nevirapine during Intrapartum HIV Infection." Journal of Pediatric Infection 9, no. 4 (December 30, 2015): 178–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/ced.2015.1714.

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Anggriani, Ani, Ida Lisni, and Olga Susana Liku. "POLA PENGGUNAAN OBAT ANTIRETROVIRAL (ARV) PADA RESEP PASIEN RAWAT JALAN DARI KLINIK HIV/AIDS SALAH SATU RUMAH SAKIT SWASTA DI KOTA BANDUNG." Jurnal Riset Kefarmasian Indonesia 1, no. 1 (January 19, 2019): 64–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33759/jrki.v1i1.10.

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ABSTRACT The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) continues to be a major global public health issue, which targets the human immune system. The using of ARVs in the treatment of HIV / AIDS increased life expectancy for PLHIV (People With HIV / AIDS). This study aims to determine the description of the using of ARV drugs in outpatients of the HIV / AIDS Clinic and assessed their suitability with established treatment standards. This research was carried out in a descriptive non-experimental manner, with data collection carried out retrospectively, used patient prescription data from April to December 2017. The results of quantitative studies showed 87% were male patients, and the largest age group was 20-29 years (39%) . Class of antiretroviral drugs used were Nucleoside / Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs), Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs), and Protease Inhibitors (PI), with a combination of antiretroviral drugs most was the combination of first-line tenofovir + lamivudine + efavirenz (69%) while the second-line drug zidovudine + lamivudine + lopinavir / ritonavir was 1%. The most commonly used comorbid drug was cotrimoxazole. For qualitative data, the accuracy of combination and dose of ARV drugs was 100% in accordance with Permenkes No. 87/ 2014, with 79% of patients adhered to antiretroviral treatment every month. The potential for most ARV drug interactions with other drugs for the moderate category was zidovudin + cotrimoxazole (11%) which occured pharmacokinetically by decreasing renal clearance of zidovudine and glucuronide metabolites. In conclusion, the pattern of used of ARV drugs had met the standard of Permenkes No.87/2014, with the most used were the first line combination of tenofovir + lamivudine + efavirenz.
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Rosaria, Iraisa. "Perbandingan Kadar CD4 dan Total Lymphocyte Count dengan Kombinasi Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy pada pasien HIV/AIDS di RSUP Dr.Kariadi Semarang." Jurnal Kesehatan Andalas 9, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jka.v9i1.1223.

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Tujuan: Membuktikan perbedaan jenis pemberian kombinasi Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy dengan perubahan kadar CD4 dan Total Lymphocyte Count pada pasien HIV/AIDS di RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang. Metode: Penelitian ini bersifat analitik yang dilakukan dengan rancangan studi potong lintang. Sampel diambil secara total sampling, yaitu seluruh pasien HIV/ AIDS yang berobat di RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang selama 2018 sampai 2019 yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan mendapat pengobatan salah satu dari kombinasi Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART). Keenam jenis kombinasi HAART tersebut adalah kombinasi I (Efavirens+ Lamivudin+ Tenofovir), II (Evafirenz+ Lamivudin+Zidovudin), III(Nevirapine+ Lamivudin+ Tenofovir), IV (Lamivudine+Zidovudine+Nevirapine), V (Lamivudine+Tenofovir+Rilvipirine), VI (Tenofovir+ Rilvipirine+ Emtricitabine). Data dikumpulkan dari rekam medis pasien dan dianalisis dengan uji Kruskal-Wallis. Hasil: Dari 89 pasien, didapatkan keenam kombinasi HAART tersebut memberikan efikasi yang baik berdasarkan kenaikan jumlah CD4 dan TLC rerata. Ada perbedaan kenaikan CD4 rerata yang bermakna pada pasien HIV/AIDS antara yang mendapat obat HAART kombinasi I (p = 0,038), II (p = 0,034), IV (p = 0,001), V (p = 0,040), VI (p = 0,006). Pada Total Lymphocyte Count (TLC) didapatkan perbedaan kenaikan rerata (p< 0,05) pada semua kombinasi HAART. Simpulan: Tidak ada perbedaan jenis pemberian kombinasi Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy dengan perubahan kadar CD4 dan Total Lymphocyte Count (p> 0,05) pada pasien HIV / AIDS di RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang.Kata kunci: CD4, highly active antiretroviral therapy, ODHA, total lymphocyte count
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Kusumayanti, Ratu Ratih, Evy Yunihastuti, Dyah Purnamasari, F. Witjaksono, and Esthika Dewiasty. "Faktor-Faktor yang Berperan terhadap Terjadinya Lipodistrofi pada Pasien HIV yang Mendapatkan Terapi Antiretroviral Lini Pertama." Jurnal Penyakit Dalam Indonesia 2, no. 4 (February 1, 2017): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.7454/jpdi.v2i4.90.

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Pendahuluan. Seiring dengan perkembangan antiretroviral, harapan hidup pasien HIV terus meningkat namun menjadi rentan terhadap efek samping pengobatan. Salah satu efek samping pengobatan adalah sindrom lipodistrofi, meliputi lipoatrofi, lipohipertrofi, atau gabungan keduanya. Faktor risiko yang dikaitkan dengan lipodistrofi pada HIV adalah usia, jenis kelamin, lama terapi antiretroviral, CD4 awal, Stadium HIV, dan pemakaian Stavudin. Belum ada publikasi di Indonesia yang meneliti kejadian lipodistrofi pada populasi pasien HIV yang mendapat terapi ARV lini pertama serta faktor-faktor yang memengaruhinya. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kejadian lipodistrofi pada pasien HIV dalam terapi ARV lini pertama berbasis Stavudin dan Zidovudin minimal 6 bulan serta faktor-faktor yang memengaruhinya yang berobat di Pokdisus RSCM.Metode. Penelitian dilakukan dengan desain potong lintang dan kasus kontrol untuk mengetahui prevalensi lipodistrofi pada pasien HIV dengan ARV lini pertama serta faktor-faktor yang memengaruhinya. Analisis statistik menggunakan uji chi square atau uji Kolmogrof Smirnoff untuk mendapatkan hubungan antara masing-masing faktor risiko dengan terjadinya lipodistrofi. Analisis multivariat dilakukan dengan regresi logistik.Hasil. Sebanyak 346 pasien terlibat dalam penelitian ini. Didapatkan prevalensi lipodistrofi sebesar 27,5%, dengan rincian 70,5% lipoatrofi, 8,4% lipohipertrofi, dan 21,1% gabungan keduanya. Lokasi lipoatrofi terbanyak di daerah wajah. Prevalensi lipodistrofi pada subjek yang menggunakan Stavudin sebesar 43.3%, dan Zidovudin sebesar 10,7%. Faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian lipodistrofi adalah penggunaan Stavudin [p= <0,001; adjusted OR 5,34 IK95% (2,59 – 10.98)].Simpulan. Didapatkan prevalensi Lipodistrofi pada pasien HIV yang mendapatkan terapi ARV lini pertama adalah 27.5%, dan didapatkan hubungan antara kejadian lipodistrofi pada pasien HIV dengan penggunaan Stavudin.
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Mossdorf and Hirsch. "Adhärenz, pharmakokinetischer «Toleranzbereich» und HIV-Resistenzbildung." Praxis 95, no. 33 (August 1, 2006): 1237–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0369-8394.95.33.1237.

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Anlässlich einer Kontrolle wird bei einem 43-jährigen, HIV-positiven Patienten mit ART neu eine HIV-Viruslast von 2032 Kopien/mL festgestellt. Zuvor war unter einer Therapie mit Lamivudin und Zidovudin (NRTI) sowie Nelfinavir (nicht-geboosteter PI) die Viruslast während 18 Monaten undetektierbar (< 50 Kopien/mL). Es konnte die Diagnose einer sekundären HIV-Resistenz des ungeboosteten PIs bei pharmakokinetischer Non-Adhärenz gestellt werden. Die HIV-Resistenzprüfung legte eine Salvage-Therapie mit einem geboosteten PI nahe. Neben der regelmässigen Medikamenteneinnahme erbringen diese antiretroviralen Medikamente mit ihren hohen Serumspiegeln und langen Halbwertszeiten eine dauerhafte Virussuppression und vermindern das Risiko von Resistenzentwicklungen.
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GONCHIKOVA, YU A., N. V. CHMELEVSKAYA, and E. A. ILLARIONOVA. "ANALYSIS OF MIXED COMBINATIONS OF MEDICINAL PRODUCTS BASED ON ABAKAVIR, LAMIVUDIN, ZIDOVUDIN USING THE METHOD OF MICROCOLONIES LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY." Kuban Scientific Medical Bulletin 25, no. 3 (July 26, 2018): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.25207/1608-6228-2018-25-3-46-50.

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Aim.To develop a technique for the detection and separation of abacavir, lamivudine, zidovudine, both individually and combined with adaptol, azaleptin, analgin, amitriptyline, haloperidol, melipramine, neuleptil, phenobarbital, fluoxetine, and chlorprotixen using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).Materials and methods. A column filled with ProntoSIL-120-5-C18 AQ was used, eluting with A [0.2 M lithium perchlorate − 0.005 M perchloric acid] − water (5: 95); eluent B is acetonitrile. Chromatography conditions: a linear gradient of the solvent is 3700 μl from 5 to 70% at a flow rate of 100 μl / min. The temperature of the column was 40°C. The results were processed with the help of the computer program MultiChrome (ZAO Ampersend, Moscow).Results. The method of separation and detection of combinations of abacavir, lamivudine, zidovudine with adaptol, azaleptin, analgin, amitriptyline, haloperidol, melipramine, neuleptil, phenobarbital, fluoxetine and chlorprotixene by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography was developed.Conclusion. The developed technique allows detecting abacavir, zidovudine, lamivudine with the help of the HPLC method after isolation from urine separately or at combined poisonings with adaptolom, azaleptinom, dipyrone, amitriptilinom, galoperidolom, melipraminom, neuleptilom, phenobarbital, fluoxetine and hlorprotiksenom
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AR, Indrati, Van Crevel R, Sumantri R, and Wisaksana R. "KADAR PENERIMA TRANSFERIN TERLARUT (sTFR) DI PENDERITA HIV/AIDS DENGAN ANEMIA." INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND MEDICAL LABORATORY 15, no. 3 (March 16, 2018): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.24293/ijcpml.v15i3.963.

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Anemia is the most common hematologic abnormality associated with HIV which affecting 60 to 80 percent of patients in the latestage of the disease. The presence of anemia is associated with increased of morbidity and mortality in patients with HIV infection. Irondeficiency, chronic inflammation and antiretroviral treatment (ACT) may cause HIV associated anemia. The differentiation of irondeficiency anemia from chronic disease anemia is a diagnostic challenge. Maybe it is helpful in soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), thecleaving of the extra cellular domain related to transferrin receptor. Because the elevated sTfR concentration is a marker of tissue irondeficiency and increased marrow erythropoietin activity. The aim of this study was to examine the diagnostic value of soluble transferrinreceptor level in anemia patients with HIV/AIDS. The Study was the part of the IMPACT (Integrated Management for Prevention, Controland Treatment of HIV/AIDS) baseline and cohort study. The study started since September 2007 in RSUP Hasan Sadikin Bandung.There were 179 HIV/AIDS patients with anemia included in this study. Complete blood count, reticulocytes, feritin, soluble transferringreceptor and hsCRP were tested in these patients. It was found that the mean of sTfR in HIV patients with anemia were 1238.42U/mL(304.5-30435). sTfR had a low correlation with MCV (r -0.174), feritin (r -0.65) and absolute reticulocyte counting (r 0.172). Feritinhad moderate and significant correlation with hsCRP (r:0.429; p 0.00). There was no significant difference of sTfR level between thepatients without ART, with Zidovudin and d4T (p 0.81). There was no significance difference of sTfR concentration between the low andnormal MCV level (p 0.341). sTfR can not differentiate the source of anemia in patients with HIV/AIDS. It can be concluded so far thatchronic disease and inflammation as reflected by the elevated hsCRP level and use of zidovudine are the main cause of anemia.
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Wunder and Evison. "Antiretrovirale Medikamente und Schwangerschaft." Therapeutische Umschau 62, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0040-5930.62.1.37.

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Während die vertikale Transmissionsrate bei unbehandelten HIV-positiven Müttern rund 30% beträgt, konnte 1994 durch Zidovudin (Retrovir®) eine um knapp 70% reduzierte vertikale Transmission auf 10.4% gezeigt werden. Damit kam es zum Durchbruch der antiretroviralen Therapie in der Schwangerschaft. Von großer Bedeutung ist die für jede Patientin individualisierte, optimale antiretrovirale Kombinations-Therapie, die idealerweise im zweiten Trimenon oder bei mütterlicher Indikation oder sehr hohem Viral load bereits im ersten Trimenon begonnen wird. Außerdem sollte als zusätzliche Prävention der vertikalen Transmission eine intravenöse Zidovudintherapie unter der Geburt und für das Neugeborene per os während vier Wochen postnatal gegeben werden. Wenn zusätzlich ein Kaiserschnitt am wehenlosen Uterus ohne vorzeitigen Blasensprung erfolgt, kann die Übertragungsrate der HIV-Infektion von der Mutter auf das Kind auf unter 2% gesenkt werden. Langzeitdaten zur Sicherheit der antiretroviralen Therapie nach intrauteriner Gabe zeigen mit wenigen Ausnahmen weder ein teratogenes Potential beim Menschen noch Langzeitschäden. Kritisch ist die Situation in den Entwicklungsländern, wo aus logistischen und Kostengründen die optimale antiretrovirale Therapie der HIV-positiven Schwangeren sowie das primäre Abstillen nicht realisiert werden können und es nach wie vor zu hohen vertikalen Transmissionsraten kommt. Deshalb werden immer häufiger antiretrovirale Kurzprotokolle entwickelt mit immerhin rund 50-prozentiger Reduktion der vertikalen Transmission. Die Betreuung von HIV positiven Schwangeren sollte interdisziplinär erfolgen.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Zidovudin"

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Kretzschmar, Benedikt. "AZT-Resistenz bei Foamyviren." Doctoral thesis, kostenfrei, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn=nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-30272.

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Stein, Sabine. "Nachweis von Azidothymidin im menschlichen Kopfhaar." München Verl. Dr. Hut, 2008. http://d-nb.info/992163463/04.

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PONTES, Terezinha Thília e. Silva. "Estudo da remoção e degradação do fármaco zidovudina através de processos oxidativos mediados por catálise heterogênea." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2015. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/18469.

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Os Insumos Farmacêuticos Ativos (IFAs) são considerados uma nova classe de micropoluentes orgânicos ambientais podendo causar impactos negativos aos ecossistemas. As indústrias farmacêuticas são umas das responsáveis por essa poluição, por isso buscam novos métodos para tratar seus efluentes. Dentre esses fármacos tem-se a Zidovudina (AZT) que pode ser considerado um poluente de difícil degradação nos efluentes industriais via processos convencionais, o que motivou o desenvolvimento de um método de degradação eletroquímico com baixos custos através de uma eletrólise. O AZT foi doado pelo Laboratório Farmacêutico do Estado de Pernambuco (LAFEPE), e caracterizado através de análise termogravimétrica, espectroscopia de absorção na região do infravermelho e difração de raios-X de pó. Como técnicas analíticas, a voltametria de pulso diferencial foi a primeira a ser explorada, utilizando eletrodos de amálgama de mercúrio e carbono vítreo com e sem deposição de zinco na superfície, para pH de 7,2 e 9,6, solução de tampão sódio-potássio de AZT 16 mm, a fim de identificar o melhor pico de redução. Os resultados mostram que o AZT sofre degradação com o eletrodo de amálgama e de carbono vítreo, esse último em menor intensidade. Em busca de uma técnica menos poluente, o eletrodo de carbono vítreo foi o que melhor se enquadrou à proposta de descontaminação de efluentes. As condições ótimas para essa degradação foram solução de tampão sódio-potássio de AZT 16 mm em pH 9,6, com uma corrente (I) de 0,04 A e tempo de reação de 24 horas, em que os resultados obtidos com a Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE) revelaram uma degradação de 100% do fármaco Zidovudina, e formação de produtos de degradação.
Active Pharmaceuticals (AP) are considered as a new class of environmental organic micropollutant which are causing negative impact to the ecosystems. The pharmaceutical industries are one of the main responsible for this pollution leading to the search of new wastewater treatment methods. Among these pharmaceuticals, the Zidovudin (AZT) may be considered a pollutant of hard degradation profile by the conventional known methodologies and this problem motivated the development of a low cost electrochemical degradation method. The AT was donated by the Pernambuco State Pharmaceutical Laboratory (LAFEPE) and characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, infrared absorption spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction. The differential pulse voltammetry was first explored applying Hg amalgam and vitreous carbon electrodes, with and without Zn surface deposition. These conditions were tested at a H = 7.2 and pH = 9.6, using a 16 mm AZT in a sodium-phosphate buffer in order to identify and optimize the reduction peak. The results show that the AZT degrades when the amalgam and the vitreous carbon are applied. Searching for a less pollutant technique, the vitreous carbon electrode was chosen for the continuation of the studies. The optimized experimental conditions were found to be: 16 mm AZT in a sodium-phosphate buffer, with a current of I = 0.04 A, and 24 h reaction time. The High Performance Liquid Chromatography revealed 100% degradation for the AZT drug and the occurrence of degradation products. The present study shows the possibility of its use in the decontamination of the AZT industrial production wastewater.
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Danese, Giuseppe Daniele [Verfasser], Matthias Wolfgang [Gutachter] Banasch, and Lars I. [Gutachter] Leichert. "Einfluss von Zidovudin und Zalcitabin auf die transkriptionelle Regulation verschiedener nukleär-kodierter mitochondrialer Proteine in einer Leberzellkarzinomzellreihe (Hep G2) / Giuseppe Daniele Danese ; Gutachter: Matthias Wolfgang Banasch, Lars I. Leichert ; Medizinische Fakultät." Bochum : Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1205972005/34.

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Oliveira, Leandro Vinicius Soares de. "Desenvolvimento e validação de metodologia analítica para determinação do teor de lamivudina, zidovudina e suas substâncias relacionadas em associação por CLUE-DAD." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ, 2013. http://beta.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/14591.

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Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos/Farmanguinhos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
A síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (AIDS), provocada pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV), é uma das mais importantes doenças infecciosas atualmente no mundo. Embora ainda não haja uma forma cientificamente comprovada de eliminar totalmente o vírus do organismo humano, a qualidade devida dos portadores melhorou significativamente com a introdução da terapia antiretroviral altamente ativa (HAART). A associação de lamivudina e zidovudina em comprimidos foi a primeira a ser aprovada pelo FDA e ainda é a mais utilizada no início do tratamento em pacientes naive. Por se tratar de um medicamento de importância estratégica para o combate à doença, é importante que os custos agregados à sua produção sejam minimizados, a fim de repassar tal redução ao seu preço final. O presente trabalho apresenta uma metodologia analítica por cromatografia a líquido de ultra eficiência para o doseamento simultâneo de ambos os fármacos, assim como de suas substâncias relacionadas, de forma mais rápida e econômica que os outros métodos cromatográficos descritos pelos documentos oficiais que contemplam tal produto. Tal método mostrou-se mais conveniente para a rotina de controle de qualidade e para estudos de estabilidade em uma indústria farmacêutica. O método foi desenvolvido e validado com sucesso nos níveis de seletividade, linearidade, precisão, exatidão, limite de quantificação e robustez,conforme determina a resolução RE 899 de 2003 publicada pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária para testes de teor e substâncias relacionadas.
The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), currently is one of the most important infectious disease in the world. Although there is not yet a scientifically proven manner to completely eliminate the virus from the human body, the life quality of patients have significantly improved with the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).The first association of drugs approved by the FDA was lamivudine and zidovudine and still is the most applied to begin the treatment of naïve patients. The costs associated with the production of this medicine must be minimized because it has a strategic importance to the treatment. This work presents a faster and cheaper analytical method by ultra performance liquid chromatography to assay and related substances than others described in the official papers. Therefore, it brings more convenience to be employed in quality control routine and stability analysis in a pharmaceutical industry. The method was developed and successfully validated in levels of selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of quantification and robustness, as determined by the RE 899/2003 resolution for testing of content and related substances.
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Novaes, André Luís da Silva. "Tecnologia Analítica em processo (PAT): método espectroscópico como alternativa ao método clássico para uniformidade de conteúdo e doseamento de lamivudina e zidovudina em comprimidos revestidos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-26032014-160051/.

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A zidovudina, conhecida como AZT, é um inibidor da transcriptase reversa, enquanto que a lamivudina é um fármaco antirretroviral que atua na inibição da síntese de ácidos nucléicos. Estes são dois dos 21 fármacos componentes dos medicamentos distribuídas pelo Ministério da Saúde Brasileiro em programas de combate a Síndrome da imunodeficiência Adquirida (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - AIDS), configurando-se assim uma grande demanda de produção de medicamentos com estes fármacos. Programas de Tecnologia Analítica em Processo (Process Analytical techology - PAT), embasadas por avanços nos guias internacionais da Conferência Internacional sobre a Harmonização dos Requerimentos Técnicos para o Registro de Produtos Farmacêuticos para o uso Humano (International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use - ICH) e pela agência norte-americana para a Administração de Alimentos e Medicamentos (Food and Drugs Administration - FDA), estão ganhando força como alternativas para aumentar a eficiência e a segurança na produção de medicamentos, tanto para aqueles já em processo produtivo como também para medicamentos em fase de desenvolvimento. Estes últimos são denominados desenvolvimento em programas de Qualidade por Design (QbD). Métodos de quantificação por espectroscopia (NIR, MID, RAMAM, entre outras) são reconhecidos como ferramentas para a PAT. Neste contexto propôs-se comparar objetivamente o método tradicional de quantificação destes dois fármacos frente a um método de quantificação desenvolvido utilizando-se a espectroscopia no infravermelho médio (MID). Prepararam-se assim 41 amostras de calibração e 23 amostras de validação, compostas por misturas de zidovudina, lamivudina e placebo (qs) em escala laboratorial, na faixa de 80 a 120% da concentração nominal de uma associação comercial dos dois fármacos. As concentrações de referência de todas as preparações foram determinadas empregando-se o método de referência por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE) da Farmacopeia Americana (United States Pharmacopeia - USP). Subsequentemente, obtiveram-se cinco espectros no infravermelho de cada uma das preparações, na faixa de 450 a 4000 cm-1. Os espectros foram então pré-processados e utilizados para a construção de um modelo de calibração multivariado por PLS (mínimo quadrados parciais), de acordo com a ASTM E1655-05. Adicionalmente, o método de CLAE foi transferido para um método de UPLC de acordo com o Capitulo Geral descrito no volume 37(3) do Fórum da USP (United States Pharmacopeia). O desempenho do método MID foi então comparado com o método tradicional, bem como com o novo método de quantificação por UPLC. Foram definidaLs assim regiões de confiança para embasar a utilização dos métodos desenvolvidos. O método de quantificação por MID apresentou uma grande variabilidade enquanto que o método por UPLC foi totalmente comparável com o método tradicional, reduzindo o tempo de corrida de 60 minutos para 12.55 minutos.
Zidovudine, also known as AZT is a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, whereas lamivudine is an antiretroviral drug that acts on the inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis. These are two of the 21 active ingredients components of medicines distributed by Brazilian Health Ministry in programs against the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), becoming thus a great demand for production of these two drugs. Process Analytical Technology (PAT) programs, supported by advances in international guides from the International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) and by the FDA (Food and Drugs Administration), are gaining momentum as alternatives to increase efficiency and safety in the production of medicines, both for those medicines already in the production process as well as to those medicines under development. The latter are called Quality by Design (QbD) programs. Spectroscopy quantification methodologies methodologies (NIR, MID, Ramam, among others) are recognized as PAT tools. In this context it was proposed to compare objectively the traditional method for quantification of these two drugs against a quantification method developed using the MID (middle infrared spectroscopy). Thus 41 calibration and 23 validation samples, comprising of laboratorial scale mixtures of lamivudine, zidovudine and placebo (qs), were prepared in the range equivalent to 80 to 120% of the nominal concentration of the commercial tablets product. The concentrations of all calibration and validation samples were determined using the HPLC reference method of USP (United States Pharmacopeia). Subsequently, there were obtained five infrared spectra of each of the preparations in the range 450-4000 cm-1. The spectra were then pre-processed and used to build a multivariate calibration model for PLS (Partial Least Squares) according to ASTM E1655-05. Additionally, the HPLC method was transferred to a UPLC method according to General Chapter described in volume 37 (3) Forum USP (United States Pharmacopeia). The performance of the method MID was then compared with the traditional method and with the new method of quantification by UPLC. Confidence regions were built to support the use of the methods developed. The MID quantification method presented considerable variability, while the method the UPLC method was fully comparable to the traditional method. Another advantage of the UPLC method was the reduction of running time from 60 minutes to 12:55 minutes.
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GRAVIER, JEAN-PAUL. "Les antiviraux modernes : acyclovir, azidothymidine (zidovudine)." Strasbourg 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989STR15086.

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Guimarães, Marcelo. "Desenvolvimento de nanopartículas de poli (n-butil-cianoacrilato) com zidovudina revestidas por ácido hialurônico para veiculação em gel de uso transdérmico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-16032016-101157/.

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A zidovudina (AZT) ainda é o fármaco mais empregado no tratamento da AIDS, isoladamente ou em associação a outros antirretrovirais, porém é um fármaco administrado em altas doses e que apresenta efeitos adversos que comprometem a adesão do paciente ao tratamento. Assim, um novo sistema de liberação de zidovudina composto por nanopartículas de poli (n-butil-cianoacrilato) (PBCA) revestidas por ácido hialurônico (AH) foi desenvolvido e caracterizado com o objetivo de prolongar a liberação do fármaco e diminuir sua toxicidade. As nanopartículas têm sido amplamente estudadas como veículo para fármacos por permanecer na circulação por um tempo maior e, portanto, liberar o fármaco de forma prolongada. Para polimerização e, portanto, obtenção das nanopartículas, n-butil-cianoacrilato e Dextran® foram adicionados a HCl 0,1 M (pH 2,5), sob agitação a 800 rpm, por 1 h. O AZT foi adicionado e o processo foi neutralizado com adição de NaOH 0,1M após mais 3 h de agitação. Após filtração as partículas foram revestidas pela adição de uma dispersão aquosa de ácido hialurônico (AH) a baixa rotação. O diâmetro hidrodinâmico médio das nanopartículas não revestidas foi de 152,3 nm, com um índice de polidispersividade médio igual a 0,055. O potencial zeta médio dessas partículas foi -0,678 mV. O diâmetro hidrodinâmico médio das nanopartículas revestidas com AH obtido foi de 196,9 nm, com um índice de polidispersividade médio igual a 0,440. O potencial zeta médio dessas partículas foi de -25,6 mV. Os valores resultantes dessas análises são indicativos da estabilidade das nanopartículas obtidas e da boa reatividade dos monômeros dos cianoacrilatos. Ainda, pelos resultados é possível confirmar a ocorrência do revestimento. Assim, a eficiência do processo de revestimento das nanopartículas pode ser comprovada por meio dos resultados das análises de calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) e pelos resultados das análises de espectroscopia de absorção na região do infravermelho. Para quantificar o fármaco associado às nanopartículas, um método empregando espectrofotometria derivada (ED1) no UV aplicando a técnica do ponto de anulação foi desenvolvido e validado. Tal método possibilitou a eliminação da interferência dos excipientes, o que permitiu a quantificação do AZT na suspensão de nanopartículas com precisão e exatidão adequadas. A porcentagem de fármaco associado às nanoestruturas obtidas pelo método foi de 64%, considerado satisfatório. As nanopartículas foram incorporadas a uma formulação base de gel de Carbopol® 940 que, apresentou estabilidade após ser submetida a diferentes condições de armazenamento, com incidência de luz e variação da temperatura.
Zidovudine (AZT) is still the most widely used drug in the treatment of AIDS, alone or in combination with other antiretroviral drugs, however it is indicated in high doses and has adverse effects that compromise patient compliance to treatment. Thus, a new zidovudine delivery system made of poly (n-butyl-cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles coated with hyaluronic acid (HA) was developed and characterized in order to extend the drug release and reduce its toxicity. The nanoparticles have been widely studied as drug carriers once they remain in circulation for a longer period and, consequently, release the drug gradually. For the polymerization, and, therefore synthesis of nanoparticles, n-butyl-cyanoacrylate and Dextran® were added to 0.1 M HCl (pH 2.5) and stirred at 800 rpm for 1 hour. AZT was added and the reaction was neutralized by the addition of 0.1 M NaOH after 3 more hours of agitation. After filtration the particles were coated by addition of an aqueous dispersion of hyaluronic acid (HA) at low revs. The mean hydrodynamic diameter of non-coated nanoparticles was 152.3 nm with an average polydispersity index of 0.055. The average zeta potential of these particles was -0.678 mV. The average hydrodynamic diameter of the coated nanoparticles was 196.9 nm, presenting an average polydispersity index of 0.440. The average zeta potential of these particles was -25.6 mV. The resulting values of these tests are indicative not only of the stability of the obtained nanoparticles but also the good reactivity of the monomers of cyanoacrylates. Moreover, the results can confirm the occurrence of coating. Thus, the efficiency of the coating process of the nanoparticles can be demonstrated by the results of the analysis of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the results of the absorption spectroscopy in the infrared region. In order to quantify the drug associated with the nanoparticles, a method employing derivative spectrophotometry (ED1) UV applying the zero-crossing technique was developed and validated. This method allowed the elimination of interference of excipientes, allowing the quantification of AZT nanoparticles in suspension with adequate accuracy and precision. The percentage of the drug associated with the obtained nanostructures by the method was 64%. The nanoparticles were incorporated into a Carbopol® 940 gel formulation, which was stable after being subjected to different storage conditions, with incidence of light and temperature variation.
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Araujo, Thayane Grilo. "Desenvolvimento e caracterização de nanopartículas de poli (n-butil cianoacrilato) contendo a associação lamivudina e zidovudina." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-23022017-103959/.

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A zidovudina (AZT), fármaco antirretroviral utilizado no tratamento da AIDS, apresenta biodisponibilidade oral em torno de 60% e seu uso prolongado pode ocasionar efeitos tóxicos e tolerância ao tratamento. A lamivudina (3TC), apesar de demonstrar menor citotoxicidade e menor resistência viral, é considerada também menos potente. A associação entre os dois fármacos é recomendável em função da boa resposta terapêutica e maior adesão ao tratamento. As nanopartículas são uma alternativa para melhorar a biodisponibilidade e o transporte de fármacos sobretudo através da BHE. Nesse sentido, as nanopartículas poliméricas de poli (n-butil cianoacrilato) (PBCA) apresentam grande potencial para melhoria das características farmacêuticas, além de possibilitar resultados terapêuticos mais eficazes por meio da modificação de sua superfície, direcionando o fármaco ao sítio alvo. Diante do exposto, foram desenvolvidas nanopartículas de PBCA contendo a associação lamivudina e zidovudina (3TC/AZT) revestidas com polissorbato 80 (Ps80). As nanopartículas obtidas foram caracterizadas e apresentaram resultados coerentes aos encontrados na literatura. Após a encapsulação dos fármacos e o revestimento com Ps80, notou-se um aumento no diâmetro médio e o potencial Zeta foi próximo de zero. Esses resultados juntamente com a análise de SAXS comprovam o revestimento das nanopartículas de PBCA. Os dados de DSC e TG/DTG mostram que a encapsulação foi eficiente para a estabilização térmica dos fármacos. Foi desenvolvido e validado o método analítico por CLAE, a fim de determinar a eficiência de encapsulação. A validação do método analítico para quantificação simultânea do 3TC e AZT, tanto nas nanopartículas de PBCA quanto nas nanopartículas revestidas, apresentou linearidade, especificidade, precisão e exatidão adequadas de acordo com as normativas. A porcentagem de encapsulação dos fármacos foi igual a 44,45% e 30,44%. As nanopartículas de PBCA e PBCAPs80, em concentrações abaixo de 100 µg/mL, apresentaram viabilidade celular superior a 70% em células Caco-2, comprovando que o sistema apresenta baixa citotoxicidade, o que representa uma alternativa promissora para a encapsulação de fármacos antirretrovirais e consequente progresso no tratamento da AIDS.
Zidovudine (AZT), which is an anti-retroviral drug used in the treatment of AIDS, has oral bioavailability around 60% and its prolonged use can cause toxic effects and tolerance to the treatment. Lamivudine (3TC), although it has lower cytotoxicity and lower viral resistance, is also considered less potent. The association between these two drugs is recommended based on the good therapeutic response and greater adherence to treatment. Nanoparticles are an alternative to improve the bioavailability and the transport of drugs, particularly through the BBB. Thus, the polymeric nanoparticles of poly (n-butyl cyanoacrylate) (PBCA) have great potential for improving the pharmaceutical characteristics, besides enabling more effective therapeutic results through the modification of its surface, directing the drug to the target site. That being said, PBCA nanoparticles were developed containing the association of lamivudine and zidovudine (3TC/AZT) coated with polysorbate 80 (Ps80). Nanoparticles obtained were characterized and presented coherent results when compared to those found in the literature. After the encapsulation of pharmaceuticals and Ps80 coating, it was noted an increase in the average diameter and Zeta potential was close to zero. These results along with the SAXS analysis proved the coating of the PBCA nanoparticles. The data of DSC and TG/DTG show that encapsulation was efficient for thermal stabilization of pharmaceuticals. An analytical method by HPLC was developed and validated to determine the efficiency of encapsulation. The validation of the analytical method for simultaneous quantification of 3TC and AZT, in both the PBCA nanoparticles and coated nanoparticles, presented as in linearity, specificity, precision and accuracy according to the regulations. The percentage of drug encapsulation was equal to 44.45% and 30.44%. The nanoparticles of PBCA and PBCA-Ps80, at concentrations below 100 µg/ml, presented cell viability greater than 70% in Caco-2 cells, proving that the system has low cytotoxicity, which represents a promising alternative for the encapsulation of antiretroviral drugs and consequent progress in AIDS treatment.
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Taborianski, Andréia Montoro. "Validação de métodos para análise e estudos de estabilidade de anti-retrovirais em preparações farmacêuticas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-15102003-165120/.

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A síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida é causada pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana e é caracterizada por provocar depleção física e funcional do sistema imune do organismo, através da infecção citopática de células CD4+. Muitos fármacos anti-retrovirais tem sido desenvolvidos e estão disponíveis comercialmente. Para atuar no controle de qualidade de medicamentos deve-se continuamente estudar o desenvolvimento e a validação de novas metodologias para quantificação de fármacos, para serem aplicadas nos estudos de estabilidade de formulações farmacêuticas e na análise de produtos de degradação. Neste trabalho foram utilizadas duas técnicas analíticas, a espectrofotometria direta no UV/VIS e a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), para a determinação quantitativa de zidovudina (AZT) e estavudina (d4T).em medicamentos. Ambos os métodos foram validados com relação à linearidade, exatidão, precisão, especificidade e limite de detecção e quantificação. O método validado para a CLAE foi também empregado para a determinação quantitativa da timina, produto de degradação do AZT e da d4T. A metodologia validada por CLAE foi utilizada na realização de estudos de estabilidade acelerada dos anti-retrovirais contidos nas diferentes preparações farmacêuticas. Realizou-se o estudo da estabilidade em três diferentes condições: temperatura ambiente, 40 oC / 75% UR e 50 oC / 90% UR. Tanto a zidovudina (Fabricante A) e estavudina (Fabricante B) apresentaram decaimento cinético de zero ordem com prazos de validade a 50 oC / 90% UR de 10, 3 e 2 meses, respectivamente.
The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is characterized by causing physical and functional depletion of the organism’s immune system, through the cytophatic infection of CD4+ cells. Several antiretroviral drugs has been developed and commercially made available. In order to assure the quality control of drugs it is necessary to develop and validate new analytical methodologies to perform the quantitative determination of drugs and stability studies of pharmaceutical formulations by determining the drug itself and its degradation products. In this research two analytical techniques, direct UV/VIS spectrophotometry and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), were used for the quantitative determination of zidovudine (AZT) and stavudine (d4T) in pharmaceutical preparations. Both methods were validated and parameters like linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity, limit of detection and limit of quantification, were determined. The validated HPLC method was also applied for quantitative determination of timine, a degradation product of AZT and d4T. The validated HPLC method was applied to accelerate stability studies of AZT and d4T in different pharmaceutical preparations. The stability studies were performed at three different conditions: room temperature, 40 oC / 75% RH and 50 oC / 90% RH. Both AZT and d4T (Industry A) and d4T (Industry B) pharmaceutical preparations presented a zero order degradation reaction. The three formulations presented a shelf-life of 10, 3 and 2 months, respectively, at 50 oC / 90% RH.
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Books on the topic "Zidovudin"

1

Branch, Canada Health Protection. Changes in the regulatory status of AZT (now Zidovudine). [Ottawa]: Health Protection Branch, 1990.

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Huang, L. Evaluation of the potential pharmacokinetic interaction between naproxen and zidovudine. [Ottawa: Ottawa General Hospital, 1991.

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Ruiz, Juan D. California childbearing women: A comparison of HIV seroprevalence data from the third quarters of 1992, 1995 and 1998 and zidovudine determination, 1998. [Sacramento, Calif.]: Office of AIDS, HIV/AIDS Epidemiology Branch, 2001.

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Elizabeth, Kresse, and United States Conference of Mayors., eds. Profiles of activities to reduce perinatal transmission of HIV: Assessing the response. Washington, D.C: United States Conference of Mayors, 1997.

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Nussbaum, Bruce. Good intentions: How big business and the medical establishment are corrupting the fight against AIDS. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1990.

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Good intentions: How big business and the medical establisment are corrupting the fight against AIDS. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1990.

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Livermore. Zidovudine in Therapeutic Uses: Index of New Information. Abbe Pub Assn of Washington Dc, 1994.

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Livermore, Alton D. Zidovudine in therapeutic uses: Index of new information. ABBE Publishers Association of Washington, D.C, 1995.

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Livermore. Zidovudine in Therapeutic Uses: Index of New Information. Abbe Pub Assn of Washington Dc, 1994.

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Shukla, Vijay K. Pharmacokinetic interaction between rifampin and zidovudine in HIV-seropositive male patients. 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Zidovudin"

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Peter, Helga. "Zidovudin." In Springer Reference Medizin, 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54672-3_673-1.

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Staszewski, S., E. B. Helm, and W. Stille. "Langzeiterfahrungen mit Zidovudin in der Behandlung der HIV-Infektion." In Verhandlungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Innere Medizin, 422–23. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83864-4_87.

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Sobanski, T., H. J. Assion, H. P. Scholl, G. Höflich, and G. Laux. "Erfolgreiche Therapie einer HIV1-assoziierten Demenz mit Zidovudin (AZT)." In Aktuelle Perspektiven der Biologischen Psychiatrie, 123–26. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6889-9_24.

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Rockstroh, J. K., H. Hille, F. E. Bauer, D. Niese, H. H. Brackmann, J. Oldenburg, and S. Ewig. "Pharmakokinetik von Zidovudin bei HIV-infizierten Hämophilen mit chronischer Hepatitis." In 22. Hämophilie-Symposion Hamburg 1991, 21–25. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77881-0_4.

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Staszewski, S. "Zidovudin (AZT) in der Behandlung von HIV-infizierten Patienten mit schwerem Immundefekt." In AIDS und die Vorstadien, 389–402. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-11094-2_23.

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Staszewski, S. "Zidovudin (AZT) in der Behandlung von HIV-infizierten Patienten mit schwerem Immundefekt." In AIDS und die Vorstadien, 389–402. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-11096-6_22.

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Ewig, S., J. Rockstroh, D. Niese, and H. H. Brackmann. "AIDS-Inzidenz und -Manifestationen bei Hämophilen — aktuelle Entwicklung unter Zidovudin und Pentamidin-Prophylaxe." In 22. Hämophilie-Symposion Hamburg 1991, 48–55. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77881-0_7.

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Wilson, John Fawcett. "Zidovudine (Azidothymidine)." In The Immunoassay Kit Directory, 1644–46. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0679-5_54.

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Hartl, H., Ch Stain, I. Pabinger, and K. Lechner. "Vorläufige Ergebnisse einer präliminären Studie über die Zidovudin-Therapie bei Hämophilen mit AIDS und ARC in Wien." In 18. Hämophilie-Symposion Hamburg 1987, 207–8. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73589-9_26.

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Danner, Sven A. "Zidovudine: Anno 1995." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 225–43. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9209-6_21.

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Conference papers on the topic "Zidovudin"

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Shahab, S., M. Sheikhi, and А. Trifonova. "ZIDOVUDINE – INHIBITOR FOR 2019-nCoV CORONAWIRUS M PROTEASE." In SAKHAROV READINGS 2020: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE XXI CENTURY. Minsk, ICC of Minfin, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/sakh-2020-2-271-274.

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Nostrand, Terri A., Dariya Momot, Miriam C. Poirier, and Ofelia A. Olivero. "Abstract 2980: Role ofXPAandp53genes in the induction of centrosomal amplification in mice exposed to Zidovudine (AZT)." In Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am10-2980.

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Rivera, Andrea V., Vanesa C. Sanchez, Miriam C. Poirier, and Ofelia A. Olivero. "Abstract 3603: Zidovudine (AZT)-induced aneuploidy, mediated by Stathmin 1 (STMN1), involves a loss of polymerized β-tubulin." In Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-3603.

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Desmyter, J. "AIDS 1987." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644751.

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AIDS virus (HIV) transmission by transfusions and blood products has been essentially halted in industrialized countries which haye introduced systematic anti-HIV screening of donations in 1985. New anti-HIV screening assays, based in part on the replacement of disrupted HIV virions by defined DNA recombinant HIV antigens, have improved specificity; sensitivity has been improved as to dectect seroconversion at an earlier stage. Confirmatory assays and (self-)exclusion of risk groups from blood donation do remain mandatory. HIVAg can be detected in some infections before antibody conversion, and HIVAg is more likely to be found in those anti-HIV positives who proceed to disease. However, there is no justification so far for routine parallel HIVAg and anti-HIV screening. There is continued uncertainty how many HIV carriers have not (yet) developed antibody, but their numbers may have been overestimated. Studies to determine how many HIV transmitters have escaped blood bank detection, and why, need to be undertaken in spite of formidable logistic difficulties.The risk of developing AIDS is now estimated at 25-50 % within 10 years after the infectious contact. It is not clear whether the risk should be estimated differently in different groups or persons. In cities in Central Africa, 5-20 % of men and women are confirmed anti-HIV positives. At least 75 % of this HIV carrier rate is due to heterosexual transmission. Heterosexual transmission has been slower in Western countries, but factors precluding slow evolution to high figures by the same route outside Africa have not been identified. Therefore, countries have no choice in advocating behaviour changes in the general population, and not only in the classical risk groups. Initial hesitations toward extended voluntary and confidential screening are dwindling. Well-conceived confidential screening may be the only way to avoid strong-armed government intervention. The latter is certain to be divisive, and is likely to be counterproductive on balance.An efficacious vaccine remains remote, but an antiviral which prolongs life by at least several months in AIDS patients, but not all of them, is now available. Zidovudine (AZT), however, is toxic and mere prolongation of life without cure will impose an additional burden on AIDS economics.A novel virus (HIV-2) has been identified and is already widespread in West-Africans. It causes AIDS, but the present ratio of AIDS cases in those infected seems lower than with HIV(-l); this feature may be transient. HIV-2 antibodies are either detected or missed by anti-HIV-1 screens; if found, they can be distinguished from anti-HIV-1 only by special confirmatory technique. New screening assays showing equal sensitivity for HIV-1 and HIV-2 in a single test should be devised. At present, HIV-2 is very rare in Western countries compared to HIV-1.
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Reports on the topic "Zidovudin"

1

Harrison, Shannon M. Prospective Double-Blind Study of Zidovudine in Early Stage HIV infection. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada244851.

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