Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ziyrak'

Pilgrimage plays an important role in many religious traditions. Indeed, one of the five pillars of Islam is the Hajj – the pilgrimage to Mecca that every Muslim is expected to perform at least once in their life. But this isn’t the only ritual of its kind present in Islam. Indeed, a common practice in Sufism is the Ziyara – a pilgrimage or visit to a saint or the tomb of a saint. This study aims to give a comprehensive overview of one of these pilgrimages – the Ziyara Bogal of the Tijaniyya Sufi order. Through observational methods and interviews, the present thesis will look at strategies of ritualization and charismatic authority, as well as the political implications of the pilgrimage in West African society. Extensive fieldwork was conducted in Senegal, The Gambia and in the diasporic community in Sweden both during the pilgrimage itself and several months before and after, and theories relating to the main themes (ritualization, charismatic authority) is used to analyze the material. As such, the study will map out multiple significant aspects of the ziyara and give an insight into how Islam is lived and practiced in the region.

This dissertation for the M.A. in Creative Writing consists of a full-length play, titled Last Laugh and a mini-dissertation. The mini-dissertation explores the phenomenon of Theatre-for-Development, which differs significantly from the performance tradition of classical African drama. The study identifies ways in which Theatre-for-Development practitioners, animators or catalysts, (interchangeable names given to agents who teach target community members theatre-for-development skills) abandon the conventions of classical African drama performances, in terms of the form of plays, stage management and costumes. They find different and less formal ways to tackle the social problems which the target communities experience. The origins of Classical African drama are traced from the western tradition, from which it borrows heavily, and there is some discussion of the socio-historical conditions that prevailed during the time when African playwrights performed those plays, and the rise of nationalism in colonised African states, which in part influenced their production. This study then examines how the socio-political dynamics in the Zimbabwean post-farm-invasions era gave rise to Theatre-for-Development projects in the newly resettled farming communities that faced social development challenges. Despite the land gains peasants enjoyed, the resettled communities found themselves in places far away from schools, hospitals, shops and social service centres. That was the source of their problems. It will be shown how government sponsored Theatre-for-Development groups to mobilise the people, through theatre, to initiate home-groomed solutions to their social and economic problems during a time when the government was bankrupt and the country’s economy was shattered by the destruction of the agricultural and mining sectors, triggered by the invasions of the white commercial farms. The Ziya Community Theatre’s production of Sunrise is analysed in the light of these considerations.<br>Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.<br>English<br>unrestricted

The aim of this thesis is to compare the ideas Ziya G&ouml<br>kalp and Yusuf Ak&ccedil<br>ura on Turkism. Nationalism emerged in the 18th century in Western Europe has been a real force in world politics for the last two centuries. Naturally, towards the end of the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire with many different ethnic groups within its borders was influenced by Western nationalist movements. Analyzing Turkish nationalism, it is seen that from the late 18th century to the announcement of the Second Constitution in 1908, Turkish nationalism went parallel to the modernization attempts of the Ottoman reformers. The Ottoman bureaucrats considered modernity as a goal to overcome the difficulties of the Ottoman Empire. Ottomanism and Islamism were the sub-ideologies of the state, which were essential for its survival. However, after the Balkan wars, Turkism became popular among ottoman intellectuals. Both G&ouml<br>kalp and Ak&ccedil<br>ura played a leading role in the direction of Turkish nationalism during the transition from a multi-ethnic Ottoman Empire to a secular and modern Turkish nation-state. Additionally, after the foundation of the Turkish nation-state, they shaped the content of the reforms of the new state with their nationalist way of thinking. In this respect, they served as the intellectual sources of Turkish nationalism. The main purpose of this thesis is to offer an analytical framework for understanding the peculiarities of G&ouml<br>kalp and Ak&ccedil<br>ura&rsquo<br>s nationalist thoughts during the late Ottoman and early Republican periods. In this context, this thesis examines the ideas of the two scholars on a comparative basis and aims to reveal the differences and similarities in their ideas.

This study compares the National Economy concept as it is employed in Friedrich List&rsquo<br>s works with its theoretical reflections among Ottoman intelligentsia, particularly in Ziya G&ouml<br>kalp. The effects of National Economy on the Ottoman thought is examined by bearing in mind two journals: T&uuml<br>rk Yurdu and Iktisadiyat Mecmuasi. The field of application of National Economy is explicated by an analysis of the first steps towards industrialization, especially after the Young Turk Revolution of 1908. It attempts to find answers to the questions as to how and to what degree the theoretical development of National Economy affected the Ottoman economic policies implemented.

In this thesis, analysis of the creative act in architecture and art is tried to be dwelled upon. The capacities of the &#039<br>creative mind&#039<br>personality and ethics are the fields that are focused on to elaborate the subjective qualities of the architect. Three aspects are designated in this framework through the literal works of architect M. Ziya Tanali. Tanali is a man of profession for the several years. He is not only contributed Turkish architecture with buildings, but also wrote extensively on art and architecture. Then to evaluate these aspects in the practice of architecture his projects are scrutinized. Thesis can be interpreted as a kind of autobiographical study that is supplemented with the theoretical framework on the &#039<br>creative act&#039<br>. This kind of a study gives an opportunity of tracing the phenomena of an architect deals with in her/his architectural practice.

Cette thèse veut montrer la présence d'un modèle français dans l'émergence d'une littérature turque moderne, à une époque où la France s'affirme comme le symbole de la "civilisation". Dans une première période, celle des Tanzimat, les emprunts à la culture française sont conçus comme limités et utilitaires; la France reste "l'autre": l'influence française se voit dans la multiplication de traductions et d'adaptations du français, le but est souvent didactique et les emprunts à la France visibles. Pour la génération suivante, celle de la Littérature Nouvelle, regroupée autour de la revue Servet-i Fünun, la relation aux références se modifie: il s'agit de créer soi-même en se nourrissant de la littérature française. L'abandon des formes traditionnelles est poussé à son comble chez Halit Ziya Usakligil, romancier réaliste, et Tevfik Fikret, poète moderne. Finalement cette thèse vise à montrer la multiplicité d'une présence française qu'on ne peut en aucun cas identifier à une influence unilatérale: à chaque époque, il y a réinterprétation, reformulation d'un modèle qui ne prend tout son sens que restitué dans les conditions de l'époque<br>This thesis aims at showing the presence of a French model in the birth of a modern Turkish literature. First limited to determined contacts, then to more prolonged but only technical exchanges, the relationship between France and the Ottoman Empire extends to the cultural level with Sinasi as avant-garde. It opens in the Empire a period of questionning and doubt about the identity. For the first generation of Tanzimat the influence is thought to be only instrumental; France remains "other". French influence in literature consists in numerous and often didactic translations and adaptations from French, in the work of Ahmet Mithat, but also in introducing new forms such as the novel or theatre, as by Namik Kemal. For the next generation of New Literature, united with the magazine Servet-i Fünun, French literature becomes a source for the own creation: Halit Ziya, who intends to write realist novels (Mai ve Siyah, Ask-i memnu) and Tevfik Fikret, as a "modern" poet, totally abandon the old forms. In the novels of Halit Ziya on the one side we can feel the grammatical and syntaxical influence of French on the Turkish language; he takes novels of Flaubert or Goncourt as a model for its style. We discovered that Tevfik Fikret, in Rübab-i Sikeste, was under the influence not only of Coppée, but also of Hugo, Baudelaire, Musset, but creates an original work of art

碩士<br>國立屏東教育大學<br>中國語文學系碩士班<br>102<br>Ziyuan Mao (茅子元，1096~1181) was born in the Southern Song Dynasty under Tiantai teaching. After being enlightened when hearing a crow during meditation, he started to spread the idea of delivery from difficulty and promote the concept of Pure Land. Due to Ziyuan Mao’s pursuit of the spirit of forming an association to practice Buddhism of Master Huiyuan（慧遠） in Lushan Mountain during the East Jin Dynasty, he built the White Lotus Repentance Temple by Dianshan Lake to encourage males and females to practice Buddhist rules for the purpose of going to the Western Pure Land of Ultimate Bliss. Since being banished to Jiangzhou while propagating Buddhist teachings, Ziyuan Mao decided to create the White Lotus Society with the objective of “enlightening the people with Buddhist teachings”. Because Ziyuan Mao allowed “lay Buddhists to impart Dharma”later there had been many temples administered by White Lotus Society followers among the people. In the Yuan Dynasty, in non-governmental circles, some White Lotus Society followers had done a lot of things without abiding by the dharma, such as mixing Taoist practice of austerities, professing some folk beliefs of spirits, and misinterpreting the Buddhist doctrine, being away from the objectives of belief, vow, and practicing Buddhism. Then, Master Youtan Purdue (優曇普度，1254~1330) wrote the “Lushan Lianzong Baojian”（《廬山蓮宗寶鑑》）, on the one hand, to refute the heresies and absurd remarks of White Lotus Society followers; on the other hand, to enthrone Ziyuan Mao’s propagation, addressing that the White Lotus Society is the orthodox school of practicing Buddhism instead of an evil cult to worship devils. Ziyuan Mao’s original writings are already missing. The remaining articles written by Ziyuan Mao included in Youtan Purdue’s “Lushan Lianzong Baojian” are indeed important literature for research of Mao’s Pure Land through. Chapter 2 explores the process from Ziyuan Mao establishing the White Lotus Society to Youtan Purdue writing the “Lushan Lianzong Baojian” to revive the Society in the Yuan Dynasty using a historical research method. Chapter 3 studies the types of heresies and heretic behaviors by White Lotus Society followers to show the difference between the initial stage and the decadent stage of the White Lotus Society. Chapter 4 illustrates the layout style and content outline of the “Lushan Lianzong Baojian” to be studied, revealing that Youtan Purdue wrote this book for the purpose of refute the heresies and promoting the genuine doctrine. Chapter 5 discusses the doctrine meanings of Ziyuan Mao’s “Synthesis Four Realms and Three Reflections Map of Selecting Buddha”（《圓融四土三觀選佛圖》）. Ziyuan Mao adopted the Four-Land Theory of the Tiantai Sect to interpret the meanings of the realms where all classes dwell, the temporary realms, the realms of permanent reward and freedom, and the realm of eternal rest and light and of eternal spirit through common forms such as graphs, metaphors, and poems. He especially used the realms where all classes dwell as the reference of the Western Pure Land of Ultimate Bliss , indicating that as long as practitioners can sincerely believe and practice Buddhism, they can go to the Pure Land after they die. Chapter 6 first illustrates that Ziyuan Mao’s way of teaching was based on belief, vow, and practice. He encouraged people to follow the Triple Gem Refuge and Five Precepts and persuade people to practice Buddhism using the convenient method of “saying amitabha five times”. Joining the Buddhist school is the right action, while doing it as a sideline is helping to improve karma. The purpose is to go to the Pure Land after death. Ziyuan Mao edited the “Lotus Sect Dawn Confession Ceremony”（《蓮宗晨朝懺儀》） as the reference for the daily lesions of the White Lotus Society to make a deep-sworn vow through practice of purification of the three modes.In “Ten Gates to the Pure Land Admonishment”（《淨土十門告誡》）, Ziyuan Mao proposed the “three doubts at the point of death”（〈臨終三疑〉） and “four tests at the point of death”（〈臨終四關〉）, revealing the obstacles Buddhism practitioners may face at the point of death, as the warning for practice. Then, Ziyuan Mao’s thought of Buddhism practice was based on the thought of Weishi sect, which says seeing Buddha before death is not something obtained externally, but a result of practicing Buddhism in normal times, starting with Alaya-vijbana; and the thought of wisdom endowed with insight into emptiness, proposing “leaving appearance and meditating with Buddhist practice”, asking practitioners to stay away from fake and fictitious appearance of all things and eliminating their persistence. This is the practice of Buddhism of those with a gift in learning Dharma.

碩士<br>淡江大學<br>化學學系碩士班<br>94<br>PartⅠ A novel ion chromatographic method has been developed for the simultaneous analysis of the inorganic anions (iodate, bromate, nitrite, bromide and nitrate) in their mixture. The method is based on the ion-pair chromatographic separation followed by the ultraviolet absorption detection. The separation was achieved on the reverse phase octadecylsilica (ODS) column and acetonitrile-TBA-CH3COOH mobile phase containing tetra-n-butylammonium salt (TBA) as an ion-pairing reagent. The pH of the mobile phase, the optimal wavelength, the concentration of the ion-pairing reagent and the concentration of the organic solvent in the mobile phase are the important factors which affect the retention time and efficiency of the separation. Therefore, the optimal analytic method which was found out and established can provide a fast and efficient method for the simultaneous analysis of the inorganic anions. PartⅡ Our aim in this study is that by utilizing the high performance liquid chromatography combined with the photodiode array (PDA) UV/Vis detector for analyzing the Chinese herb “Ziyuan” which were came from different producing areas. The extracts of the Chinese herb Ziyuan were separated by the gradient elution method and then the chromatograms obtained were compared with the different wavelength 210nm, 230nm, 254nm, 280nm. According to the results, the chromatograms of 254nm wavelength was selected and made the optimal chemical fingerprint chromatogram. Besides, there were several characteristic peaks chosen by the different peak area. The characteristic peaks were established the chemical fingerprint atlas and compared the composition of the Chinese herb Ziyuan which were came from different producing areas. Finally, the data obtained from the chromatograms were made the chemical fingerprint and radar atlas of Chinese herb. This radar atlas is like the identification card of the Chinese herb which could provide the information of their sources and producing areas.