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1
Thebe, Vusilizwe. "The Complexity of Contemporary Rural Society: Agricultural ‘Betterment’ and Social Realities in Semi-arid Zimbabwe." African and Asian Studies 17, no. 3 (August 22, 2018): 255–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692108-12341017.
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Abstract Modernist assumptions have guided rural development interventions in Zimbabwe since the mid-twentieth century. As a result interventions were not firmly grounded on rural socio-economic and physical realities. The aim was not only to create a society of ‘modern’, ‘progressive farmers’ who followed a predetermined agricultural path, but also, the quest for order and modernity was clearly manifest through centralization measures and increased emphasis on prudent land husbandry. This article seeks to demonstrate that these rural development initiatives were ill-suited to the socio-physical realities in some rural societies. Using a case study of a communal area in semi-arid north-western Zimbabwe, it stresses the importance of the physical conditions, the socio-economic dynamics and the particular livelihood trajectories of rural households. It concludes that, even if the state in Zimbabwe was to succeed in imposing an agrarian order driven by these models, such a policy was more likely to end in dismal failure.
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Made, J. M., B. S. Wright, and P. Maramba. "ONION PRODUCTION AND CONSTRAINTS IN ZIMBABWE: WITH SPECIFIC REFERENCE TO THE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (ADA)." Acta Horticulturae, no. 358 (March 1994): 349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1994.358.57.
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Dzvimbo, Munyaradzi Admire, Tinashe Mitchell Mashizha, Monica Monga, and Cornelias Ncube. "Conservation Agriculture and Climate Change: Implications for Sustainable Rural Development in Sanyati, Zimbabwe." Journal of Social and Development Sciences 8, no. 2 (August 18, 2017): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v8i2.1795.
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Zimbabwe is one of the most developed countries in Sub-Saharan Africa in that markets and rural industrialization are likely to function relatively well. Thus, Zimbabwe’s agricultural sector has been severely affected by climate change. The worsening agricultural conditions have led to undernourishment of many in rural areas and this has drawn so much attention. Young women have turned into prostitution, in their bid to ensure the survival of their families. Farmers in rural areas depend heavily on rain-fed water and with rainfall variability and extreme weather patterns records, their livelihoods are being threatened. To cope with the adverse impact of climate change on rural development, different coping strategies and mechanisms are being implemented. The government, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the private sector have all introduced various programmes and projects at grassroots levels. The information used in this paper was gathered using data from interviews, questionnaires, and focused group discussion. This article explores how conservation agriculture being one of the coping strategies, has helped rural farmers to deal with climate change and how it has sustained rural development in Sanyati District.
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Mago, Stephen, and Costa Hofisi. "Microfinance as a pathway for smallholder farming in Zimbabwe." Environmental Economics 7, no. 3 (October 21, 2016): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.07(3).2016.07.
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Microfinance has been viewed as a pathway for smallholder farming. This paper aims to investigate the impact of microfinance on smallholder farming. It examines the role of microfinance in the development of smallholder farming. This paper employs the integrated view of microfinance study as opposed to the ‘credit only’(minimalist) view. Using qualitative research methodology, the paper relies on literature review and primary data. Household level data (primary) were collected from a rural district (Masvingo Rural District) of Masvingo province in Zimbabwe. Data were collected from 250 microfinance participants (household heads) using questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. The findings show that microfinance had positive effects on accumulation of agricultural assets, income from agriculture, agricultural education, agricultural productivity, agri-business, consumption and health. However, the impact is limited due to lack of finance. Basic financial services are essential for the management of their smallholder farming activities. The practical implications are that the study results could be used by the government and development agencies for policy making. The paper recommends that microfinance should be harnessed as a useful intervention that can be employed to economically empower the smallholder rural agricultural sector. Keywords: microfinance, smallholder farming, integrated view, minimalist view. JEL Classification: G21, O13
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Rambanapasi, C. O. "Agricultural Land-Use Policies and Rural Spatial Differentiation in Colonial and Postcolonial Zimbabwe." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 9, no. 2 (June 1991): 225–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c090225.
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Aziz Masso, Wisam Yako, and Norsida Man. "Maturity Level of Rural Leaders in Selected Paddy Farming Technologies in Muda Agricultural Development Authority (MADA) -Malaysia." Asian Social Science 12, no. 7 (June 21, 2016): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n7p10.
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<p>To provide good leadership it is necessary for individuals and groups to help bring a rural community to action. As the rural leaders play a function in important programs in agricultural extension. However, The study was conducted to determine the maturity of rural leaders based on maturity model theory towards agricultural technologies In Malaysia Paddy Farming, and explore the relationship between the selected characteristics of the respondents. Data were collected through personal interview from 260 randomly selected in muda agriculture development authority MADA area. A five point Likert scale was used to determine the maturity of rural leaders ranged from 1 = never to 5= always.The majority (63.1%) of the respondents had a moderate level of maturity. The correlation analysis between socio-demographic characteristics and maturity level show that there is a positive and significant relationship between variables age and years of experience in paddy farming, at 0.05 level of significance.</p>
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Vutete, Clever, and Farai Chigora. "The Rural Market and Urban Market Integration: A Marketing Panacea to Economic Development Issues of Zimbabwe." Business and Economic Research 6, no. 1 (March 11, 2016): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ber.v6i1.9168.
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<p class="ber"><span lang="EN-GB">While many Zimbabweans are searching for foreign based economic opportunities for trade and exchange, the local market can also be used as a source of adding value through identifying and capitalising on the existing domestic absolute and comparative advantages. The development of linkages between rural markets and urban markets based on agricultural produce, farm implements, manufactured products and furniture products were used as case study products for identifying and evaluating comparative advantages in this study. A quantitative approach that collected and analysed rural and urban product units and price perceptions of 40 rural peasant farmers and 20 urban business people was used. The study established the comparative advantages that outweighed transport costs in the domestic rural and urban trade opportunities. Major products that attracted comparative advantages were cattle, goats, maize, ground nuts, farm implements, furniture and packaged food products. The research was unique due to its focus on stimulating inbuilt economic development projects.</span></p>
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Rieznik, Stanislav, and Lee Hwan Beom. "The Role of Government in Agricultural and Rural Development: Review of Agricultural Policies in Ukraine after Independence with a Look at the EU and South Korea Experience." Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development 8, no. 2 (November 30, 2018): 132–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.1005/2018.8.2/1005.2.132.145.
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Support for prime agricultural producers in Ukraine has been characterized by high volatility in the last decade, and some recent policy developments have contributed to the volatility and unpredictability. Until recently, the government support for agricultural holdings led to an increase in the export potential of the sector, but, on the other hand, it also brought a number of negative consequences. This study aims at reviewing of the present status of Ukraine's agricultural sector and rural areas and examines the role of the government intervention and support in the transformation of the agricultural sector and its effect on rural development to provide policy recommendations in this regard. Based on the analysis, the study provides policy recommendations suggesting that government need to promote cooperation of small farms and households (helping them to develop in organic agriculture direction) with agricultural holding companies and emphasizes that development of rural non-farm employment opportunities can be seen as a pillar of the rural development policy. In addition, it is necessary to foster organic agricultural development and provide local governments with greater authority in order to achieve sustainable agricultural sector and rural areas development.
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Mutsvangwa-Sammie, EP. "Impact narratives of agricultural innovations and their implication on rural livelihoods in south west Zimbabwe." Outlook on Agriculture 49, no. 4 (September 10, 2020): 330–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030727020953534.
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The impact narratives of agricultural innovations and rural livelihoods have attracted the attention of both policy makers and development practitioners, especially on whether introduced innovations have the envisaged positive change on communities, and how that change can be measured. The paper explores the narratives around impacts of agricultural innovations and rural livelihoods in south west Zimbabwe. Data was collected through household questionnaires, review of project reports and key informant interviews, conducted between April 2012 and June 2018. Results showed there were differences in how success was defined by the various actors. Despite the vast efforts in promoting agricultural innovations, less than 12% of households depended on agriculture only, while the majority of households engaged in diverse livelihood strategies. This implied that recognizing the diversity of rural livelihoods is an important step toward understanding the beneficiaries of agricultural innovations and to ensure their success. The different perceptions in defining success reflected self-interests and/or pursuit of self-actualization of the various actors and how they sought to make the most out of the prevailing situation. I conclude that true ascription of success requires understanding the complexity and richness of livelihood goals of farmers, taking into account power, beliefs and values within a society.
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Thebe, Vusilizwe. "THE COMPLEX DYNAMICS OF LAND IN MIGRANT LABOUR SOCIETIES: WHO NEEDS LAND FOR AGRICULTURE?" Journal of Asian Rural Studies 2, no. 2 (July 10, 2018): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/jars.v2i2.1404.
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The agricultural modernisation narrative has been a central assumption of rural development since the mid-twentieth century, and more recently, the land reforms currently underway in Southern Africa. The narrative emphasises the viable use of land, defined in this case through agricultural productivity and market oriented production. The main contention of this paper is that such a focus undermines the rural socio-economic structure inherent in certain rural societies, which emerge through negotiations and compromises as societies change. It draws on data from studies in Lesotho and rural Zimbabwe that shows that rural households do not only hold land for agricultural purposes, but would hold onto land for security beyond mere agriculture production. It particularly emphasises the complex relationship between households and land, complex land needs and landholding patterns. As way of conclusion, it cautions against enforcing a peasant path on rural society through agriculture-based interventions.
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Zinyama, Lovemore M. "RURAL HOUSEHOLD STRUCTURE, ABSENTEEISM AND AGRICULTURAL LABOUR: A CASE STUDY OF TWO SUBSISTENCE FARMING AREAS IN ZIMBABWE." Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 7, no. 2 (December 1986): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9493.1986.tb00180.x.
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Akwabi-Ameyaw, Kofi. "The Political Economy of Agricultural Resettlement and Rural Development in Zimbabwe: The Performance of Family Farms and Producer Cooperatives." Human Organization 49, no. 4 (December 1990): 320–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.49.4.85524hh0082r3jw1.
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Mugambiwa, S. S., and J. C. Makhubele. "Indigenous knowledge systems based climate governance in water and land resource management in rural Zimbabwe." Journal of Water and Climate Change 12, no. 5 (February 5, 2021): 2045–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2021.183.
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Abstract This paper interrogates indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) based climate governance in water and land resource management in under-resourced areas of Zimbabwe. Water and land resources are fundamental for smallholder farmers and their productivity. The concept of IKS plays a significant role in climate change adaptation in Zimbabwe's rural communities. Climate change has a considerable influence on the success of agricultural production in the rural communities of Zimbabwe. Hence, it becomes fundamental to assess the community-based methods of climate governance. Qualitative multiple case study exploratory designs were employed with data collected through individual interviews with smallholder farmers, and thematic content analysis was used to analyse data. This study found that enhancing and embracing IKS is of paramount importance for inclusion in local-level strategies in the development process with special reference to climate governance in water and land resource management, particularly in under-resourced communities. It also established that the use of IKS enhances communities' adaptive capacity and it should not be conducted at the expense of scientific methods but rather should be employed in order to complement the existing scientific global knowledge systems.
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Pazienza, Pasquale, Donatello Caruso, and Vincenzo Vecchione. "Limitations to assess the impact of rural development policy in the Puglia region: The case of measure 121 – Axes I." Business Systems & Economics 5, no. 1 (June 9, 2015): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.13165/vse-15-5-1-01.
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In this work, some specific aspects of the Rural Development Plan of the Puglia Region (in Southern Italy) for the period 2007-2013 are analyzed and the limitations characterizing the possibility of building an analysis framework aimed at understanding how it actually affects the regional agricultural system are highlighted. More specifically, by referring to a specific measure of the rural development program (Measure 121 of Axes I), the aim is to verify whether the investment activity implemented has actually generated some positive results which can induce us to say that the EU budget devoted to rural development is well spent. In order to achieve this purpose, the authors of the present work have worked at gathering all the information available at the Puglia Region Authority. Nevertheless, this is not helpful for the type of the analysis the authors would like to conduct. The observation of the gathered data, in fact, makes the authors observe the existence of severe limitations deriving from the way in which the Regional Authority manages the data collection. The main aim of this work is to present a framework of analysis which might be used for policy evaluation purposes and to discuss what should be further required for a useful completion of the dataset with the aim of making it the subject of empirical analyses.
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Mazur, Kateryna, and Inna Tomashuk. "GOVERNANCE AND REGULATION AS AN INDISPENSABLE CONDITION FOR DEVELOPING THE POTENTIAL OF RURAL AREAS." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, no. 5 (February 8, 2020): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-5-67-78.
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The subject of the study is the rural territories and settlements of the country, which are influenced by the conflicting processes of reforming the economic basis of their development, which increases the uncertainty and causes the emergence of social risks in terms of organization of economic activity and obtaining the required level of labor income and, accordingly, the level and quality of life. The current transformational changes in rural areas, amid the processes of decentralization of the current management system, create new conditions that are more or less conducive to the successful organization of rural residents' livelihoods. The urgent task of today is to study the practical problem of the effective development of rural territories, the insufficiency of its development and the complex tasks of revitalization of rural territories of their resource potential in the context of intra-regional features of rural development, which is the basis for carrying out scientific research in accordance with these topics. The purpose of the study is to explore ways to solve problems of regional development, especially rural development, which has never been neglected by economic science, since sustainable development of the country and its regions is impossible without the social revival of the village. Also, a comprehensive theoretical and practical study of issues of management and state regulation of rural development, in particular, the substantiation of socio-economic and environmental problems of the development of the Ukrainian village, the isolation of rural areas, the formation of organizational and economic mechanism of state support for their development and implementation of modern state agricultural policy. Methodology. The problematic of the development of the potential of rural territories is based on the use of multifaceted scientific methods of knowledge of phenomena and processes. Application of statistical methodology in the process of analyzing the dynamics and tendencies of rural development, the effective functioning of agriculture, which is the basis for the study of problems of rural development in general. Economic and statistical research is based on specific techniques, their totality forms the methodology of statistics (methods of mass observations, groupings, generalizations, time series, index method, etc.). Results. In the conditions of formation of market relations in rural areas, especially in the period of economic instability in the country, the study of preconditions for ensuring balanced potential of rural development on the basis of internally oriented motivational factors, justification of priority types of economic activity of rural territories of the region with observance of ecological requirements becomes extremely relevant. One of the main areas to reform the regional development management mechanism is the development of local initiative. The practical implementation is to use the method of delegation of authority as one way of establishing the competence of local public authorities, which is an important part of the decentralization of the executive power, and is of great importance for all processes of the rule of law and, in particular, for improving the efficiency of the local government system. public authority. The Institute of Delegation of Authority in the current context is important for the functioning of public authority in rural areas. In addition, the introduction of a programmatic targeting method in the budgetary process of rural development will help to ensure transparency of the budgetary process, which will clearly define the goals and objectives for which the budgetary resources of the region are spent, which in turn will increase the level of control over the results of implementation of budgetary programs. This approach will improve the quality of fiscal policy-making, the efficiency of distribution and the use of budgetary resources in rural areas. Value/originality. State policy in Ukraine on regulating the potential of land relations should be aimed at solving the organizational and legal problems that have accumulated in recent years and to address the social negatives of land transformation in the countryside.
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Szabóné Pap, Hajnalka, and Enikő Bezzeg. "The new strategic directions of rural development in Hungary." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 6, no. 3-4 (November 30, 2012): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2012/3-4/21.
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The notion of sustainability is the basis for our future possibilities. Local sustainability, in the centre of which can be found the livable settlement, is especially important in rural areas.Without developing rural areas, there is no developing society. The growth of the Earth’s population and the world economy has already surpassed the carrying capacity of this planet which may result in an “overshoot and collapse”. This can still be prevented today. The population of towns and cities is rapidly increasing. Urbanization is a very fast process, even in Hungary. In large cities with millions of inhabitants crime and lumpen lifestyle pose huge problems. However, the bases of a successful economy are morals and a puritan lifestyle, which so far have characterized rural villages. 70% of the poor and needy live in rural areas in the developing countries and agriculture provides livelihood for 40% of the world’s population. The International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD) was established in 2002 by FAO and theWorld Bank to learn more about the role of agricultural science and technology. After the positive decision some comprehensive summaries were made on all the related topics with the participation of 400 scientists. The assessment provided many lessons to learn and at the 2008 closing sessions in Johannesburg, the reports were accepted and it was proved that rural areas have a significant role in providing adequate means of earning a livelihood. The Ministry of Rural Development composed a domestic-level study with the title of the National Rural Strategy. The objectives stated in the study can be seen as the main directions of the Hungarian rural strategy. The land policy aims to support the 50–70 hectare family farms and have the agricultural lands under national authority. The population must be provided with ample and safe food. The priority of local economy, local sale, and local markets is important. The positive exploitation of our natural resources may result in the strengthening of rural areas. The deterioration of rural areas must be stopped. In order to halt these processes swiftly fundamental, patriotic economic and social policy changes, a strong people’s party, a short-run crisis treating and a medium-long-run strategic development and action plan are needed which is based on the respect of work and moral norms, national cooperation, solidarity, and the defense of our mutual interests rather than on speculation (ÁNGYÁN, 2010). The greatest problem of Hungary is low employment.Workplaces may be created in the least expensive and the fastest manner in irrigational agriculture. In order to achieve this, the role of the state must be reconsidered and EU rules on state intervention must be reviewed.
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Ejembi, Simon Ameh, and Hephzibah Onyeje Obekpa. "EFFECTS OF SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS ON EFFECTIVE AGRICULTURAL TRAINING PROGRAMS FOR FARMERS BY THE BENUE STATE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY IN ZONE C." Journal of Asian Rural Studies 1, no. 1 (January 5, 2017): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/jars.v1i1.726.
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Most agricultural innovations were not sustainably adopted due to incompatibility to social and cultural practices. Based on this proposition, this study was designed to analyze the effects of socio-cultural factors on agricultural training programs for farmers by the Benue State Agricultural and Rural Development Authorities (BNARDA) for farmers in Zone C. Seven communities were purposively selected due to their unique cultural practices and a total of 118 respondents were randomly selected for the study. Questionnaire was used as tool for data collection. Descriptive statistics and logit regression were used for data analysis. The results show that there were 22 % of respondents aged between 50-60 years, 72 % of them were married and about 60 % had at least secondary educational attainment. Annual income of respondents was between ₦80,000.00 - ₦100,000.00. About 72 % had farming experience of less than 10 years, and 31 % were cosmopolites. The result further shows that fear of ostracization was among the major reasons that inhibit training program participations. The results of logit analysis show that education (-3.3987), gender (2.268), rivers/streams (-.732) and leadership (2.150) were significantly affect training program. It was concluded that farmer who have strong cultural beliefs were responsible for non- participation in the training program. It was recommended that aggressive advocacy program be embarked by BNARDA before packaging a training program for the farmers.
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Omoregbee, F. E. "Communication of Improved Farm Practices to Rural Women Farmers in Benue State, Nigeria." Outlook on Agriculture 27, no. 1 (March 1998): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709802700110.
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A study was conducted to investigate the communication process through which the extension workers of Benue Agricultural and Rural Development Authority (BNARDA) disseminate improved farm practices to rural women farmers. A total of 250 women farmers who were in contact with the extension services were randomly selected and interviewed. The results showed that 90% of them recognized personal contacts, group meetings of farmers, and method-and-result demonstration sites as channels through which they communicated with the extension workers. There was a positive and significant interaction effect between the frequency of contacts the rural women contact farmers had with the extension workers and some of their socioeconomic characteristics: education ( b = 0.91); farm size ( b = 0.117); and knowledge of extension worker's office by the rural women contact farmers ( b = 0.48).
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Hadzalo, Yaroslav, and Yurii Luzan. "Improvement of state management for development of the agricultural sector of the economy and rural territories of Ukraine." Ekonomika APK 313, no. 11 (November 27, 2020): 6–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32317/2221-1055.202011006.
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The purpose of the article is to substantiate the need and identify pathways to improve state management of the develop-ment of the agricultural sector and rural territories. Research methods. The method of generalizing the scientific knowledge of domestic and foreign scientists on the theory and practice of organizing the system of public administration in the agricultural sector of the economy in modern conditions was used, logical - to determine socio-economic processes, economic and mathematical, statistical and comparative - to carry out analytical calculations. Research results. It is substantiated that at this stage of state development in matters of the agricultural sector of the economy and rural terrytories, the organization of public administration requires significant modernization. The necessity of consolidating the updated tactics and strategy of the state in the law on modern state agrarian policy and other special laws, as the main instruments for the implementation of state policy, the restoration of the activities of the central executive authority on agricultural development and the corresponding regional and local government bodies on a fundamentally new basis has been proved , the need to improve scientific and staffing, the expansion of the use of public-private partnership mechanisms and self-regulation of market relations. Scientific novelty. We have obtained a substantiation for determining the ways to improve the state management of the de-velopment of the agricultural sector of the economy and rural territories at the present stage, an algorithm for the development of the state management system in the agricultural sector of Ukraine is proposed. Practical significance. The research results can be used to improve the state management of the agricultural sector of Ukraine, improve legislation on state agrarian policy, in the educational process, and deepen scientific research. Tabl.: 2. Figs.: 2. Refs.: 28.
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Đurić, Katarina, Mirela Tomaš-Simin, Danica Glavaš-Trbić, and Mirjana Lukač-Bulatović. "Challenges of the common agricultural policy of the European Union in the period after 2020." Ekonomija: teorija i praksa 13, no. 3 (2020): 34–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/etp2003034d.
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The aim of this paper is to investigate the directions of changes in the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union for the period from 2021 to 2027. For the Republic of Serbia, as a candidate country for membership, it is important to monitor the changes that are taking place within the European agricultural policy. Analyzing the available literature and regulations of the European Commission, the authors look at the essence of the Common Agricultural Policy reforms in the upcoming seven-year period, with special reference to the aims, planned financial framework, "greening" of the CAP, as well as implementation of measures in rural development policy segment. Insisting on ecologically sustainable development of agriculture, along with greater institutional authority of the member states, are the key ideas that will guide the Common Agricultural Policy in the upcoming period.
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Ncube, Douglas. "Agricultural Distortions and Economic Growth in Southern Africa: Evidence from Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe (1970-2011)." Open Agriculture Journal 11, no. 1 (July 18, 2017): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874331501711010035.
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Introduction:The first decade of 2000 was considered Africa’s decade of unprecedented growth as it was the fastest growing region in the world. This growth is believed to have largely been a benefit of the commodity super-cycle which is beginning to tail-off. Analysts perceive that growth in Africa is currently more threatened by global trends and region specific risks around agriculture and politics.Statement of the problem:It has been noted that African countries have experienced stagnant or declining agricultural productivity growth rates, increasing rural poverty, hunger and malnutrition coupled with low competitiveness in global markets over the decades.Methodology:Using the database on Distortions to Agricultural Incentives, the World Development Indicators and the Penn World Tables, the determinants of economic growth in Southern Africa and the impacts of a pro or anti agricultural policy regime on economic growth were investigated. In this study, three Southern Africa countries were investigated, that is, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe.Results:The Panel Data Analysis results suggest that 1% decrease in the degree of anti-agriculture policy bias results in a 0.1% increase in real per capita GDP. Further, 1% increase in the share of gross capital formation in GDP results in 0.04% increase in real per capita GDP.Conclusion:The study showed that reducing direct and indirect, implicit and explicit taxation to agriculture relative to non-agriculture sector would result in improved economic growth in the three Southern African countries of Zambia, Zimbabwe and Mozambique.
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Litwiniuk, Przemysław. "Constitutional Principle of Environmental Protection as a Directive in the Process of Establishing the Rural Development Programme." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 29, no. 2 (June 21, 2020): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2020.29.2.83-97.
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<p>The environment is a value and subject of constitutional protection in Poland. Ensuring environmental protection is considered as a political principle in the national doctrine, and due to the editorial location of its source in Article 5 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, it is considered as one of the objectives of Polish statehood. In several places, the Basic Law refers to the issue of the environment, considering it an important value and entrusting its care not only to public authorities, but also to anyone who is subject to Polish state authority. Examining whether contemporary instruments of agricultural law, in particular those developed with the participation of Polish state authorities in the application of the mechanisms of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union, take into account constitutional directives derived from the principle of environmental protection and whether the effects of these activities are verified in the light of the constitutional model is an interesting academic question. The subject of detailed analysis in this study is the rural development programme (RDP) referred to in Article 6 of the Regulation (EU) No. 1305/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 December 2013 on support for rural development by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) and repealing Council Regulation (EC) No. 1698/2005. The author demonstrates that the constitutional principle of environmental protection was respected by Polish public authorities in the process of creating an important and high-budget instrument for conducting development policy, which is the RDP for the years 2014–2020.</p>
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Tolosana, Elvira Sanz. "Reducing health inequalities: the use of Health Impact Assessment on Rural Areas." Saúde e Sociedade 24, no. 2 (June 2015): 515–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-12902015000200010.
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Health is greatly influenced by social, economic and political determinants. Accordingly, decisions influencing people's health do not concern only health services or 'health policies', but decisions in many different policy areas have their influence on these health determinants. Health Impact assessment (HIA) is a predictive tool to support decisions in policy-making. The ultimate goal of this framework is to maximize health gains and, as far as possible, to reduce health inequalities. HIA presents a commitment to ensure that the rural dimension is routinely considered as part of the making and implementing of policy. The aim of this paper is to review the use of HIA on rural areas. Conclusions: HIA shows its great potential to contribute to local authority decision making. The use of HIA was identified in 2 key areas: strategic planning (sustainable development, EU Common Agricultural Policy, Federal Farm Bill, land-use planning work); and in specific smaller scale projects (rural health service redesign proposal, accessing healthy food, transport, health care disparities, etc.).
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Kosec, Katrina, and Tewodaj Mogues. "Public Investment Choices by Local and Central Governments." World Bank Economic Review 34, Supplement_1 (November 28, 2019): S52—S57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhz010.
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Abstract This paper examines the impacts of devolving authority for public resource allocation to local governments in a setting of limited electoral control. Such a setting differs from that assumed by seminal formal models of devolution, but describes many developing countries. This study presents a formal model of this setting and tests it using unique data from a natural experiment in rural Ethiopia whereby half of the country's regions were decentralized but not the other half. Employing a spatial regression discontinuity design, this article shows that decentralization strongly improved delivery of agricultural public services, which are of high priority to the central government. In contrast, it did not impact drinking water services, on which the central government places lower priority but citizens place high priority.
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Buck, Daniel. "Growth, Disintegration, and Decentralization: The Construction of Taiwan's Industrial Networks." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 32, no. 2 (February 2000): 245–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a31170.
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Manufacturing based on networks of small family firms is widely regarded to have been integral to Taiwan's development success. Many studies discuss the social embeddedness, flexibility, efficiency, and competitive advantage of these networks, but there have been few systematic attempts to theorize their origins. A processual analysis of the changing spatial structure of Taiwan's industry, in its social, political, and historical contexts, reveals that Taiwan's concentrated industries of the 1950s did not disintegrate into smaller firms. Rather, there was a proliferation of new rural firms after the mid-1960s. The construction of a disintegrated, decentralized, and networked structure was driven by the contingent actions of rural household entrepreneurs, pursuing strategies of social reproduction, under circumstances resulting from, among other things, an extensive land-reform program and redistributive agricultural policies. Transactions costs and neo-Weberian authority approaches elucidate important factors, but fail to explain the creation of this new class of petty entrepreneurs, and how the conditions of their entrance shaped the networked form of organization they created. Furthermore, their actions did not result from state-led development policies as much as they were the unintended consequences of state policies, preceding by several years government efforts to support the growth of small firms and rural industry. Finally, urban-push explanations assume a passive countryside, thus ignoring the ways rural actors energetically created new structures of production out of the resources at hand.
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De Wet, Chris. "The Application of International Resettlement Policy in African Villagization Projects." Human Organization 71, no. 4 (November 28, 2012): 395–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.71.4.0787k13246877275.
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It is now widely agreed that anything less than consciously planned and implemented development for resettled people will leave them worse off. Compensation is not up to the task of restorative, let alone just, resettlement. But what happens when, as in the case of smaller scale, but widely occurring, projects involving resettlement, the "development" projects do not give rise to significant new resources, thereby effectively making resettlement with development impossible? Smaller scale villagization type projects with an agricultural/land reform/political reorganization agenda are widespread in Africa. They have been/are imposed in recurring fashion on rural areas by succeeding governments, typically involving short-range resettlement, limited capital investment and assistance, and loss of local autonomy in relation to land use. The paper provides case studies from South Africa and Zimbabwe. It will be shown how these ongoing interventions and responses have directed the developmental, social, and resettlement dynamic in the resulting settlements—as well as raising crucial implications for whether, and how, we are best to apply international resettlement policy in such situations.
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Ficzere Nagymihály, Kornélia, and László Czencz. "Post-control of agricultural subsidies provided by EU." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 28 (February 23, 2008): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/28/2959.
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The greatest part of the incomes (nearly fifty percent) of the European Union is spend on the agriculture and the agricultural policy is the most complex field among the common policies. In Hungary the payments from Guarantee Section of EAGGF are carried out by one Paying Agency (Agricultural and Rural Development Agency), the post audit of payments are carried out by Investigation Network of Hungarian Customs and Finance Guard on the base of Council Regulation No. 4045/89. A full co-operation of the business operators is expected during the audit, which means the presentation of the complete accounting file related to subsidies. To avoid declarations on irregularities during the audit and the following order on repayment of the subsidy, all requirements of gaining subsidies have to be kept. The state authorities, in present case the customs authority should pay special attention to the risk analysis activity, and its harmonising with the proposals and guidelines of the Commission. Getting acquainted and using in practice the actual requirements and proposals of the Commission’s guidelines is expected at all levels of the control service of the HCFG, but primarily the Special Service has to continue its present practice in this field. The measures mentioned above, respectively the effective period taken under analysis teens from the date of accession until June 2005.
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Chen, Zhixin, Jian Chen, Zhonggen Zhang, and Xiaojuan Zhi. "Does network governance based on banks’ e-commerce platform facilitate supply chain financing?" China Agricultural Economic Review 11, no. 4 (October 25, 2019): 688–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-06-2018-0132.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a framework to illustrate how network governance based on banks’ e-commerce platform reduces loan risks and mitigates credit rationing in supply chain financing (SCF). Design/methodology/approach The authors conceptualize network governance in terms of authority structure and interorganizational mechanism dimensions, and derive the model of its determinants through arguments drawn from the existing literature. Structural equation modeling is employed to test the theoretical model on data collected from a sample of 271 independent supply chain trading partners in rural China. Findings The findings indicate that network governance based on banks’ e-commerce platform could integrate the operations and finances in supply chain management to solve the problems of information asymmetry, costly monitoring, insufficient qualified collaterals and mitigate farmers’ credit rationing. The collaborative credit-granting mechanism and collaborative debt enforcement mechanism formed by the authority structure and interorganizational mechanisms are the key factors to realize the complete compatibility of incentives. The bank e-commerce platform can provide a foundation for the authority structure and interorganizational mechanisms to enhance the predictability of applicants’ transaction and then safeguard the financial exchanges in supply chain. Practical implications The research results indicate that it is important to support farmers to establish long-term transaction relationships with leading enterprises through organizational innovation in the development of agricultural industrialization and build a visualization platform for SCF through technological innovation. Originality/value This paper contributes to the limited knowledge about network governance mechanisms in SCF by illustrating the model of network governance based on banks’ e-commerce platform and its determinants.
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LEE, ROBERT. "Customs in Conflict: Some Causes of Anti-Clericalism in Rural Norfolk, 1815–1914." Rural History 14, no. 2 (September 16, 2003): 197–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793303001031.
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This article examines aspects of the relationship between the Norfolk poor and the Norfolk clergy between 1815 and 1914. It considers the potential impact clergymen could have upon a number of areas of secular life, especially with regard to the extirpation of popular culture and custom, the social and moral management inherent in charity and Poor Law administration, and the development of ‘power networks’ in the countryside that confronted the challenge posed by religious Nonconformity and political radicalism. The article is principally concerned with the importance of the Church of England as an instrument of secular authority in nineteenth-century rural life. Rival social structures and conflicting economic interests are subjected to both quantitative and qualitative analysis, while keys to cultural tension are sought in such iconic areas as the pageantry of parish entertainments; the re-casting of law to act against custom; the rise of the clergyman as antiquarian historian and amateur archaeologist; the symbolism and architecture of the restored church. In so doing an attempt is made to address questions that are at once broadly political and narrowly human in their scope. What did the Oxbridge scholar – perhaps having spent the preceding three years conversing in Greek and Latin with his peers – find to ‘say’ to the agricultural labourers now in his pastoral care? And why, when the clergyman (often justifiably) thought of himself as working unstintingly in his parishioners' interests, was he so often heartily despised by them?
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Chingombe, Wisemen, and Happwell Musarandega. "Understanding the Logic of Climate Change Adaptation: Unpacking Barriers to Climate Change Adaptation by Smallholder Farmers in Chimanimani District, Zimbabwe." Sustainability 13, no. 7 (March 29, 2021): 3773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073773.
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Smallholder farmers in Chimanimani District, Zimbabwe, have grappled for a long time with the effects of climate change despite the locally and externally driven resilience-building initiatives in place. This paper adopts a qualitative approach to explore the encountered adaptation barriers. Smallholder farmers, Agricultural Technical and Extension Services (AGRITEX) officers, and the traditional leadership fraternity were randomly selected from the district’s 22 rural wards as study participants. Data were solicited using focus group discussions and face-to-face interviews that were corroborated by researcher observation methods. The data were analysed using thematic content analysis of key perspectives drawn from smallholder farmers, traditional leaders, and extension officers who work with farmers. What was unveiled is an assortment of barrier dynamics related to climate, finance, infrastructure, generational change, water resources, inefficient bureaucracy, gender inequality, and health barriers. Vensim PLE 7.3 software was used to illustrate barrier components as they act together to cripple smallholder farmers’ efforts to raise their adaptive capacity. Adaptation barriers are complex and, therefore, cannot be addressed using policies that are fragmented. The paper recommends a multidimensional approach by policy makers to analyse adaptive barriers to build more climate resilience within smallholder farmer communities.
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E., Stathakis, Stambologlou E., and O. Manoliadis. "Ex post evaluation of developmental interventions in large scale infrastructure projects: The case of Vistonida rural area." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 8, no. 01 (January 29, 2020): 319–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v8i01.ec03.
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The structural development interventions carried out by the European Union (EU) aim to accelerate the real convergence of 28 Member States, mainly those lagging behind interventions. Most of these contribute to better environmental protection, better life condition for farmers and flood protection. Evaluation of infrastructure projects contributing to spatial growth in ex-ante, ongoing, and ex-post basis is an essential activity to answer several issues raised during the growth mentioned above process. This paper aims to evaluate on ex-post basis integrated developmental interventions-large scale infrastructure projects in rural areas, using a combined method based on Social Cost-Benefit Analysis (SCBA), sustainable and rural growth indicators coming from official organizations along with the n-Dimensional (nD) modelling. The studied developmental interventions refer to Vistonida's rural area, an area to which large-scale infrastructure financed and carried out by the Greek state. They contributed to the modernization and adaptation of the agriculture sector, improving its qualitative and quantitative performance. The needed data derived from the Hellenic National Statistical Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Greek Payment Authority of Common Agricultural Policy (C.A.P.) and concern a period of forty years and they are referred to Land redistribution, irrigation land, crops structure. According to this study, the large-scale agriculture infrastructure contributes significantly to the improvement of the growth rates of a rural spatial productive system as a whole. The application of the combined method was simple, easily understood by policymakers, adequately reliable, and precise.
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Ani, Dorothy Patience, Emmanuel Adah Onoja, and Isaac Terna Humbe. "Partial Fuel Subsidy Removal in Nigeria." International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development 12, no. 1 (January 2021): 98–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsesd.2021010108.
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The ripple effects of the petrol crisis on the Nigerian economy is multi-faceted: price distortions, volatilities, dutch-disease, corruption, and inefficiencies. This study assessed the effects of partial fuel subsidy removal on agricultural sector and Nigerian economy. The study made use of secondary data obtained from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletins, Petroleum Product Price Regulatory Agency (PPPRA), National Bureau of Statistics, Benue State Agricultural and Rural Development Authority (BNARDA), and FAO. Johansen co-integration model and t-test were the analytical tools used. After appropriate robustness checks and ensuring data stationarity, the study found that partial fuel subsidy removal had significant positive influence on the country's GDP, significantly reduced inflation rate, and also reduced life expectancy of Nigerians. Specifically, a percentage increase in petrol price significantly increases GDP by 9.8%; a percentage increase in petrol price increases the prices of rice and maize by 0.75% and 1.50% respectively. The study concludes that increased petrol price had positive effects on GDP and adverse effects on the prices of crop produce. Government should diversify and develop other economies and provide adequate infrastuctural facilities to cushion the effects of subsidy removal. Organic and low-input methods of farming should be adopted to reduce the need for fuel inputs to the food system at all levels.
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Źróbek-Różańska, Alina, and Elżbieta Zysk. "Real Estate as a Subject of Spatial Conflict Among Central and Local Authorities." Real Estate Management and Valuation 23, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/remav-2015-0018.
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Abstract Currently, real estate located in rural areas neighboring cities are under pressure to become a location for the realization of urban and metropolitan projects. Thus, spatial conflicts are an inherent characteristic of modern urban development. Such conflicts vary in terms of the scope, intensity and course they take. An interesting case illustrating the given issue can be the conflict over real estate owned by the State Treasury (central authority) and localized within the power of local authorities (gminas). Such a situation requires mediating and producing an outcome that satisfies the goals of both sides. The authors based the deliberations on the topic of spatial conflicts on the example of the relation between the Agricultural Property Agency division in Olsztyn (APA Olsztyn) and the smallest local administration units (gminas) located within the borders of the Warmia-Masuria (Województwo Warmińsko-Mazurskie) and Podlasie (Województwo Podlaskie) Provinces. The aim of the research was to describe the background for potential conflict and to study its proceedings. The aim was achieved through studies of relevant literature and data analysis.
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Kataike, Joanita, Durga Prasad Venkata Modekurti, Eric Butali, David Magumba, Andrew Ronnie Mugenyi, Adalbert Aine-Omucunguzi, and Xavier Gellynck. "A parametric test evaluating smallholder farmers’ training needs in Uganda." Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 8, no. 3 (September 3, 2018): 537–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jadee-08-2016-0053.
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PurposeEffective rural agribusiness development requires dedicated training programmes therefore, this paper is an attempt to investigate smallholder farmers’ TNs in the dairy agribusiness sector. The purpose of this paper is to study a bigger research project of the dairy value chain in agribusiness framework in the Rwenzori region.Design/methodology/approachA sample size of 100 dairy farmers were randomly selected from two Districts in the Rwenzori region. The descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) provided a basis for discussion. Furthermore, parametric Pearson coefficient test was conducted to examine the smallholder farmers’ TNs and assess its association with selected socio-demographic characteristics of the dairy farmers.FindingsThe analysis indicated that dairy farmers expressed the need for a training program. Most frequently requested topics include: fodder cultivation, quality and safe milk handling, milk marketing, calf feeding and rearing, animal nutrition and financial literacy out of 12 topics. The least desired TNs was record keeping.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings contribute to the understanding of dairy farmers’ TNs.Practical implicationsThe identified 12 key training intervention areas for the dairy farmers inform policymakers Dairy Development Authority and other development bodies in the Rwenzori region to address the challenges and improve smallholder dairy farming practices.Originality/valueThe study applies a synthesis review to identify theoretically acceptable variables that measure smallholder farmers’ TNs in the dairy agribusiness. The paper also shares the empirical evidence of a pioneering attempt to identify smallholder dairy farmers’ TNs in Uganda.
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Haysom, Gareth. "Integrating Food Sensitive Planning and Urban Design into Urban Governance Actions." Urban Forum 32, no. 3 (April 29, 2021): 289–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12132-021-09417-9.
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AbstractFood access, stability and utilisation are key dimensions of food security at an urban scale. When the majority resided in rural areas, and lived predominantly agrarian lifestyles, it made sense for the state to govern food security through national agricultural ministries, focusing predominantly on the availability dimension of food security. With the transition to a majority urban world, coupled with the food security challenges currently experienced in urban areas, specifically in Africa, these historical policy and governance structures are increasingly inadequate in responding to essential food and nutrition needs. Problematically, urban areas, and specifically urban managers, cite unfunded mandates, and absent authority, as the reasons for not engaging food and nutrition governance responses. This paper argues that this is a false position. Drawing on recent data from household food security and poverty surveys, the paper calls for new and expanded planning and design approaches at the urban scale. The paper argues that spatial planning and urban design principles and actions provide an immediate and effective means through which to engage urban food system questions. Importantly these actions are essential to the transition from the current piecemeal project responses to urban food system inadequacies. Food sensitive planning and urban design is offered as a specific approach that could assist in programming food system–related challenges at the urban scale, responding to conceptual, analytical, organisational and design related dimensions of planning, and in so doing offering a longer term, systematic response to urban food insecurity.
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Mariuzzo, Andrea. "Land reform in the 1950s in Italy and the United States: the thinking of Mario Einaudi." Modern Italy 18, no. 4 (November 2013): 355–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13532944.2013.842801.
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The article discusses the thinking of Mario Einaudi in relation to the ambitious measures with which the Italian government sought to move towards land reform in the immediate post–war period. Einaudi, an intellectual and academic, was by birth Italian but moved to the United States during the Fascist period. Like his father Luigi, the noted economist, he was convinced of the need to stimulate the free market in land in order to increase productivity and modernise cultivation methods; in his writings he repeatedly sought to develop a plan of action that would facilitate collaboration between Rome and Washington in this field, identifying the Tennessee Valley Authority approach as especially suited to the Italian case. However, while his ideas achieved a good public airing, they had a limited impact: on the political front, Cold War priorities pushed Italian and US Marshall Plan experts more towards the redistribution of landownership than towards stimulating the productivity of agricultural businesses, in the attempt to rapidly build a consensus behind the government; and on the cultural front, at the end of the 1950s the issue of backwardness in the rural South started to be interpreted in terms of cultural and social anthropology, an approach which did not directly relate to the development of political programmes.
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Pesic, Jelena. "Persistence of traditionalist value orientations in Serbia." Sociologija 48, no. 4 (2006): 289–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc0604289p.
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Systematic failures in attempts to modernize Serbian society during the past two centuries have led to the survival of traditionalist value orientations. The long period of Ottoman rule allowed patriarchal, warrior-tribal cultural patterns to persist and shape the basis for national and overall cultural identity. Extreme poverty, autarkical agricultural production, the slow penetration of capitalism and a market economy, an undifferentiated social structure with majority of rural population, patriarchal organization of both the private and public sphere and the authoritarian character of authority, were characteristics of Serbian pre-modern society, which inhibited its development and contributed to the persistence of traditionalism. Although the socialist period was modernizing in many respects, homology between socialist and pre-modern collectivist, egalitarian and authoritarian orientation, made it easy for nationalism to penetrate and consequently led to decomposition of the state in civil wars. Delayed post-socialist transformation, characterized by civil war, economic collapse, extreme impoverishment, and international isolation, has only strengthened the orientation towards pre-modern patterns of identification. This paper examines the persistence of collectivism, authoritarianism and patriarchal orientation in the period of unhindered post-socialist transformation, based on the data obtained in the "South-East European Social Survey Project" (SEESSP), conducted from December 2003 to January 2004. These results are compared with those obtained in the research project "Changes in the Class Structure and Mobility in Serbia", conducted in 1989.
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TWOMLOW, STEVE, BEKELE SHIFERAW, PETER COOPER, and J. D. H. KEATINGE. "INTEGRATING GENETICS AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT FOR TECHNOLOGY TARGETING AND GREATER IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH IN THE SEMI-ARID TROPICS." Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 2 (April 2008): 235–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479708006340.
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SUMMARYGood management of natural resources is the key to good agriculture. This is true everywhere – and particularly in the semi-arid tropics, where over-exploitation of fragile or inherently vulnerable agro-ecosystems is leading to land and soil degradation, productivity decline, and increasing hunger and poverty. Modern crop varieties offer high yields, but the larger share of this potential yield can only be realized with good crop management. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), working over a vast and diverse mandate area, has learned one key lesson: that technologies and interventions must be matched not only to the crop or livestock enterprise and the biophysical environment, but also with the market and investment environment, including input supply systems and policy. Various Natural Resource Management (NRM) technologies have been developed over the years, but widespread adoption has been limited for various reasons: technical, socio-economic and institutional. To change this, ICRISAT hypothesizes that ‘A research approach, founded on the need to integrate a broad consideration of technical, socio-economic and institutional issues into the generation of agricultural innovations will result in a higher level of adoption and more sustainable and diverse impacts in the rainfed systems of the semi-arid tropics.’ Traditionally, crop improvement and NRM were seen as distinct but complementary disciplines. ICRISAT is deliberately blurring these boundaries to create the new paradigm of IGNRM or Integrated Genetic and Natural Resource Management. Improved varieties and improved resource management are two sides of the same coin. Most farming problems require integrated solutions, with genetic, management-related and socio-economic components. In essence, plant breeders and NRM scientists must integrate their work with that of private and public sector change agents to develop flexible cropping systems that can respond to rapid changes in market opportunities and climatic conditions. The systems approach looks at various components of the rural economy – traditional food grains, new potential cash crops, livestock and fodder production, as well as socio-economic factors such as alternative sources of employment and income. Crucially the IGNRM approach is participatory, with farmers closely involved in technology development, testing and dissemination. ICRISAT has begun to use the IGNRM approach to catalyse technology uptake and substantially improve food security and incomes in smallholder farm communities at several locations in India, Mali, Niger, Vietnam, China, Thailand and Zimbabwe.
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Bramley Jemain Lemine. "Developing a Strategy For Efficient Environmental Authorisation of Activities Affecting Wetlands in South Africa: Towards a Wise-Use Approach." Obiter 41, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 154–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/obiter.v41i1.10555.
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South Africa is a party to the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat of 1971 (also referred to as the Ramsar Convention). Article 3(1) of the Ramsar Convention makes provision for the wise use of wetlands, which is defined as the “maintenance of the ecological character, achieved through the implementation of ecosystem approaches, within the context of sustainable development”. The Conference of the Parties has agreed on inherent weaknesses that could lead to the hampering of wise use. These weaknesses include, but are not limited to, authorities working in isolation; and the lack of communication between public and private sectors or technical personnel (environmental impact assessment specialists). Within the enabling provisions of South Africa’s EIA regulations, reference is made to “water source”, “water resource”, “wetland” and “ecosystem”. All these terms are read to include a wetland. However, whereas the terms “water source”, “water resource” and “wetland” are defined in the National Water Act 36 of 1998 (NWA), an “ecosystem” is defined in the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act 10 of 2004 (NEMBA), and “water source” is defined in the Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act 43 of 1983 (CARA). Furthermore, the administration of the NWA is with the Department of Water and Sanitation, while NEMBA is with the Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries, and CARA is with the Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development. This multiplicity, combined with the application of the various specific environmental management acts (SEMAs), complicates the manner in which an EIA application is considered. This is so in that the national environmental framework casts the net wide in identifying the competent authority, but also in its effect on wise use decision making on activities pertaining to wetlands. In light of the aforementioned, this article aims to address the shortfalls and make recommendations that promote wise use.
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Stokowski, Michał Paweł. "Odpowiedzialność Skarbu Państwa za przejęcie nieruchomości rolnych na mocy dekretu PKWN z 6 września 1944 r. o przeprowadzeniu reformy rolnej na przykładzie majątku Lubowicz Wielki." Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica 19, no. 2 (2020): 383–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/mhi.2020.19.02.19.
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The decree of the Polish Committee of National Liberation of September 6, 1944 on the land reform nationalized numerous agricultural properties, changing the ownership structure of the Polish countryside at that time. The aim of the article will be to present the actual state of the property of Lubowicz Wielki, which became a victim of the expropriation contrary to the law at that time. The current proceedings of the legal successors of the former property owners to declare the invalidity of expropriation judgments will be analyzed, as well as the issue of the State Treasury's liability for damages. The considerations will show the unprecedented nature of the facts, the negligence of the current legislator in the issue of re-privatization and the conclusions that result from the implementation of the land reform. The work was largely based on court findings, decisions of administrative bodies, memories of the current heir of Romuald K., testimonies of witnesses, as well as documents that were addressed to numerous bodies and institutions in the years 1949 - 1990. In the facts described by me, there were numerous violations by the expropriation authority, which allowed for the annulment of nationalization judgments by the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development in 2009, and then seeking compensation for damage resulting from the issue of a defective administrative decision, as well as bringing an action to establish the content of the land and mortgage register with the actual legal status, towards real estate owned by the State Treasury. The described facts are a unique and unprecedented example of the restitution of legal successors more than 70 years after the expropriation of their predecessors. The aim of the study is to answer the question of the expropriated owners or their legal successors, whether they can claim any compensation from the State Treasury today for the damage caused as a result of a faulty land reform.
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Adi, R. Kunto. "PENATAGUNAAN TANAH BERBASIS MASYARAKAT DALAM MENUNJANG SISTEM DAN USAHA AGRIBISNIS DI INDONESIA." SEPA: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian dan Agribisnis 11, no. 1 (September 4, 2017): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/sepa.v11i1.14148.
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<p>Development of agricultural sector, especiallly for agribusiness sector that problems by large of conversion of agricultural land to used for non agricultural, that cause acess farmers toward agrarian resources, especially limited of land. Except that, factors of the lack of land ownership and authority, threatened of farmers existance on to become cause of agrarian conflict in rural area that more and more glow. The problem of agrarian conflict trigger by more and more increased of developmnet activity. This condition will have consequence to occur conflict in utilizing of land. Except that, too much land resources that carry on not yet or to use appropriate with allocation, to much of occur land utilizing that not appropriate with phisically potency of land and appropriate with land use planning of region. Because of that be needed maked grow about important of land utilizing in a plan manner, in order that used optimally, harmonious, balanced, dan sustainable. Because of that be needed efforts land use planning managemet. Land use planning must be done with participating of community (farmers) in decision making of development policy in order that used integrative, so effort in land use planning process, from a planning, implementation, and supervision. In implementation this programme, land use planning must be with community management approach, for actualization of community capacity and potency or community empowering approach. Programme that become form land use planning management with character of bottom up approach and used to blue print that not to character of dependency creating, until programme that become from land use planning management basic to community must be character of empowering, with the result that community especially farmers not only as object, but like subject, especially for implementation of land use planning process in agribusiness system and business.</p><p> </p><p>Pengembangan sektor pertanian, terutama sektor agribisnis, terkendala oleh banyaknya alih fungsi lahan pertanian ke penggunaan non pertanian, yang mengakibatkan akses petani terhadap sumber daya agraria, terutama tanah, menjadi sangat terbatas. Selain itu faktor kesenjangan penguasaan dan kepemilikan tanah dan terancamnya eksistensi diri para petani pada gilirannya menjadi penyebab utama terjadinya konflik pertanahan di pedesaan yang kian marak. Masalah pertanahan dipicu oleh semakin meningkatnya kegiatan pembangunan akan makin banyak memerlukan tanah ditengah-tengah keterbatasan persediaan akan sumber daya tanah itu sendiri. Hal ini akan berakibat pada terjadinya persaingan dalam penggunaan tanah, semakin menurunnya kemampuan daya tampung suatu wilayah dan mendorong terjadinya penggunaan tanah tanpa memperhatikan kondisi kemampuan tanah serta kelestarian lingkungannya. Dilain pihak, banyak tanah-tanah yang belum diusahakan atau dimanfaatkan sesuai dengan peruntukkannya, dan sebaliknya, banyak terjadi penggunaan tanah yang tidak sesuai dengan potensi fisik tanah dan arahan yang telah digariskan dalam rencana tata ruangnya. Untuk itu perlu ditumbuhkan tentang arti penting penggunaan tanah secara terencana, agar diperoleh manfaat yang optimal, serasi, seimbang dan lestari. Oleh karena itu perlu upaya pengelolaan tata guna tanah atau Penatagunaan Tanah. Penatagunaan tanah harus dilaksanakan dengan melibatkan masyarakat (petani) dalam pengambilan kebijakan pembangunan secara integratif, termasuk juga dalam proses penatagunaan tanah, dari mulai perencanaan, pelaksanaan dan pengawasan. Dalam implementasinya, proses penatagunaan tanah harus dengan pendekatan <em>community management</em> untuk mengaktualisasikan potensi masyarakat <em>(empowering)</em>. Program-program yang lahir dari manajemen penatagunaan tanah bersifat <em>bottom up</em> dan<em> blue print</em> yang tidak bersifat <em>dependency creating</em>, sehingga program yang lahir dari manajemen penatagunaan tanah berbasis masyarakat cenderung bersifat <em>empowering</em>, sehingga masyarakat terutama petani tidak hanya sebagai obyek, tetapi sebagai subyek, dalam implementasi proses penatagunaan tanah dalam sistem dan usaha agribisnis di Indonesia.</p>
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Thlakma, Richard Sunday, and John Eche Omale. "AN ASSESSMENT OF THE VARIOUS MITIGATION STRATEGIES TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION IN JIBIA AND KAITA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS OF KATSINA STATE." Geosfera Indonesia 4, no. 2 (August 2, 2019): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/geosi.v4i2.10192.
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This study was conducted on an assessment of the various mitigation strategies to combat desertification in Jibia and Kaita Local Government Areas of Katsina State, Nigeria. The data use includes Satellite imageries for the study such as landsat MSS of 1976, landsat TM of 1987, SPOT XS of 1995 and landsat ETM of 2006 as well as structured questionnaires. Sixty close ended copies of the Questionnaire were administered in the study. Purposive sampling method of administering questionnaires was adopted. The percentages land mass covered for each of these variables was determined and estimated in M2. literature was obtained from various agencies which were responsible for desertification control in Katsina state. It was found from the reserved forest that in 1976 the percentage of reserved forest was 2.57%. In 1987 however, it increased by 73.9% to 76.47 %. By 1995, it declined by 9.42% to 67.05% and further declined by 0.52% in 2006. Effort to combat desertification through the use of reserved forest has been quite significant over the years. Also, noticed was a declined in shelter belt from 5.91% in 1987 to 1.097% in 1995 and a shot up to 7.39% in 2006. About 37% of the respondent opined that the deforestation leads to the disappearance of trees while 33% pinioned that it leads to reduction on agricultural productivity. The major strategy adopted to combat desertification is tree planting as supported by 88% of the respondents. It found that desertification as major environmental problem of the study area has reduced drastically from 43.34% in 1976 to 1.29% in 2006. It was also revealed from this study that some organizations such as European Economic Community/Katsina State government EEC/KTSG, Katsina Afforestation Project Unit KTAPU and Local Government Councils are the major agencies that are responsible for mitigating desertification in the study area.
Keywords: Desertification, Mitigation, Afforestation, Shelterbelt and Satellite image
References
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Silitonga, Mirdat, Herien Puspitawati, and Istiqlaliyah Muflikhati. "MODAL SOSIAL, COPING EKONOMI, GEJALA STRES SUAMI DAN KESEJAHTERAAN SUBJEKTIF KELUARGA PADA KELUARGA TKW." JKKP (Jurnal Kesejahteraan Keluarga dan Pendidikan) 5, no. 1 (April 17, 2018): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jkkp.051.03.
Full textAbstract:
The achievement of family well - being is an aspiration of all families including families of migrant workers, to achieve the well - being of one of the ways that the families of migrant workers with the departure of the wife work as domestic servants in various countries. The purpose of this study was to analyze social capital, economic coping, sress symptom’s husband and family subjektive well - being of women migrant workers. This research use cross sectional studies. The location was chosen purposively in Tanggeung Village, Pagermaneuh Village, Margaluyu Village, Karangtengah Village, Tanggeung District and Pasirdalam Village Kadupandak District, Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia. Seventy five families were selected purposively among the families of women migrant workers. The finding indicates that social capital is in the moderate category, the coping economy is in the moderate category, the sress symptom’s husband is in the low category and the family well-being is in the low category. Finding in this study family subjective well-being is influenced by income per capita, sress symptom’s husband and economic coping.
Keywords: economic coping, family subjective well-being, social capital, stress symptom
Abstrak
Kesejahteraan keluarga merupakan sesuatu yang ingin dicapai seluruh keluarga, termasuk keluarga Tenaga Kerja Wanita (TKW), untuk mencapai kesejahteraan tersebut salah satu cara yang dilakukan oleh keluarga TKW adalah mengirim istri sebagai pembantu rumah tangga di berbagai negara. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis modal sosial, coping ekonomi, gejala stres suami, dan kesejahteraan subjektif keluarga TKW. Penelitian ini menggunakan cross sectional studies. Lokasi dipilih dengan metode purposive di Provinsi Jawa Barat, Kabupaten Cianjur, Kecamatan Tanggeung, Desa Pagermaneuh, Desa Marguluyu, Desa Karangtengah, Desa Tanggeung, Kecamatan Kadupandak, Desa Pasirdalam. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 75 keluarga TKW dengan metode purposive sampling. Penelitian ini menemukan modal sosial berada pada kategori sedang, coping ekonomi berada pada kategori sedang, gelaja stres suami berada pada kategori rendah, dan kesejahteraan subjektif berada pada kategori rendah. Penelitian ini juga menemukan kesejahteraan keluarga berpengaruh terhadap pendapatan perkapita, gelaja stres suami, dan coping ekonomi.
Kata kunci : coping ekonomi, gejala stres, kesejahteraan subjektif, modal sosial.
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Nyandoro, Mark. "The Gowe Irrigation co-operative society and its role in Sanyati (Zimbabwe), 1967-1969." Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa 3, no. 2 (April 11, 2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/td.v3i2.331.
Full textAbstract:
The paper focuses on the origins and development of agricultural co-operative societies in Zimbabwe since 1954 with particular reference to Gowe-Sanyati and evaluates their role in facilitating the channelling of production inputs to farmers and the marketing oftheir produce. It examines the criteria for eligibility to membership of such associations, namely who could belong and who could not, as well as their administrative structures and practices. In addition, the paper evaluates the societies’ impact on their members, on African development and on the national economy. In 1954 the Government of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) began investigations on the needfor co-operative societies (co-ops) in order to promote African development through facilitating the acquisition of production inputs and the marketing of agricultural products. In 1956, the first co-operative society was established, while the main focus of thispaper’s interest, the Gowe Irrigation Co-operative Society of Sanyati in the northwestern part of the country, was established in 1967. Established by a government agency known as the Tribal Trust Land Development Corporation (TILCOR), now the Agricultural and Rural Development Authority (ARDA), the co-operative society flourished and became a model for the distribution of agricultural inputs and credit to African farmers. It collapsed in 1969 due to a number of factors, among them poor management andcorruption.
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Mugwisi, Tinashe. "Communicating Agricultural Information for Development: The Role of the Media in Zimbabwe." Libri 65, no. 4 (January 1, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/libri-2015-0094.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe success of agricultural development programmes in developing countries largely depends on the nature and extent of the use of mass media in the mobilisation of people for development. The media, which offers unique opportunities to disseminate information, can play an important role in informing citizens about social, academic, and economic issues, amongst others. This is also true in the agricultural sector. Radio for example, is an inexpensive medium, and therefore enjoys a wide range of diffusion, even among rural and less literate people who have access to fewer information resources. The purpose of this study was to investigate how the print and electronic media sources are contributing to the communication of information relating to agricultural development in Zimbabwe. A questionnaire was distributed to all media houses in Zimbabwe. The results indicate that there is a significant coverage, by the media, of issues relating to agriculture and the agriculture industry. The broadcast media in particular, make efforts to reach out to a range of audiences who speak minority languages such as Kalanga, Venda, Sotho, Doma, Yao, and Shangaan. However, the media face challenges, including a lack of subject specialists, language barriers, constraints on financial and material resources, and poor road infrastructure that inhibits travelling. This study recommends training, short courses on agriculture reporting, and courses that provide information on the available resources to improve the quality of news and information regarding agriculture-related issues reaching mainly rural audiences of farmers in Zimbabwe.
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Ncube, Sibanengi. "Rural Women, Global Value Networks and Precarity in Chirumhanzu District, Zimbabwe, 1991–2000." Journal of Asian and African Studies, September 30, 2020, 002190962095245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909620952458.
Full textAbstract:
In 1991 Zimbabwe liberalised its economy. This resulted in the opening of the national economy to foreign investment. In line with this, subcontracting arrangements between international corporations and local commodity producers became prevalent. While this attracted scholarly interest, most of it is on global agricultural value networks. By tracing the integration of rural women knitters into international markets, this article offers a different case study. While integration into the knitwear global value chain afforded the women an opportunity to earn an income, their employment remained precarious. This article draws on archival data and interviews from participants to make its case.
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Shonhe, Toendepi. "The Agrarian Question in Contemporary Zimbabwe." Africanus: Journal of Development Studies 49, no. 1 (August 30, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2663-6522/5713.
Full textAbstract:
The reinvestment of rural agrarian surplus is driving capital accumulation in Zimbabwe's countryside, providing a scope to foster national (re-) industrialisation and job creation. Contrary to Bernstein's view, the Agrarian Question on capital remains unresolved in Southern Africa. Even though export finance, accessed through contract farming, provides an impetus for export cash crop production, and the government-mediated command agriculture supports food crop production, the reinvestment of proceeds from the sale of agricultural commodities is now driving capital accumulation. Drawing from empirical data, gathered through surveys and in-depth interviews from Hwedza district and Mvurwi farming area in Mazowe district in Zimbabwe, the findings of this study revealed the pre-eminence of the Agrarian Question, linked to an ongoing agrarian transition in Zimbabwe. This agrarian capital elaborates rural-urban interconnections and economic development, following two decades of de-industrialisation in Zimbabwe.
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Aziz Masso, Wisam Yako, Norsida Man, and Nolila Binti Mohd Nawi. "Skill Level of Rural Leaders towards some Agricultural Technologies in Muda Agriculture Development Authority (Mada-Malaysia)." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, July 10, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n4p716.
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Marambanyika, Thomas, Shingirayi Sakarombe, Tatenda Musasa, and Rameck Defe. "Biogas technology adoption as an alternative source of energy in Domboshava communal area of Zimbabwe: Benefits and Challenges." Journal of Geographical Research 3, no. 3 (August 12, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/jgr.v3i3.2151.
Full textAbstract:
The research examines challenges and opportunities of biogas technology adoption to achieve sustainable household energy in Ward 4 of Domboshava communal area, Zimbabwe. The research adopted both qualitative and quantitative research techniques. A total of 65 questionnaires were randomly distributed to households using biogas. Purposive sampling technique was employed to select key informants from the Environmental Management Agency, Netherlands Development Organisation, Zimbabwe Energy Regulatory Authority, Environment Africa and the Ward Councillor. The study revealed that level of education attained do not influence biogas adoption (p > 0.05) whereas funds availability, awareness, promoters and gender of the household head were seen to have a major effect (p < 0.05). Research findings revealed that the technology cooks fast, provides clean energy at the same time reducing the frequency of fire wood collection in the forest. Challenges such a lack of adequate knowledge about the technology and lack of required financial and material resources compromised the adoption of biogas technology by households in Ward 4. The study recommends that relevant government agencies should provide accessible technical services and set up demonstration centres in every ward with a view of encouraging rural households to adopt biogas technology.
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Shibata, Akira, and Hidehiko Kanegai. "Environment Friendly Agricultural Brand “Cool Vege” Through Carbon Sequestration by Biochar for Sustainable Management of Food and Water." Journal of Wetlands Environmental Management 1, no. 1 (June 21, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jwem.v1i1.80.
Full textAbstract:
<p>The reduction of of greenhouse gas to mitigate or adapt to drastic climate change are one of the most important issues for human beings. On the other hand, rural development is also important issue for sustainable rural natural resources to secure food and water. Then, we propose the new socio-economic scheme to solve these issues at the same time through biochar carbon capture and sequestration. This scheme contains 4 measure factors that 1) Carbon Capture & Storage(CCS) via biochar, 2) Biochar CCS should be carried out at agricultural lands for rural development, 3) Biochar CCS should be monitored and measured to generate carbon credits and social creditability, 4) The ECO-brand “Cool Vege” for agricultural products derived from biochar CCS. And, it consists of many stake holders and actors that local community, compost center, farmers, CCS local committee consisted by local governments and universities as scientific authority, companies, retailers and normal citizen as consumers. Therefore, when proceeding this scheme, it is needed to have holistic aspect like bird view.</p>