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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Zločiny'
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1
Kulhavá, Kateřina. "Individuální trestní odpovědnost jednotlivce v mezinárodním právu." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2006. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-161698.
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kontext, vznik a vývoj individuální trestní odpovědnosti jednotlivce v mezinárodním právu; trestní odpovědnost jednotlivce za zločiny podle mezinárodního práva jako součást partikulární subjektivity jednotlivce; Norimberský a Tokijský tribunál, činnost Komise OSN pro mezinárodní právo, Mezinárodní trestní tribunál pro bývalou Jugoslávii, Mezinárodní trestní tribunál pro Rwandu, Zvláštní soud pro Sierra Leone, Mezinárodní trestní soud; aktuální pohled na individuální trestní odpovědnost jednotlivce v porovnání s jejími počátky
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Blail, Michael. "Umění/Zločin Zločin/Umění." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta výtvarných umění, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-234287.
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The main title of the doctoral thesis - ART/CRIME - CRIME/ART - point to a general investigation of these two phenomenons. This investigation makes up the background of the main theme of the thesis, which is an actual event of the mysterious death of the painter and shepherd K.. At work I spend time with alternative investigations of this death and the goal is an attempt to reconstruct the events and effort of discovering the answers what happened that night and whether or not a killer really existed or not.
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Mlčoch, Tomáš. "Economics of Golden Crime." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-199295.
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This master's thesis examines a criminal response to the sharp increase in the real gold price between the years 1998 and 2012. By using a regression analysis, I show that an increase in the real gold price does not have a significant impact on the number of golden crimes but the gold price significantly influences the stolen amount of gold with the elasticity of 2.2. In addition, an increase of lagged real wage and non-lagged real wage, and the number of prisoners significantly decreases golden crime whereas increased unemployment has a negative impact. Moreover, I find that in all types of a regression analysis (daily, monthly and quarterly) higher temperature and also lower cloudiness (as proxies for the good weather) significantly increase the golden crime rate. The daily model also revealed that during weekends and holidays there is significantly and markedly lower crime.
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Šmat, Jakub. "Organizovaný zločin." Master's thesis, Česká zemědělská univerzita v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-260236.
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This study characterizes one of the most serious forms of organized crime in the Czech Republic, namely counterfeiting of means of payment, focusing on the issue of credit card fraud and skimming. It deals with various types of credit cards, legal and technical aspects of their protection, and economic aspects in terms of damage incurred and liability of caused damage. The thesis evaluates the risk of skimming in the Czech Republic, describes various methods of attack, and provides advice and recommendations related to the defence against this illegal activity.
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Polách, David. "Ekonomie kybernetického zločinu." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-2019.
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Práce se zabývá ekonomickou analýzou kybernetického zločinu. Základním východiskem analýzy je model jednání racionálního kybernetického zločince rozhodujícího se o očekávaných nákladech a užitcích své činnosti vyjádřené v jednotkách peněžního ekvivalentu. Rozhodovací problém kybernetického zločince tvoří optimalizační úlohu z vzhledem k jeho nákladům. V rámci práce je odvozen rovnovážný optimální stav zločince. Další diskutovanou problematikou jsou metody boje proti kybernetickému zločinu a detailní rozbor metody zvýšené intenzity boje. Metoda zvýšené intenzity boje je založena na snižování počtu spáchaných kybernetických zločinů pomocí mechanismu zvyšujícího náklady zločincům. Mezní zločinci jsou v případě komerční varianty zločinu vytlačeni z trhu, zbývající alespoň sníží svoji produkci. Naopak pro specifickou verzi komunitní varianty zločinu tato metoda vede ke zvýšení trestné činnosti. Posledním tématem je interakce výrobců softwaru působícího síťové efekty, spotřebitelů a softwarových pirátů. Práce obsahuje model nerozvinutého a rozvinutého trhu a variantu s dokonalou cenovou diskriminací. Ukazuje se, že na rozvinutém trhu může monopolní výrobce softwaru svoji pozici vylepšit snahou o zvyšování intenzity boje se zločinem, přičemž v případě s cenovou diskriminací tento mechanismus nemá limit a teoreticky může působit až do úplného vymýcení softwarového pirátství.
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Vosyka, Jaroslav. "Hospodářské důsledky organizovaného zločinu." Master's thesis, Česká zemědělská univerzita v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-260103.
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This diploma thesis deals with organized crime and its economic consequences, where the theoretical part is first tangentially history of organized crime, discusses the definition of basic concepts, definitions of organized crime with links to economic organized crime group structures and their typical criminal activity, crime. In conclusion, the theoretical part is dedicated to the fight against organized crime, its resources and authorities.
In the empirical part of the dissertation deals with the analysis of official documents and statistical reports, using qualitative research study of primary data, method of studying documents. In the first part for a better understanding of the issue will analyze selected cases - casuistry. Following the case studies of work followed by an analysis of statistical reports focusing on damages, proceeds of crime and the possible provision of such proceeds according to law.
The overall concept of the work refers to the typical attributes, methods of committing crimes, modus operandi, the consequences of organized crime, with a possible proposal to tackle the issue.
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Kunt, Lukáš. "Hospodářské důsledky organizovaného zločinu." Master's thesis, Česká zemědělská univerzita v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-260586.
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Summary
This thesis deals with the significance of the threat that organized crime poses to society. The aim is to provide an overview of its present forms and economic impact. In the theoretical part, there is an outline of basic terms associated with organized crime, its traditional and new forms, the most influential organized crime groups and their history regarding the Czech Republic and the EU and institutions that fight them. The empirical part focuses on the issue of illegal drugs. Drugs smuggling and illegal drug trade are defined from the perspective of criminology. Using addictology and police statistics, the features of illegal drug market are described. Comparing various facts, the crackdown on illegal drugs in the Czech Republic and the EU is analysed, and from statistical data - applying mathematical methods - the value of illegal drug market is estimated. Economic impact of chosen forms of organized crime is described by the assessment of their share in GDP and economy in general. In the conclusion of this thesis, some measures that could reduce the social and economic
impact are drawn.
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Jelínek, Martin. "Organizovaný zločin v České republice." Master's thesis, Česká zemědělská univerzita v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-257206.
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Diploma thesis is focused on "Organized crime in the Czech Republic", includes a theoretical part and research. The teoretical part defines the notion of organized crime and the types of groups that perpetrated. Furthermore, the work presents the most common forms of organized crime and institutions such used to fight both nationally and internationally. Finally, there is outlined the situation in the Czech Republic and those groups that are in our country most often perpetrated by organized crime now.
Research part examines whether the frequency of articles on the subject in the selected journal corresponds to the actual situation and widespread forms of organized crime in the Czech republic in 2015. The context was given to data obtained from the content analysis of the largest number of articles of particular forms of organized crime and was compared with interviews carried out by experts estimates and research. The result was that the data corresponds with 2/3 and the only major difference became violent organized crime, which occurred in a number of articles on second place, but it is no longer among the most frequent activities of organized groups in the Czech Republic.
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Sitter, Tomáš. "Zodpovědnost chránit - koncept a aplikace." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-142293.
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Topic of this thesis is the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine that has become very current at the present time because of its use in legitimising the operation of NATO and other countries during the uprising in Libya in 2011. Apart from a number of sympathetic opinions, it has caused a wave critique, which has been of two types. Some criticised even the fact itself that the UN Security Council had labelled the Libya situation as a case suited for the application of this doctrine. There were also those who had agreed wholeheartedly with this designation, but who were disappointed by how the operation that followed had proceeded. This section of critics claims that NATO and other states that took part in the operation overstepped the mandate granted to them by the Security Council and thereby caused at least a partial delegitimising of R2P.
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Kůsová, Ivana. "Vplyv medzinárodných aktérov v boji s organizovaným zločinom: Prípadová štúdia Kolumbia." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-113506.
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The thesis deals with the influence of international actors in the fight against organized crime. The issue of combating the organized crime is pictured on the case study of Colombia. Colombian organized crime is largely associated with drug trafficking, therefore the thesis concentrates on options for addressing drug problem. USA as the most important market for Colombian drug production is a major ally of Colombia in the fight against drugs. The thesis focuses on the joint policy initiatives of the USA and Colombia to resolve production and drug trafficking. The aim of the thesis is to find out possible solutions to adress drug trade and identify the benefits and shortcomings of antidrug policies for the case study of Colombia.
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Dejmek, Jiří. "Regionální diferenciace kriminality v ČR." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-3520.
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Tato diplomová práce se zabývá kriminologickými aspekty trestných činů v ČR se zaměřením na socio-ekonomické a prostorové charakteristiky páchané kriminality a regionální diferenciaci kriminality v ČR. Součástí diplomové práce je popis vývoje teorií objasňujících kriminalitu, tedy vývoje kriminologických přístupů, včetně současného ekonomického přístupu ke kriminalitě prezentovaného zástupci chicagské školy. Úvodní obecná analýza regionální diferenciace kriminality je v diplomové práci základním kamenem pro následnou detailní analýzu majetkové kriminality a vzájemných závislostí mezi naměřenými hodnotami majetkové kriminality a socio-ekonomickými jevy, provedené za účelem hlubšího pochopení kriminality jako sociálního fenoménu. Zároveň práce pojednává o možnostech predikce vývoje trestné činnosti a budoucích hrozeb v podobě nárůstu kriminality ve strukturálně postižených a hospodářsky slabých regionech, a také poskytuje možná doporučení, jak potenciálním hrozbám předcházet. Diplomová práce by měla poskytnout ucelený pohled na kriminalitu v ČR tak, aby se mohla stát případným podkladem pro příjímání opatření orgány veřejné správy za účelem sociální kontroly.
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Kovaříková, Ilona. "Česká republika v obchodu s lidmi." Master's thesis, Česká zemědělská univerzita v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-257033.
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The Diploma thesis deals with the problematics of trafficking in human beings in the Czech republic since the association with the EU Member States and Schengen Associated Countries. The inner boundaries police control has been cancelled and that caused a dramatic rise in this illegal trade. The practical part of the thesis contents gathered news about trafficking in human beings in the Czech republic published by the Ministry of Interrior. The last part of the thesis deals with the financial investigation particularly led by the Government of the Czech republic and the influence of this business activity on the economics of the state.
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Vágner, Jan. "Nákladová analýza moderního způsobu trestání." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-17414.
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The main objective of this diploma thesis is to compare the cost effectiveness of an imprisonment and a fine. Firstly, the thesis explores the theoretical view of economics, economic calculation, and the view of criminology and penology. Further, the thesis quantifies costs of the most important factors: the cost of realization of punishment, the cost of limitation of economic activity of individuals, the cost of change of health, and a cost of effect on prevention and protection. Lastly, the thesis gives suggestion on convinience of various types of punishment for different types of offences.
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Krejsa, Jiří. "Estimating the impact of the 2012 liquor prohibition on crime." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-262344.
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This thesis focuses on capturing causal link between alcohol consumption and one of its externalities, crime. The quasi-natural experiment of the Czech temporary ban on hard liquor following an outbreak of methanol poisonings in September 2012 provides a valuable setting for evaluation of the alcohol-crime relationship. Over the course of the prohibition, violent crime rates fell by approximately 10 %, just like the aggregate of aggravated assault, criminal threatening, vandalism and property damage. In addition, the biggest share of reduction in crime falls on weekend criminality. The number of offenders under the influence of alcohol dropped by approximately 18 % for traffic-related offences and by 28 % in non-traffic offenses. The possibility of the reduction in crime being caused by lower detection capabilities of the law enforcement was examined. The reduction in reported cases of e.g. driving under the influence might be to a large extend explained by lower detection, but it could have reduced only rates of victimless crimes. Finally, the property crime rate was not significantly affected by the intervention, except for burglaries into bars and restaurants.
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Podlahová, Veronika. "Zločiny proti lidskosti." Master's thesis, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-274885.
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57 Resumé "Crimes against humanity" (the thesis title) Crimes against humanity constitute one of the three integral parts of "crimes under international law." At the same time they represent the most severe form of infringement of fundamental human rights that are as the principle value protected by the international community and its peremptory rules. Although these crimes have not emerged during the 20th century for the first time, it was the World War II., which established the term "crime against humanity" in Public International Law. It was also for the first time, when offenders of these serious crimes were brought to justice and tried by the ad hoc founded International Military Tribunal (IMT) in Nuremberg in 1946. This post-war Tribunal was later followed by two most important Tribunals of the nineties, the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in 1993 and one year later by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). Even though both of them were based on the specifics of circumstances that occurred in each country, they do have many common features indeed. Their indisputable contribution can be seen not only in the punishment of criminals and subsequent redounding to pacification and reconciliation in the afflicted area, they also extensively enriched the...
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Rounová, Magdaléna. "Válečné zločiny a zločiny proti lidskosti v praxi Mezinárodního trestního soudu." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-344489.
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This thesis deals with crimes against humanity and war crimes in the practice of the International Criminal Court, an institution established to prosecute the most serious crimes of concern to the international community as a whole (which include, in addition to the two types mentioned above, genocide and crimes of aggression). Prosecution of these crimes changed significantly from the military tribunals following World War II to the ad hoc tribunals for former Yugoslavia and Rwanda and finally to the International Criminal Court, which was created as a permanent international institution in 1998 at the Rome Conference and became operational in 2002 after its Statute reached the required number of ratifications. The aim of this thesis is to introduce how crimes against humanity and war crimes have been conceived in the practice of the International Criminal Court with respect to the development of their concept and prosecution by the previous criminal tribunals. The thesis is divided into three main chapters. In the first one, I introduce the topic, specifically the development of the idea to establish a permanent international criminal tribunal as well as its eventual establishment. Furthermore, the first chapter also includes a theoretical introduction to the jurisdiction of the International...
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Vermachová, Klára. "Odškodňování v mezinárodním právu za zvlášť závažné zločiny." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-338015.
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The aim of the thesis is the indemnification guaranteed and provided to the victims of serious breaches of International law. First of all the thesis provides review of the primary sources of International law that contains right to redress. Secondly, the thesis lays out the issue of serious crimes in International law definition. Afterwards the thesis deals with the problematic of the subject who has right to redress and obligation to provide it. Also, the thesis describes the particular forms of the redress in detail. The end of the thesis is focused on concrete mechanisms of indemnification. Finally the thesis deals with the indemnification in practise, in particular with the case of Rwanda genocide. Within elaborating this thesis, the author used primary sources of International law, case law, doctrine and also domestic and foreign publications.
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Balšánek, Marek. "Zločiny proti lidskosti v praxi Mezinárodního trestního soudu." Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-338590.
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1 Summary Crimes against humanity, together with war crimes, crime of agression and Genocide, create a group of so called crimes under the international law. For these crimes it is characteristical that they are so grave and so dangerous that their punishment is a matter of the whole international community. Such punishment for these crimes has already been carried out several times on international level. As an example we can use the tribunals for former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, which are still operating. This thesis deals with crimes against humanity in practice of International Criminal Court. This court, unlike the previous international criminal tribunals, is a permanent judicial institution. The main focus of the research is a substantive law characteristic of crimes against humanity i.e., physical and mental elements of these crimes. The aim of the thesis is to find out whether the International Criminal Court brought some progress to substantive law definition of aforementioned crimes. The thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter deals with the position of crimes against humanity in the system of the international law. The aim of this chapter is to define the basic terms of the subject and to determine the position of crimes against humanity in the system of the international law. The...
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Huječek, Roman. "Zločiny podle mezinárodního práva v Římském statutu MTS a jejich stíhání." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-380258.
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Crimes under International Law in the Rome Statute of the ICC and Their Prosecution Abstract This diploma thesis deals with crimes under international law in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and their prosecution, with a special focus on the issues of applicability of senior state officials' international immunity when it comes down to the proceedings before this court. The first part of the thesis outlines the meaning of the term crimes under international law and explains the difference between this term and the terms international crimes and transnational crimes. Next, the prosecution of these crimes under international law is set within its historical context with a special focus on the period after the start of World War I. The second part discusses the International Criminal Court's jurisdiction and, mainly, each individual crime under international law and its definition in the Rome Statute. The second part ends with a chapter concerning mental elements of these crimes and particularly the institute of command responsibility. The third part describes the procedural provisions of the Rome Statute and it guides the reader all the way from the initiation of the proceedings to the enforcement of the court's decision. The third section also offers several practical examples regarding...
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Stojanová, Stanislava. "Dva "dokonalé" zločiny. Analýza románu Vrahova hygiena a Můj soukromý nepřítel autorky Amélie Nothombové." Master's thesis, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-273323.
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V obou románech autorka zpracovává téma zločinu. Termínem zločin označujeme trestný čin, který se vymyká zásadám morálního myšlení společnosti a právním normám. Odhalení staví pachatele do pozice zločince, jenž by mčl být potrestán. V opačném případě, kdy odhalen není, může být považován za zločin dokonalý. Zde je ale nutné položit si otázku, zda takový dokonalý zločinec může opravdu ujít svému trestu. V úvodu práce jsme uvedli hypotézu, že i po spáchání dokonalého zločinu ve smyslu zahlazení veškerých stop nemůže viník uniknout spravedlnosti reprezentované jeho svědomím, které se mu stává pomyslným vězením a zároveň tedy i trestem. Tuto hypotézu jsme ověřovali na obou studovaných románech. Představili jsme zločince, prostředí, ve kterém vyrůstali, jejich záliby a posedlosti, jejich charakterové rysy. Perverzita, mystické myšlení, ale i narcismus se ukázaly jako prvky silně zasahující do povahy hrdinů. Rozluštili jsme také hádanku, kterou nám Amélie Nothombová nabídla v jejich jménech. Poté jsme se zaměřili na jejich oběti oplývající nepopsatelnou krásou. Obludná zvrácenost vrahů, která tuto krásu ještě umocnila, se projevila i ve vzájemných vztazích, v nichž si hlavní hrdinové potvrzovali své dominantní postavení, svou nadvládu. Důkladně jsme prostudovali také samotný zločin, místo činu a možné motivy....
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Lukáš, Jiří. "Zločiny komunismu: "Pracovní tábory u uranových dolů na Jáchymovsku a Příbramsku v 50. letech 20. století"." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-309012.
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Crimes of Communism: "Forced labor camps at uranium mines in Jachymov and Pribram in Fifties of the 20th century " In this thesis, I tried to submit, if possible, factually true and correct image of a politically and legally difficult period in our postwar history. Communist revolution in February 1948 started the socialist reconstruction of our society with all the attendant phenomena of rising totalitarian power. Persecution of political opponents and their re-education and forced labor work in uranium mines in Jachymov and Pribram is a really sad reality of our recent history of the fifties of the last century. In retrospect, absurd crimes these prisoners and incredibly inhumane prison conditions and rules of inconvenient people in forced labor camps only show monstrosity of Communist ideology and are proof of loathing practices then representatives of the ruling party. Overview of forced labor camps, the operation of the communist judiciary, the number of incarcerated people, and unfortunately, the numbers who stay in the camps and work in uranium mines have not survived are so by drawing on what the historical stage brought our ancestors and what must remain unforgotten.
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Penc, Lukáš. "Odškodňování obětí zvlášť závažných zločinů." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-390346.
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Title of the diploma thesis: Compensation of victims of the most serious crimes Abstract This diploma thesis deals with the compensation of victims of the most serious crimes in international law. These crimes present a violation of jus cogens and their consequence is erga omnes obligation. At the same time, it is extremely difficult to compensate these crimes from the reason of mass or systematic character of their committing. The goal of the thesis is to analyse its research questions and to respond to them. These research questions are contractual and also customary regulation of content of the responsibility duty, with emphasis on the question of whether it is possible to deem the compensation of victims of the most serious crimes as part of the responsibility duty of relevant subjects, mainly states, and furthermore, the question of which resources can serve to effective compensation of victims of the most serious crimes. The thesis is divided into four chapters, the first chapter deals with historical genesis of the responsibility for the most serious crimes and clarifies fundamental terms, whereas following chapters correspond to research questions of the thesis. The second chapter of the thesis analyses contractual and customary regulation of content of the responsibility duty. This analysis has...
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Hromek, Vojtěch. "Terorismus jako zločin podle mezinárodního práva." Master's thesis, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-297002.
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Terrorism as a crime under international law The purpose of this thesis is to assess the possibility of prosecuting terrorist attacks as crimes under international law and analyse the feasibility of their prosecution before the International Criminal Court. The reason for this research is is twofold. First, compared to the international academic scene, Czech research related to this topic is relatively sparse. Second, the international terrorism has grown into a massive issue of international significance and its global aspects leave the traditional national judicial mechanisms somewhat lacking with regards to the efficiency in its prosecution. The author has therefore attempted to examine the possibility of using the only permanent global judicial body available in today's world, the International Criminal Court. The thesis is composed of six chapters, each of them dealing with different aspects of prosecuting the terrorism as an international crime. Chapter One is introductory and defines basic thoughts upon which this thesis builds. It also presents the structure of the thesis with regards to possible issues which may arise during its course. It also explains the reasons for said research as described in the first paragraph of this abstract. Chapter Two is concerned with the term terror and...
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Pecháček, Jan. "Zločin v českých médiích: Mediální obraz zločinu v denících MF Dnes a Právo." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-297629.
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Diploma thesis "Crime in Czech media: Image of crime in Mladá fronta Dnes and Právo newspapers" tries to map way and development of crime presentation in print media in the years of 1996 and 2006, using a content analysis. In the initial, theoretical part, there are the basic hypothesis explained, a description of crime from the sociological perspective and a description of crime history in former Czechoslovakia and in the Czech Republic from 80's of the 20th century until the present time. Further, there is an explanation of relevant chapters from media studies. The pracical part consists of a description of the research method and the portrayal of the research process. It continues with the content analysis itself and the evaluation of collected data. The data are presented in percentage rates and displayed in charts. Acquired rates have been compared with each other and have been searched for further relations amongst them. In the conclusion there is an overall summary of the research findings and their evaluation concerning the basic hypothesis.
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Bureš, Jan. "Věcná jurisdikce Mezinárodního trestního soudu." Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-312168.
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in English The theme of this dissertation is the subject matter jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC). Offences such as aggression, genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes, sometimes called the "core crimes", are the most serious crimes ever indentified under international law. These crimes do not violate only some particular rights, but they threaten the whole international community, peace, security and well-being of the world. Therefore it is essential to have a precise legal definition of these grave crimes and to establish an effective judicial mechanism for prosecution of the most dangerous criminals. However, it is not easy to find general consent on these matters among the international community. There is not much space for internationalisation in the field of criminal law, which was traditionally considered an important part of national sovereignty. Thus the path towards establishment of the ICC, which is the first permanent international criminal judicial body ever, was extremely difficult, as was definition of the four core crimes falling within its jurisdiction. This thesis scrutinises the concrete provisions of the ICC Statute, the "Rome Statute", which constitute substantive law by defining the crime of genocide (art. 6), crimes against humanity (art. 7), war...
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Kohout, David. "Právněhistorické aspekty trestání nacistických zločinců na pozadí procesu s Adolfem Eichmannem." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-327184.
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in English Dissertation Thesis David Kohout: Legal-Historical Aspects of Punishment of Nazi Criminals on the Background of the Adolf Eichmann Trial This Dissertation on the topic of "Legal-Historical Aspects of Punishment of Nazi Criminals on the Background of the Adolf Eichmann Trial" seeks to analyze the main approaches to the prosecution and punishment of the Nazi crimes. It was chosen to use the trial of Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem in years 1961 - 1962 as a connecting thread of this whole work. It was so not only due to the individual remarkableness of the trial but also due to the fact that it was in many ways a very illustrative for the previous legal development until that time. Additionally, many commentators of this trial attribute it a great impact on the renewal of the interest in the prosecution of former Nazis who were implicated in perpetration of crimes committed until 1945 and who remained at large after the end of war. Therefore this Thesis goes beyond the Eichmann trial and focuses on its broader context in material but also personal sense (in the text it often referred to cases of prosecution of close collaborators of Adolf Eichmann). In the opening chapters this Dissertation, however, starts with events that go far back in time before the Adolf Eichmann trial. This is for the...
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Patková, Lucie. "Intervence Mezinárodního trestního soudu při vyšetřování zločinů spáchaných mimo ozbrojený konflikt." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-352665.
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The thesis deals with the question, in which situation the International Criminal court would probably open an Investigation of such crimes by an international body is a delicate question mainly with regard to a great extend of intervention into a state sovereignty, which manifests itself also as jurisdictional sovereignty. The thesis focuses on the case of Kenyan post-election violence in years of 2007 and 2008 and the aim to suppress Libyan revolution of 2011. Besides, the work is based upon the theory of (liberal) institutionalism, which could hopefully be applied to the international-law case of investigation of the crimes committed outside an armed conflict. Within the framework of the thesis I try to reveal criteria determining whether the International Criminal court opens or not an investigation to a situation of human rights abuse. For the purpose I take into consideration world and local country status, character of the perpetrators, extend of the attacks, country's relation to the great powers, as well as readiness of the country to prosecute the perpetrators within the national jurisdiction. As conclusion I try t compare the findings from the part applying liberal institutionalism and from the case studies.
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Rejzková, Barbora. "Sexuální násilí na ženách za ozbrojeného konfliktu - úloha mezinárodních trestních tribunálů." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-298865.
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- Sexual violence on women in armed conflicts - the role of the international criminal courts The main purpose of the thesis is to analyse the role of international criminal courts notably the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. It will analyse the process of the development of the international individual criminal responsibility of the perpetrators of sexual violence on women in the course of war. Sexual violence on women played an almost integral part of every armed conflict since the beginning of warfare. Despite this fact, the topic of sexual violence on women has been, until recently, generally ignored by politicians, historians and lawyers. The relevant treaties of the international humanitarian law also either ommited or trivialized rape and other crimes of a sexual nature. Not until the worst atrocities were committed in the armed conflict in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda at the beginning of the nineties was the sexual violence recognized as a serious crime which causes great suffering to victims, both physically and mentoly, and has to be properly investigated and prosecuted. In respect of the fact, that sexual violence has, in the last decades, become a particularly effective weapon of war rather than a random...
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Fiala, Adam. "Problematika organizovaného zločinu." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-327012.
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Name: Issues in organized crime Aims of the thesis: 1. To define and classify organized crime 2. To describe historical development of organized crime 3. To analyze organized crime in the states where its presence has become evident i.e. Italy, USA, Russia and Japan 4. To characterize the main activities of organized crime 5. To define the means of fighting organized crime Methods: When analyzing organized crime, it is impossible to use research methods that would comprise direct contact with a criminal environment. Indirect evidence was used to compile the thesis. Methods of research: 1. The use of information from publications 2. Analysis of documents 3. Research into selected legal means of fighting organized crime 4. Content analysis of the press 5. Statistics Results: Various views on organized crime, its features and its typology have been defined. Its causes and the conditions under which organized crime arises, as well as its beginnings, were described. Findings about organized crime in selected countries were analyzed; attention was drawn to history, the present day and occurrences and activities of the main organized groups. The main activities of organized crime were described in four groups, focusing on their description, organization and the legal issues. Eventually, possible means of...
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Kasáš, Alex. "Tokijský tribunál a jeho přínos pro mezinárodní trestní právo." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-370881.
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The Tokyo Tribunal and Its Contribution to International Criminal Law Abstract The aims of my thesis are to analyze whether the principle of legality (nullum crimen sine lege, nulla poena sine lege) has been breached by The Tokyo Tribunal and to evaluate the Tribunal's contribution to the field of international criminal law. The work is divided into five chapters. First two, The Charter and The Indictment outline the establishment and jurisdiction of the Tribunal, the rules of proceedings, counts of the indictment and the accused. The remaining three chapters are a compilation of legal argumentation with a focus on the arguments concerning the principle of legality: Crimes under International Law before the Post-War Tribunals summarizes the opinions of international commissions, The Judgement the opinions of majority judges and The Minority Opinions the opinions of minority judges. In the Conclusion, I argue that while the principle of legality was breached, the adherence to it is a matter of choice between the doctrine of strict liability and that of substantive justice and I identify the affirmation of The Nuremberg Principles, the notion of conspiracy to commit aggression as a separate crime and extending the scope of the command responsibility doctrine as the Tribunal's contribution to international...
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Hrubá, Petra. "Metodika vyšetřování organizovaného zločinu." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-313160.
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This thesis focuses on organized crime that has recently become one of the most serious global problems threatening the stability, security and development of civil society. At the beginning of the thesis, its author defines a basic term ,,organized crime" and its relation to the organized criminality. Then the author deals with the history of organized crime groups, describes the most important of the groups, and concentrates on new forms of organized crime. Furthermore, the author lists Czech and international substantive and procedural legal regulations with regard to the organized crime. Finally, the author discusses other non-legal means of the fight against the organized crime. The main part of the thesis is devoted to the methodology of investigation with a focus on specific initiatives and the subject of investigation, initial and subsequent acts, and the specific versions of investigation, planning, organization of investigation, and prevention. In greater detail, the thesis deals with methods of witnesses hearing, and especially with the legal concept of a secret witness, and protection provided to witnesses by special law, and the concept of a cooperating accused person. The thesis also analyzes operative and investigative means and other means of investigation.
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Piknová, Tereza. "Specifika násilí páchané na ženách bez domova." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-373748.
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The diploma thesis is focused on the specifics of violence against the homeless women. The thesis is divided in theoretical and empirical part. Theoretical part is further divided into three chapters, structured from the general description of homelessness to the specifics of violence that is happening on the homeless women. The goal of the empirical part is also to identify barriers and preconditions for the solution of violence and recommendations for optimization of help with violence. The empirical part is based on two data sets, one of them is social workers/curators, second is homeless women. The research is qualitative and is conducted in the form of semi-structured interviews. In the final part of empirical research, a comparative analysis of both data sets is performed. From the analysis are derived the conclusions and recommendations on how to contribute to setting more effective means of solving violence against the homeless women.
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Vrobel, Vojtěch. "Český boj proti organizovanému zločinu." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-348044.
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This thesis, Czech policy of fight with organised crime, is focused on description and interpretation of evolution of policies used to fight organised crime in Czech republic from the beginning of 90s to present days. Theoreticaly this work issues from the punctuated equilibrium theory a theory of secuiritization. With help of these theories it explains agenda setting in discuted area and identifies breaking points which punctuated periods of equilibriums of this policy. Data sources for this work are chosen documents and expert interveiws. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Zumr, Jan. "Rakouští příslušníci 2. tankové divize SS Das Reich." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-321968.
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This thesis deals with the involvement of the Austrians in the 2nd tank division SS "Das Reich." The introductory part analyzes personnel cast of the division and aims at finding the answer to the question, in which period the largest number of the Austrians served in the division and possibly how many. The main focus is put on the question, whether the Austrians in the division who owned the highest army decorations of the Third Reich were represented by below-average or above-average numbers in view of their total number. We can not omit to mention a social profile of these decorated men, which provides us with broader point of view of their personalities. Last but not least, the thesis deals with the question, whether the Austrians took part in war crimes committed by the division. Key words: division "Das Reich", Waffen-SS, Austrians, social profile, war crimes, high decorations
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Zerbst, Jan. "Hubert Svoboda: zločin a trest." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-351393.
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This Master's degree thesis deals with the life of the important builder Hubert Svoboda from Brno, who was after the Second World War sentenced to two years in prison. The structure of this thesis is based on two interedependent chapters. In the initial study there is presented the story of Hubert Svoboda, from his birth to his death. The reader will learn what stood behind builder's collaboration. The following chapter describes the historians path to reconstructure the history of the present. There were made subchapters concerning the history of the present, which take part on scholar's interpretation. According to the usage of the oral history method, the next chapters are devoted to the validity of narrator's statements, to compare the validity not only of the witnesses, but of the archival source too. This work is based on my own methodological approach, which I have created during my research and in the same time it's the only one, which reflects the history of the present in the historic work.
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Jelenová, Jana. "Organizovaný zločin - obchod s lidmi." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-297231.
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Organized crime - Trafficking in human beings This thesis deals with the criminal offence of trafficking in human beings under Sec. 168 of the Czech Criminal Code. A trafficking in human being is not a frequent criminal offence but with its consequences belongs to the most dangerous crimes. After the Velvet revolution the relevance of this crime has raised subsequently and therefore the regulation of this crime requires particular attention. It is important to find new ways and improve current methods to be readier to detect and investigate the cases of trafficking in human beings. The aim of this thesis is to provide an analysis of legal regulation of trafficking in human beings, organized crimed and methods of investigation and some related issues such as problematic of the protection of the witness. This thesis consists of three chapters. The first one deals shortly with the organized crime. It analyzes the term of the organized crime, because trafficking in human beings is usually committed by organized groups. I try to explain some basic terms related to this topic. The second one deals with the legal regulation of trafficking in human beings. The history, present and future of the legal regulation in the Czech Republic and in the other countries are described in this chapter. Then it is...
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Albert, Lukáš. "Přístup mezinárodního práva k mučení." Master's thesis, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-437823.
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General approach of international law to torture Abstract The prohibition of torture exists at national and international level. The author focuses only on the general approach of international law to torture. He analyzes the individual elements of the definitions of torture contained in international documents. At the same time, he does not forget to mention the cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment that is inextricably linked to torture. He also highlights the importance of the threat of torture, which may under certain conditions separately constitute torture. He provides an overview of the current international regulation of the prohibition of torture enshrined not only in international human rights treaties, but also in the field of international humanitarian law and international criminal law. He also emphasizes the reflection of international regulation in the practice of individual protection mechanisms ensuring effective control over compliance with the prohibition of torture, specifically universal, European, Inter-American, African and other functioning mechanisms. Also, he places torture in the context of crimes under international law. He refers to the practice of the International Criminal Court and ad hoc criminal tribunals, which have even granted status of jus cogens to the...
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Mikulová, Soňa. ""Kefalonia" v západoněmecké a italské kultuře vzpomínání 1943 až 1989." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-333784.
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This doctoral thesis deals with West German and Italian public memory of a specific wartime episode on the Greek island of Cephalonia. In September 1943, soldiers of the Wehrmacht, the regular German army, committed mass executions on up to 4,000 Italian prisoners of war. The thesis also analyses the mutual reception of the memory discourses in West Germany and Italy and examines the possibility of an interaction between their participants. The thesis uses the case study "Cephalonia" to expose how West German and Italian society came to terms with the past of the World War II in the period from 1943 to 1989. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Slavník, Lukáš. "Zločin agrese v Římském statutu MTS." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-388620.
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Crime of Aggression under the Rome Statute of ICC Abstract The jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court over the Crime of Aggression, which has been defined at the Review Conference in Kampala, 2010, will be activated on 17th of July 2018. This paper is summarizing more than seventy years of continuing development of a definition of the Crime of Aggression which has started after the Second World War during so-called Nurnberg Trials (a forerunner of the Crime of Aggression - Crimes Against Peace have been tried during these trials) and which will be, at least for now, completed upon the activation of the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court and upon a completion of the Rome Statute. This paper deals not only with the history of the Crime of Aggression but also with its position as a crime under the international law with a connection to other crimes which can be prosecuted before the International Criminal Court. Furthermore, it analyses the main elements of the crime with a focus on difficulties which can potentially come up once they are used in practice. A special part of this paper is focused on jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court over the Crime of Aggression, which has not quite met expectations from international society, as it seems that in case of state referral or...
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Slačálek, Ondřej. "Obrazy nepřátel: Paměť, ekonomika a zločin." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-332339.
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The thesis deals with two images of the key "Others" in the Czech Republic in the second decade of its existence: communists and Romanies. It shows the characteristics that have been attributed to them, points out the attributes that were constructed as a threat, and informs about power relations into which they have been placed against the rest of society. The aim of the thesis is to show on what values society is constructed in discourses which create various forms of exclusion of these "Others". The introductory chapter summarizes the Czech relationship to the "Others": Germans, Russians, and Slovaks in the form of interpretative looks into key authors (especially Palacký, Kundera, and Pithart) Next chapter focuses on methodology and introduces the starting points of the analysis in the critical discourse analysis (especially Van Dijk, Wodak and Jäger) and in the foucaultian discourse analysis (especially Hansen). These starting points are combined with the concept of moral panic which is introduced in the third chapter which also discusses its problematic places. Analytical chapters are devoted to the election of president Václav Klaus and they also discuss the role of communists (February - June 2003) and society's reactions to ethnically contextualized violence in Šluknov Hook. They...
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Matušinová, Anna. "Zločin agrese a Mezinárodní trestní soud." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-330650.
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The Rome Statute which came to existence in 1998 was a great step forward for international criminal law and its enforcement. Later, in 2002, the International Criminal Court was established in order to prosecute the most serious crimes according to the Statute - war crimes, genocide, crimes against humanity, and the crime of aggression. Only the first three mentioned were specified in the Statute, while the fourth one was not agreed upon, meaning that the ICC does not possess jurisdiction over this crime. The aim of the Revision Conference in Kampala in 2010 was to incorporate the definition of the crime of aggression into the Rome Statute. Finally, the International Court had to gain jurisdiction over a crime of aggression. However the expectations were not fully met. The states agreed upon the definition which they specified in the Rome Statute; nevertheless the jurisdiction of the ICC has not yet been activated. This will probably happen in 2017 at the earliest if preconditions and triggering mechanisms are completed. The purpose of the thesis The Crime of Aggression and the International Criminal Court is to examine the questions related to aggression. The thesis begins with the historical development of the concept and continues with the most relevant international law provisions connected to...
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Kristlík, Tomáš. "Mexické drogové kartely: dynamika nadnárodního organizovaného zločinu." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-313925.
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After the end of the Cold War global security environment changed significantly. Major threat of global nuclear conflict was replaced by a number of less challenging security concerns. One of them is transnational organized crime. The phenomenon of organized crime, traditionally more of an internal security issue of individual states, expanded to global stage taking advantage of new opportunities raised by globalization of international environment. Relative shortage of distances, easier communication and transfer of financial sources, all this contributed to successful upgrade of organized crime to international level. The thesis "Mexican Drug Cartels: Dynamics of Transnational Organized Crime" explores one specific representative of the phenomenon, that is, Mexican drug cartels. The main argument here is that Mexican drug cartels became such a threat for Mexican state sovreignty, because they took the full advantage of opportunities offered by the changing international environment during 1990's and adapted both its vertical and horizontal structure to maximize effectivness of the illicit drug business minimizing potential risks at the same time. In order to secure the operational environment cartels expanded their activities and engaged in arms-trafficking trying to gain means to protect their...
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Rákayová, Zita. "Mezinárodní instrumenty v boji proti organizovanému zločinu." Master's thesis, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-293234.
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Jonášová, Eliška. "Právní úprava kybernetických zločinů v Evropské unii." Doctoral thesis, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-451184.
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Legal provisions on cybercrime in the European Union Abstract This thesis deals with a complex phenomenon of cybercrime from the perspective of legal provisions of the European Union. Therefore, the thesis presents the fundamental features of cybercrime and presents the fundamental typology of this crime, which is supplemented by examples of the most common crimes. This general framework describing cybercrime is followed by an analysis of the legal provisions of the international law and Union law. Witihin the framework of the international legal provisions the thesis presents the activities of the universal organizations, in particular the Council of Europe, whose international convention on cybercrime is also subject to the analysis, and of the regional organizations.The legal regulation of cybercrime in the European Union is examined from the point of view of both primary and secondary law, outlining the fundamental orientation of the Union's policies concerning information technology. Following the clarification of the EU legal provisions on cybercirme, the thesis also presents the legal framework of such area within the Canadian law. Canada has been chosen in view of the fact that belongs between signatories to the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime and is actively involved in cyber security....
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Rákociová, Silvia. "Zločin a genocida ve světle rosudku MSD." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-313975.
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The crime of genocide in the light of a judgment of the ICJ This diploma thesis addresses the influence of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) decision1 on the crime of genocide. On 22nd March 1993 Bosnia and Herzegovina brought an action against the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRJ) before the ICJ. FRJ was charged with the breach of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Convention). After 14 years, the ICJ held decision on 26th February 2007. In the beginning, the Court had to solve procedural issue concerning the position of the Respondent in the dispute and after it positive answer, it could proceed to consider the merits of the case. The important part of the Decision is dedicated to the responsibility of a state for the genocide. Although the Convention did not explicitly anchor it, the Court deduced it by interpretation of the Article I. The prohibition on the genocide is then recognized not only under the customary law, but also in the Convention. Consequently "the Court observes that the obligations in question in this case (...) and the responsibilities of the States (...) are obligations and responsibilities under international law. They are not of a criminal nature."2 Therefore, the standard of proof is not as high as beyond reasonable doubts...
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Šilar, Milan. "Ekonomie kriminality: Racionální pachatel a morální náklady zločinu." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-313650.
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Main weakness of economics of crime is that it focuses on rational offender who is isolated from society. This thesis gives overview of game theory models, which take into account possible reactions of other actors to offender`s actions. I show that some variables of crime are dependent on individual`s social environment and I analyze them using moral costs of crime, where some gains and losses from crime are interconnected between people. Two own models are presented. First model deals with aggregated crime with significant role of moral costs of crime. Second model is a modification of Inspection game which includes moral costs of crime and is than modeled using evolutionary game theory. Result of first model is higher volatility of crime than in standard models of rational offender. Crime is maximally volatile in time in the second model. There is a critical level of moral costs of crime and after reaching this level, assumptions of inspection game are violated and society converges to state with zero crime. It is demonstrated on both models that crime is a self- propagating phenomenon, because of social interactions.
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Diviák, Tomáš. "Pavučiny zločinu: Korupce v perspektivě analýzy sociálních sítí." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-344519.
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In this thesis, I attempt to apply the network perspective to the study of corruption. First, I deal with current state of theory and research on corruption, which I find to be ignoring relations and interactions among offenders themselves. Then I review literature in the field of covert and criminal networks. The theoretical part of this thesis ends with brief descriptions of two major cases of political corruption in the Czech Republic - so called Nagy case and Rath case. In the methodological part, I introduce basic concepts of social network analysis as well as methods for positional analysis, especially the blockmodelling. In my research, I deal with exploratory analysis of both the aforementioned networks. Using proxy data, I analyse cohesion, centralization, centrality measures and cliques in these networks. Then I use conventional blockmodeling to search for roles and positions within these networks. My results suggest that both networks are dense and centralized with overlapping cliques contrary to other covert networks possibly accounting for their eventual disruption and failure. Positional analysis using varius methods such as CONCOR or different types of cluster analysis reveals a structure resembling the core-periphery model, which is supported by measuring coreness and finding a good...
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Vrobel, Jan. "Dědictví ICTY a jeho vliv na statut a praxi ICC." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-324236.
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Legacy of ICTY and its Impact on Statute and Case Law of ICC Establishing of International Criminal Court is a significant moment in evolution of international criminal law. It is the first permanent institution of international justice with personal jurisdiction and it was founded for one purpose only - to finally end the era of impunity for war criminals all over the world. But ICC didn't appear from nowhere. There was a long road towards its establishment and who knows if it would ever happen without influence of so called ad hoc tribunals, International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. It is a sad truth that international criminal law made its biggest evolution as a reflection of the world's most horrible conflicts. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze a legacy of one of these tribunals, International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, and to explore its influence not only on the Statute of International Criminal Court, but also on its case law. International Criminal Court is not operating for long, but we can still notice many references on ICTY case law in its judgments. The reason for this research is my particular relation towards Balkan region as well as my interest in international justice in general. The thesis is composed...
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Hedl, Jakub. "Zločin agrese v Římském statutu Mezinárodního trestního soudu." Master's thesis, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-446260.
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1 The Crime of Aggression under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Abstract This diploma thesis deals with the Crime of Aggression, one of the four crimes under international law prosecuted by the International Criminal Court. The definition of this crime was adopted at the Kampala Review Conference in 2010 and the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court was activated in 2018. This is a significant milestone in the development of international criminal law, as it means a possibility of prosecuting state "leaders" for acts of aggression against other states for the first time since the end of the Second World War. The goal of this thesis is to provide a brief summary of the historical development of the Crime of Aggression, to analyse and to evaluate the newly adopted definition. The jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court over the Crime of Aggression of the will be also assessed. Last but not least, the paper elaborates on whether the Crime of Aggression has become a custom in international customary law. The first chapter deals with the position of the Crime of Aggression in relation to other crimes under international law and the issue of terms and scheme of international criminal law. Chapter two describes the complex historical development of the Crime of Aggression....
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Pojman, Petr. "Ruskojazyčný organizovaný zločin - vnitřní modernizace a zahraniční expanze." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-332313.
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This work attempts to characterize internal modernization and international expansion of Russian speaking organized crime. Special emphasis is placed on the main stages of development of organized crime in the Soviet Union and its current state primarily in Russia and Ukraine. The paper proffer the new definition of modern forms of organized crime and different characteristics of regimes as for the relations between the state and organized crime (criminal syndicalism, mafia, state kleptocracy). The paper characterizes different types of international expansion of Russian speaking groups (regional expansion, global retirement and emigration). In this regard, research was focused primarily on the activities of the Russian speaking organized crime groups in the EU and the Czech Republic. In the last phase of the work I focused my research on some important measured how to reduce risk in the current conditions. Though the work is primarily devoted to organized crime from the CIS countries, it should be noted, modernization of organized crime everywhere in the world takes place by a similar manner. It was therefore necessary to briefly address the wider contextual issues. Working so many places highlights some aspects of the development of organized crime in Italy, USA , Czech Republic, Japan and China.