Academic literature on the topic 'Zimbabwe – Social conditions'
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Journal articles on the topic "Zimbabwe – Social conditions"
1
Nyazema, Norman Z. "The Zimbabwe Crisis and the Provision of Social Services." Journal of Developing Societies 26, no. 2 (June 2010): 233–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x1002600204.
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Historically, health care in Zimbabwe was provided primarily to cater to colonial administrators and the expatriate, with separate care or second-provision made for Africans. There was no need for legislation to guarantee its provision to the settler community. To address the inequities in health that had existed prior to 1980, at independence, Zimbabwe adopted the concept of Equity in Health and Primary Health Care. Initially, this resulted in the narrowing of the gap between health provision in rural areas and urban areas. Over the years, however, there have been clear indications of growing inequities in health provision and health care as a result of mainly Economic Structural Adjustment Policies (ESAP), 1991–1995, and health policy changes. Infant and child mortality have been worsened by the impact of HIV/AIDS and reduced access to affordable essential health care. For example, life expectancy at birth was 56 in the 1980s, increased to 60 in 1990 and is now about 43. Morbidity (diseases) and mortality (death rates) trends in Zimbabwe show that the population is still affected by the traditional preventable diseases and conditions that include nutritional deficiencies, communicable diseases, pregnancy and childbirth conditions and the conditions of the new born. The deterioration of the Zimbabwean health services sector has also partially been due to increasing shortages of qualified personnel. The public sector has been operating with only 19 per cent staff since 2000. Many qualified and competent health workers left the country because of the unfavourable political environment. The health system in Zimbabwe has been operating under a legal and policy framework that in essence does not recognize the right to health. Neither the pre-independence constitution nor the Lancaster House constitution, which is the current Constitution of Zimbabwe, made specific provisions for the right to health. Progress made in the 1980s characterized by adequate financing of the health system and decentralized health management and equity of health services between urban and rural areas, which saw dramatic increases in child survival rates and life expectancy, was, unfortunately, not consolidated. As of 2000 per capita health financing stood at USD 8.55 as compared to USD 23.6, which had been recommended by the Commission of Review into the Health Sector in 1997. At the beginning of 2008 it had been dramatically further eroded and stood at only USD 0.19 leading to the collapse of the health system. Similarly, education in Zimbabwe, in addition to the changes it has undergone during the different periods since attainment of independence, also went through many phases during the colonial period. From 1962 up until 1980, the Rhodesia Front government catered more for the European child. Luckily, some mission schools that had been established earlier kept on expanding taking in African children who could proceed with secondary education (high school education). Inequity in education existed when the ZANU-PF government came into power in 1980. It took aggressive and positive steps to redress the inequalities that existed in the past. Unfortunately, the government did not come up with an education policy or philosophy in spite of massive expansion and investment. The government had cut its expenditure on education because of economic and political instability. This has happened particularly in rural areas, where teachers have left the teaching profession.
2
ZINYAMA, LOVEMORE M. "ASSESSING SPATIAL VARIATIONS IN SOCIAL CONDITIONS IN THE AFRICAN RURAL AREAS OF ZIMBABWE." Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 78, no. 1 (January 1987): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.1987.tb00142.x.
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3
Thebe, Vusilizwe. "The Complexity of Contemporary Rural Society: Agricultural ‘Betterment’ and Social Realities in Semi-arid Zimbabwe." African and Asian Studies 17, no. 3 (August 22, 2018): 255–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692108-12341017.
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Abstract Modernist assumptions have guided rural development interventions in Zimbabwe since the mid-twentieth century. As a result interventions were not firmly grounded on rural socio-economic and physical realities. The aim was not only to create a society of ‘modern’, ‘progressive farmers’ who followed a predetermined agricultural path, but also, the quest for order and modernity was clearly manifest through centralization measures and increased emphasis on prudent land husbandry. This article seeks to demonstrate that these rural development initiatives were ill-suited to the socio-physical realities in some rural societies. Using a case study of a communal area in semi-arid north-western Zimbabwe, it stresses the importance of the physical conditions, the socio-economic dynamics and the particular livelihood trajectories of rural households. It concludes that, even if the state in Zimbabwe was to succeed in imposing an agrarian order driven by these models, such a policy was more likely to end in dismal failure.
4
Hlatshwayo, Mondli. "The Trials and Tribulations of Zimbabwean Precarious Women Workers in Johannesburg: A Cry for Help?" Qualitative Sociology Review 15, no. 1 (May 23, 2019): 62–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.15.1.03.
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There is a growing literature on the conditions of Zimbabwean women working as migrant workers in South Africa, specifically in cities like Johannesburg. Based on in-depth interviews and documentary analysis, this empirical research paper contributes to scholarship examining the conditions of migrant women workers from Zimbabwe employed as precarious workers in Johannesburg by zooming in on specific causes of migration to Johannesburg, the journey undertaken by the migrant women to Johannesburg, challenges of documentation, use of networks to survive in Johannesburg, employment of the women in precarious work, and challenges in the workplace. Rape and sexual violence are threats that face the women interviewed during migration to Johannesburg and even when in Johannesburg. The police who are supposed to uphold and protect the law are often found to be perpetrators involved in various forms of violence against women. In the workplace, the women earn starvation wages and work under poor working conditions. Human rights organizations and trade unions are unable to reach the many migrant women because of the sheer volume of violations against workers’ rights and human rights.
5
Mugodzwa, Davidson Mabweazara. "Black Economic Empowerment, Employment Creation and Resilience: The Economic and Social Contribution of Lennox Mine to the Development of Zimbabwe, 1970-2016." IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267) 6, no. 3 (March 27, 2017): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v6.n3.p6.
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<div><p><em>This research sets out to unravel the history of Lennox Mine from its inception in 1970 tracing the contribution of the mine to the economic development of Zimbabwe from its colonial beginnings up to the current period when the new visionary owner, Honourable Gandiwa Moyo, Deputy Minister of Mines who inherited a dysfunctional mining enterprise set it on course again as a pillar for economic production, under the erstwhile management of the Lennox General Mine Manager, Edgar Mashindi. The research seeks to explore how the mine management, operating under harsh economic conditions prevailing in Zimbabwe has empowered African entrepreneurs and employees and resuscitated life to the dying town of Mashava. Mashava is back on its former footing as a lively booming bedroom town of Masvingo City, forty kilometres away: supermarkets, bars, salons, housing projects, new shops are sprouting up once again as Mashava claims its proud place as a gold producing enclave of the Zimbabwean economy. Hundreds of unemployed youths from all over Zimbabwe have descended on Mashava, seeking employment and investment opportunities resulting in an unprecedented economic boom which is being felt country wide. Only recently hordes of flea female market traders opened shop at Mashava to sell clothes, shoes, household furniture and related paraphernalia to local residents and they reported that business was excellent and confirmed business plans to return every month end to sell their wares. A few years back Mashava was an abandoned mining town with all services shut down after the Capitalist oligarchic organization which owned Mashava ceased all operations and expropriated capital to Australia and Europe and started out new commercial ventures in those respective European countries. The Zimbabwean Electricity Supply Association [ZESA] shut down electricity supplies to Lennox Mine after the mine incurred a debt of close to a quarter of a million. Today, Lennox has agreed on a payment plan and electricity has been reopened triggering high gold productivity as the mine returns to its normal production levels.</em></p></div>
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Makanyeza, Charles, and Simolini Mutambayashata. "Consumers’ acceptance and use of plastic money in Harare, Zimbabwe." International Journal of Bank Marketing 36, no. 2 (April 3, 2018): 379–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbm-03-2017-0044.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to apply unified theory of acceptance and use of technology 2 to determine factors influencing acceptance and use of plastic money in Zimbabwe. Design/methodology/approach Using a cross-section of 528 consumers, respondents were randomly intercepted as they walked out of five major supermarkets in Harare, Zimbabwe. Random selection of consumers was done in order to ensure a representative sample. Consumers were asked to complete a structured questionnaire. Structural equation modelling was applied to test research hypotheses. Findings Results show that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, hedonic motivation and habit all positively influenced behavioural intention to adopt plastic money. Social influence, facilitating conditions and perceived financial cost all did not have a significant effect on behavioural intention to adopt plastic money. Behavioural intention positively influenced consumers’ use behaviour on plastic money. Research limitations/implications This study is among the pioneers of research in this field in Zimbabwe and other developing countries. Likewise, caution must be taken when researchers try to generalise findings from this study. It is, therefore, recommended that more studies of this nature be conducted in other developing countries in order to have a more solid understanding of consumers’ adoption of plastic money. Practical implications The study advises banks to pay particular attention to performance expectancy, effort expectancy, hedonic motivation and habit when devising strategies to increase the adoption of plastic money. Originality/value Factors that influence the adoption of plastic money are not widely researched under circumstances such as those existing in Zimbabwe. The Zimbabwean financial sector provides a unique environment to conduct studies of this nature.
7
Makanyeza, Charles. "Determinants of consumers’ intention to adopt mobile banking services in Zimbabwe." International Journal of Bank Marketing 35, no. 6 (September 4, 2017): 997–1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbm-07-2016-0099.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the determinants of consumers’ intention to adopt mobile banking services in Zimbabwe. Design/methodology/approach A survey of 232 bank customers was conducted in Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe, using a structured questionnaire with Likert-type questions. Customers were randomly intercepted as they walked out of five major banks. Structural equation modelling, independent-samples t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to test research hypotheses. Findings The study found that perceived usefulness, perceived self-efficacy, social influence, relative advantage and perceived compatibility all have a positive effect, whilst perceived risk has a negative effect on behavioural intention to adopt mobile banking services in Zimbabwe. Perceived ease of use, facilitating conditions, perceived complexity, perceived trialability, awareness-knowledge and demographic factors (gender, age, education and income) did not significantly influence behavioural intention to adopt mobile banking. Perceived ease of use was found to positively influence perceived usefulness, while perceived self-efficacy was found to have a positive effect on perceived ease of use. Behavioural intention was found to positively influence usage of mobile banking services in Zimbabwe. Research limitations/implications Data were collected from bank customers in Chinhoyi, one of the emerging towns in Zimbabwe. Future research should be expanded to include other major cities in Zimbabwe and other countries. More similar studies should be conducted to test the factors identified in literature in different contexts and markets and on other innovations. Practical implications The study advises banks to pay particular attention to perceived usefulness, perceived self-efficacy, social influence, relative advantage, perceived compatibility and perceived risk when designing new mobile banking services. Originality/value There is not a unified position regarding factors influencing mobile banking adoption. Factors vary with contexts, markets, time and types of innovations. The study tested some major factors identified in literature in the context of Zimbabwe.
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Kuptsova, I. S., Y. I. Bulygin, R. R. Lazurenko, and A. R. Temirkanov. "Predicting accidents in the mining industry in Zimbabwe in order to develop preventive measures to reduce them." SAFETY OF TECHNOGENIC AND NATURAL SYSTEMS, no. 4 (2020): 2–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/2541-9129-2020-4-2-11.
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Introduction. Industrial accidents are associated with various factors: human, social and economic problems, which we must strive to eliminate, thereby ensuring a safe working environment. Statistics on occupational injuries are necessary to assess the degree of hazard and potential risks associated with occupational factors to protect workers. Labor inspectorate statistics play an important role in developing national policies, systems, programs and strategies to improve safety and working conditions for miners in Zimbabwe. Labor Inspection in Zimbabwe is one of the main safety control mechanisms. Labor inspection statistics enable the government to monitor the mining industry and better analyze mining safety compliance issues. Problem Statement. The article discusses the prediction of accidents in the mining industry of the Republic of Zimbabwe in order to reduce the incidence of injuries. Economic and social development in the mining industry requires reliable analysis of injury statistics. Statistics of injuries in various production processes are given. Theoretical Part. In the process of data analysis, interpolation algorithms are used embedded in mathematical software. Statistical reports on occupational injuries provided by the Federal State Statistics Service were used as basic information. Conclusion. Mathematical forecasting of industrial injuries in the mining industry in Zimbabwe allows us to determine the likely values of the predicted indicators.
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Mavhura, Emmanuel, Andrew Collins, and Pathias Paradzayi Bongo. "Flood vulnerability and relocation readiness in Zimbabwe." Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 26, no. 1 (February 6, 2017): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-05-2016-0101.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine vulnerability conditions to flood disasters in Tokwe-Mukorsi community, Zimbabwe and identifies the barriers that constrained the community from relocating to safe sites. Design/methodology/approach Using a questionnaire survey, field observations and interviews, the paper examines the biophysical and social vulnerability of the Tokwe-Mukorsi community, Zimbabwe, as well as the barriers that prevented it from relocating to safe sites. A thematic analysis of the large volumes of qualitative data from interviews and walk-through analyses was conducted. Descriptive statistics were used in analysing quantitative data from questionnaires. Findings Results reveal that households living upstream and downstream of the dam were highly vulnerable to floods. Their biophysical vulnerability was partly induced by the construction of the dam whose basin encroached into the farming and settlement area. The extremely vulnerable group were households living below level of 660 m where five saddle dams had been constructed. The built environment of the community exhibited ignorance of standard building codes. The poor socio-economic conditions of the community and the incessant rains experienced over two weeks contributed to the flood disaster in early 2014. The Tokwe-Mukorsi community failed to relocate to safe places partly due to lack of compensation, absence of basic infrastructure and drought occurrence in relocation sites. Research limitations/implications The calculation of social vulnerability indices is beyond the scope of this study due to non-availability of quantitative data at community level. Originality/value This paper provides a comprehensive understanding of why some communities may fail to relocate despite being highly vulnerable to flood disasters.
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Alenezi, Majed. "Political Reading of Dangarembga’s Nervous Conditions." Language Circle: Journal of Language and Literature 14, no. 2 (April 17, 2020): 156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/lc.v14i2.24074.
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This paper explores Tsitsi Dangarembga’s debut novel, Nervous Conditions, from a political perspective. It has been read as portraying of gender relationships, social hierarchies and oppression of African women. This paper takes a different route as it analyses the role of masculinities through a political perspective. The conflict and struggle between genders in the text can be read through a political and historical perspective. This particular reading is permitted through a close analysis of the male characters in the novel. The research argues that male characters resemble or behave in away similar to white colonizers in their treatment of African women. Reading the novel through a political perspective provides the reader with the benefit of understanding the changes that occur in the characters and the role of gender conflict in the text. The triumph of Tambu and Nyasha at the end underscores the failure of colonial power to colonize Zimbabwe.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Zimbabwe – Social conditions"
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Chereni, Simbarashe. "Smallholder farmers response to changes in the farming environment in Gokwe-Kabiyuni, Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2950_1298634276.
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Following Bryceson&rsquo
s article, &lsquo
De-agrarianisation in Sub-Saharan Africa: Acknowledging the Inevitable&rsquo
, and other related writings in the volume Farewell to Farms, rural development has become a contested academic and policy domain. One side of the debate is characterized by &lsquo
agrarian optimism&rsquo
, mirrored in various state policies and advice from the World Bank
the other side is typified by the de-agrarianisation thesis, which is sceptical regarding the agrarian path to rural development, because it doesn&rsquo
t accord with dominant trends. The main reasons given for the trend of de-agrarianisation are: unfavourable climatic trends, economic adjustments, and population growth. While the de-agrarianisation thesis seems to be a sensible proposition, it has failed to attract many disciples, evidenced by the continuation of current policy directions towards the agrarian optimistic path. The purpose of this study was to assess the applicability of the de-agrarianisation thesis in the Gokwe-Kabiyuni area of Zimbabwe, during a time when the nation went through climatic, economic and political crises. The idea was to assess the influence of such an environment to smallholder farmers in terms of livelihood strategies by observing trends in climate, education, occupation, and crop yields over the period. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to establish whether the de-agrarianisation process can be noted in two villages over the period 1990-2008. A comparative analysis of the experiences of smallholder farmers in these two villages revealed the existence of a cultivation culture and differential agrarian resilience depending on natural resource endowment and levels of infrastructural development, notwithstanding the involvement of the villagers in non-farm activities to diversify their livelihood portfolios.
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Rudy-Chapman, Christopher Paul. "Strategies for innovative urban planning projects in high density living areas : the case of Glen View - Harare, Zimbabwe." Virtual Press, 1995. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/941731.
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The population of Glen View, a high density residential area in Harare, Zimbabwe is increasing. The effects on area living conditions are deleterious. The situation is expected to deteriorate further due to projected population increases: This creative project presents strategic planning, through Recommendations and Guidelines, for the high density residential area of Glen View. This project involves recommending guidelines for innovative urban planning strategies to address the significant living difficulties existing in Glen View. The sources used were secondary and related published material along with the knowledge gained through my personal experience in the high density residential areas in Harare, Zimbabwe during the summer of 1990. It is intended that this project can serve as an example of how innovative planning can work to create a better quality of life for people living in high density residential areas in developing countries.Department of Urban Planning
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Makuzva, Washington. "Tourists' perspectives of a tourism product in a selected Zimbabwean town." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2847.
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Thesis (MTech (Tourism and Hospitality Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.A well-packaged tourism product is the deciding factor in the choice of tourists about which destination to visit. A tourism product can be bundled with many tourism elements such as accommodation, attractions, activities and tours, price, image and climate. The tourism elements that build up a tourism product are the principle factors that contribute to the decision to choose one destination over another destination. Tourists can put a number of tourism products on the table, based on their needs and wants. However, they opt for one tourism product that promises to satisfy their demands. Destinations that offer unique tourism products are the most successful in a competitive industry since tourists will visit such destinations to fulfil their needs. However, even though some destinations like Victoria Falls offer unique tourism products, it is important to understand the nature and trends of tourists visiting this destination and their perceptions of the tourism product. This will assist in planning how to address any areas of concern as well as maintaining areas that are performing well. Limited research exists on tourist perspectives of the Victoria Falls tourism product and hence this is the focus of the current research. It will help in broadening the knowledge of the relevant tourism bodies in Zimbabwe on how tourists view the tourism product, as well as aiding sustainable development and growth of the tourism product. This study followed a quantitative methodology design. The interviewer administered 377 questionnaires on face-to-face basis to tourists on a voluntary participation basis. Systematic sampling was used to collect the data.Key findings indicate that despite the increasing number of females visiting this destination, males still dominate the tourist numbers. The majority of tourists fell within the age bracket of 21-50 years. The findings further show that availability of attractions, price of the tourism product, and accessibility of the destination play a paramount role in influencing tourists to visit the destination. Most tourists’ expectations were met and they would visit again in future and recommend the destination to friends and relatives. The most satisfactory results were noted on the attractions, activities, tours, and tourist accommodation. Despite these positive results, tourists felt that prices of accommodation, activities, tours, as well as dining, was too high. Furthermore, too many police roadblocks and unnecessary fines were noted as being detrimental to the tourism product. The researcher noted all concerns and made recommendations to overcome these negative aspects. The experience of tourists at a destination is strongly associated with an amalgamation of different elements of a tourism product. It is crucial to understand the performance of each tourism element as this contributes significantly to the success of the tourism product. The results of this study will afford the Zimbabwe Tourism Authority and Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority an understanding of the Victoria Falls tourism product from a tourist perspective. These entities will be able to improve the product, make it more attractive to tourists, and hence grow future visitor numbers. In addition, the results of this study create a baseline for future research. Monitoring of tourist perspectives over time and an evaluation and assessment of the tourist demands can be done, which will help in the modification and upgrading of the tourism product to match the demands of the consumers (tourists).
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Thompson, Guy. "'Native' policy in colonial Zimbabwe, 1923-1938." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=56911.
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In the period between the granting of self-government in 1923 and 1938, the 'native' policy formulated by Europeans in colonial Zimbabwe had three dimensions. The first was a land and agricultural policy designed to restrict competition from Africans in the produce market. The second was a labour policy addressed at the chronic labour shortages in the European mining and agricultural sectors. The third was a series of control measures seeking to impede black political organization. The goals of these policies were largely achieved by 1938 due to a combination of government initiatives and the impact of the depression. Part of this success was directly due to the effects of the depression; as economic conditions improved, Africans regained some of their economic autonomy and reasserted themselves politically.
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Murisa, Tendai. "An analysis of emerging forms of social organisation and agency in the aftermath of 'fast track' land reform in Zimbabwe." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003081.
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The fast track land reform programme resulted in a fundamental reorganisation of rural relations in Zimbabwe, changing the landscape in an irreversible way with people from diverse backgrounds converging on former white-owned farms. This thesis tells the story of how the newly resettled land beneficiaries are organising themselves socially in response to various economic challenges. It makes a contribution towards understanding how redistributive land reforms and local government restructuring influence rural social organisation and agency. Furthermore the study examines local perceptions on the meanings of the „farm‟ and „land redistribution‟. An utterance by one war veteran “what used to be your farm is now our land and you are free to take your farm but leave our land” provides an alternative rendition to contestations of restitution versus a purely farm productionist discourse. The study, through an analysis of primary and secondary data, provides a fresh understanding of the social outcomes of fast track. It traces the evolution of land and agrarian reforms in post-independence Zimbabwe and the political and social economic context that led to „fast track‟. Through an analysis of field findings the thesis is able to define the dominant social groups that were resettled during fast track and the challenges they face in utilising the land. The findings show that the majority of the land beneficiaries were from the customary areas, with limited agricultural experiences. Local cooperation within informal networks and local farmer groups has been identified as one of the ways in which social reproduction is being organised. These groups are responsible for enhancing production capacity but they face a number of constraints. The study derives its theoretical foundation from the post 1980s debates on rural society dominated by Mafeje (1993, 2003), Rahmato (1991) and Mamdani (1996). The debates centred on how institutions of inclusion, authority and cooperation such as the lineage groups, local farmer groups and traditional authority remain relevant in the organisation of post-independent rural African society especially in a context of increased commoditisation of rural relations of production. Using theoretical insights derived from analysing the role of the lineage groups in the allocation of critical resources such as land and the influence of traditional authority (indirect rule) as a form of local government, the study examines how social organisation is emerging in areas where neither lineage nor traditional authority are not dominant. The thesis of rural cooperation through local groups as advanced by Rahmato (1991) and Moyo (2002) provides partial insights into the response mechanisms that land beneficiaries invoke in this instance. It is not necessarily an autonomous space of organisation but rather the state is actively involved through various functionaries including extension officers who invariably advance a very productionist approach. The state‟s monopoly through its local functionaries hides its political cooptation effect by emphasising organisation for production without questioning the manner in which that production is externally controlled through limited rights over land, the state‟s monopoly over inputs supply and markets for commodities. Whilst land reform has been driven by local participation through land occupations, local government reform has been technocratically determined through Ministerial directives. There is however little innovation in the form of local government that is being introduced. It expands the fusion of authority between elected Rural District Councils and unelected traditional authority functionaries. The forms of social organisation and agency that have emerged remain subordinated to the state with no links to other networks of rural producers‟ associations and urban civil society organisations. These developments form part of a longheld tradition within the Zimbabwean state where the legitimacy of local organisation and authority is usurped to service the interests of the state. Thus whilst land reform has to a certain extent accommodated the majority poor, the ensuing local government and agrarian reforms are more focused on limiting their participation in broader processes of political engagement around distribution and accumulation and their own governance.
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Chiweshe, Manase Kudzai. "Farm level institutions in emergent communities in post fast track Zimbabwe: case of Mazowe district." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003096.
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The thesis seeks to understand how emerging communities borne out of the Fast Track Land Reform Programme in Zimbabwe have been able to ensure social cohesion and social service provision using farm level institutions. The Fast Track Programme brought together people from diverse backgrounds into new communities in the former commercial farming areas. The formation of new communities meant that, often, there were 'stranger households'living next to each other. Since 2000, these people have been involved in various processes aimed at turning clusters of homesteads into functioning communities through farm level institutions. Fast track land reform precipitated economic and political crisis in Zimbabwe characterised by a rapidly devaluating Zimbabwean dollar, enormous inflation and high unemployment figures. This economic crisis has impacted heavily on new farmers who find it increasingly difficult to afford inputs and access loans. They have formed social networks in response to these challenges, taking the form of farm level institutions such as farm committees, irrigation committees and health committees. The study uses case studies from small-scale 'A1 farmers‘ in Mazowe district which is in Mashonaland Central Province. It employs qualitative methodologies to enable a nuanced understanding of associational life in the new communities. Through focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, narratives, key informant interviews and institutional mapping the study outlines the formation, taxonomy, activities, roles, internal dynamics and social organisation of farm level institutions. The study also uses secondary data collected in 2007-08 by the Centre for Rural Development in the newly resettled areas in Mazowe. The major finding of the study is that farmers are organising in novel ways at grassroots levels to meet everyday challenges. These institutional forms however are internally weak, lacking leadership with a clear vision and they appear as if they are transitory in nature. They remain marginalised from national and global processes and isolated from critical connections to policy makers at all levels; thus A1 farmers remain voiceless and unable to have their interests addressed. Farm level institutions are at the forefront of the microeconomics of survival among these rural farmers. They are survivalist in nature and form, and this requires a major shift in focus if they are to be involved in developmental work. The institutions remain fragmented and compete amongst themselves for services from government without uniting as A1 farmers with similar interests and challenges.
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Muruviwa, Addmore Tapfuma. "Livelihood strategies of the aged people in Mubaira Community, Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/334.
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In today‘s changing demographic, economic, political and environmental context the livelihood strategies developed by the rapidly growing older population deserve particular attention. Lack of support by the state coupled with economic crises and decreasing family availability has meant that older people are increasingly expected to find their own means of support into old age, develop their own strategies and rely on their own resources. Heterogeneity in old age means that while some older people are amongst the most vulnerable and socially down and out, others have accumulated resources that enable them to implement diverse and enterprising livelihood strategies to maintain their wellbeing in old age. This study uses an explorative approach in its quest to understand the various livelihood strategies of the elderly. In-depth interviews and life histories have been utilized as data collection instruments. In addition to this inductive and qualitative research approach, the dissertation uses the sustainable livelihoods framework to examine the different kinds of livelihood strategies employed by the elderly in Mubaira to stave off poverty in old age in the absence of social security systems. A comparative analysis with other regional countries reveals that old age pensions have been able to reduce poverty at old age significantly. By engaging in different livelihood activities, in the absence of old age pensions, the elderly in Mubaira community in Zimbabwe have been able to make a living. Agriculture is the dominant activity the aged people engage in as they try to avert food insecurity. Besides agriculture, aged people diversify their livelihoods through self employments that add income value to their households. The impact of cash and non-cash remittances has seen aged people being able to buy basic goods and a few essentials. Although the state has been dysfunctional, civil society has stepped in to address the livelihood challenges faced by the aged population and in v particular to provide an alternative solution to the needs of the elderly people within the sustainable livelihoods framework which remains one of the most important models for the analysis of rural livelihoods. Through the livelihoods approach‘s vulnerability approach the study also analyses the various impacts affecting the attainment of sustainable livelihood outcomes. Through the utilization of the livelihoods framework in addition to the qualitative research methodology as indicated above, the study found that livelihood activities of the aged require a stock of capital assets which include natural, human, physical, social and financial capital. The life histories of the aged in Mubaira revealed that through the years the aged did accumulate various assets that assist them even now. As the life course perspective suggests events in earlier life do have a bearing on later life, access to a range of capital assets helped old aged people in Mubaira to fully engage in livelihood strategies that ensured their survival and escape from poverty.
8
Chirau, Takunda John. "Understanding livelihood strategies of urban women traders : a case of Magaba, Harare in Zimbabwe." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003742.
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This thesis seeks to understand and analyze the livelihood strategies of urban women traders at Magaba in Harare (Zimbabwe) in the context of the contemporary economic and political crisis. The crisis emerged in the 1990s with the introduction of a structural adjustment programme and deepened further with the fast track land reform programme initiated by the Zimbabwean government in the year 2000. The crisis has involved a down-sizing of the Zimbabwean economy and a massive rise in the rate of unemployment in the formal economy. Consequently urban life became increasingly unbearable for poor blacks and informal economic activities blossomed and started to make a significant contribution to household income and livelihoods. The role of women in the informal economy was particularly pronounced. Theoretically, the thesis is underpinned by the sustainable livelihoods framework. In examining the vulnerability context of the Magaba women traders and the institutional interventions which complicate the lives and livelihoods of these traders, I identify and unpack their diverse livelihood activities and strategies and the resources (or assets) they deploy in constructing urban livelihoods. Though their livelihood portfolios complement any earnings from formal employment by household members and though they contribute to their household’s sustenance, there are a number of daily challenges which they face in their trading activities and which they seek to counteract through a range of often ingenious coping mechanisms. The thesis is important for a number of reasons. It fills an important empirical gap in the study of Magaba market specifically, it brings to the fore the gendered character of the informal trading activities in urban Zimbabwe, and it deploys the livelihoods framework in a manner which is sensitive to both structure and agency.
9
Gibney, Laura (Laura Margaret). "Limitations of a state-initiated and controlled system of worker participation in industry : the Zimbabwean example." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65488.
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Callahan, Bryan Thomas. "Syphilis and civilization a social and cultural history of sexually transmitted disease in colonial Zambia and Zimbabwe, 1890-1960 /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://books.google.com/books?id=JQnbAAAAMAAJ.
Full textBooks on the topic "Zimbabwe – Social conditions"
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From civilization to segregation: Social ideals and social control in southern Rhodesia, 1890-1934. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1994.
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Mwanaka, Tendai R. Zimbabwe: The blame game. Mankon, Bamenda [Cameroon]: Langaa Research and Publishing CIG, 2013.
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Raftopoulos, Brian. Zimbabwe human development report, 1998. [Harare]: United Nations Development Programme, 1998.
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Lionel, Cliffe, ed. Zimbabwe: Politics, economics, and society. London: Pinter Publishers, 1989.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Zimbabwe – Social conditions"
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Maisiri, Esabel. "Utilization of Indigenous Knowledge for Competitiveness among Curio Makers of Matobo National Park, Zimbabwe." In Handbook of Research on Social, Cultural, and Educational Considerations of Indigenous Knowledge in Developing Countries, 202–25. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0838-0.ch011.
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Knowledge-based creativity and competitiveness in the cultural industry is determined by the form of work organization and the knowledge enabling conditions prevailing in the operating environment of an organization. Against this background, a case study was conducted to assess the extent to which knowledge enabling conditions prevailing in the environment of curio makers that operated from Matobo National Park, supported competitiveness. Knowledge creation dimensions on intention, individual and group autonomy, fluctuation/creative chaos, information redundancy and requisite variety outlined in the Knowledge Creation Theory provided a perspective for understanding the study phenomena. Individual autonomy, fluctuation/creative chaos, requisite variety and intentional components on trust, collaboration, learning, and incentives and rewards were present. Information redundancy was absent. The curios showed creativity but lacked in uniqueness. The recommendations included development of structures that delineate and provide guidance on a knowledge vision.
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Chirisa, Innocent, Liaison Mukarwi, and Abraham Rajab Matamanda. "Social Costs and Benefits of the Transformation of the Traditional Families in an African Urban Society." In Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development, 179–97. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2659-9.ch009.
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This chapter analysed the social costs and benefits of changing lifestyles and livelihoods adopted by the families in Africa to fit in the obtaining urban environments. The transformation is in a way to minimise the cost and maximise the benefits of urbanism. The net overall effect of the transformation has been increasing household poverty signified by poor incomes, family instability, increased nucleation of families and disbanding of family rural ties for the city. In most cases, this means increased vulnerability and insecurity of the traditional family. How then do the urbanised traditional families cope with city pressures? The study draws cases from South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Nigeria, Ethiopia and Egypt these being countries where urbanisation levels are in critical variation due to varying circumstances including the removal of apartheid restrictions, armed conflict, economic instability, population explosion, existence of pristine conditions, possibility of overurbanisation and proclivity to maintaining tradition, respectively.
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Chambati, Walter. "Land Alienation, Proletarianization, and Changing Labor Market Regimes in Southern Africa." In The Oxford Handbook of Land Politics, C4S1—C4N12. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197618646.013.4.
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Abstract The nature and extent of the rural proletarianization of the peasantry in (Southern) Africa arising from uneven colonial land alienation and structural adjustment programs instigated economic crises, and whether farm and nonfarm activities constitute a continuum in the labor process of the peasantry remains an unresolved question. The labor relations are to a large extent shaped by the degree of access to land, and are thus modified by processes of land alienation or the extension of access through land redistribution. Drawing from secondary literature and primary data marshaled on the recent land reform experiences in Zimbabwe, the chapter demonstrates that peasant forms of production prevail despite the challenges rooted in neoliberal reforms. Taking this stand, the chapter challenges the dominant perspectives that generally perceive a post-peasant society evolving from colonial and postcolonial land alienation and adverse agrarian conditions. Today, as urban-based social reproduction strategies continue to falter, repeasantization and semi-proletarianization, which maintain the significance of land, represent the overarching tendencies in rural areas.
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Choguya, Naume Zorodzai. "Double Jeopardy." In Advances in Religious and Cultural Studies, 35–54. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4867-7.ch003.
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Motivated by the thinness of gender-disaggregated literature on women and disability, the author discusses the position and condition of such women in Zimbabwe. Literature shows that women with disabilities experience double discrimination as women and as disabled persons. The author argues that women are marginalised from access to resources they need for their upkeep, personal security, and further human advancement. Furthermore, disability feeds on the already existing inequalities in society to produce heightened exclusion for them. Women face physical, attitudinal, and environmental barriers; live in poverty; and lack opportunities for gaining an education, finding employment, forming meaningful social ties, and participating meaningfully in their families and communities. This chapter makes calls for committed efforts towards a transition to an inclusive society, one that includes persons with disabilities in every facet of life.
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Bvochora, Kudzanai, and Bernard Kusena. "The Political Economy of Land and Urban Development." In Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development, 343–59. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-4165-3.ch019.
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Many urban areas which have sprouted around the world owe their economic and social origins in growth points and market centers. Situated about 15 kilometers south-east of Harare, Epworth became one of Zimbabwe's largest peri-urban settlements due to the combined effect of demographic, political, and socioeconomic factors, among others. This chapter interrogates the various forces behind this unprecedented population growth. It demonstrates the relationship between Epworth's ballooning population and the various pull and push factors of urbanization. For example, immigration contributed immensely to this rise, although natural increase in births also contributed fairly significantly. This chapter examines the impact of population dynamics and other variables that were linked to the rapid expansion of Epworth on the overall development processes, arguing that economic and social infrastructure became conditioned by such dynamics.