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1
Jones, Oliver R., and Chido Dunn. "Legal Documents Relating to Land Reform in Zimbabwe." International Legal Materials 49, no. 5 (2010): 1380–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/intelegamate.49.5.1380.
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In Gramara (Private) Ltd. & Others v. Government of Zimbabwe & Others (‘‘Gramara’’)1 and Von Abo v. Government of South Africa (‘‘Von Abo’’),2 the legitimacy of Zimbabwe’s land reform program has once again come under the judicial microscope. In Gramara, Judge Patel of the Zimbabwean High Court refused to enforce a decision of the Southern African Development Community (‘‘SADC’’) Tribunal that declared the program inconsistent with a range of human rights protections. By contrast, in Von Abo, Judge Prinsloo of the South African High Court virulently condemned the South African government’s failure to afford the applicant farm-owner diplomatic protection in relation to the government of Zimbabwe’s confiscations of land owned by South African nationals. The decisions throw into sharp relief both the potential and the limitations of the application of international law in the domestic context.
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Mujuzi, Jamil Ddamulira. "The Admissibility of Evidence Obtained through Human Rights Violations in Ghana: Analysing Cubagee v Asare and Others (NO. J6/04/2017) [2018] GHASC 14 (28 February 2018)." African Journal of Legal Studies 12, no. 1 (2019): 81–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17087384-12340044.
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Abstract The Constitution of Ghana, unlike those of other African countries such as Zimbabwe, Kenya, and South Africa is silent on the issue of the admissibility of evidence obtained through human rights violations. Jurisprudence from Ghana demonstrates that although there had been cases in which the High Court and the Court of Appeal briefly dealt with this type of evidence, the Supreme Court, the highest court in Ghana, had not expressed an opinion on this issue until recently. In February 2018, in the case of Cubagee v Asare and Others, the Supreme Court laid down the criteria that Ghanaian courts have to use in determining the admissibility of evidence obtained through human rights violations. In this article, the author argues that much as this is an important decision, the Supreme Court left some issues unresolved and there is still room for improvement.
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Magliveras, Konstantinos D., and Gino J. Naldi. "When Politics Prevail Over the Rule of Law: The Demise of the sadc Tribunal." International Human Rights Law Review 10, no. 1 (2021): 124–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22131035-01001001.
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Abstract The article questions whether the Tribunal of the Southern Africa Development Community (sadc) ought to have entertained human rights cases given that the sadc Treaty does not endow it with such jurisdiction. It then analyses its demise in 2010, which was prompted by several rulings against Zimbabwe, whose policy of expropriating land without compensation was held to violate human rights. The pertinent aspects of these cases are reviewed, and the significance of Zimbabwe’s land reform programme is explained. The article elucidates why sadc leaders were prepared to suspend the Tribunal’s operation. This was a combination of alarm that it could evolve into a quasi-regional human rights court but also solidarity with the then President Mugabe, a hero of Africa’s liberation struggle. Finally, the pronouncements of the Constitutional Court of South Africa and the High Court of Tanzania on the lawfulness of the sadc Tribunal’s suspension are considered.
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Nakitto, Saidat. "South Africa’s Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction." International Human Rights Law Review 3, no. 1 (2014): 146–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22131035-00301005.
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On 27 November 2013 the Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa affirmed the decision of the High Court that South Africa’s Implementation of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Act 2002 (icc Act) empowered South African officials to initiate investigations into crimes against humanity committed in Zimbabwe in the absence of the perpetrators in South Africa. This decision was in response to the true interpretation of section 4(3)(c) of the icc Act providing for universal jurisdiction. This paper examines the judgment of this Court, arguing that though customary international law is silent on the requirement for presence of the perpetrators for initiation of investigation, the Court should have given proper examination of this section by taking into consideration of the previous presence of some of the perpetrators in South Africa after the alleged crimes were committed.
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Mussi, Francesca. "From the Campbell Case to a Recent Ruling of the Constitutional Court of South Africa: Is There Any Hope to Revive the Tribunal of the Southern African Development Community?" African Journal of International and Comparative Law 28, Supplement (2020): 110–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ajicl.2020.0334.
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This article provides a critical analysis of the judgments delivered by the Regional High Court of Pretoria in the case Law Society of South Africa et al. v. President of the Republic of South Africa, the Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development, the Minister of International Relations and Co-operation and the Constitutional Court of South Africa in Law Society of South Africa and Others v. President of the Republic of South Africa and Others in order to investigate to what extent they can contribute to discuss the revival of the SADC Tribunal with all its original powers. After providing an overview of the SADC Tribunal's legal structure and the judgment delivered in 2008 in the Mike Campbell v. Zimbabwe case, the present contribution will consider the legal reasoning of the Regional High Court of Pretoria and the Constitutional Court of South Africa respectively. It will also develop some considerations of the role played by civil society groups in other SADC member states.
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Brett, Peter. "Who are judicial decisions meant for? The ‘global community of law’ in Southern Africa." International Political Science Review 39, no. 5 (2018): 585–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192512118773449.
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Rationalist models of judicial decision-making expect courts to defend their institutional integrity in politically sensitive cases. This article presents two African case studies of courts not doing so. They have elicited predictable backlash from executives and placed their institutions in avoidable danger. I argue that judges’ desire for esteem from emerging global judicial networks can explain this otherwise puzzling behaviour. These new networks become particularly salient in human rights cases. This conclusion partially supports Anne-Marie Slaughter’s controversial claims about the significance of ‘the global community of law’ but also identifies risks this poses for courts’ domestic authority. The argument is made with reference to two recent and well-known decisions by the High Court of Botswana and the Southern African Development Community Tribunal. The first case, Sesana (2006), dealt with the vexed question of indigenous rights in Africa. The second case, Campbell (2008), concerned the compensation of expropriated commercial farmers from Zimbabwe.
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Govender, Karthy, and Paul Swanepoel. "Cynicism and the Rule of Law: A Critical Analysis of President of the RSA V M&G Media Limited 2012 2 SA 50 (CC) and Associated Judgments." Southern African Public Law 30, no. 2 (2017): 580–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2522-6800/3593.
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In June 2015 the High Court granted an interim order prohibiting Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir from leaving South Africa. Although Al-Bashir is wanted by the International Criminal Court for war crimes and South Africa is a signatory to the Rome Statute and has passed the Implementation Act, the government failed to arrest him as required by an order of court. Short-term political considerations appear to have outweighed the need to respect the rule of law. Parallels can be drawn between this incident and the decision by the executive to refuse access to the Khampepe Report when requested to do so by the Mail and Guardian newspaper. The report was prepared at the request of former President Mbeki by two senior South African judges, after a visit to Zimbabwe shortly before the election held in that country in 2002. In an attempt to prevent disclosure, the executive approached various courts on six different occasions and drew out the process for more than six years. The main issue in this case is the use of section 80 of the Promotion of Access to Information Act by the courts, a discretionary power that is applied sparingly. In terms of PAIA, the state is prevented from making reference to the content of a record in order to support a claim of exemption. In such instances, section 80 provides courts with the power to inspect the record – a procedure known as a ‘judicial peek’ – in order to make a determination as to whether the exemption is justified. This case provides a clear example of how the state cynically used this provision as a dilatory tactic in refusing access to the report. The current system that relies solely on the courts to handle access to information matters undermines the main objectives of the Act and is inefficient and costly. It is recommended that PAIA be amended to provide for an information commissioner with powers to mediate and make binding decisions.
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Werle, G., and P. C. Bornkamm. "Torture in Zimbabwe under Scrutiny in South Africa: The Judgment of the North Gauteng High Court in SALC v. National Director of Public Prosecutions." Journal of International Criminal Justice 11, no. 3 (2013): 659–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqt036.
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Hlatywayo, F., D. D. Marques, V. Chikwasha, A. Mandisodza, S. Shumbairerwa, and S. T. Mangodza. "A Review of Massive Blood Transfusion and its Associated Syndromes in Zimbabwe." Africa Sanguine 22, no. 1 (2020): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/asan.v22i1.4.
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Background and objectives: Massive blood transfusion is defined as transfusion approximating or exceeding a patient's total blood volume (5-6 litres in adults) within 24-hours. This procedure is used to manage severely anaemic and bleeding patients. Negative outcomes associatedwith acidosis, hypothermia and coagulopathy may result. The study was carried out to review the management of massive transfusion in Zimbabwe.Materials and methods: A 4-year retrospective clinical laboratory-based study was carried out on patients who had massive blood transfusionat a Zimbabwean hospital, from January 2014 to December 2017. Data was collected from patients’ hospital records after permission from thehospital director.Results: Of the 180 patient records, 145 (80.6%) were from female and 35 (19.4%) from male patients. Massive blood transfusion was done mostly on obstetric patients. Full blood count was the most commonly requested laboratory test, with 155 (86%) requests. Some of the patients had severe anaemia. Routine coagulation tests were significantly abnormal. All patients received packed red cells during the first 24 hours, followed by fresh frozen plasma (57.8%). Platelets, cryoprecipitate and whole blood were infrequently transfused (22%, 3% and 2% respectively). The mortality rate was 25.6% within 24 hours after transfusion. Transfusion of packed red cells alone was significantly associated with mortality (p<0.001) which increased significantly with the use of high numbers of packed red cell units.Conclusion: Massive blood transfusion is associated with a high mortality rate in Zimbabwe. Transfusion of packed red blood cells alone resulted in highest mortality. There was an insufficient use of laboratory tests to monitor massive blood transfusion. This potentially can be addressed by establishing a national massive transfusion protocol for Zimbabwe.
 French Title: Une revue de la transfusion sanguine massive et de ses syndromes associés au Zimbabwe
 Contexte et objectifs: La transfusion sanguine massive est définie comme une transfusion se rapprochant ou dépassant le volume sanguin total d'un patient (5-6 litres chez l'adulte) dans les 24 heures. Cette procédure est utilisée pour gérer les patients gravement anémiques et hémorragiques. Des résultats négatifs associés à l'acidose, l'hypothermie et la coagulopathie peuvent en résulter. L'étude a été réalisée pourexaminer la gestion de la transfusion massive au Zimbabwe.Matériel et méthodes: Une étude rétrospective clinique en laboratoire de 4 ans a été menée sur des patients ayant subi une transfusion sanguine massive dans un hôpital du Zimbabwe, de Janvier 2014 à Décembre 2017. Les données ont été collectées à partir des dossiers des patients de l'hôpital après autorisation du Directeur de l'hôpital.Résultats: Sur les 180 dossiers de patients, 145 (80,6%) provenaient de femmes et 35 (19,4%) de patients de sexe masculin. Une transfusion sanguine massive a été effectuée principalement sur des patientes obstétricales. L'hémogramme complet était le test de laboratoire le plus demandé, avec 155 (86%) demandes. Certains patients souffraient d'anémie sévère. Les tests de coagulation de routine étaient significativement anormaux. Tous les patients ont reçu des concentrés de globules rouges au cours des 24 premières heures, suivis de plasma frais congelé (57,8%). Les plaquettes, le cryoprécipité et le sang total ont été rarement transfusés (22%, 3% et 2% respectivement). Le taux de mortalité était de 25,6% dans les 24 heures suivant la transfusion. La transfusion de concentrés de globules rouges seule était significativement associée à la mortalité (p<0,001) qui augmentait significativement avec l'utilisation d'un nombre élevé d'unités.Conclusion: La transfusion sanguine massive est associée à un taux de mortalité élevé au Zimbabwe. La transfusion de concentrés de globules rouges seule a entraîné la mortalité la plus élevée. Les tests de laboratoire étaient insuffisants pour surveiller les transfusions sanguines massives. Cela peut potentiellement être résolu en établissant un protocole national de transfusion massive pour le Zimbabwe
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Beresford, C. "RT (Zimbabwe) v Secretary for State for the Home Department (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees intervening): [2012] UKSC 38: Supreme Court (England and Wales): Lord Hope of Craighead DPSC, Baroness Hale of Richmond, Lord Kerr of Tonaghmore, Lord Clarke of Stone-cum-Ebony, Lord Dyson, Lord Wilson, Lord Reed JJSC." Oxford Journal of Law and Religion 2, no. 1 (2012): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ojlr/rws049.
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Nyamhunga, Albert, Ntokozo Ndlovu, Webster Kadzatsa, Gene D. Morse, and Charles Chiedza Maponga. "Chemoradiation in Stage IIIB Cancer of the Uterine Cervix: A Review of the Zimbabwean Experience." JCO Global Oncology, no. 6 (October 2020): 1554–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.19.00412.
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PURPOSE Cervical cancer remains the leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality among Zimbabwean women. Many patients present with stage IIIB disease. Although definitive concurrent chemoradiation (CCRT) is the standard of care, there is a paucity of data on the effect(s) of this intervention in resource-constrained and high HIV-prevalence settings. We investigated the differences in CCRT initiation practices, tolerability, and outcomes in this group. PATIENTS AND METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of data from hospital records for patients with stage IIIB disease who were treated over a 2-year period at Parirenyatwa Group of Hospitals. Outcome measures were documented treatment-related adverse events and early clinical tumor response. RESULTS One hundred twenty-eight (37%) of 346 patients received CCRT, and 65 (51%) of 128 patients were infected with HIV. CCRT was prescribed mostly in patients with less extensive disease—not involving lower third vaginal walls, minimal pelvic sidewall involvement ( P = .002), and higher CD4+ count ( P = .02). Eighteen percent of recorded adverse events were high grade (≥ 3). One patient did not complete treatment, and 68.5% achieved complete clinical tumor response at 3 months post-CCRT. A higher proportion of complete clinical tumor response was noted in those patients who were young, HIV uninfected, had less extensive disease, CD4+ of 500 cells/mm3 or greater, received four or more cycles of chemotherapy, received brachytherapy, and had no treatment breaks. CONCLUSION The study revealed that the use of CCRT to treat stage IIIB cervical cancer is low in Zimbabwe. Although several factors contribute, low CCRT uptake is mostly attributed to financial barriers. Well-selected patients tolerate the treatment and have good early clinical tumor response as expected. The role of CCRT for this patient group (and methods to make it available in resource-limited settings) must be further evaluated.
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Takarinda, Kudakwashe C., Charles Sandy, Nyasha Masuka, et al. "Factors Associated with Mortality among Patients on TB Treatment in the Southern Region of Zimbabwe, 2013." Tuberculosis Research and Treatment 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6232071.
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Background. In 2013, the tuberculosis (TB) mortality rate was highest in southern Zimbabwe at 16%. We therefore sought to determine factors associated with mortality among registered TB patients in this region.Methodology. This was a retrospective record review of registered patients receiving anti-TB treatment in 2013.Results. Of 1,971 registered TB patients, 1,653 (84%) were new cases compared with 314 (16%) retreatment cases. There were 1,538 (78%) TB/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfected patients, of whom 1,399 (91%) were on antiretroviral therapy (ART) with median pre-ART CD4 count of 133 cells/uL (IQR, 46–282). Overall, 428 (22%) TB patients died. Factors associated with increased mortality included being ≥65 years old [adjusted relative risk (ARR) = 2.48 (95% CI 1.35–4.55)], a retreatment TB case [ARR = 1.34 (95% CI, 1.10–1.63)], and being HIV-positive [ARR = 1.87 (95% CI, 1.44–2.42)] whilst ART initiation was protective [ARR = 0.25 (95% CI, 0.22–0.29)]. Cumulative mortality rates were 10%, 14%, and 21% at one, two, and six months, respectively, after starting TB treatment.Conclusion. There was high mortality especially in the first two months of anti-TB treatment, with risk factors being recurrent TB and being HIV-infected, despite a high uptake of ART.
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Manjengwa, Francis, Tamuka Nhiwatiwa, Elijah Nyakudya, and Petronella Banda. "Fish from a polluted lake (Lake Chivero, Zimbabwe): a food safety issue of concern." Food Quality and Safety 3, no. 3 (2019): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fqsafe/fyz015.
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Abstract Objectives A study to determine food safety hazard status of fish products from Lake Chivero was conducted in selected high density suburbs of Harare. Lake water and fish were tested for E. coli O157:H7, total bacterial, fungal counts, mercury (Hg) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) to determine contamination levels and assessing human health hazard exposure. Materials and Methods Membrane filtration method was used to determine E. coli O157:H7 viable counts using CHROM agar. Plate count and Potato dextrose agar were used for determination of total viable bacterial and fungal counts. Concentrations of Hg and AFB1 in fish and water were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. A questionnaire survey was conducted on 136 adult fish consumers to determine the fish consumption patterns to assess hazard exposure against international standards. Results Significant levels of microbial contamination above international standards in both fish and water were recorded. Mean E. coli O157:H7 counts were 106 ± 10 (cfu/cm2) in fish and 52 ± 14 (cfu/100ml) in water. Mean Log10 TBC were 8.98 ± 0.26 (cfu/cm2) in fish and 9.05 ± 0.05 (cfu/ml) in water. Mean Log10 TFC were 4.83 ± 0.02 (cfu/cm2) in fish and 4.56 ± 0.03 (cfu/ml) in water. Hg and AFB1 were 0.018 (µg/kg) and 0.025 (µg/kg) in fish and 0.008 (µg/kg) and 0.005 (µg/kg) in water, both with a hazard quotient (HQ) <1 using CODEX STAN 193-1995 of 2015. Conclusion Fish and water are contaminated with E. coli O157:H7, contain bacterial and fungal loads above international food safety guidance levels. Fish were caught already contaminated with pathogens together with toxigenic Hg and carcinogenic AFB1 although their concentration levels are within international food safety toxicological levels. Levels of Hg and AFB1 in water were almost double that of fish, implying bio-accumulation occurred in fish. Thus, fish consumers are exposed to food safety hazards and are at risk of contracting foodborne illnesses from consuming contaminated fish.
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Zweig, Sophia Alison, Alexander John Zapf, Hanmeng Xu, et al. "Impact of Public Health and Social Measures on the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States and Other Countries: Descriptive Analysis." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 7, no. 6 (2021): e27917. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/27917.
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Background The United States of America has the highest global number of COVID-19 cases and deaths, which may be due in part to delays and inconsistencies in implementing public health and social measures (PHSMs). Objective In this descriptive analysis, we analyzed the epidemiological evidence for the impact of PHSMs on COVID-19 transmission in the United States and compared these data to those for 10 other countries of varying income levels, population sizes, and geographies. Methods We compared PHSM implementation timing and stringency against COVID-19 daily case counts in the United States and against those in Canada, China, Ethiopia, Japan, Kazakhstan, New Zealand, Singapore, South Korea, Vietnam, and Zimbabwe from January 1 to November 25, 2020. We descriptively analyzed the impact of border closures, contact tracing, household confinement, mandated face masks, quarantine and isolation, school closures, limited gatherings, and states of emergency on COVID-19 case counts. We also compared the relationship between global socioeconomic indicators and national pandemic trajectories across the 11 countries. PHSMs and case count data were derived from various surveillance systems, including the Health Intervention Tracking for COVID-19 database, the World Health Organization PHSM database, and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Results Implementing a specific package of 4 PHSMs (quarantine and isolation, school closures, household confinement, and the limiting of social gatherings) early and stringently was observed to coincide with lower case counts and transmission durations in Vietnam, Zimbabwe, New Zealand, South Korea, Ethiopia, and Kazakhstan. In contrast, the United States implemented few PHSMs stringently or early and did not use this successful package. Across the 11 countries, national income positively correlated (r=0.624) with cumulative COVID-19 incidence. Conclusions Our findings suggest that early implementation, consistent execution, adequate duration, and high adherence to PHSMs represent key factors of reducing the spread of COVID-19. Although national income may be related to COVID-19 progression, a country’s wealth appears to be less important in controlling the pandemic and more important in taking rapid, centralized, and consistent public health action.
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Mhandire, Kudakwashe, Mqondisi Tshabalala, Lynn Sodai Zijenah, et al. "HLA-C*18:01 and KIR2DL2+C1 genetic variants are associated with low viral load in cART naïve HIV-infected adult Zimbabweans." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 12, no. 12 (2018): 1105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.10848.
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Introduction: Polymorphisms in killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) gene families are implicated in differential outcomes of HIV infection. However, research findings on the influence of KIR and HLA-C polymorphism on HIV disease progression remain inconclusive. We thus investigated the association of KIR and HLA-C gene polymorphisms with plasma HIV load (VL) and CD4+ T lymphocyte (CD4) count in 183 chronically HIV-infected, combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) naïve Zimbabweans of Bantu origin.
 Methodology: The presence or absence of 15 KIR genes were determined using sequence specific primer polymerase chain reaction while HLA-C typing was performed using chain termination DNA sequencing. Plasma VL was determined using the Cavidi Exavir viral load version 3 assay while CD4+ T lymphocytes were enumerated using flow cytometry. VLs and CD4 counts were compared between gene/genotype carriers and non-carriers using Mann-Whitney ranksum test.
 Results: HLA-C*18:01 allele carriers had a significantly lower median log10 VL (2.87copies/mL [IQR;2.3-3.2]) than the non-C*18:01 carriers (3.33copies/mL [IQR; 2.74-3.9]), p = 0.018. Further, median log10 VL was significantly lower in KIR2DL2+C1 carriers (2.745 [IQR; 2.590-2.745]) than non-KIR2DL2+C1 carriers (3.4 [IQR; 2.746-3.412]), p = 0.041. Comparison of CD4 + T lymphocyte counts between C*08:02 allele carriers and non-C*08:02 carriers showed a significantly higher median CD4 count in C*08:02 carriers (548cells/µL [IQR;410-684]) than in non-carriers (428cells/µL [IQR;388-537]), p = 0.034.
 Conclusion: We conclude that the HLA-C*18:01 and KIR2DL2+C1 genetic variants are associated with low VL while the C*08:02 is associated with high CD4+ T lymphocyte count among cART naïve Zimbabwean adults with chronic HIV infection.
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Kondo, Tinashe, Shadreck Masike, Brian Chihera, and Bright Mbonderi. "One step forward, two steps back: A review of Mushoriwa v City of Harare in view of Zimbabwe's constitutional socio-economic rights." African Human Rights Law Journal 21, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1996-2096/2021/v21n1a25.
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SUMMARY In 2013 Zimbabwe enacted a new Constitution, introducing a raft of new changes, among them, the introduction of constitutional socio-economic rights. Not soon thereafter socio-economic rights were tested in the case of Mushoriwa v City of Harare in 2014. The High Court made a finding in favour of the applicant, a decision which enforced the right to water in section 77 of the Constitution. The ruling offered the view that the water bylaws used were unconstitutional and contrary to the enabling statute. This judgment was welcomed as a 'first true test' of socio-economic rights under the 2013 Constitution. In Hove v City of Harare the High Court judge agreed with the reasoning of the Court in Mushoriwa v City of Harare that, in the event of a genuine dispute of a water bill, there should be a recourse to the courts for remedies. In 2018, however, the Supreme Court overturned the decision in the Mushoriwa case. It declared that water disconnections in terms of the water bylaw are above board. This raises questions as to the constitutional obligation to protect the right to water imposed upon all organs of the state. It is against this background that this article reviews the case of Mushoriwa and makes comments on the effects of this judgment, specifically about the enforcement of socio-economic rights in Zimbabwe. Keywords: constitutionality; right to water; Mushoriwa; socio-economic rights
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"Rastafarianism and Freedom of Conscience." Journal of African Law 39, no. 2 (1995): 231–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855300006410.
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In the case of In Re: Chikweche (Supreme Court of Zimbabwe, 1995, unreported), the applicant, a devout follower of the Rastafari movement, was refused registration as a legal practitioner by a High Court judge. The precise reasons for the refusal were not clear but seemingly the applicant was not considered a “fit and proper person” as required by section 5(1)(f) of the Legal Practitioners Act. Before the Supreme Court it was submitted that such refusal was by reason only of the applicant's dreadlocks hairstyle and therefore this infringed his constitutional right to freedom of conscience.
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"RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 2001/2." Journal of African Law 45, no. 2 (2001): 230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0221855301001730.
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CHALLENGING RESTRICTIONS ON THE RIGHT TO PROTECTION OF THE LAW IN ZIMBABWE.In June 2000, a general election was held in Zimbabwe. Of the 120 common roll constituencies, 62 were won by the ruling party, ZANU(PF) and 57 by the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC). The MDC alleged that the general election campaign was marred by widespread violence, intimidation and illegal practices. As a result proceedings were instituted in the High Court challenging the outcome of the electoral process in 37 constituencies. The hearings were due to commence in January 2001. On 8 December the President issued the Electoral Act (Modification) (No. 3) Notice, 2000 (SI 318/2000), which purported to justify the validation of the election results by reference to a series of assertions.
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Chuks Okpaluba. "STATE LIABILITY FOR MUTINOUS ACTS OF POLICE AND MILITARY OFFICERS: A CRITIQUE OF LESOTHO AND ZIMBABWE CASES IN LIGHT OF THE MODERN TEST FOR VICARIOUS LIABILITY IN SOUTH AFRICA." Obiter 39, no. 2 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/obiter.v39i2.11353.
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A mutiny by soldiers or police officers is no doubt, a serious criminal offence. So is the rape of a young girl or woman by police officers, or shooting someone by the police or military personnel without lawful authority, or supplying military hardware by a defence official charged with guarding the armoury to those who use them for armed robbery purposes? However, if the State as the employer is held vicariously liable for these acts of misconduct, why should it be absolved from liability for the wrongful acts of the soldiers or police officers for injuries caused in a situation of mutiny? It seems clear from the case law that an argument that the State is vicariously liable in such circumstances is bound to hit a dead end if it is based on the old “standard test” which contemplated only negligent, at most, reckless conduct of the employee. This was the beginning of the collapse of the arguments of the plaintiffs in the Lesotho Court of Appeal in Chabeli v Commissioner of Police; the High Court in Seoane v Attorney General; and the Harare High Court in Munengami v Minister of Defence, where the question of the liability of the State was canvassed on the basis of the old “standard test” for determining vicarious liability. It is submitted that if these cases were argued around the “close connection” test as enunciated by the Constitutional Court in K v Minister of Safety and Security and affirmed in F v Minister of Safety and Security, the outcomes might have been different. It seems compelling, therefore, that in analysing these Lesotho and Zimbabwean cases, one must do so with the hindsight of the modern test for determining vicarious liability in South Africa, where the conduct of the employee is not merely negligent in character but deliberate or dishonest in nature.
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Ventura, Manuel J. "Zimbabwe Torture Allegations: The High Court of South Africa Invokes the Principle of Complementarity in Southern Africa Litigation Centre and Another v. National Director of Public Prosecutions and Others." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2206661.
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Chimbetete, Cleophas, David Katzenstein, Tinei Shamu, et al. "HIV-1 Drug Resistance and Third-Line Therapy Outcomes in Patients Failing Second-Line Therapy in Zimbabwe." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 5, no. 2 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy005.
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Abstract Objectives To analyze the patterns and risk factors of HIV drug resistance mutations among patients failing second-line treatment and to describe early treatment responses to recommended third-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) in a national referral HIV clinic in Zimbabwe. Methods Patients on boosted protease inhibitor (PI) regimens for more than 6 months with treatment failure confirmed by 2 viral load (VL) tests &gt;1000 copies/mL were genotyped, and susceptibility to available antiretroviral drugs was estimated by the Stanford HIVdb program. Risk factors for major PI resistance were assessed by logistic regression. Third-line treatment was provided as Darunavir/r, Raltegravir, or Dolutegravir and Zidovudine, Abacavir Lamivudine, or Tenofovir. Results Genotypes were performed on 86 patients who had good adherence to treatment. The median duration of first- and second-line ART was 3.8 years (interquartile range [IQR], 2.3–5.1) and 2.6 years (IQR, 1.6–4.9), respectively. The median HIV viral load and CD4 cell count were 65 210 copies/mL (IQR, 8728–208 920 copies/mL) and 201 cells/mm3 (IQR, 49–333 cells/mm3). Major PI resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) were demonstrated in 44 (51%) non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor RAMs in 72 patients (83%) and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors RAMs in 62 patients (72%). PI resistance was associated with age &gt;24 years (P = .003) and CD4 cell count &lt;200 cells/mm3 (P = .007). In multivariable analysis, only age &gt;24 years was significantly associated (adjusted odds ratio, 4.75; 95% confidence interval, 1.69–13.38; P = .003) with major PI mutations. Third-line DRV/r- and InSTI-based therapy achieved virologic suppression in 29/36 patients (81%) after 6 months. Conclusions The prevelance of PI mutations was high. Adolescents and young adults had a lower risk of acquiring major PI resistance mutations, possibly due to poor adherence to ART. Third-line treatment with a regimen of Darunavir/r, Raltegravir/Dolutegravir, and optimized nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors was effective.
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Maunga, N., E. Zumbika, K. Mhandire, F. F. Chikuse, and G. A. Mavondo. "The Lipid Profile of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy at Mpilo Central Hospital Opportunistic Infections Clinic." Advances in Research, August 29, 2019, 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/air/2019/v20i130146.
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Aims: Long term use of antiretroviral therapy subpopulation living with human immunodeficiency virus is associated with disturbances in blood lipids profiles which are not routinely monitored. More data on such disturbances are needed to persuade the country’s program to institute routine monitoring. This study sought to determine the prevalence and timing of dyslipidaemia in HIV/AIDS naïve people on ART at in Zimbabwe.
 Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at Mpilo Central Hospital Opportunistic Infections Clinic in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe over a period of three months.
 Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in HIV-infected persons receiving highly active anti-retroviral treatment at Mpilo Central Hospital Opportunistic Infections Clinic. Lipid assays were determined by Elisa methods. Viral loads and CD4 were measured using the COBAS® TaqMan® and BD FACSCount™ Flow Cytometer, respectively.
 Results: A total of 149 consenting participants were enrolled and most (63.2%) were females. The median age of the respondents was 43 years and their median CD4 count was 436 cells/μl after a median duration on ART of 36 months. Viral load was <40 in the majority (68.6%) of the participants. More females (63.1%) were on HAART and were aged >35 (60.4%) years. NNRTI (90.6%) were the more commonly prescribed HAART. The prevalence of dyslipidaemia was 70.2%. Hypercholesterolaemia was observed in 72 (48.3%) patients with 26 being male and 46 being female. High levels of LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c ≥ 3.0 mmol/L) were found in 115 patients with 74 of them being female. Hypertriacylglycerolaemia (TAG ≥ 2.0 mmol/L) was present in 8 cases. The proportion of patients with a low HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c < 1.0 mmol/L) was 15.3% while those with a ratio of TC/HDL-c ≥ 4.1 were 87.5%.
 Conclusion: The study demonstrated a high prevalence of dyslipidaemia in HIV-patients receiving HAART. There is a need for the Country’s HIV program to institute laboratory monitoring of blood lipids in patients over one year on HAART.