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Journal articles on the topic 'Zimbabwe – History – 1980-'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Stapleton, Timothy. "TThe Creation and Early Development of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces (ZDF) 1980-93." Revista Tempo e Argumento 13, no. 32 (April 30, 2021): e0104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5965/2175180313322021e0104.

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Given the 2017 coup in Zimbabwe, a rare event in Southern Africa but sadly common in the rest of the continent, this paper discusses the beginnings of the politicization of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces (ZDF) during the 1980s. At the end of the country’s war for independence in 1980, the ZDF formed as an amalgamation of former Rhodesian state military personnel and insurgents from the liberation movements of the Zimbabwe African People’s Union (ZAPU) and the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU). Personnel from ZANU came to dominate Zimbabwe’s new military given the lack of a specific agreement over the integration process, their numerical superiority, and ZANU’s electoral success that gave it political power. During the ZDF integration exercise of the early 1980s, British advisors attempted to create a Western-style force but acted pragmatically while North Korean instructors helped create an overtly ZANU affiliated brigade and party militia. In addition, South African destabilization and the rapid departure of former Rhodesian officers gave way to the accelerated promotion of former insurgents mostly affiliated with the ZANU government. Lastly, the further ZANU-ization of the ZDF occurred within the context of operations in southwestern Zimbabwe where it eliminated ZAPU as an opposition political movement and committed atrocities, and in Mozambique where Zimbabwean troops cooperated with allies from overtly politicized armies of neighboring states

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2

Gwekwerere, Gadziro. "Gospel Music as a Mirror of the Political and Socio-Economic Developments in Zimbabwe, 1980-2007." Exchange 38, no. 4 (2009): 329–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/016627409x12474551163619.

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AbstractThis paper explores, analyses and discusses Zimbabwean gospel song themes from 1980 up to 2007 in relation to the Zimbabwean political and socio-economic situations in the country. The history of the socio-economic and political development of Zimbabwe during 1980-2007 would certainly be incomplete without including gospel music. Until about the mid-1980s, the general atmosphere in the newly-independent state of Zimbabwe was characterized by liberation euphoria and great optimism for the future. Equally so, local gospel music during this period was largely celebrative and conformist as far as the political and socio-economic dispensation was concerned. Socio-economic hardships crept in as a result of the government's implementation of neo-liberal economic reforms under the guidance of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) during the early 1990s. The ruling party soon found itself confronted by a multitude of gospel musicians criticizing its policies and malpractices. Works of various gospel artistes will be used as evidence but due to issues of space, it has not been possible to cover all Zimbabwean gospel artists.

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3

Barnes, Teresa. "Democracy and Historiographies of Organized Labour in Zimbabwe." International Review of Social History 48, no. 3 (November 24, 2003): 457–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859003001159.

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Keep on Knocking: A History of the Labour Movement in Zimbabwe, 1900–97. Ed. by Brian Raftopoulos and Ian Phimister. Baobab Books on behalf of the Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions and the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Harare 1997. xx, 164 pp. Striding Back: The Labour Movement and the Post-Colonial State in Zimbabwe 1980–2000. Ed. by Brian Raftopoulos and Lloyd Sachikonye. Weaver Press, Harare 2001. xxvii, 316 pp., £14.95; $24.95.

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4

Zembe, Christopher Roy. "Migrating with Colonial and Post-Colonial Memories: Dynamics of Racial Interactions within Zimbabwe’s Minority Communities in Britain." Journal of Migration History 2, no. 1 (March 22, 2016): 32–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23519924-00201002.

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Upon attaining independence on 18 April 1980, the Zimbabwean government was faced with the challenge of eradicating prejudices, which had been constructed during the colonial era. Whilst it is correct to accept that colonial Zimbabwe was beset with racial prejudices, which inhibited interracial interactions, it is also essential to recognise that post-colonial events triggered socialisation processes devoid of nation building. Therefore, by exploring the dynamics of interactions within Zimbabwe’s minority communities in Britain, the paper will unravel the impact of memories constructed during the different phases of Zimbabwe’s history. By focusing exclusively on Whites, Coloureds (mixed-race) and Asians, it will demonstrate that the Zimbabwean immigrant community in Britain is not a monolithic group of Blacks, but a racially diverse community. Analysing the diaspora interactions of communities considered more privileged than Blacks during the colonial era provides a perspective on the complexities of eradicating historically constructed racial prejudices.

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5

Johnson, Vernon D., and John Dzimba. "South Africa's Destabilization of Zimbabwe, 1980-89." International Journal of African Historical Studies 33, no. 2 (2000): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/220717.

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6

Muchefa, Livingstone, and Calvin Phiri. "Orality versus Written Legislation: Oral History as used in Zimbabwe`s Post-2000 Land Reform Programme." Oral History Journal of South Africa 4, no. 2 (April 5, 2018): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2309-5792/336.

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Zimbabwe became a colony of the British Empire on 13 September 1890, and attained independence in 1980. During the colonial period of 1890 to 1980 land was expropriated primarily from the indigenous Ndebele and the Shona tribal groups through the institutionalisation of legislation that brought about the segregation of Africans and paved the way for settlement and farming by whites. Between 1980 and 1990 there was little progress in terms of resettlement programmes because of financial constraints and the terms and conditions of the Lancaster House Agreement regarding the willing seller willing buyer principle. There were serious economic challenges in the decade 1990 to 2000, but the period post 2000 witnessed brisk land repossessions which were spearheaded by war veterans and politicians. At the heart of the â€œland invasions,â€ as they were popularly termed, lay historical injustices. This paper seeks to provide an insight into the centrality of the oral tradition or oral history as legal basis for the land repossessions that took place. Neither legal recourse nor visiting archives and other information centres for the purposes of authentication were a priority. The Lancaster Constitution was viewed as an obstacle when dealing with land. The National Archives of Zimbabwe is placed in context within the situation discussed.

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7

Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. "Rethinking Chimurenga and Gukurahundi in Zimbabwe: A Critique of Partisan National History." African Studies Review 55, no. 3 (December 2012): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002020600007186.

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Abstract:This article examines how the Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) sought to inscribe a nationalist monologic history in Zimbabwe in order prop up its claim to be the progenitor and guardian of the postcolonial nation. Since its formation in 1963, it has worked tirelessly to claim to be the only authentic force with a sacred historic mission to deliver the colonized people from settler colonial rule. To achieve this objective, ZANU-PF has deployed the ideology of chimurenga in combination with the strategy of gukurahundi as well as a politics of memorialization to install a particular nationalist historical monologue of the nation. After attaining power in 1980, it proceeded to claim ownership of the birth of the nation. While the ideology of chimurenga situates the birth of the nation within a series of nationalist revolutions dating back to the primary resistance of the 1890s, the strategy of gukurahundi entails violent and physical elimination of enemies and opponents. But this hegemonic drive has always encountered an array of problems, including lack of internal unity in ZANU-PF itself, counternarratives deriving from political formations like the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU); labor movements; and critical voices from the Matebeleland region, which fell victim to gukurahundi strategy in the 1980s. With the formation of the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) in 1999, which soon deployed democracy and human rights discourse to critique the ideology of chimurenga and the strategy of gukurahundi, ZANU-PF hegemony became extremely shaky and it eventually agreed to share power with the MDC in February 2009.

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8

Veit-Wild, Flora. "The Elusive Truth: Literary Development in Zimbabwe since 1980." Matatu 10, no. 1 (April 26, 1993): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757421-90000010.

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9

Jackson, Jeanne-Marie. "Stanlake Samkange’s Insufferable Zimbabwe: Distanciating Trauma from the Novel to Philosophy." Cambridge Journal of Postcolonial Literary Inquiry 8, no. 2 (April 2021): 158–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pli.2020.37.

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This article theorizes the Zimbabwean writer Stanlake Samkange’s turn from the novel to philosophy as an effort to circumvent the representational pressure exerted by African cultural traumatization. In breaking with the novel form to coauthor a philosophical treatise called Hunhuism or Ubuntuism in the same year as Zimbabwe achieves independence (1980), Samkange advances a comportment-based, deontological alternative to the psychic or subjective model of personhood that anchors trauma theory. Revisiting the progression from his most achieved novel, The Mourned One, to Hunhuism or Ubuntuism thus offers fresh insight into the range of options available to independence-era writers for representing the relationship between African individuality and collectivity. At the same time, it suggests a complementary and overlooked relationship between novelistic and philosophical forms in an African context.

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10

Volman, Daniel, and Stephen John Steadman. "Peacemaking in Civil War: International Mediation in Zimbabwe, 1974-1980." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines 28, no. 2 (1994): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/485769.

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11

Kraśniewska, Olga. "A country held captive by its past: The case of Zimbabwe." Ekonomia 24, no. 1 (August 1, 2018): 153–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-4093.24.1.9.

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A country held captive by its past: The case of ZimbabweThe article provides an overview of the history of Zimbabwe in the context of economical, structural and social factors. It tries to answer a question, what were the main reasons that affected Zimbabwe’s development after gaining independence in 1980. It describes pre-colonial and colonial times as well as president Mugabe’s era, that ended with a military coup in November 2017. It portrays issues such as the after-effect of colonialism, land reform, political regime, internal struggles and conflicts between the ruling party ZANU-PF and opposition parties, hyperinflation crisis, as well as economic indicators like GDP, public and external debt, level of education and health care. In the context of upcoming elections in 2018, the article deliberates whether meaningful changes in the country’s situation are possible in the nearest future and what it will take to achieve them.

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12

Moseley, Cassandra, and Norma Kriger. "Guerrilla Veterans in Post-War Zimbabwe: Symbolic and Violent Politics, 1980-1987." International Journal of African Historical Studies 37, no. 1 (2004): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4129089.

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13

Musemwa, Muchaparara. "Climate and Societal Interaction in Southwestern Matabeleland, Colonial Zimbabwe: The Drought of 1964–66 and its Antecedents." Human Geography 12, no. 1 (March 2019): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194277861901200111.

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The drought which afflicted colonial Zimbabwe (then known as Rhodesia until 1980) during the period, 1964–1966, in general and Southwestern (SW) Matabeleland, in particular was perhaps the most debilitating calamity in the colonial era than any other drought, yet it has remained unrecognized and hidden in the opaque shadows of Zimbabwe's colonial history. Despite the occurrence of many droughts and other ecological disasters in Zimbabwe, there have not been, any historical studies dedicated to understanding these calamities, let alone studies that interrogate the ways in which climate and society have interacted to determine how they (disasters) have been historically produced. This paper responds to recent calls by scholars on drought research for more textured histories of environmental disasters that dispense with the practice of treating climate as a mono-causal explanation for disasters and present studies that highlight the intricate interaction between climate variability and society. It argues that the impact of the 1964–66 drought in SW Matabeleland can only be understood by taking a long historical view which examines the complex interaction between colonial policies and practices which violently removed Africans to areas of ‘environmental marginality’ and the effects of climate change such as rainfall variability and droughts.

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14

Moore, Dave, Goswin Baumhögger, and Goswin Baumhogger. "The Struggle for Independence: Documents on the Recent Development of Zimbabwe (1975-1980)." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines 21, no. 3 (1987): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/485660.

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15

Kwashirai, Vimbai, and Ivo Mhike. "Green or Grey? Goats, Economy and Ecology in Nkayi District, Zimbabwe: 1980–2017." Global Environment 12, no. 2 (September 15, 2019): 321–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/ge.2019.120205.

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16

MAWADDA, N. V. AYISHA, P. GIRISH KUMAR, and P. M. SURESHAN. "First report of the genus Kohliella Brauns, 1910 (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae: Crabroninae) from India with the species K. anula Pulawski, 1991 from Kerala." Zootaxa 4890, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 148–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4890.1.10.

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The digger wasp genus Kohliella Brauns, 1910, a member of the tribe Larrini, subfamily Crabroninae of the family Crabronidae, is a rarely occurring genus comprising only three known species worldwide (Pulawski 1991; 2020). The genus has been recorded from the Ethiopian (South Africa and Zimbabwe; two species) and Oriental (Sri Lanka; one species) regions. Brauns (1910) erected the genus based on the type species Kohliella alaris from South Africa. The genus is characterized by a V-shaped swelling on the frons, an oblong tubercle on the mandible and a petiolate third submarginal cell of the forewing (Bohart & Menke 1976; Pulawski 1991). The nesting habits are known only for Kohliella alaris. Gess and Gess (1980) studied the life history of this species. It preys on nymphal tree cricket Oecanthus filiger Walker, and nests in the ground in flat, sandy areas with sparse vegetation; nests are constructed prior to hunting. In this paper, Kohliella anula Pulawski, 1991, previously known from Sri Lanka only, is recorded for the first time from India.

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17

West, Michael O., and Gerald Horne. "From the Barrel of a Gun: The United States and the War against Zimbabwe, 1965-1980." International Journal of African Historical Studies 35, no. 1 (2002): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3097391.

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18

Barnes, Teresa. "‘History has to Play its Role’: Constructions of Race and Reconciliation in Secondary School Historiography in Zimbabwe, 1980–2002*." Journal of Southern African Studies 33, no. 3 (September 2007): 633–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057070701475740.

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19

Nyandoro, Mark. "Development and Differentiation in the Post-Independence Era: Continuity or Change in ARDA-Sanyati Irrigation in Zimbabwe (1980–1990)." African Historical Review 41, no. 1 (July 2009): 51–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17532520902917010.

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20

Ndebele, Clever, and Reuben Tshuma. "Examining the Extent to Which Socialist Curriculum Development and Implementation in Zimbabwe from 1980 to 2004 Took Place through the History Curriculum." Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology 5, no. 3 (September 2014): 319–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09766634.2014.11885636.

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21

KRAMER, EIRA. "CONTEMPORARY LABOUR HISTORY IN ZIMBABWE Striking Back: The Labour Movement and the Post-Colonial State in Zimbabwe 1980–2000. Edited by BRIAN RAFTOPOULOS and LLOYD SACHIKONYE. Harare: Weaver Press, 2001. Pp. vii+316. £14.95; $24.95, paperback (ISBN 0-7974-2286-2)." Journal of African History 43, no. 3 (November 2002): 503–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853702408419.

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22

Taringana, Takesure, and Joseph P. Mtisi. "The Sustainability of Rural Livelihoods and Ecology among Smallholder Coffee Farmers in the Eastern Districts of Zimbabwe, 1980–2018." Global Environment 12, no. 2 (September 15, 2019): 288–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/ge.2019.120203.

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23

Charamba, Tyanai. "PARADIGM SHIFTS IN THE PERCEPTIONS OF DEATH IN SHONA LITERARY CREATIONS." Latin American Report 30, no. 1 (February 17, 2017): 49–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/0256-6060/2174.

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This article aims to establish a paradigm shift in the way Shona traditional culture perceives death and funeral proceedings and in the manner that literary creations that were published before Zimbabwe attained political independence in 1980, perceive the same aspects. The article will also establish that there has been a paradigm shift in the manner that literary creations which were published before independence and those that were published after independence treat death and funeral proceedings. Thus, the article will establish that Shona culture perceives death and funeral proceedings as painful but not as monstrous and fearsome. Although that is the case in Shona culture, those Zimbabweans of Shona expression who created literature before independence view death and funeral proceedings as both painful and monstrous. However, some literary creations, which were published after independence, treat death and funeral proceedings as neither painful nor fearsome. In fact, there is a tendency by writers of Shona expression who published literary works after independence, to treat death and funeral proceedings as if they are natural and normal occurrences. They at times depict them as if they are lucrative life experiences and proceedings. The article has been written on the understanding that the paradigm shift in the manner death and funeral proceedings are treated in literary creations is indicative of some metamorphosis that Shona culture is undergoing as politico-economic and socio-cultural conditions and circumstances change in relation to the changing eras of Zimbabwe’s history.

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24

SCARNECCHIA, TIMOTHY. "AN IMPORTANT DOCUMENT ON POLITICAL VIOLENCE IN ZIMBABWE - Gukurahundi in Zimbabwe: A Report of the Disturbances in Matabeleland and the Midlands, 1980–1988 (Introduction by Elinor Sisulu). London: Hurst & Company, 2007. Pp. xxxii+440. £19.99, paperback (isbn978-1-85065-890-0)." Journal of African History 49, no. 3 (November 2008): 493–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853708004118.

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25

RANGER, TERENCE. "THE POLITICS OF WAR VETERANS Guerrilla Veterans in Post-War Zimbabwe: Symbolic and Violent Politics, 1980–1987. By NORMA KRIGER. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Pp. xi+293. £45 (ISBN 0-521-81823-0)." Journal of African History 45, no. 1 (March 2004): 165–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853703479140.

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26

Togarasei, Lovemore. "HISTORICISING PENTECOSTAL CHRISTIANITY IN ZIMBABWE." Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae 42, no. 2 (August 22, 2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2412-4265/103.

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This paper is a first attempt to systematically present a history of Pentecostal Christianity in Zimbabwe. The paper first discusses the introduction of the Apostolic Faith Mission (AFM) in Zimbabwe before moving on to discuss some of the Pentecostal churches born out of the AFM. This is followed by a discussion of the 1980s and 1990s explosion of American type Pentecostal churches and the current Pentecostal charismatic churches that seem to be sweeping the Christian landscape in the country. The paper acknowledges the difficulty of writing a history of Pentecostalism in the country due to a lack of sources. It identifies AFM as the mother church of Pentecostal movements in Zimbabwe, but also acknowledges the existence and influence of other earlier movements. It has shown that the current picture of Zimbabwean Christianity is heavily influenced by Pentecostalism in mainline churches, African Initiated Churches (AICs) and the various Pentecostal movements.

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27

Phiri, Calvin, Njabulo Bruce Khumalo, and Mehluli Masuku. "THE IMPACT OF THE 2000 LAND REFORM PROGRAMME ON THE CAPITAL BLOCK, POPULARLY KNOWN AS THE â€˜NEW MALAWIâ€™." Oral History Journal of South Africa 2, no. 1 (September 22, 2016): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2309-5792/1580.

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The 2000 land reform programme implemented by the government of Zimbabwe came with an initiative of acquiring enormous hectares of white-owned farmland and distributing it on a massive scale to small-scale farmers. Indeed the greater part of the land was taken from the white commercial farmers and distributed to the majority black Zimbabweans, leaving only a small share of the farmland in the hands of the whites. The land reform programme, undoubtedly, benefited Zimbabweans. In Zimbabwe, especially in mining areas, there are classes of Zimbabweans, those who originate from Zimbabwe, as well as those who are of foreign origin, but are Zimbabweans by birth. Zimbabweans by birth who are of foreign origin occupied an allocated A2 farm, Capital Block, located near a cement mining area, Colleen Bawn. Most of them were of Malawian origin, and the area is now popularly known as â€˜New Malawiâ€™. This study sought to investigate how Zimbabweans of foreign origin benefited from the 2000 land reform programme. The article further sought to reveal the diverse farming systems as well as Indigenous Knowledge (IK), which were passed on from the forefathers who were born in Malawi, but migrated to Zimbabweâ€™s mining areas in search for employment in the then Rhodesia around 1960. A qualitative methodology was used in this research, in which oral history interviews were conducted with the people living in the area of the â€˜New Malawiâ€™. The study revealed that most of the land was being used for farming purposes. Beneficiaries of the programme had become self-dependent. The study further revealed that there was knowledge sharing among the beneficiaries of different foreign origins including Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Botswana and those of Zimbabwean origin. Based on the findings of the study, it was concluded that the programme benefited a number of people of foreign origins who were now Zimbabweans by birth and Zimbabweans by both birth and origin were happy with these people benefiting, a situation which shows the extent to which Zimbabweans are tolerant of foreigners.

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28

Mugodzwa, Davidson Mabweazara. "Black Economic Empowerment, Employment Creation and Resilience: The Economic and Social Contribution of Lennox Mine to the Development of Zimbabwe, 1970-2016." IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267) 6, no. 3 (March 27, 2017): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v6.n3.p6.

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<div><p><em>This research sets out to unravel the history of Lennox Mine from its inception in 1970 tracing the contribution of the mine to the economic development of Zimbabwe from its colonial beginnings up to the current period when the new visionary owner, Honourable Gandiwa Moyo, Deputy Minister of Mines who inherited a dysfunctional mining enterprise set it on course again as a pillar for economic production, under the erstwhile management of the Lennox General Mine Manager, Edgar Mashindi. The research seeks to explore how the mine management, operating under harsh economic conditions prevailing in Zimbabwe has empowered African entrepreneurs and employees and resuscitated life to the dying town of Mashava. Mashava is back on its former footing as a lively booming bedroom town of Masvingo City, forty kilometres away: supermarkets, bars, salons, housing projects, new shops are sprouting up once again as Mashava claims its proud place as a gold producing enclave of the Zimbabwean economy. Hundreds of unemployed youths from all over Zimbabwe have descended on Mashava, seeking employment and investment opportunities resulting in an unprecedented economic boom which is being felt country wide. Only recently hordes of flea female market traders opened shop at Mashava to sell clothes, shoes, household furniture and related paraphernalia to local residents and they reported that business was excellent and confirmed business plans to return every month end to sell their wares. A few years back Mashava was an abandoned mining town with all services shut down after the Capitalist oligarchic organization which owned Mashava ceased all operations and expropriated capital to Australia and Europe and started out new commercial ventures in those respective European countries. The Zimbabwean Electricity Supply Association [ZESA] shut down electricity supplies to Lennox Mine after the mine incurred a debt of close to a quarter of a million. Today, Lennox has agreed on a payment plan and electricity has been reopened triggering high gold productivity as the mine returns to its normal production levels.</em></p></div>

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29

Bessant, Leonard Leslie, and John Iliffe. "Famine in Zimbabwe 1890-1960." International Journal of African Historical Studies 23, no. 3 (1990): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/219629.

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30

Leedy, Todd H. "The World the Students Made: Agriculture and Education at American Missions in Colonial Zimbabwe, 1930–1960." History of Education Quarterly 47, no. 4 (November 2007): 447–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2007.00109.x.

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In 1930, the same year in which the segregationist Land Apportionment Act was passed, the governor of Rhodesia addressed a meeting of representatives from the various missionary organizations operating in the colony. He proceeded to argue against the sort of education that might create a class of African intellectuals who would eventually challenge white economic and political dominance:The nature of the intellectual advance to be aimed at should be one of which advantage can be taken in the ordinary daily lives of the people, and should be a step forward in a field already familiar to them, rather than a violent transition into fields which belong to a different type of civilization. As the life of African peoples is to a preponderating extent agricultural, education should aim at making them better agriculturalists and better able to appreciate all the natural processes with which agriculture is connected.

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31

West, Michael O. "A Little Knowledge - From Civilization to Segregation: Social Ideals and Social Control in Southern Rhodesia, 1980–1934. By Carol Summers. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 1994. Pp. xv + 311. $45; £43.95 (ISBN 0-8214-1074-1). - Neither Cultural Imperialism nor Precious Gift of Civilization: African Education in Colonial Zimbabwe, 1890–1962. By Sybille Küster. Hamburg: LIT, 1994. Pp. iii + 252. $31 (ISBN 3-89473-837-5)." Journal of African History 37, no. 1 (March 1996): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700035052.

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32

MSINDO, ENOCENT. "ETHNICITY AND NATIONALISM IN URBAN COLONIAL ZIMBABWE: BULAWAYO, 1950 TO 1963." Journal of African History 48, no. 2 (July 2007): 267–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853707002538.

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ABSTRACTZimbabwean historians have not yet fully assessed the interaction of two problematic identities, ethnicity and nationalism, to determine whether the two can work as partners and successfully co-exist. This essay argues that, in Bulawayo during the period studied, ethnicity co-existed with and complemented nationalism rather than the two working as polar opposite identities. Ethnic groups provided both the required leaders who became prominent nationalist figures and the precolonial history, personalities and monuments that sparked the nationalist imagination. From the 1950s, ethnic groups expanded their horizons and provided platforms from which emerging African nationalists launched their agenda. Understanding these interrelationships will reshape our understanding of the workings of these two identities in a cosmopolitan town.

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33

Kwashirai, Vimbai Chaumba. "Indigenous management of teak woodland in Zimbabwe, 1850–1900." Journal of Historical Geography 33, no. 4 (October 2007): 816–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2006.10.023.

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34

Ndakaripa, Musiwaro. "The Struggle over State Power in Zimbabwe: Law and Politics since 1950." South African Historical Journal 71, no. 1 (December 18, 2018): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02582473.2018.1553997.

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35

Vaughan, Megan. "Changing Forms of Famine - Famine in Zimbabwe, 1880–1960. By John Iliffe. Gweru: Mambo Press, 1990. Pp. vi+137. Zimbabwe $16.90." Journal of African History 32, no. 2 (July 1991): 354–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185370002586x.

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36

Swartz, Sally. "Surfacing Up: Psychiatry and Social Order in Colonial Zimbabwe, 1908–1968." Social History of Medicine 19, no. 3 (December 1, 2006): 567–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkl067.

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37

Seda, Owen, and Nehemiah Chivandikwa. "CIVIL SOCIETY, RELIGION AND APPLIED THEATRE IN A KAIROTIC MOMENT - PRELIMINARY REFLECTIONS ON A PROJECT ON POLITICAL VIOLENCE & TORTURE IN ZIMBABWE: 2001 – 2002." Commonwealth Youth and Development 14, no. 2 (March 28, 2017): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1727-7140/1806.

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This article is a critical reflection on possibilities for social transformation and democratisation that can be possibly realised through collaborations between young people in civil society, African traditional religion and the Christian movement in contemporary contexts. In this context the focus on young people as key agents of change is informed by the frequent observation that young people are often the major perpetrators (and victims) of political violence and yet the least beneficiaries from the political spoils. The article analyses a project in the use of applied theatre to address political violence and torture that was conducted by the University of Zimbabwe's Department of Theatre Arts and Amani Trust some time between October 2001 and March 2002. The article uses that project to investigate and to illustrate some of the opportunities that can be harnessed by religious arms of civil society to strengthen peace in disadvantaged rural communities, such as we find in contemporary Zimbabwe, and which often bear the brunt of social unrest in times of political uncertainty. The study approaches time as a social construct that determines human agency and decision-making in order to adopt the biblical concept of ‘kairos’ or the ‘kairotic’ moment. The ‘kairotic’ moment referred to in this paper is the period between 1999 and 2008 when the Zimbabwean polity faced one of its severest national crises following protracted political contestation. This resulted in unprecedented levels of political intolerance, and state-sanctioned violence and torture in the country’s post-independence history. This level of political violence was perhaps second only to the infamous Gukurahundi massacres, which took place in the Midlands and Matebeleland provinces during the mid-1980s. We also view the kairotic moment as a critical moment for making a fundamental decision. It is full of both promise and danger, so much so that whether the moment ‘reaps’ hope or danger depends on how the moment is seized. We ask: Did civil society seize the moment to reap hope? In other words, we analyse whether various arms of Zimbabwean civil society took advantage of the ‘pregnant’ or kairotic moment to liberate itself. The authors adopt existing discourses on civil society and liberation theology to argue that whenever the time is ripe for meaningful intervention, there in fact exist immense opportunities for different branches of civil society domiciled in both traditional African and modern Christian religions to harness applied theatre in the service of peace and democratisation in the face of political adversity and uncertainty.

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Nyamunda, Tinashe. "Cross-Border Couriers as Symbols of Regional Grievance?" African Diaspora 7, no. 1 (2014): 38–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18725465-00701003.

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This article explores the history and experiences of cross-border couriers/transporters known as omalayitsha, who remit money and commodities across the border between South Africa and Zimbabwe. Based on interviews with omalayitsha operators, customers and state officials in Matabeleland, it furthers debates over remittances in several ways. First, the focus on couriers and transport operators themselves (rather than on the migrants who are their customers) provides a novel perspective, as the remittance literature tends to overlook these businesses. The article scrutinises couriers’ modus operandi and business relationships with clients, state officials, collaborators and rivals, exploring moral economies, and the entanglement of irregular modes of operation with state authority. The three-fold typology of large, medium and small-scale omalayitsha shows significant variation in relations with the Zimbabwean and South African regulatory authorities. Second, the article emphasises the importance of regional histories and spatial variation, criticising the tendency for debates over remittances to depend on national scale data and ignore geographical differences. The development of the malayitsha remittance system is widely upheld within Matabeleland as a symptom of the region’s marginalisation and displacement, linked to the aftermath of the episode of state violence in the 1980s known as Gukurahundi. I argue that in Matateleland, the figure of the malayitsha is upheld as an icon of regional neglect and enforced cross-border engagement.

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Anglin, Douglas G., and I. J. Johnstone. "Zimbabwean Political Materials Published in Exile, 1959-1980: A Bibliography." International Journal of African Historical Studies 20, no. 4 (1987): 737. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/219667.

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Malisa and Missedja. "Schooled for Servitude: The Education of African Children in British Colonies, 1910–1990." Genealogy 3, no. 3 (July 11, 2019): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy3030040.

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Our paper examines the education of African children in countries that were colonized by Britain, including Ghana, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. We show how education plays an important role in shaping and transforming cultures and societies. Although the colonies received education, schools were segregated according to race and ethnicity, and were designed to produce racially stratified societies, while loyalty and allegiance to Britain were encouraged so that all felt they belonged to the British Empire or the Commonwealth. In writing about the education of African children in British colonies, the intention is not to convey the impression that education in Africa began with the arrival of the colonizers. Africans had their own system and history of education, but this changed with the incursion by missionaries, educators as well as conquest and colonialism.

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Mahone, Sloan. "Surfacing Up: Psychiatry and Social Order in Colonial Zimbabwe, 1908–1968 (review)." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 81, no. 3 (2007): 680–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2007.0082.

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Schmidt, Elizabeth, and Dickson A. Mungazi. "Education and Government Control in Zimbabwe: A Study of the Commissions of Inquiry, 1908-1974." History of Education Quarterly 30, no. 3 (1990): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/368704.

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Etherington, Norman, and Terence Ranger. "Are We Not Also Men? The Samkange Family & African Politics in Zimbabwe, 1920-64." Journal of Religion in Africa 27, no. 2 (May 1997): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1581694.

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O'Meara, Patrick, and Terence Ranger. "Are We Not Also Men? The Samkange Family and African Politics in Zimbabwe 1920-64." American Historical Review 102, no. 2 (April 1997): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2170927.

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Deenanath, Evanie Devi, Sunny Iyuke, and Karl Rumbold. "The Bioethanol Industry in Sub-Saharan Africa: History, Challenges, and Prospects." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/416491.

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Recently, interest in using bioethanol as an alternative to petroleum fuel has been escalating due to decrease in the availability of crude oil. The application of bioethanol in the motor-fuel industry can contribute to reduction in the use of fossil fuels and in turn to decreased carbon emissions and stress of the rapid decline in crude oil availability. Bioethanol production methods are numerous and vary with the types of feedstock used. Feedstocks can be cereal grains (first generation feedstock), lignocellulose (second generation feedstock), or algae (third generation feedstock) feedstocks. To date, USA and Brazil are the leading contributors to global bioethanol production. In sub-Saharan Africa, bioethanol production is stagnant. During the 1980s, bioethanol production has been successful in several countries including Zimbabwe, Malawi, and Kenya. However, because of numerous challenges such as food security, land availability, and government policies, achieving sustainability was a major hurdle. This paper examines the history and challenges of bioethanol production in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and demonstrates the bioethanol production potential in SSA with a focus on using bitter sorghum and cashew apple juice as unconventional feedstocks for bioethanol production.

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Chitofiri, Kudakwashe. "“Law and Order must Take Precedence in Everything that has to do with the Native”: The African “Location,” Control, and the Creation of Urban Protest in Salisbury, Colonial Zimbabwe,1908‐1930." Historian 81, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 213–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hisn.13132.

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Won, Tae Joon. "See No Evil, Hear No Evil: The First Thatcher Government and the Problem of North Korea, 1979–1983." Britain and the World 11, no. 2 (September 2018): 232–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/brw.2018.0301.

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This article explores the diplomatic challenges which confronted the first Margaret Thatcher administration in regard to Britain's Cold War policy of non-recognition of North Korea. The request of St. Vincent and the Grenadines to simultaneously appoint its resident High Commissioner to London as its non-resident Ambassador to Pyongyang had to be opposed by the British Foreign Office despite the fact that St. Vincent was not a party to the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, while London had to consider breaking the provisions of the 1883 Paris Convention in order not to recognize the ‘right of priority’ of patents which had been approved in Pyongyang as was required. Also, North Korea's stated intention to join the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization and therefore establish its permanent mission in London forced the Foreign Office to attempt to block North Korea's admittance to the IMCO despite the principle of universality of international organizations, while Britain's inability to talk directly to the North Koreans deprived London of an important means with which to stop North Korean military aid from arriving in Zimbabwe.

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Schmidt, Elizabeth, and Terence Ranger. "Are We Not Also Men? The Samkange Family & African Politics in Zimbabwe 1920-64." African Economic History, no. 24 (1996): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3601866.

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Masakure, Clement. "‘We will make sure they are rehabilitated’: Nation-building and Social Engineering in Operation Clean-up, Zimbabwe, 1983." South African Historical Journal 68, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 92–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02582473.2015.1118880.

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Maxwell, David, and Teresa A. Barnes. ""We Women Worked So Hard": Gender, Urbanization, and Social Reproduction in Colonial Harare, Zimbabwe, 1930-1956." American Historical Review 106, no. 5 (December 2001): 1913. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2692929.

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