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1
Chipaike, Ronald, and Paul Henri Bischoff. "Chinese Engagement of Zimbabwe and the Limits of Elite Agency." Journal of Asian and African Studies 54, no. 7 (May 16, 2019): 947–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909619848783.
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This article contends that Zimbabwe’s agency in its engagement with China has been limited and at best circumscribed. This owes to factors such as indifference by state authorities to cooperation with civil society actors in negotiating with Chinese actors, the desperation of the The Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front regime in the face of isolation by erstwhile partners as well as the opacity and secrecy that characterizes significant areas of the Zimbabwe–China relationship. The pressing need for critical institutions such as parliament to play independent oversight roles as well as the creation of space for civil society watchdog functions are highlighted as key enablers if Zimbabwean agency is to generate positive gains from the country’s engagement with China.
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Moyo, Dumisani. "Reincarnating clandestine radio in post-independent Zimbabwe." Radio Journal:International Studies in Broadcast & Audio Media 8, no. 1 (October 1, 2010): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/rjao.8.1.23_1.
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Woyo, Erisher, and Edith Woyo. "Towards the development of cultural tourism as an alternative for tourism growth in Northern Zimbabwe." Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 9, no. 1 (February 4, 2019): 74–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jchmsd-08-2016-0048.
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Purpose Zimbabwean tourism, whose draw-card is wildlife, has been on the decline since land invasions that occurred in 2000. Due to the farm invasions, wildlife-based tourism is no longer a viable option. In cases where traditional industries are declining, cultural tourism has been found to be an effective alternative source of revenue. Cultural and heritage tourism represents a growing special interest market whose demand is very high; however, this sector is yet to be sufficiently explored in the empirical context of Northern Zimbabwe. The purpose of this paper is to explore the development potential of the sector. Design/methodology/approach A quantitative methodology was applied in this study. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire that was distributed to 500 international tourists who visited Northern Zimbabwe’s cultural and heritage attractions between October 2013 and February 2014. Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 19.0 was employed in data coding and analysis. Descriptive statistics, independent t-tests and one way analysis of variance were used in this study. Findings On the whole, the study found that there is potential to develop cultural tourism as an alternative for tourism growth in Northern Zimbabwe. Results showed that there exists a certain demand for cultural and heritage tourism in Northern Zimbabwe and should be developed. Cultural and heritage tourists’ spending is high per visit, despite the fact that Zimbabwe is an expensive destination. The intention to repeat visitation was found to be significant with the age, level of qualification and nationality of respondents. Originality/value The findings provides insights for cultural and heritage tourism managers in Northern Zimbabwe and similar places around the country to invest in this special interest tourism. The development of cultural and heritage tourism will contribute towards the diversification of the seasonal and threatened nature-based tourism in Zimbabwe. With a better understanding of the motivations, trip behaviour characteristics and perceptions of Northern region, this paper presents insights that are important in developing the cultural and heritage tourism sector. Research on tourism growth in Zimbabwe has predominantly focused on nature-based tourism, suggesting a clear relegation of the contribution that cultural and heritage resources can make towards tourism growth; thus, this study provides a significant contribution in the Zimbabwean context with regards to literature.
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FITZMAURICE, SUSAN. "Ideology, race and place in historical constructions of belonging: the case of Zimbabwe." English Language and Linguistics 19, no. 2 (July 2015): 327–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674315000106.
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This article explores the ways in which constructions of identities of place are embedded in the ideology of race and social orientation in Zimbabwe. Using newspaper reports, memoirs, speeches, advertisements, fiction, interviews and ephemera produced around key discursive thresholds, it examines the production of multiple meanings of key terms within competing discourses to generate co-existing parallel lexicons. Crucially, labels like ‘settler’, ‘African’ and ‘Zimbabwean’, labels that are inextricably linked to access to and association with the land in colonial and postcolonial Zimbabwe, shift their reference and connotations for different speakers in different settings and periods. For example, the term ‘settler’, used to refer to white colonists of British origin who occupied vast agricultural lands in colonial Zimbabwe, is appropriated in post-independent Zimbabwe to designate blacks settled on the land in the Fast Track Land Reform Programme. The analysis of semantic pragmatic change in relation to key discursive thresholds yields a complex story of changing identities conditioned by different experiences of a raced national biography.
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KELETA-MAE, NAILA. "Workshop Negative: Political Theatre in Zimbabwe in the 1980s." Theatre Research International 44, no. 3 (October 2019): 262–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883319000300.
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In 1980 the Republic of Zimbabwe became recognized internationally as an independent state. This independence marked a shift from white minority rule to black majority rule in the form of ZANU–PF in a transition in government that was fraught with brutal violence, tense negotiations and tremendous hope for the democratic state that would emerge. This article begins with a brief overview of key political-theatre and public-arts funding practices that emerged in the newly independent Zimbabwe in the 1980s and continues with an examination of an influential political play from the era by Cont Mhlange entitled Workshop Negative (1986). This article's analysis of Workshop Negative considers how the economic pressures explored in the play mirror the precarious working conditions that arts-funding models placed on political-theatre practitioners in Zimbabwe at the time.
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Hodgkinson, Dan. "POLITICS ON LIBERATION'S FRONTIERS: STUDENT ACTIVIST REFUGEES, INTERNATIONAL SOLIDARITY, AND THE STRUGGLE FOR ZIMBABWE, 1965–79." Journal of African History 62, no. 1 (March 2021): 99–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853721000268.
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AbstractDuring Zimbabwe's struggle for national liberation, thousands of black African students fled Rhodesia to universities across the world on refugee scholarship schemes. To these young people, university student activism had historically provided a stable route into political relevance and nationalist leadership. But at foreign universities, many of which were vibrant centres for student mobilisations in the 1960s and 1970s and located far from Zimbabwean liberation movements’ organising structures, student refugees were confronted with the dilemma of what their role and future in the liberation struggle was. Through the concept of the ‘frontier’, this article compares the experiences of student activists at universities in Uganda, West Africa, and the UK as they figured out who they were as political agents. For these refugees, I show how political geography mattered. Campus frontiers could lead young people both to the military fronts of Mozambique and Zambia as well as to the highest circles of government in independent Zimbabwe. As such, campus frontiers were central to the history of Zimbabwe's liberation movements and the development of the postcolonial state.
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Munoriyarwa, Allen. "So, who is responsible? A framing analysis of newspaper coverage of electoral violence in Zimbabwe." Journal of African Media Studies 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jams_00011_1.
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This study examines how the 2008 election violence was framed in three mainstream Zimbabwean weekly newspapers – The Sunday Mail, The Independent and The Zimbabwean. It was noted that four frames – the victim, justice and human rights, trivialization and attribution of responsibility frames dominated the coverage of electoral violence in these three newspapers. The dominance of the trivializing frame in The Sunday Mail privileged the ruling party’s (Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front; ZANU PF) interpretation of electoral violence as inconsequential to the electoral process. Simultaneously, the prevalence of the victim, justice and human rights frames in The Independent and The Zimbabwean newspapers signifies the private media’s obsession with ZANU PF’s alleged electoral malpractices and situates these alleged transgressions within a broad global social justice and human rights trajectory to cultivate the West’s sympathy with the ‘victimised’ opposition.
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Martin, Robert. "Building Independent Mass Media in Africa." Journal of Modern African Studies 30, no. 2 (June 1992): 331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00010740.
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The 1980s were a terrible time for Africa. The decade began auspiciously enough — Nigeria had returned to civilian rule, the Tanzania People's Defence Force had sent Idi Amin packing, and the liberation struggle in Zimbabwe was about to win independence. But this promising beginning was quickly transformed and Africa sunk into its ‘lost decade’.
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Gwekwerere, Gadziro. "Gospel Music as a Mirror of the Political and Socio-Economic Developments in Zimbabwe, 1980-2007." Exchange 38, no. 4 (2009): 329–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/016627409x12474551163619.
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AbstractThis paper explores, analyses and discusses Zimbabwean gospel song themes from 1980 up to 2007 in relation to the Zimbabwean political and socio-economic situations in the country. The history of the socio-economic and political development of Zimbabwe during 1980-2007 would certainly be incomplete without including gospel music. Until about the mid-1980s, the general atmosphere in the newly-independent state of Zimbabwe was characterized by liberation euphoria and great optimism for the future. Equally so, local gospel music during this period was largely celebrative and conformist as far as the political and socio-economic dispensation was concerned. Socio-economic hardships crept in as a result of the government's implementation of neo-liberal economic reforms under the guidance of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) during the early 1990s. The ruling party soon found itself confronted by a multitude of gospel musicians criticizing its policies and malpractices. Works of various gospel artistes will be used as evidence but due to issues of space, it has not been possible to cover all Zimbabwean gospel artists.
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Rohmer, Martin. "Form as Weapon: the Political Function of Song in Urban Zimbabwean Theatre." New Theatre Quarterly 16, no. 2 (May 2000): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x0001366x.
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In Zimbabwean society, what may not be spoken sometimes becomes acceptable in song – whether to avoid social taboos and enable a wife to complain against her mother-in-law, or in broadening the boundaries of political protest. In this article, Martin Rohmer looks back to the ways in which song enabled forms of protest against forced labour and other aspects of colonial rule – in times of outward compliance as well as of direct struggle – and considers how urban theatre groups in independent Zimbabwe have adapted the tradition to their own, contemporary ends. Martin Rohmer spent almost two years studying Zimbabwean theatre when a research assistant at the University of Bayreuth, and completed his doctorate on Theatre and Performance in Zimbabwe at the Humboldt University, Berlin, in 1997. Since then he has been working in the field of cultural management for the Young Artists' Festival in Bayreuth. The present paper was first presented at the Annual Meeting of the African Studies Association in San Francisco in November 1996.
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Ndlovu, Everette. "The re-emergence of diasporic radio in independent Zimbabwe." Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies 35, no. 3 (September 2, 2014): 54–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02560054.2014.957225.
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Vandermeulen, Martine. "Zimbabwe, Ten Years of Independent Development. A General Overview." Afrika Focus 6, no. 3-4 (January 26, 1990): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-0060304004.
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Madhekeni, Alois, and Gideon Zhou. "Legal and Institutional Framework: The “Achilles Heel” Of Local Authorities and Raison D’etre of Ministerial Intervention in Zimbabwe." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 2, no. 3 (July 28, 2012): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v2i3.2017.
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Centre-local relations have been an area of controversy in Zimbabwean local governance both as a discipline and as a practice. Local authorities have traded blows with central government particularly accusing the responsible Ministry of reducing them to spectators in their own field through excessive ministerial intervention. Meanwhile the ministry of local government has cracked the whip on local authorities accusing them of mismanagement and compromised service delivery. The independent media has described the scenario as a “Bloodbath” in local authorities. What appears to be misconstrued by many however is the fact that the governing legal and institutional framework of local governance in Zimbabwe provides room for the responsible Minister to legally enable or disable local authority administration. This governing framework has been and is still the “Achilles heel” of local authorities and the raison d’être of ministerial intervention in Zimbabwe.
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Chivore, B. R. S. "Teacher Education in Post‐independent Zimbabwe: problems and possible solutions." Journal of Education for Teaching 12, no. 3 (January 1986): 205–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0260747860120301.
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Coldham, Simon. "STATUTE NOTE." Journal of African Law 45, no. 2 (October 2001): 227–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0221855301001729.
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LAND ACQUISITION AMENDMENT ACT, 2000 (ZIMBABWE)Since Zimbabwe became independent in 1980 the issue of land reform and, in particular, the issue of land acquisition and redistribution has seldom been off the political agenda. For the first ten years of independence there were constitutional constraints on the acquisition of land for resettlement purposes, but the National Land Policy of 1990 set out plans for an accelerated programme of resettlement. In order to achieve its ambitious targets the government of Zimbabwe saw the need to strengthen its powers of compulsory acquisition both by amending section 16 of the Constitution (which provided strong protection against the compulsory acquisition of property) and by enacting the Land Acquisition Act to provide a statutory basis for the new policy. These reforms were extremely controversial both inside and outside the country and a clause excluding the right to fair compensation for expropriated land was dropped partly in response to international pressure.
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Mushore, Washington. "THE REPORTAGE OF LAND AND OWNERSHIP IN SELECTED PRIVATE MEDIA IN ZIMBABWE." Latin American Report 30, no. 2 (July 20, 2016): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/0256-6060/1238.
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The aim of this article is to scrutinise how the concepts of land and land ownership were discussed in the private media in Zimbabwe during the Zimbabwe land reform exercise – dubbed ‘the third Chimurenga’ that took place in the period 2000–2008. Using textual analysis, the articles argues that ownership of land, according to the so called ‘private or independent’ newspapers in Zimbabwe was supposed to be accorded to the farmer or person, regardless of the racial bias, who was more productive on the land and who was contributing more to the economic well-being of the nation (Zimbabwe). Accordingly, the private newspapers in Zimbabwe regarded land as belonging to, or as the rightful property of the white commercial farmers/settlers because they perceived them to be more productive on the land than the native people of Zimbabwe who were ultimately seen and labelled as invaders on the so-called white commercial farms. In order to substantiate the above claims and arguments, a number of The Daily News stories of the period were purposively sampled and are used as examples.
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Nyikadzino, Tawanda, and Shikha Vyas-Doorgapersad. "The devolution of governmental powers and responsibilities in post-independent Zimbabwe." African Renaissance 17, no. 1 (March 15, 2020): 233–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31920/2516-5305/2020/17n1a11.
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Mpofu, Raphael T. "Macroeconomic variables and food price inflation, nonfood price inflation and overall inflation: A case of an emerging market." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 7, no. 2 (2017): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rgcv7i2art4.
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The paper analyses the association between certain macroeconomic variables and food price inflation, non-food price inflation and overall inflation in Zimbabwe, and also seeks to determine the level of association between these variables, given food security implications and overall well-being of its citizens. The study reveals that during the 2010 to 2016 period, Zimbabwe experienced stable food prices—annual food price inflation for food and non-alcoholic beverages averaged a relatively low growth rate of 0.12% monthly, while non-food inflation monthly growth rate was 0.09% and overall inflation growth rate was 0.11%. Although inflation from 2010 had been declining, of late, the increase in annual inflation has been underpinned by a rise in non-food inflation. Zimbabwe’s annual inflation remains lower than inflation rates in other countries in the region. Despite the increases lately in overall inflation, it remained below zero in January 2016, mostly driven by the depreciation of the South African rand and declining international oil prices. It should also be noted that domestic demand continued to decline in 2015, leading to the observed decline in both food and non-food prices. While food inflation has remained relatively low, it should be noted that non-food expenditures is significant component of the household budget and the rising prices result often lead to declining purchasing power and force households to make difficult choices in terms of their purchases. The findings of the study are food inflation has a low association with the independent variables under study; Zimbabwe broad money supply, rand-dollar exchange rates and the South Africa food inflation. There is, however, a very strong association between non-food inflation and these independent variables, as well as between overall inflation and the independent variables. Given the mostly rural population and the high level of unemployment in Zimbabwe, it can be surmised that the distributional burden of the effects of rising non-food prices between 2009 and 2016 fell mostly on these vulnerable groups as they had the lowest disposable income. In addition, it can also be surmised that domestic production can cushion the impact of rising prices in general, particularly on food. A deliberate policy of increasing domestic food production would therefore go a long way in ensuring lower price changes of both food and non-food items.
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Manuere, Faitira, Tendai Joseph Mabvure, Obert Sifile, and Piason Viriri. "Today’s Knowledge Economy and Firm Growth: A Study of Small to Medium Enterprises in the Manufacturing Sector of Zimbabwe." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 8, no. 2 (June 25, 2018): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v8i2.13318.
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Small to Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Zimbabwe are characterized by high failure rates. This failure rate has been attributed to poor leadership, poor funding and lack of technology. The contribution of knowledge management to SMEs growth has received very little attention from researchers in Zimbabwe. Hence this study makes an effort to investigate the relationship between knowledge management models and SMEs growth. Data were collected from 32 SMEs owners in the Makonde District of Zimbabwe. Pearson’s product moment was used as a tool for data analysis. The independent variables are knowledge creation, knowledge acquisition, knowledge storage and knowledge dissemination. The dependent variable is SMEs growth. The findings show that knowledge management positively correlates to SMEs growth. To that end the study recommends that effective models of knowledge management must be used to boost the growth of SMEs in Zimbabwe.
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McGowan, Pat, and Thomas H. Johnson. "Sixty Coups in Thirty Years – Further Evidence Regarding African Military Coups d'État." Journal of Modern African Studies 24, no. 3 (September 1986): 539–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00007175.
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Decolonisation in sub-Saharan Africa began in January 1956 when the Sudan joined long-independent Ethiopia and Liberia as a new, post-colonial state. Although the process is not yet complete because of the disputed status of Namibia and South Africa's continued rule by a white minority, over the past 30 years as many as 43 new states have achieved independence from colonial rule, the most recent being Zimbabwe in April 1980.
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Siwadi, Patience, Collins Miruka, and Florence Achieng Ogutu. "The impact of corporate governance on firm performance in the Zimbabwean manufacturing sector." Corporate Ownership and Control 12, no. 4 (2015): 779–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv12i4c7p8.
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Corporate governance studies in Zimbabwe have concentrated on existence of frameworks that control firms. This study focused on the corporate governance factors that are associated with firm performance in the Zimbabwean manufacturing sector. We investigated a sample of 88 companies which were operating at least 80% capacity from 2009 to 2012.Using Return on Assetst (ROA) as a measure of performance and the dependent variable, and 14 corporate governance proxies encompassing board structure, board composition and board procedures as the independent variables, a bivariate and multivariate regression analysis was performed. The results indicated that shareholder concentration, proportion of independent directors, board tenure and access to financial statements are positive and significant to firm performance in the bivariate analysis. On the multivariate regression analysis however, independent directors was positive but not significant. Researchers have not been able to agree on these factors and since corporate governance is largely endogenously determined it can be concluded that factors are influenced by country effects. Thus further studies focusing on similar countries need to be undertaken.
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Dziro, Charles. "Challenges and Opportunities Experienced by Young Adults Transitioning Out of Informal Kinship-Based Foster Care in Bikita District, Zimbabwe." Emerging Adulthood 8, no. 1 (August 28, 2019): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167696819870019.
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The desire to understand young adults’ transition into adulthood from informal kinship-based foster care has been growing. This article examines the challenges encountered by, and the opportunities available to, young adults as they transition from informal kinship-based foster care to independent living in the Bikita District of Zimbabwe. In-depth interviews were conducted with 26 young people who had left care and key informants. Data were analyzed using a thematic framework. Key findings included the young adults’ need for proper preparation in formal education, health, social welfare, and employment to ward off the challenges they face before they leave informal kinship-based foster care. The opportunities available to the young adults included cultural identity, social capital, and training in independent life skills within their kinship group. Recommendations are made for better preparation and support to young people transitioning out of informal kinship-based care in Zimbabwe.
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Dzimiri, Cynthia, Plaxedes Chikunda, and Viola Ingwani. "Causes of Child Marriages in Zimbabwe: A Case of Mashonaland Province in Zimbabwe." IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267) 7, no. 1 (May 10, 2017): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v7.n1.p9.
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<div><p><em>Increasing concerns on the welfare of a girl child world wide is observed and yet there are significant matters still to be discussed. In addition to all the causes raised by other researchers one of the objectives of this study is to focus on the impact of the legal systems that are already in place on child marriage. This is elucidated by a sample of thirty (30) participants in one of the districts within Mashonaland Province of Zimbabwe. This study examines the reasons why child marriage is on the rise in this province and what the law, parents, teachers and the children themselves say about it which seems to be a dearth study in this issue. The study also focuses on the solutions to this disturbing issue. The researchers employed descriptive survey as a way of collecting evidence, analysing and reporting on the findings (Chiromo, 2009) and triangulation which refers to the use of multiple sources of data ( Palmer and Quinn, 2003 in Chinomona and Tam, 2013 ). Various independent sources of evidence including interviews, focus group discussion and document analysis provided the data. Data collection and analysis were done at the same time for accuracy’s sake. The results indicate that the major causes of child marriage in this province in particular are religious beliefs and practices as also indicated in the research by Masinire (2015). In addition to that the following were also highlighted as other factors that contribute to child marriage: lack of serious sex education in schools due to cultural beliefs and practices, socio-economic background of learners, early socialisation, parental expectations and level of education and also lack of adequate knowledge on the children‘s rights and other legal systems that support them. Shortcomings of these policies are discussed and recommendations are given before paving way forward for other researchers. </em></p></div>
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Makanyeza, Charles. "Determinants of consumers’ intention to adopt mobile banking services in Zimbabwe." International Journal of Bank Marketing 35, no. 6 (September 4, 2017): 997–1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbm-07-2016-0099.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the determinants of consumers’ intention to adopt mobile banking services in Zimbabwe. Design/methodology/approach A survey of 232 bank customers was conducted in Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe, using a structured questionnaire with Likert-type questions. Customers were randomly intercepted as they walked out of five major banks. Structural equation modelling, independent-samples t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to test research hypotheses. Findings The study found that perceived usefulness, perceived self-efficacy, social influence, relative advantage and perceived compatibility all have a positive effect, whilst perceived risk has a negative effect on behavioural intention to adopt mobile banking services in Zimbabwe. Perceived ease of use, facilitating conditions, perceived complexity, perceived trialability, awareness-knowledge and demographic factors (gender, age, education and income) did not significantly influence behavioural intention to adopt mobile banking. Perceived ease of use was found to positively influence perceived usefulness, while perceived self-efficacy was found to have a positive effect on perceived ease of use. Behavioural intention was found to positively influence usage of mobile banking services in Zimbabwe. Research limitations/implications Data were collected from bank customers in Chinhoyi, one of the emerging towns in Zimbabwe. Future research should be expanded to include other major cities in Zimbabwe and other countries. More similar studies should be conducted to test the factors identified in literature in different contexts and markets and on other innovations. Practical implications The study advises banks to pay particular attention to perceived usefulness, perceived self-efficacy, social influence, relative advantage, perceived compatibility and perceived risk when designing new mobile banking services. Originality/value There is not a unified position regarding factors influencing mobile banking adoption. Factors vary with contexts, markets, time and types of innovations. The study tested some major factors identified in literature in the context of Zimbabwe.
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Rwafa, Urther. "BEACONS OF HOPE: YOUTHS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE THEATRE INDUSTRY IN ZIMBABWE." Commonwealth Youth and Development 13, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1727-7140/1155.
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Since independence (attained in 1980), the theatre industry in Zimbabwe has experienced some tremendous changes due to the involvement of youths who have the capacity to experiment with different genres, such as theatre in the park, street theatre, forum theatre, proscenium theatre and community theatre. All these forms of theatre continue to explore different themes and perspectives that affect Zimbabwean youths in both positive and negative ways. This article explores factors that affect the productive life of theatrical productions in Zimbabwe paying particular attention to the extent to which youths were/are involved in contributing to the growth of the theatre industry in Zimbabwe. In this endeavour, the article will focus on education and training aspects, networking, collaborations, funding, research, theatre impact and advocacy. A better understanding of how the above-mentioned factors affect the developmental skills of youths and the growth of Zimbabwean theatre industry will create awareness among youths, who should make informed decisions if they are to survive ‘cut-throat’ competition in Zimbabwe’s theatre industry.
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Maundeni, Zibani. "State culture and development in Botswana and Zimbabwe." Journal of Modern African Studies 40, no. 1 (March 2002): 105–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x01003834.
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This article makes two major claims. The first is that independent Botswana was able to generate and sustain a type of developmental state because of the presence of an indigenous initiator state culture that was preserved by the Protectorate state and was inherited by the post-colonial state elites. The second is that the non-emergence of the developmental state in post-colonial Zimbabwe is explained by the presence of a non-initiator indigenous state culture which was preserved by the Rhodesian colonial state and was inherited by the post-colonial state elites. The article briefly reviews the literature, analyses the Tswana and Shona pre-colonial state cultures, and shows that these were preserved by the colonial states and inherited by the nationalist politicians.
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Choto, Isaac. "THE PROPAGANDA MODEL AND THE MEDIATION OF THE LAND QUESTION IN ZIMBABWE." Latin American Report 30, no. 2 (July 20, 2016): 53–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/0256-6060/1240.
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This article critiques the mediation of the Zimbabwean land reform programme in the period 2000–2010 by both the state-controlled and the privately-owned press. Its thrust is to establish the framing patterns that emerge and relate these to Herman and Chomsky’s Propaganda Model. The bold claim by Herman and Chomsky that the media, particularly in the West, pander to the whims of the powerful political and pro-capital elites is explored. Using a qualitative case study approach, data for this study were collected from four Zimbabwean Weeklies, namely The Sunday News and The Sunday Mail, which are stateowned, and The Independent and The Standard, which are privately-owned. News stories on the land reform programme drawn from these weeklies over the 10 year focus period are analysed with the view to ascertaining the tenability of the Propaganda Model. Using the tenets of the Propaganda Model and critical discourse analysis, the study exposes the polemical representations of the land issue by the press. The emerging polemics are attributed to the overbearing influence of ideology, ownership, corporate pro-capital interests and biased source selection. However, the tripartite alliance which the propaganda model claims as existing among government, capitalists and media owners comes unstuck in the Zimbabwean media-scape. There is evidently a fractious relationship between state media and private media in Zimbabwe. The political and economic contestation of power in the nation manifests in the press. It is quite clear from the findings of this study that there is still need for a model that comprehensively attempts to capture the role of the press and its place in Africa.
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Hargrove, J. W. "Factors affecting density-independent survival of an island population of tsetse flies in Zimbabwe." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 100, no. 2 (July 2001): 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1570-7458.2001.00858.x.
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Da Silva, Meyre Ivone. "Modernity, Representation of Violence, and Women’s Rebellion in Dangaremba’s Nervous Conditions." Genealogy 3, no. 2 (April 19, 2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy3020022.
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In 1980, after decades of violent war, the apartheid regime came to an end, Zimbabwe was declared an independent state, and Robert Mugabe’s party the Zimbabwean African Union–Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) ascended to power. While black leaders concentrated on the struggle against the tyranny of racial segregation, independence did not challenge gender hierarchies or minimize patriarchal privilege. Women soldiers who participated in the guerrillas were excluded from the spheres of power and relegated to poverty and invisibility. Here, I analyze how Dangaremba’s novel Nervous Conditions unveils women’s response to multiple forms of violence that target their bodies and minds. Although Dangaremba does not refer explicitly to the Chimurenga, also known as the bush war, in the novel, the sadness, bitterness, and sentiment of betrayal subsume women’s feeling about their absence in the construction of a new nation. For women writers, the representation of violence, through a feminine and postcolonial perspective, opens up creative ways to pursue textual liberation, thus defying literary genre and literary forms often very connected to systems of power. In this sense, her narrative instills in the reader the sentiment which evolves from women’s condition in the novel.
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Ruhanya, Pedzisai. "An opposition newspaper under an oppressive regime: A critical analysis of The Daily News." Journal of Alternative & Community Media 1, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 128–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/joacm_00023_1.
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This study focuses on the unprecedented ways in which newspaper journalism helped the cause of democratisation at the height of the economic and political governance crisis, also known as the Zimbabwe Crisis, from 1997 to 2010. The research is designed as a qualitative case study of The Daily News, an independent private newspaper. It was based on semi-structured interviews with respondents, who were mainly journalists and politicians living in Zimbabwe. The analytical lens of alternative media facilitates a construction of how The Daily News and its journalists experienced, reported, confronted and navigated state authoritarianism in a historical moment of political turmoil. The study discusses the complex relationships between the independent and privately owned press, the political opposition and civil society organisations. The research provides an original analysis of the operations of The Daily News and its journalists in the context of a highly undemocratic political moment. Some journalists crossed the floor to join civic and opposition forces in order to confront the state. The state responded through arrests and physical attacks against the journalists; however, journalists continued to work with opposition forces while the government enacted repressive media and security law to curtail coverage of the crisis.
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Ngwenya, Solwayo. "Risk factors for composite adverse outcomes of postpartum haemorrhage, Mpilo Central Hospital, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe." F1000Research 9 (October 15, 2020): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.22769.2.
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Background Globally, primary postpartum haemorrhage continues to cause considerable maternal morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors for composite adverse outcomes of postpartum haemorrhage. The findings could potentially be used to anticipate and prevent composite adverse outcomes of postpartum haemorrhage. Methods This was a retrospective cross-sectional study carried out at Mpilo Central Hospital, a government tertiary referral centre, covering the period 1 July 2016 to 30 November 2019. Participants were included in the study if they had a diagnosis of postpartum haemorrhage. Those variables that had a p<0.2 from the univariate logistic regression analyses were considered for multivariable logistic regression. The association between independent variables and the dependent variable was assessed using odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals, to identify independent risk factors for composite adverse outcomes in PPH. A p< 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Results The independent risk factors for composite adverse outcomes of postpartum haemorrhage were place of dwelling (AOR 4.57, 95% CI 1.87-11.12, p=0.01), prior Caesarean section (AOR 2.57, 95% CI 1.10-6.00, p=0.03), antepartum haemorrhage (AOR 5.45, 95% CI 2.23-13.27, p<0.0001), antenatal haemoglobin level (AOR 19.64, 95% CI 1.44-268.50, p=0.03), and current delivery by Caesarean section (AOR 10.21, 95% CI 4.39-23.74, p<0.0001). Blood loss was also an independent risk factor for composite adverse outcomes of postpartum haemorrhage with the following blood loss; 1001-1500ml (AOR 9.94, 95% CI 3.68-26.88, p<0.0001), 500-1000ml (AOR 41.27, 95% CI 11.32-150.54, p<0.0001), and 2001ml (AOR 164.77, 95% CI 31.06-874.25, p<0.0001). Conclusion This study found that the independent predictors for composite adverse outcomes of PPH were rural dwelling, prior Caesarean section, antenatal haemoglobin level, current delivery by Caesarean section, and blood loss. In low- and middle-income countries such information could help in increasing clinical vigilance and policy making, and preventing maternal deaths.
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Hlongwana, James, Richard S. Maposa, and Thamsanqa Moyo. "‘Personalization or fictionalization of national history in Zimbabwe?’ A re-evaluation of the Political careers of Ian Smith and Ndabaningi Sithole." Journal of Social Sciences (COES&RJ-JSS) 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.25255/jss.2013.2.1.15.26.
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The historiography concerning the making of Zimbabwe as an independent nation has been writtenfrom various perspectives and by using different sources, both primary and secondary ones. Thestudy constitutes a re-evaluation of the political careers of Ndabaningi Sithole and Ian DouglasSmith against the background of their autobiographies as forms of primary resources of nationalhistory for Zimbabwe. It will be noted that autobiographical writing is a fruit of an arduousprocess of human construction, de-construction and re-construction done in the shadow of someinterlocking interests, fears and pressures that surround the autobiographer. The present studycontends that every personal engagement in the writing of history of a particular people or nationis a moralizing crusade or enterprise, whether by default or by design. Evidently, that is how thecharacteristic elements of objectivity and subjectivity come to the fore vis- a- vis the status ofautobiography as a source and resource of national (or patriotic) history.
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Zembe, Christopher Roy. "Migrating with Colonial and Post-Colonial Memories: Dynamics of Racial Interactions within Zimbabwe’s Minority Communities in Britain." Journal of Migration History 2, no. 1 (March 22, 2016): 32–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23519924-00201002.
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Upon attaining independence on 18 April 1980, the Zimbabwean government was faced with the challenge of eradicating prejudices, which had been constructed during the colonial era. Whilst it is correct to accept that colonial Zimbabwe was beset with racial prejudices, which inhibited interracial interactions, it is also essential to recognise that post-colonial events triggered socialisation processes devoid of nation building. Therefore, by exploring the dynamics of interactions within Zimbabwe’s minority communities in Britain, the paper will unravel the impact of memories constructed during the different phases of Zimbabwe’s history. By focusing exclusively on Whites, Coloureds (mixed-race) and Asians, it will demonstrate that the Zimbabwean immigrant community in Britain is not a monolithic group of Blacks, but a racially diverse community. Analysing the diaspora interactions of communities considered more privileged than Blacks during the colonial era provides a perspective on the complexities of eradicating historically constructed racial prejudices.
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Mawonik, Romeo, and Vinscent Nkomo. "Univariate statistical process control of super saver beans: a case of RMV supermarket, zimbabwe." Journal of Management and Science 1, no. 3 (June 30, 2015): 238–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/jms.2015.20.
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Statistical Process Control (SPC) uses statistical techniques to improve the quality of a process reducing its variability. The main tools of SPC are the control charts. The basic idea of control charts is to test the hypothesis that there are only common causes of variability versus the alternative that there are special causes. Control charts are designed and evaluated under the assumption that the observations from the process are independent and identically distributed (IID) normal. However, the independence assumption is often violated in practice. Autocorrelation may be present in many procedures, and may have a significant effect on the properties of the control charts.Thus, traditional SPC charts are inappropriate for monitoring process quality. In this study, wepresent methods for process control that deal with auto correlated data and a method based on time series ARIMA models (Box Jenkins Methodology). We apply the typical Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) and Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) charts as SPC techniques and the time-series method in determining packaging process quality.
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Mugari, Ishmael, and Adewale A. Olutola. "The Role of the Court and the Constitution on Police Oversight in Zimbabwe: Prospects and Challenges." Journal of Economics and Public Finance 3, no. 2 (May 29, 2017): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v3n2p272.
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<p><em>The wide discretionary powers that are bestowed on the police necessitate the need for some mechanisms to curb abuse of these powers. The court, as an accountability institution, plays an important role in curtailing police abuse of power. This study explored the role of the court in police oversight in Zimbabwe, as well as examining the effectiveness of this important oversight institution in Zimbabwe. A total of 126 respondents drawn from institutions of accountability, were invited to participate through questionnaires and in-depth interviews. The study revealed that the court is an effective institution of police accountability, whose police oversight role is performed through: deciding on the propriety of police actions; presiding over criminal cases in which police officers are implicated; and presiding over civil suits against the police. However, despite the court’s effectiveness, the limited number of judicial officers and absence of a mechanism to implement court judgements against the police seem to militate against the court’s effectiveness. The constitution was widely viewed to be an effective legal document for enhancing police accountability, though its effectiveness largely depends on willingness of state institutions to adhere to constitutional provisions. Despite some obstacles, the court and the constitution are key independent mechanisms for curbing police abuse of power in the Republic of Zimbabwe.</em></p>
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Basera, Vitalis, and Judy Mwenje. "Stakeholders’ Awareness of Quality and Quality Management Systems in Zimbabwean Hotels." April 2021, Volume 10(2) (April 30, 2021): 682–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720-126.
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The aim of the study was to investigate the stakeholder’s awareness of quality and quality management systems (QMS) in the Zimbabwe hotel industry. This study sought to investigate the stakeholder’s awareness of quality and quality management systems (QMS) in the Zimbabwe hotel industry by (1) establishing the definition of quality, (2) exposing dimension of service quality, (3) identifying how customer satisfaction is measured and (4) identifying quality management systems and quality philosophy used in hotels. Appreciation of quality and QMS in the hotel industry can assist stakeholders to employ holistic measures to improve adoption of quality management systems in hotels and improve the operations of the hotels. The study followed a multi case study approach, with 9 hotels from Harare chosen purposively to represent the hotel industry in Zimbabwe. Managers and key stakeholders were interviewed and focus group interviews were conducted. Key questions on quality definition, dimensions of service quality and customer satisfaction measurement were asked and the data was analysed using thematic analysis -directed content analysis. The results showed that stakeholder in the hotel industry are very much aware of QMS, though in abstract. There is greater awareness of quality and QMS among group chain hotels than in independent hotels. There is need to upgrade on quality training in the hotel industry from collaborative perspective so that the stakeholders appreciate quality and QMS fully so that the industry remains competitive.
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Sithole, Masipula. "Prospects for Change in South Africa: Lessons from Rhodesia." Issue 15 (1987): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047160700506003.
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Southern Africa has been in a state of crisis since the fall of the Portuguese empire in Angola and Mozambique in 1974. The MPLA and FRELIMO governments established in Angola and Mozambique, respectively, in the mid-1970’s have been under pressure from internal opposition groups that have been increasingly drawn into the armpits of South African sponsorship in its destabilization policy towards its neighbors. Zimbabwe, independent only six years ago, seems to have fallen into a similar pattern.
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Chikweche, Tendai. "Independent Retail and Grocery Shops in Zimbabwe: Survival and Demise in a Crisis and Post-Crisis Era." Journal of Marketing Channels 22, no. 2 (April 3, 2015): 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1046669x.2015.1018077.
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Stapleton, Timothy. "TThe Creation and Early Development of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces (ZDF) 1980-93." Revista Tempo e Argumento 13, no. 32 (April 30, 2021): e0104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5965/2175180313322021e0104.
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Given the 2017 coup in Zimbabwe, a rare event in Southern Africa but sadly common in the rest of the continent, this paper discusses the beginnings of the politicization of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces (ZDF) during the 1980s. At the end of the country’s war for independence in 1980, the ZDF formed as an amalgamation of former Rhodesian state military personnel and insurgents from the liberation movements of the Zimbabwe African People’s Union (ZAPU) and the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU). Personnel from ZANU came to dominate Zimbabwe’s new military given the lack of a specific agreement over the integration process, their numerical superiority, and ZANU’s electoral success that gave it political power. During the ZDF integration exercise of the early 1980s, British advisors attempted to create a Western-style force but acted pragmatically while North Korean instructors helped create an overtly ZANU affiliated brigade and party militia. In addition, South African destabilization and the rapid departure of former Rhodesian officers gave way to the accelerated promotion of former insurgents mostly affiliated with the ZANU government. Lastly, the further ZANU-ization of the ZDF occurred within the context of operations in southwestern Zimbabwe where it eliminated ZAPU as an opposition political movement and committed atrocities, and in Mozambique where Zimbabwean troops cooperated with allies from overtly politicized armies of neighboring states
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Moyo, Dumisani. "The ‘independent’ press and the fight for democracy in Zimbabwe: A critical analysis of the banned Daily News." Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture 2 (February 1, 2005): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.16997/wpcc.45.
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Page, Sam L. J., and Hel�n E. Page. "Western hegemony over african agriculture in Southern Rhodesia and its continuing threat to food security in independent zimbabwe." Agriculture and Human Values 8, no. 4 (September 1991): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01530650.
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Ndlovu, Mphathisi. "Gukurahundi, Media and the “Wounds of History”: Discourses on Mass Graves, Exhumations and Reburials in Post- Independent Zimbabwe." Journal of Literary Studies 37, no. 2 (April 3, 2021): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02564718.2021.1923735.
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Mazuruse, Peter. "Canonical correlation analysis." Journal of Financial Economic Policy 6, no. 2 (May 6, 2014): 179–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfep-09-2013-0047.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper was to construct a canonical correlation analysis (CCA) model for the Zimbabwe stock exchange (ZSE). This paper analyses the impact of macroeconomic variables on stock returns for the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange using the canonical correlation analysis (CCA). Design/methodology/approach – Data for the independent (macroeconomic) variables and dependent variables (stock returns) were extracted from secondary sources for the period from January 1990 to December 2008. For each variable, 132 sets of data were collected. Eight top trading companies at the ZSE were selected, and their monthly stock returns were calculated using monthly stock prices. The independent variables include: consumer price index, money supply, treasury bills, exchange rate, unemployment, mining and industrial index. The CCA was used to construct the CCA model for the ZSE. Findings – Maximization of stock returns at the ZSE is mostly influenced by the changes in consumer price index, money supply, exchange rate and treasury bills. The four macroeconomic variables greatly affect the movement of stock prices which, in turn, affect stock returns. The stock returns for Hwange, Barclays, Falcon, Ariston, Border, Caps and Bindura were significant in forming the CCA model. Research limitations/implications – During the research period, some companies delisted due to economic hardships, and this reduced the sample size for stock returns for respective companies. Practical implications – The results from this research can be used by policymakers, stock market regulators and the government to make informed decisions when crafting economic policies for the country. The CCA model enables the stakeholders to identify the macroeconomic variables that play a pivotal role in maximizing the strength of the relationship with stock returns. Social implications – Macroeconomic variables, such as consumer price index, inflation, etc., directly affect the livelihoods of the general populace. They also impact on the performance of companies. The society can monitor economic trends and make the right decisions based on the current trends of economic performance. Originality/value – This research opens a new dimension to the study of macroeconomic variables and stock returns. Most studies carried out so far in Zimbabwe zeroed in on multiple regression as the central methodology. No study has been done using the CCA as the main methodology.
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Hunguru, Peter, Vusumuzi Sibanda, and Ruramayi Tadu. "Determinants of Investment Decisions: A Study of Individual Investors on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange." Applied Economics and Finance 7, no. 5 (September 9, 2020): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/aef.v7i5.4927.
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This study investigated factors that inform individual investors in their decision-making on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange. The main objective was to identify and assess the effect of the behavioural factors on investment decisions of individual investors. A quantitative survey of 291 randomly selected individual Zimbabwe Stock Exchange investors was conducted. Multiple regression analysis was used to calculate the correlation coefficient of behavioural factors and investment decision while correlation analysis was used to measure the strength of the relationship between the independent variables. The findings of the study established that the predictor variables had a strong positive association between them and individual investor decision at a significant level of 0.01 and 0.005. The findings of the study revealed that individual investor decisions are influenced by the behavioural factors which are; anchoring, availability, gambler’s fallacy, overconfidence, herding, loss aversion, mental accounting, regret aversion and representativeness. The study recommends the need for improved information on the stock markets dynamics as well as training on investor awareness programmes to support the decision-making abilities of the individual investors on the ZSE to fully play its rightful role in the development of the economy.
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Mushonga, Melinda, Anna Mary Nyakabau, Ntokozo Ndlovu, Hari Subramaniam Iyer, Jennifer Ruth Bellon, Caroline Kanda, Sandra Ndarukwa-Jambwa, et al. "Patterns of Palliative Radiotherapy Utilization for Patients With Metastatic Breast Cancer in Harare, Zimbabwe." JCO Global Oncology, no. 7 (July 2021): 1212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.20.00656.
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PURPOSE In sub-Saharan Africa, radiotherapy (RT) utilization and delivery patterns have not been extensively studied in patients with metastatic breast cancer. METHODS A retrospective cohort study of female patients with metastatic breast cancer seen at Parirenyatwa Radiotherapy Centre in Zimbabwe from 2014 to 2018 was conducted. Demographics, pathology, staging, and treatment data were abstracted through chart review. Fisher's exact test and chi-squared test of independence were used to compare proportions, and independent two-sample t-tests were used to compare means. RESULTS Of 351 patients with breast cancer, 152 (43%) had metastatic disease, median age 51 years (interquartile range: 43-61 years). Of those with metastatic disease, 30 patients (20%) received radiation to various metastatic sites: 16 spine; three nonspine bone metastases; six whole brain; and five chest wall or supraclavicular. Patients who received radiation were younger (46 v 52 years; P = .019), but did not differ significantly by performance status than those who did not. The most common dose prescription was 30 Gy in 10 fractions (33%). Five (17%) patients had treatment interruption and two (7%) had treatment noncompletion. Province of origin and clinical tumor stage were significant predictors of RT receipt ( P = .002; and P = .018, respectively). CONCLUSION A minority of patients with metastatic breast cancer received RT (20%), and these were likely to be younger, with advanced tumor stage, and resided in provinces where RT is available. Conventional courses were generally prescribed. There is a need to strongly consider palliative RT as an option for patients with metastatic breast cancer and use of hypofractionated courses (e.g. 8 Gy in one fraction) may support this goal.
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Mishra, Vinod, Shyam Thapa, Robert D. Retherford, and Xiaolei Dai. "Effect of Iron Supplementation during Pregnancy on Birthweight: Evidence from Zimbabwe." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 26, no. 4 (December 2005): 338–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482650502600403.
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Background Iron deficiency in pregnant women has been shown to reduce the oxygen supply to the fetus, cause intrauterine growth retardation, and increase the risk of premature delivery and reduced birthweight. Yet the effects of iron supplementation programs on pregnancy outcomes are not well documented for developing countries. Objective To examine the relation between iron supplementation of mothers during pregnancy and children's birthweight using data from a national population-based survey in Zimbabwe. Methods The analysis uses information on 3,559 births during the five years preceding the 1999 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey. The effect of iron supplementation during pregnancy on birthweight was estimated by multiple regression, controlling for potential confounding effects of prenatal care, child's sex and birth order, mother's education and nutritional status (measured by body-mass index), household living standard, smoke exposure, and other variables. Results Babies born to mothers who received iron supplementation during pregnancy were 103 g heavier (95% confidence interval, 42–164; p = .001), on average, than babies born to mothers who did not receive iron supplementation during pregnancy. The difference was 64 g (95% confidence interval, 2–125; p = .043) for children whose birthweights were taken from health cards and 163 g (95% confidence interval, 44–281; p = .008) for children whose birthweights were reported by their mothers. Conclusions Iron supplementation during pregnancy is associated with significantly higher birthweight, independent of other pregnancy care factors, mother's nutritional status, smoke exposure, and a number of demographic and socioeconomic factors. Prenatal iron supplementation programs can improve pregnancy outcomes and promote child survival in developing countries.
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Abrams, Amber Louise, Torkel Falkenberg, Christa Rautenbach, Mosa Moshabela, Busisiwe Shezi, Suné van Ellewee, and Renee Street. "Legislative landscape for traditional health practitioners in Southern African development community countries: a scoping review." BMJ Open 10, no. 1 (January 2020): e029958. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029958.
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Background and objectivesGlobally, contemporary legislation surrounding traditional health practitioners (THPs) is limited. This is also true for the member states of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The main aim of this study is to map and review THP-related legislation among SADC countries. In order to limit the scope of the review, the emphasis is on defining THPs in terms of legal documents.MethodsThis scoping review follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews methods. Two independent reviewers reviewed applicable legal definitions of THPs by searching the Southern African Legal Information Institute (SAFLII) database in April 2018 for legislation and bills. To identify additional legislation applicable in countries not listed on SAFLII and/or further relevant SADC legislation, the search engines, Google and PubMed, were used in August 2018 and results were reviewed by two independent reviewers. Full texts of available policy and legal documents were screened to identify policies and legislation relating to the regulation of THPs. Legislation was deemed relevant if it was a draft of or promulgated legislation relating to THPs.ResultsFour of 14 Southern African countries have legislation relating to THPs. Three countries, namely South Africa, Namibia and Zimbabwe, have acknowledged the roles and importance of THPs in healthcare delivery by creating a council to register and formalise practices, although they have not operationalised nor registered and defined THPs. In contrast, Tanzania has established a definition couched in terms that acknowledge the context-specific and situational knowledge of THPs, while also outlining methods and the importance of local recognition. Tanzanian legislation; thus, provides a definition of THP that specifically operationalises THPs, whereas legislation in South Africa, Namibia and Zimbabwe allocates the power to a council to decide or recognise who a THP is; this council can prescribe procedures to be followed for the registration of a THP.ConclusionsThis review highlights the differences and similarities between the various policies and legislation pertaining to THPs in SADC countries. Legislation regarding THPs is available in four of the 14 SADC countries. While South Africa, Tanzania, Namibia and Zimbabwe have legislation that provides guidance as to THP recognition, registration and practices, THPs continue to be loosely defined in most of these countries. Not having an exact definition for THPs may hamper the promotion and inclusion of THPs in national health systems, but it may also be something that is unavoidable given the tensions between lived practices and rigid legalistic frameworks.
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Moyo, Mpumelelo. "Women and National Reconciliation: Resolving the legacies of violence in post-colonial Zimbabwe." DANDE Journal of Social Sciences and Communication 2, no. 2 (2018): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15641/dande.v2i2.49.
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Women and their experiences are essential to the spirituality and ministry of reconciliation. The seemingly endless domination of women by men has forced them to think about alternatives and create communities of reconciliation outside of the usual paths of power and domination. Women exude the power to go beyond the hurts, the violence, rape and humiliation to build a nation and transform societies against a country’sendemic culture of violence. The article exploresthe culture of violence in post-independent Zimbabwe and the role that women can play in creating communities of reconciliation.It is argued that in most crisis or conflict situations, women remain behind to pick up the pieces in the wake of the tornado of violence. Women can thus help communities move forward from the trap of trauma and experience the resurrection. As mothers,women offer a way of reincorporating wrongdoers and deviants back into their communities through nation building processes. This article maps a way forward for national healing and reconciliation and argues that women when empowered will play an integral part in championing the cause of good citizenry, unity and justice.
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Sibanda, Lovemore. "Zimbabwe Language Policy: Continuity or Radical Change?" Journal of Contemporary Issues in Education 14, no. 2 (December 10, 2019): 2–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20355/jcie29377.
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The Zimbabwe government introduced a new language policy in education to change the colonial language policy seven years after attaining independence. So much was expected from the postcolonial language. The use of English as the media of instruction during the colonial era was problematic. It denied Africans to describe the world in their languages. Native languages were marginalized and neglected. Africans were robbed of their self-worth and identity. It is against this background that the Zimbabwean government African states after attaining independence and sovereignty pursued an agenda of linguistic decolonization. This paper evaluates the implementation of Zimbabwe's language policy after it gained independence from Britain in 1980. We argue that despite the claim by the Zimbabwe government that it is a revolutionary government which would completely overhaul all colonial structures, institutions, and policies, the implementation of the language policy is a continuity, rather a radical change. Colonial language policy fundamentals are intact and present in the current language policy. English is still the dominant language of instruction. Indigenous languages are considered inferior and on the verge of extinction. The policy failed where it matters most—decolonizing the mind. Zimbabwe needs a sound language policy in education to shake off vestiges of a colonial legacy, and allow children to go to school in their languages to achieve the overall goal of education for all. The language policy must be developed through a broad-based consultative process with specific implementation strategies and commitment by government and non-governmental agencies for funding its implementation.
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Makoni, Petty. "The Impact of the Composition and Staffing of the Zimbabwe Electoral Commission on its Performance." Politeia 33, no. 3 (October 6, 2017): 20–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/0256-8845/3273.
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This article seeks to provide insight into the trends in appointment, composition and function of the Commissioners of the Zimbabwe Electoral Commission (ZEC) and its staff, depicting the impact of the changes experienced on its mandate. It articulates the legislative support to responses that necessitated the change from being a typically governmental then mixed model to an Independent Electoral Management Body (EMB), conforming to the SADC Principles and Guidelines Governing Democratic Elections in a bid to ensure transparency and integrity in managing elections. It explores the competencies of the EMB in executing its mandate. The article also identifies how the knowledge gap in electoral processes continues to be minimised by capacity building; a leadership that resonates and a mission that seeks to be informed by regional and international best practice.