Academic literature on the topic 'Zn-Cl'

In the title compound, [ZnCl2(C10H8N2)(C2H6OS)], the Zn atom is five-coordinate, forming a distorted trigonal–bipyramidal geometry involving one Cl atom, one dimethyl sulfoxide O atom and one 2,2′-bipyridine N atom in equatorial positions, with distances Zn—Cl = 2.2863 (7) Å, Zn—O = 2.1024 (15) Å and Zn—N = 2.1546 (16) Å. The axial positions are occupied by the other 2,2′-bipyridine N atom and a Cl atom, with distances N—Zn = 2.1604 (16) Å and Zn—Cl = 2.3123 (7) Å.

Abstract The structure of zinc chloride complexes with different ratios of chloride to zinc, formed in concentrated ZnCl2 aqueous solutions, were determined from large-angle X-ray scattering using concentrations of the chloride complexes estimated by complementary Raman spectroscopic measurements. The highest chloro complex, [ZnCl4]2-, is tetrahedral with a Zn-Cl bond length of 2.294(4) Å. The trichloro complex, [ZnCl3]-, which coordinates one water molecule, is pyramidal with the Cl-Zn-Cl angle 111°. The Zn-Cl and the Zn-H2O bonds are 2.282(4) and 1.9 Å, respectively. The two lower complexes, [ZnCl2] and [ZnCl]+ , cannot be separated by Raman spectra. The average Zn-Cl distance in these complexes is 2.24 Å, and the average Zn-H2O distance is 1.9 Å. In [Zn(H2O)6]2+ the Zn-H2O distance is 2.15 Å.

In the title compound, [ZnCl2(C14H23N5)]·CH3OH, the Zn atom is coordinated by two N atoms and two Cl atoms in an approximately tetrahedral arrangement. The dihedral angle between the N—Zn—N and Cl—Zn—Cl planes is 89.69 (5)°. The methanol solvent molecule takes part in the formation of the hydrogen-bond system.

To meet the demands for functional layers in inverted flexible perovskite solar cells, high-performance formamidinium-based perovskite solar cells, and high-performance photodetectors in future applications, it is crucial to appropriately reduce the bandgap of third-generation wide-bandgap semiconductor materials. In this study, we first optimized doping sites through Ag-Cl and Ag-S configurations to establish stable substitution patterns, followed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations using the Generalized Gradient Approximation with the Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (GGA-PBE) functional, implemented in the Vienna Ab initio Simulation Package (VASP). A plane-wave basis set with a cutoff energy of 450 eV and a 3 × 4 × 3 Γ-centered k-mesh were adopted to investigate the effects of Mg-Cl, Mg-S, Zn-Cl, and Zn-S co-doping on the structural stability, electronic properties, and optical characteristics of β-Ga2O3. Based on structural symmetry, six doping sites were considered, with Ag-S/Cl systems revealing preferential occupation at octahedral Ga(1) sites through site formation energy analysis. The results demonstrate that Mg-Cl, Mg-S, Zn-Cl, and Zn-S co-doped systems exhibit thermodynamic stability. The bandgap of pristine β-Ga2O3 was calculated to be 2.08 eV. Notably, Zn-Cl co-doping achieves the lowest bandgap reduction to 1.81 eV. Importantly, all co-doping configurations, including Mg-Cl, Mg-S, Zn-Cl, and Zn-S, effectively reduce the bandgap of β-Ga2O3. Furthermore, the co-doped systems show enhanced visible light absorption (30% increase at 500 nm) and improved optical storage performance compared to the pristine material.

The corrosion behavior of hot dipped Zn coating in freshwater with and without Zn(OH)2 was investigated through weight loss test, polarization curve and impedance spectroscopy. The morphology of the corroded hot dipped Zn coating was analyzed by SEM, meanwhile, the effect of Cl- on corrosion behavior of hot dipped Zn coating in saturated Zn(OH)2 solution was examined using polarization curve. It was found that corrosion product Zn(OH)2 accelerate the corrosion of coating, Cl- promoted dissolution of anodic coating and incrSubscript texteased the conductance of the solution, and the worst corrosion resistance of coating is Cl-concentration of 1%.

The molecular structure of the title compound, [ZnCl2(C11H20N2S)2], shows tetrahedral Zn coordination from two Cl ligands and two thione groups. The Zn—Cl bond lengths differ sligthly at 2.2310 (10) and 2.2396 (11) Å while the Zn—S bond lengths are equal at 2.3663 (9) and 2.3701 (10) Å. The Cl—Zn—Cl angle is 116.04 (4) and S—Zn—S is 101.98 (3)°. All other angles at the central Zn atom range from 108.108 (3) to 110.21 (4)°. The C—S—Zn angles are 100.75 (10) and 103.68 (11)°, the difference most probably resulting from packing effects, as both the C—S and both the S—Zn bonds are equal in each case. The two imidazole ring planes make a dihedral angle of 67.9 (1)°. The CH3groups of one isopropyl moiety are disordered over two sets of sites with occupation factors of 0.567 (15) and 0.433 (15). It may be noteworthy that the isomolecular Cu complex shows a different crystal packing (group–subgroup relation) with the Cu atom lying on a twofold rotation axis. In the crystal, the shortest non-bonding contact is a C—H...Cl interaction. This leads to the formation of centrosymmetric dimers that are stacked along thec-axis.

Zn, an essential micronutrient and second most abundant trace element in cell and tissues, reduces stool output when administered to children with acute diarrhea. The mechanism by which Zn improves diarrhea is not known but could result from stimulating Na absorption and/or inhibiting anion secretion. The aim of this study was to investigate the direct effect of Zn on intestinal epithelial ion absorption and secretion. Rat ileum was partially stripped of serosal and muscle layers, and the mucosa was mounted in lucite chambers. Potential difference and short-circuit current were measured by conventional current-voltage clamp method.86Rb efflux and uptake were assessed for serosal K channel and Na-K-2Cl cotransport activity, respectively. Efflux experiments were performed in isolated cells preloaded with86Rb in the presence of ouabain and bumetanide, whereas uptake experiments were performed in low-Cl isotonic buffer containing Ba and ouabain. Neither mucosal nor serosal Zn affected glucose-stimulated Na absorption. In contrast, forskolin-induced Cl secretion was markedly reduced by serosal but not mucosal addition of Zn. Zn also substantially reversed the increase in Cl secretion induced by 8-bromoadenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (8-BrcAMP) with half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 0.43 mM. In contrast, serosal Zn did not alter Cl secretion stimulated by carbachol, a Ca-dependent agonist. Zn inhibited 8-BrcAMP-stimulated86Rb efflux but not carbachol-stimulated86Rb efflux. Zn had no effect on bumetanide-sensitive86Rb uptake, Na-K-ATPase, or CFTR. We conclude from these studies that Zn inhibits cAMP-induced Cl secretion by blocking basolateral membrane K channels.

Inclusion of a hydrogen bond accepting motif in the secondary coordination sphere of a pyridinediimine ligand enables formation of a stable Zn–SH adduct. We report here reversible coordination of HS⁻ to Zn(didpa)Cl₂ to form [Zn(didpa)Cl₂SH]⁻, which is stabilized by an intramolecular hydrogen bond.

Conjugate additions of [Zn(bpy*)Cl(Et)] (bpy* = 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine) to cyclohex-2-en-1-one are promoted by ZnMe2 in 88% ee but in moderate yield under CuI phosphoramidite catalysis. In the absence of ZnMe2 the [Zn(bpy*)Cl(Et)] is inactive indicating a Schlenk-type equilibrium. Other derivatives of [Zn(bpy*)Cl(R)] (R = Bu, 4-methylbenzyl), prepared in situ from [ZnCl(R)] and the bipyridine give low yields due to competing chloride abstraction. 13C NMR studies indicate facile organo-ligand exchange between [Zn(bpy*)(Et)2] and [Zn(bpy*)Cl2] complexes. In the presence of the bipyridine, [ZnBr(allyl)] disproportionates into [Zn(bpy*)Br2] and [Zn(bpy*)(allyl)2] species. In separate studies, simple (E)-MeCH=CHCONMeR (R = Me, OMe) α,β-unsaturated amides undergo asymmetric 1,4-addition of EtMgBr in 75-99% yield and 48-79% ee in the presence of the diphosphines JosiPhos or MeDuPhos and copper(I) sources.

LED red (R) and blue (B) continuous light (CL) is a potential efficient way to increase plant productivity of plant factory with artificial light (PFAL), but limited information was explored about their effects on plant mineral nutrition. In an environmentally controlled plant factory with artificial light (PFAL), the effects of CL of different intensities and spectral qualities, emitted by R and B LEDs on growth and nutrient element content and accumulation of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), were conducted in three hydroponic experiments. Two treatments, normal light (12 h/12 h) and CL (24 h/0 h) in experiment 1, three CL intensities (100, 200 and 300 μmol·m−2·s−1) in experiment 2, and three CL light qualities (1R:3B, 1R:1B and 3R:1B) in experiment 3 were designed. The results showed that CL significantly increased the fresh and dry lettuce shoot biomass compared with normal light, and shoot fresh and dry biomass increased with the intensity increment of CL. In experiment 3, shoot fresh biomass was great under high R light proportion CL treatment, while dry shoot biomass remained unchanged. Both CL and CL with increased intensities promoted shoot C content and accumulation in lettuce. CL reduced N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu and Zn contents in lettuce shoot, while Fe and Mn contents did not change compared to NL. Moreover, CL increased Ca, Fe and Mn accumulation. 100–200 μmol·m−2·s−1 CL facilitated N, P, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn contents in shoot, but K content was not influenced compared with 300 μmol·m−2·s−1. The data showed that high B light ratio (75%) facilitated C content comparison with low B ratios (50% and 25%). However, lettuce grown under 3R1B treatment had the higher C accumulation. Shoot N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn and Zn contents were higher under 1R1B treatment, and Cu content did not affected by light quality. Moreover, accumulation of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in shoot was higher under 1R1B treatment, while P, Ca, Mg, Mn accumulation under 3R1B treatment was the lowest. In conclusion, CL tends to reduce shoot mineral element contents due to dilution effect as shoot dry weight increases compared to NL. However, long-term (12 days) CL composed of 1R1B, 100–200 μmol·m−2·s−1 tends to obtain relative higher K, Ca, Fe and Zn contents in the greater dry lettuce shoot.

Les hydroxydes doubles lamellaires (hdl) sont composes de feuillets hydroxyles de type brucite constitues de cations divalents et trivalents. La charge positive induite par la presence des cations trivalents est contrebalancee par des anions situes dans le domaine interlamellaire. La diversite des elements incorpores aussi bien dans les feuillets que dans l'interfeuillet confere a ces materiaux des proprietes physico-chimiques tres variees, debouchant sur de multiples applications. Notamment, la possibilite d'obtenir apres traitement thermique de ces phases des oxydes mixtes a distribution cationique homogene, les rend particulierement attrayantes dans le domaine de la catalyse. Une telle distribution ne peut etre atteinte neanmoins que s'il existe un ordre cationique au sein des feuillets des hdl precurseurs. Cette etude a porte sur la mise en evidence de cet ordre cationique dans des hdl a base d'al 3 +, cr 3 +, cu 2 + et zn 2 +, et notamment dans la phase zn-cr-cl qui presente la particularite de n'exister que pour la stchiometrie zn/cr = 2. Une etude structurale sur ces phases solides et une etude de la genese en solution de la phase zn-cr-cl ont ete ainsi realisees. Des modeles structuraux etablis par affinement de rietveld a partir de donnees de diffraction des rayons x et de neutrons conduisent a une description moyenne des cations au sein des feuillets, et une distribution plutot desordonnee des especes interlamellaires. Au niveau local, des experiences d'exafs aux seuils k des cations apportent de fortes presomptions de l'ordre cationique. Afin de comprendre les mecanismes de formation de la phase hdl zn-cr-cl, un suivi de sa synthese par exafs, saxs, et uv-visible a mis en evidence la formation d'oligomeres de cr(iii) des le debut de la reaction, puis l'apparition de la phase hdl. Il a ete propose un mecanisme d'incorporation conjointe de complexes monomeres du chrome et du zinc, confortant l'idee d'un ordre cationique dans la phase zn-cr-cl.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Química apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia<br>A extração de metais pesados é, tradicionalmente, realizada utilizando solventes convencionais que apresentam algumas desvantagens entre as quais toxicidade, volatilidade e inflamabilidade. Como alternativa, neste trabalho pretende-se estudar a utilização de líquidos iónicos (ILs) como solventes alternativos. Neste trabalho, o objetivo é estudar a extração de Zn(II) e Cr(III) de soluções aquosas com recurso a cloreto de trioctilmetilamónio, [TOMA][Cl]. Para alcançar o objetivo, foi determinada a eficiência de extração (EE) e em particular a sua dependência do pH e da concentração inicial dos iões metálicos. Também a cinética de extração, a capacidade de loading do líquido iónico, e a influência de grupos funcionais presentes no IL ao longo do mecanismo de loading foram aspetos considerados neste estudo.A extração de Zn(II) com recurso a [TOMA][Cl] pode atingir eficiências de extração acima de 85%, para diferentes concentrações iniciais de metal tanto para o sal metálico de nitratos como de cloretos. Em alguns ensaios foram obtidos valores próximos de 100%. Verificou-se que o pH ótimo de extração é inferior a 2 e que nestas condições o tempo de contacto para atingir o equilíbrio entre as fases com uma concentração inicial de 1000 mg⸳L-1 do sal metálico Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, foi de 30 min.A determinação da capacidade de loading do [TOMA][Cl] para iões zinco divalente foi de 13543,1 mg⸳L-1 para uma concentração inicial de 1000 mgL-1 e 25 ºC. As eficiências de extração do 1º e 25º ciclos foram de 95,4 e 19,3%, respetivamente. A 50 ºC, a capacidade de loading máxima foi de 7971,7 mg⸳L-1 ao fim de 12 ciclos. As eficiências de extração no 1º e no 12º ciclos foram de 96,9 e 28,6%.De acordo com a espectrometria FTIR foi possível identificar os grupos funcionais do [TOMA][Cl] que interacionam com as espécies da fase aquosa, e desta forma foram selecionados da literatura mecanismos de equilíbrio que melhor explicam o comportamento observado.No estudo da extração de Cr(III) com recurso a [TOMA][Cl] as eficiências de extração foram praticamente nulas na gama de pH testada.No estudo da extração da mistura dos iões Zn(II) e Cr(III) com recurso a [TOMA][Cl] a eficiência de extração do Zn(II) foi próxima de 100% e a do Cr(III) próxima de zero, em toda a gama de pH estudada (1,5 a 5,5). Estes resultados mostram que o [TOMA][Cl] tem elevada seletividade para o Zn(II) face ao Cr(III), podendo ser usado para separar estes metais de uma corrente aquosa. Este resultado é importante dado que na literatura não foi reportado nenhum estudo semelhante.<br>The extraction of heavy metal is, traditionally, realized using conventional solvents that show some disavantages including toxicity, volatility and inflammability. As na alternative, this work intends to study the use of ionci liquids (ILs) as alternative solventes. In this work the objective is to study the extration of Zn(II) and Cr(III) from aqueous solutions resourcing an ionic liquid, the trioctylmethylammonium chloride [TOMA[[C1]. To archieve the objective, it was determined the extraction efficiency (EE) and in particular its dependence of the pH and the inicial concentration of the metalic ions. Also the extraction kinetics, the loading capacity of the ionic liquid, and the influence of funtional groups presente in the IL along the loading mechanism were aspects considerated in this study.The extraction of Zn(II) resourcing to [TOMA][C1] can archieve extraction efficiencies above 85%, for different initial concentraions of both metal and metallic salt of nitrates and of chlorides. In somo experiments were obtained values close to 100%. It is verified that the optimal pH of exctration is below 2 and that in this conditions and the contact time can reach a balance between the fases with a initial concentration of 1 000 mg L-1 of the metallic salt Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, was 30 minutes.The determination of the loading capacity of [TOMA][Cl] to zinc ions divalent was 13543,1 mg⸳L-1 for a initial concentration of 1000 mgL-1 and 25ºC. The extraction efficiencies of the first and the twenty-fifth cicles was 95,4% and 19,3% respectively. At 50ºC the maximum loading capacity was de 7971,7 mg⸳L-1 to the end of 12 cicles. The extraction efficiencies in the first and twelfth cicles was 96,9 and 28,6%.According to the spectrometry FTIR it was possible to identify the functional groups of [TOMA][Cl] that interact with the species from the aquous fase, and in this way were selected balance mechanisms from the literatute that better explain the observed behavior. In the study of the extraction of Cr(III) resourcing to [TOMA][Cl] the extraction efficiencies were virtually null in the tested pH range.In the study of extraction of the ion mixture Zn(II) e Cr(III) resourcing to [TOMA][Cl] the extraction efficiency of the Zn(II) was about 100% and the Cr(III) was close to null, in all the pH range studied (1,5 to 5,5). These results show that the [TOMA][Cl] has high selectivity to the Zn(II) compared to Cr(III) that can be used to separate these metals from na aqueous stream. This result is importante given that in the literature no similar study was enunciated.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Química apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia<br>A poluição dos meios aquáticos por efluentes domésticos e industriais contaminados com metais pesados é um dos mais sérios problemas a nível dos dias de hoje. A persistência destes elementos químicos no meio aquoso e a sua consequente acumulação na cadeia alimentar e nos organismos vivos, tem consequências nefastas nos mesmos. Os líquidos iónicos são uma nova classe de solventes, que se apresentam como alternativa interessante aos métodos comuns de remoção de metais pesados de matrizes aquosas. A presente dissertação aborda a extração de Zn(II) e Cr(III) com recurso ao IL [TOMA][Cl]. Foi estudada a influência do pH, do tempo de contato entre as fases de líquido iónico e aquosa, da razão volumétrica entre estas fases e a concentração inicial dos iões metálicos em solução aquosa na eficiência de extração. Outros estudos efetuados foram a determinação da capacidade de loading do líquido iónico e testes de stripping. No estudo da extração de Cr(III), as percentagens de remoção foram praticamente nulas, concluindo-se que o [TOMA][Cl] não é o IL mais apropriado para a extração deste metal. Por sua vez, o CYPHOS® IL 104 apresenta uma boa percentagem de remoção de Cr(III) (81%). No estudo de extração de Zn(II), as percentagens de remoção foram sempre acima dos 65 % em todas as condições testadas e chegaram ao máximo de 100 %. As condições ótimas de extração são: pH < 2 ; O/A = 2 ; C0 = 50 mg/L ; t = 60 min. Após a determinação da capacidade de loading, averiguou-se que o IL consegue reter cerca de 9 g/L de iões de Zn(II) na sua estrutura, ao longo de 10 ciclos de extração. O stripping do IL carregado com iões de Zn(II) foi realizado com recurso a uma solução de NaOH. A eficiência de stripping máxima foi de aproximadamente 68%, considerada satisfatória. Conclui-se também que a eficiência de stripping diminui com o loading do IL. No decorrer das experiências de stripping, verificou-se que o [TOMA][OH], formado nestas condições, atinge eficiências de 100% de remoção para o Zn (II) .<br>Pollution of water resources by heavy metal contaminated domestic and industrial wastewater is one of the most serious environmental issues nowadays. The accumulation of heavy metals in the food chain and consequently in living organisms, caused by the persistence of these chemical elements within the aquatic medium, may lead to health complications. Ionic liquids are a new class of solvents, that have been making a case for themselves as an interesting alternative to common heavy metal removal techniques from aqueous matrixes. This paper explores the liquid-liquid extraction of Zn(II) and Cr(III) using the ionic liquid [TOMA][Cl]. The influence of several operating parameters on the removal efficiency such as pH, contact time between ionic liquid and aqueous phase, volumetric ratio between said phases and initial concentration of metal ions in the aqueous solution was investigated. Other studies within this paper were the determination of the loading capacity of the IL [TOMA][Cl] and stripping tests. Regarding Cr(III) extraction, the removal efficiency was near zero therefore concluding that [TOMA][Cl] isn’t the right IL to extract this metal. On the other hand, CYPHOS® IL 104 can remove Cr(III) quite well, with a removal efficiency of 81%. Concerning Zn(II) extraction, the removal efficiency was pretty high across all the tests made, with a minimum 65 % and maximum 100 % removal of these metal ions. Optimal extractions conditions are: pH < 2; O/A = 2; C0 = 50 mg/L; t = 60 min. In the loading capacity experiments, it was found that the IL can load about 9 g/L of Zn(II), across 10 extraction cycles. Stripping tests of the loaded ionic liquid phase were made with NaOH as the stripping agent. Stripping efficiency reached a maximum of approximately 68 %, considered good. Another conclusion was that the stripping efficiency is inversely proportional to the loading of the IL with Zn(II) ions. In the midst of these experiments, it was discovered that the IL [TOMA][OH], formed during on these experiments, guarantees complete removal of Zn(II) .

碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>化學系所<br>103<br>We use benyl bromoacetate as alkylation to react with N-confused porphyrin (NCP) to afford 2-aza-2-benzyloxycarbonylmethyl-5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-21-carbaporphyrin [2-NCH2COOCH2C6H5NCTPPH (2)].Then, we use ZnCl2 and CoCl2‧6H2O as metal reagent to react separately with 2-NCH2COOCH2C6H5NCTPPH (2) to get two NCP metal complexes, Zn(2-NCH2COOCH2C6H5-21-H-NCTPP)Cl (3) and Co(2-NCH2COOCH2C6H5-21-o-CH2C6H4CH3NCTPP)Cl (4). Appling X-ray single-crystal diffractometer, Elemental analyzer, Mass spectrometer, NMR spectrometer, EPR spectrometer, Superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer to study the crystal structures of NCP metal complexes and their physical chemistry properties.

碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>化學系所<br>103<br>The inner C-benzyl- and C-o-xylyl (or m-xylyl, p-xylyl)-substituted cobalt(II) complexes of a 2-N-substituted N-confused porphyrin were synthesized from the reaction of 2-NC3H5NCTPPH (1) and CoCl2•6H2O in toluene (or o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene), and the structures were revealed by single-crystal X-ray analysis.The axial zero-field splitting parameter D was found to vary from 46.9 cm-1 in 2 to 42.0 cm-1 in 3, 34.7 cm-1 in 4 and 35.6 cm-1 in 5 by paramagnetic susceptibility measurements. The magnitude of D can be related to the coordination sphere at the cobalt sites.

碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>化學系所<br>98<br>We use 2-NC3H5NCTPP to react with ZnCl2、MnBr2、Cu(OAc)2to get Mn(2-NC3H5NCTPP)Br (3), Zn(2-NC3H5NCTPP)Cl (4) and 5-Cu (5). Then we use NMR spectroscopy, EPR spectroscopy, X-ray Single-Crystal Diffractometer and SQUID(Superconducting Quantum Interference Device) to determine the structure and compare the diffirances.

Bones are multifunctional passive organs of movement that supports soft tissue and directly attached muscles. They also protect internal organs and are a reserve of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. Each bone is covered with periosteum, and the adjacent bone surfaces are covered by articular cartilage. Histologically, the bone is an organ composed of many different tissues. The main component is bone tissue (cortical and spongy) composed of a set of bone cells and intercellular substance (mineral and organic), it also contains fat, hematopoietic (bone marrow) and cartilaginous tissue. Bones are a tissue that even in adult life retains the ability to change shape and structure depending on changes in their mechanical and hormonal environment, as well as self-renewal and repair capabilities. This process is called bone turnover. The basic processes of bone turnover are: • bone modeling (incessantly changes in bone shape during individual growth) following resorption and tissue formation at various locations (e.g. bone marrow formation) to increase mass and skeletal morphology. This process occurs in the bones of growing individuals and stops after reaching puberty • bone remodeling (processes involve in maintaining bone tissue by resorbing and replacing old bone tissue with new tissue in the same place, e.g. repairing micro fractures). It is a process involving the removal and internal remodeling of existing bone and is responsible for maintaining tissue mass and architecture of mature bones. Bone turnover is regulated by two types of transformation: • osteoclastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone resorption • osteoblastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone formation (bone matrix synthesis and mineralization) Bone maturity can be defined as the completion of basic structural development and mineralization leading to maximum mass and optimal mechanical strength. The highest rate of increase in pig bone mass is observed in the first twelve weeks after birth. This period of growth is considered crucial for optimizing the growth of the skeleton of pigs, because the degree of bone mineralization in later life stages (adulthood) depends largely on the amount of bone minerals accumulated in the early stages of their growth. The development of the technique allows to determine the condition of the skeletal system (or individual bones) in living animals by methods used in human medicine, or after their slaughter. For in vivo determination of bone properties, Abstract 10 double energy X-ray absorptiometry or computed tomography scanning techniques are used. Both methods allow the quantification of mineral content and bone mineral density. The most important property from a practical point of view is the bone’s bending strength, which is directly determined by the maximum bending force. The most important factors affecting bone strength are: • age (growth period), • gender and the associated hormonal balance, • genotype and modification of genes responsible for bone growth • chemical composition of the body (protein and fat content, and the proportion between these components), • physical activity and related bone load, • nutritional factors: – protein intake influencing synthesis of organic matrix of bone, – content of minerals in the feed (CA, P, Zn, Ca/P, Mg, Mn, Na, Cl, K, Cu ratio) influencing synthesis of the inorganic matrix of bone, – mineral/protein ratio in the diet (Ca/protein, P/protein, Zn/protein) – feed energy concentration, – energy source (content of saturated fatty acids - SFA, content of polyun saturated fatty acids - PUFA, in particular ALA, EPA, DPA, DHA), – feed additives, in particular: enzymes (e.g. phytase releasing of minerals bounded in phytin complexes), probiotics and prebiotics (e.g. inulin improving the function of the digestive tract by increasing absorption of nutrients), – vitamin content that regulate metabolism and biochemical changes occurring in bone tissue (e.g. vitamin D3, B6, C and K). This study was based on the results of research experiments from available literature, and studies on growing pigs carried out at the Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences. The tests were performed in total on 300 pigs of Duroc, Pietrain, Puławska breeds, line 990 and hybrids (Great White × Duroc, Great White × Landrace), PIC pigs, slaughtered at different body weight during the growth period from 15 to 130 kg. Bones for biomechanical tests were collected after slaughter from each pig. Their length, mass and volume were determined. Based on these measurements, the specific weight (density, g/cm3) was calculated. Then each bone was cut in the middle of the shaft and the outer and inner diameters were measured both horizontally and vertically. Based on these measurements, the following indicators were calculated: • cortical thickness, • cortical surface, • cortical index. Abstract 11 Bone strength was tested by a three-point bending test. The obtained data enabled the determination of: • bending force (the magnitude of the maximum force at which disintegration and disruption of bone structure occurs), • strength (the amount of maximum force needed to break/crack of bone), • stiffness (quotient of the force acting on the bone and the amount of displacement occurring under the influence of this force). Investigation of changes in physical and biomechanical features of bones during growth was performed on pigs of the synthetic 990 line growing from 15 to 130 kg body weight. The animals were slaughtered successively at a body weight of 15, 30, 40, 50, 70, 90, 110 and 130 kg. After slaughter, the following bones were separated from the right half-carcass: humerus, 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone, femur, tibia and fibula as well as 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone. The features of bones were determined using methods described in the methodology. Describing bone growth with the Gompertz equation, it was found that the earliest slowdown of bone growth curve was observed for metacarpal and metatarsal bones. This means that these bones matured the most quickly. The established data also indicate that the rib is the slowest maturing bone. The femur, humerus, tibia and fibula were between the values of these features for the metatarsal, metacarpal and rib bones. The rate of increase in bone mass and length differed significantly between the examined bones, but in all cases it was lower (coefficient b &lt;1) than the growth rate of the whole body of the animal. The fastest growth rate was estimated for the rib mass (coefficient b = 0.93). Among the long bones, the humerus (coefficient b = 0.81) was characterized by the fastest rate of weight gain, however femur the smallest (coefficient b = 0.71). The lowest rate of bone mass increase was observed in the foot bones, with the metacarpal bones having a slightly higher value of coefficient b than the metatarsal bones (0.67 vs 0.62). The third bone had a lower growth rate than the fourth bone, regardless of whether they were metatarsal or metacarpal. The value of the bending force increased as the animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. The rate of change in the value of this indicator increased at a similar rate as the body weight changes of the animals in the case of the fibula and the fourth metacarpal bone (b value = 0.98), and more slowly in the case of the metatarsal bone, the third metacarpal bone, and the tibia bone (values of the b ratio 0.81–0.85), and the slowest femur, humerus and rib (value of b = 0.60–0.66). Bone stiffness increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. Abstract 12 The rate of change in the value of this indicator changed at a faster rate than the increase in weight of pigs in the case of metacarpal and metatarsal bones (coefficient b = 1.01–1.22), slightly slower in the case of fibula (coefficient b = 0.92), definitely slower in the case of the tibia (b = 0.73), ribs (b = 0.66), femur (b = 0.59) and humerus (b = 0.50). Bone strength increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, bone strength was as follows femur &gt; tibia &gt; humerus &gt; 4 metacarpal&gt; 3 metacarpal&gt; 3 metatarsal &gt; 4 metatarsal &gt; rib&gt; fibula. The rate of increase in strength of all examined bones was greater than the rate of weight gain of pigs (value of the coefficient b = 2.04–3.26). As the animals grew, the bone density increased. However, the growth rate of this indicator for the majority of bones was slower than the rate of weight gain (the value of the coefficient b ranged from 0.37 – humerus to 0.84 – fibula). The exception was the rib, whose density increased at a similar pace increasing the body weight of animals (value of the coefficient b = 0.97). The study on the influence of the breed and the feeding intensity on bone characteristics (physical and biomechanical) was performed on pigs of the breeds Duroc, Pietrain, and synthetic 990 during a growth period of 15 to 70 kg body weight. Animals were fed ad libitum or dosed system. After slaughter at a body weight of 70 kg, three bones were taken from the right half-carcass: femur, three metatarsal, and three metacarpal and subjected to the determinations described in the methodology. The weight of bones of animals fed aa libitum was significantly lower than in pigs fed restrictively All bones of Duroc breed were significantly heavier and longer than Pietrain and 990 pig bones. The average values of bending force for the examined bones took the following order: III metatarsal bone (63.5 kg) &lt;III metacarpal bone (77.9 kg) &lt;femur (271.5 kg). The feeding system and breed of pigs had no significant effect on the value of this indicator. The average values of the bones strength took the following order: III metatarsal bone (92.6 kg) &lt;III metacarpal (107.2 kg) &lt;femur (353.1 kg). Feeding intensity and breed of animals had no significant effect on the value of this feature of the bones tested. The average bone density took the following order: femur (1.23 g/cm3) &lt;III metatarsal bone (1.26 g/cm3) &lt;III metacarpal bone (1.34 g / cm3). The density of bones of animals fed aa libitum was higher (P&lt;0.01) than in animals fed with a dosing system. The density of examined bones within the breeds took the following order: Pietrain race&gt; line 990&gt; Duroc race. The differences between the “extreme” breeds were: 7.2% (III metatarsal bone), 8.3% (III metacarpal bone), 8.4% (femur). Abstract 13 The average bone stiffness took the following order: III metatarsal bone (35.1 kg/mm) &lt;III metacarpus (41.5 kg/mm) &lt;femur (60.5 kg/mm). This indicator did not differ between the groups of pigs fed at different intensity, except for the metacarpal bone, which was more stiffer in pigs fed aa libitum (P&lt;0.05). The femur of animals fed ad libitum showed a tendency (P&lt;0.09) to be more stiffer and a force of 4.5 kg required for its displacement by 1 mm. Breed differences in stiffness were found for the femur (P &lt;0.05) and III metacarpal bone (P &lt;0.05). For femur, the highest value of this indicator was found in Pietrain pigs (64.5 kg/mm), lower in pigs of 990 line (61.6 kg/mm) and the lowest in Duroc pigs (55.3 kg/mm). In turn, the 3rd metacarpal bone of Duroc and Pietrain pigs had similar stiffness (39.0 and 40.0 kg/mm respectively) and was smaller than that of line 990 pigs (45.4 kg/mm). The thickness of the cortical bone layer took the following order: III metatarsal bone (2.25 mm) &lt;III metacarpal bone (2.41 mm) &lt;femur (5.12 mm). The feeding system did not affect this indicator. Breed differences (P &lt;0.05) for this trait were found only for the femur bone: Duroc (5.42 mm)&gt; line 990 (5.13 mm)&gt; Pietrain (4.81 mm). The cross sectional area of the examined bones was arranged in the following order: III metatarsal bone (84 mm2) &lt;III metacarpal bone (90 mm2) &lt;femur (286 mm2). The feeding system had no effect on the value of this bone trait, with the exception of the femur, which in animals fed the dosing system was 4.7% higher (P&lt;0.05) than in pigs fed ad libitum. Breed differences (P&lt;0.01) in the coross sectional area were found only in femur and III metatarsal bone. The value of this indicator was the highest in Duroc pigs, lower in 990 animals and the lowest in Pietrain pigs. The cortical index of individual bones was in the following order: III metatarsal bone (31.86) &lt;III metacarpal bone (33.86) &lt;femur (44.75). However, its value did not significantly depend on the intensity of feeding or the breed of pigs.

AbstractDuring the accident at TEPCO’s Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, radiocesium-bearing microparticles (CsMPs) were released from damaged reactors into the environment. These micron-sized spherical particles with high specific radioactivity have not been reported in previous nuclear accidents. Herein, the current understanding of the structure, composition, and physicochemical properties of CsMPs is summarized. Electron microscopy revealed that the CsMP matrix is composed of silicate glass containing Na, Cl, K, Fe, Zn, Rb, Sn, and Cs as major constituents. These elements are often inhomogeneously distributed, depending on the particle radius, and Cs was concentrated around the outer side of the particles. In addition, nanocrystals including Cr-rich oxides and chalcogenides were frequently found inside CsMPs. The average valence state of Fe in the CsMP glass matrix was almost Fe2+, indicating formation under a reducing atmosphere through condensation from the gas phase. Radiocesium diffused away from the CsMPs when heated to &gt;600 °C. Accordingly, CsMPs may lose their high specific radioactivity when related radiation-contaminated waste is incinerated at sufficiently high temperatures. Although CsMP solubility is low, they cannot be regarded as “insoluble” materials owing to their small size. CsMP dissolution rates depend on the pH and dissolved species in the solution, and their dissolution behavior is comparable to that of silica-rich glass. Based on these dissolution properties, a method for estimating CsMP abundance and spatial distribution in the environment was proposed. The findings detailed herein contribute to the comprehensive elucidation of CsMP environmental dynamics.

Abstract Trees, like all plants, require supplies of certain chemical elements for growth. Elements needed in large quantities, called ‘macronutrients’, are nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S). Elements needed in minute or trace amounts, ‘micronutrients’, are iron (Fe), copper (Cu), chlorine (Cl), manganese (Mn), boron (B), zinc (Zn), and molybdenum (Mo). Of course, in addition to these elements, which are mostly supplied from the soil, plants require carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O), the primary constituents of all organic matter, which are obtained from water and air. Atmospheric sources of nutrients in precipitation in general represent a tiny fraction of the requirements for growth.

Breast cancer is the most common serious disease that occurs in the human body. Trace elements have an important function in biological and metabolism processes including activation or inhibition of enzymatic reaction, reactive oxygen species (ROS), competition between trace elements and metal proteins for binding positions and modifications in the permeability of cellular membranes which influence carcinogenic processes. A significant association between the abnormal concentration of trace elements and breast cancer has been found in many studies using XRF techniques like energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF), particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE), total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF), wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) and synchrotron induced X-ray fluorescence (SRIXE). This chapter considers trace elements like Fe, Cu, Zn, Cr, Cl, Ca, P, S, K, Na, Mg, Se, As and Sr. from the standpoint of their role as either inhibitory or causative agents of breast cancer. XRF techniques and sample preparation methods for analysis of biological samples are also reviewed.

Breast cancer is the most common serious disease that occurs in the human body. Trace elements have an important function in biological and metabolism processes including activation or inhibition of enzymatic reaction, reactive oxygen species (ROS), competition between trace elements and metal proteins for binding positions and modifications in the permeability of cellular membranes which influence carcinogenic processes. A significant association between the abnormal concentration of trace elements and breast cancer has been found in many studies using XRF techniques like energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF), particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE), total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF), wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) and synchrotron induced X-ray fluorescence (SRIXE). This chapter considers trace elements like Fe, Cu, Zn, Cr, Cl, Ca, P, S, K, Na, Mg, Se, As and Sr. from the standpoint of their role as either inhibitory or causative agents of breast cancer. XRF techniques and sample preparation methods for analysis of biological samples are also reviewed.

An increasing number of the 92 naturally occurring elements on Earth are now known to be essential to humans and other vertebrate species. In addition to the ten main constituents (H, N, O, Na, Mg, P, S, Cl, K, Ca), twelve elements present in trace quantities are generally accepted to have necessary functions in the human body. These essential trace elements are Mn, Cr, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Se, Mo, F, bromine (Br), Si, and I. Most of these elements are present in human serum at levels orders of magnitude lower than their mean concentrations in the Earth’s crust (e.g., Mn and Cr are less than 10-6 of average rock composition), except for I and Se, which occur in similar concentrations in human serum and in rocks. This indicates that the pathways of these two elements to humans are basically different from those of other essential trace elements. There is now substantial evidence to suggest that the marine environment is an important source of I and Se to humans and other terrestrial species through biogeochemical cycling involving atmospheric transport. The dissolved matter in ocean water is enriched relative to the earth’s crust in a few elements (e.g., Na, Mg, S, Cl, Br) but depleted in most others. Some elements, such as I and Se, are strongly enriched in marine organisms relative to their concentrations in sea water. Fish and other marine food may constitute an important source of these elements to humans. It has become increasingly evident, however, that atmospheric transport of substances from marine to terrestrial systems may constitute an alternative pathway of some essential elements to humans and livestock.

Micronutrients needed by plants are Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, B, Mo, Cl, Ni, Co, V, Si, and Na. The required amounts of each of these elements is very small but still essential for desirable plant growth and reproduction. These elements must be applied to soils cautiously for the range between deficient and toxic is very small. It is unwise to use a fertilizer containing all of these micronutrients. Any one of them may already be high enough in soils to cause toxicity from that particular element. If a micronutrient is suspected of being deficient, it would be wise to get soil tests and plant tissue tests to corroborate your suspicions. If a micronutrient is deficient, one should apply only the amount recommended but no more. Sometimes a toxicity of an element is more difficult to correct than a deficiency. Copper, iron, manganese, cobalt, and zinc can be present in soils as (a) several types of precipitates, (b) adsorbed onto the surface of soil particles, (c) present in primary minerals (rocks) and secondary minerals (clays), and (d) present as complex ring compounds. These forms may or may not be available to plants. Precipitates of Cu, Fe, Mn, or Zn often form in soils at high pH (after liming Fig. 14.1). This may occur in soils near buildings from the lime used in the mortar. Soil acids dissolve the lime into Ca++ or Mg++ that migrate into the soil raising the pH and cause these micronutrients to precipitate. Often an Fe deficiency is evident, particularly on acid-loving plants, such as azaleas, rhododendrons, or hollies. If this is extensive, the soil near the buildings may need to be replaced. With limited areas, the soil can be acidified by adding elemental S near the plants affected. The elements Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn can exist as soluble forms or precipitates, depending on the pH of the soil. The soluble forms as cations are present when soils have poor internal drainage (poorly drained soils), whereas the oxides of these elements are present where the soil is well aerated.

Abstract In this study, the solubility of zinc sulfide has been collected from the literature at pH 2 to 11, temperature 23 to 250 °C, pressure 0.6 to 150 bar, and ionic strength 0 to 4.6 m. A solubility model has been developed based on the combination of Pitzer theory calculated activity coefficient and speciation of the Zn-HS-OH-Cl aqueous system. In total, around 230 solubility data were collected as the input database, the model was fitted in Matalab 2020a with the particle-swarm optimization. The updated model is able to predict the ZnS solubility saturation index (SI) with 95% confidence interval 0.04 SI unit, which suggested good accuracy under model conditions. Due to the extremely low solubility of the ZnS itself, these errors correspond to only around 0.07 ppm of [Zn(II)], which is less than the error of measurement for field samples. For all pH conditions, Zn-HS complexes and Zn-Cl complexes have strong influence on the aqueous soluble zinc solubility. This new model with accurate ZnS solubility prediction will help field operators to better control the ZnS scaling and corrosion problem.

Abstract A field study was conducted at Research Triangle Park, NC, in which test panels of galvanized steel were exposed under the following conditions: (1) total deposition, (2) dry deposition only, and (3) dry deposition and clean wet deposition. Rain and rain runoff samples were collected for 44 rain events and analyzed for Cl-, NO3-, SO4=, and Zn. The runoff data were statistically analyzed to determine the correlations between the Zn dissolved and the anions in the rain runoff. Much of the Zn dissolved under total and dry plus clean wet deposition conditions can be accounted for by dry and wet deposition of S species and their subsequent surface reactions with Zn compounds. The uncertainty in the stoichiometric coefficient for NO3- was such that it was not possible to determine the impact of HNO3 on the atmospheric corrosion rate of galvanized steel. The difference between the amount of Zn dissolved under the total deposition condition versus that found under the dry plus clean wet deposition demonstrates that ambient wet deposition enhanced the Zn dissolution rate, suggesting that the enhancement was caused by impurities in the rain.

Abstract The majority of investigations of Al-Zn-In sacrificial anode alloys has involved determining the electrochemical behavior in natural or substitute ocean water. Several investigators have noted that the activation process “needs” chloride ion (Cl-) and there are at least two publications suggesting the sulfate (SO4=) anion inhibits aluminum corrosion and/or indium activated alloy capability. Therefore, activation testing was conducted with a variety of anions including mixed chloride/sulfate solutions of various combinations and concentrations. The results are presented and discussed.

Abstract The crack growth kinetics and solution chemistry developed within environment-assisted cracks (EAC) grown in laboratory tests and long-term field exposures of high-strength Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys were assessed. For both test programs, peak-aged (T651) material exhibited crack growth kinetics 103 to 104 times that of overaged (T7X51). Laboratory crack growth studies in aqueous CrO42-/Cl- environments demonstrated the characteristic enhanced resistance of overaged Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys to intergranular EAC crack propagation relative to peak-aged tempers. The laboratory environment is suitable for alloy development and mechanistic studies of environment-assisted cracking in these alloys. Cracks within fracture specimens exposed to an industrial atmosphere contained predominately chloride and sulfate with minor amounts of nitrate, nitrite and organic acids. The dominant cations found were aluminum, zinc and magnesium dissolved from the alloy in addition to sodium and potassium from the external atmosphere. Environment-assisted crack growth behavior during atmospheric exposure was not correlated to the crack chemistry. The crack solution of field-exposed specimens was similar for peak-aged and overaged material, attaining a pH of 3 to 3.8. The crack solution of these specimens was probably dominated by crevice corrosion. In contrast to the atmospheric tests, the low corrosiveness of the laboratory environment facilitated differentiation of peak-aged and overaged crack chemistry. Whereas peak-aged material developed an acidic, concentrated Al-salt solution at the crack tip, overaged material showed little alteration of the crack environment from that of the external solution.

^mp^em^ study of the well-preserved cultural layer (CL) of the Berezovaya Luka unique settlement (~4000 ka BP) and paleosols (2.4 ka BP) in the river Alley floodplain of the Altai Kray was done. P and K accumulate in CL due to thousands of animal remains. In CL and paleosol dominate bacterial cells of medium and small size &lt;0,43 ^m (using nuclear filters), reaching 80%, contributing to their survival in the lack of moisture and nutrients; fungal spores (26%) ^ is 3 times more than in paleosol (luminescent microscopy). As, Cr, Pb, Cd, S, Zn, Mn are concentrated in CL with slag and ore from bronze production and ceramic fragments, exceeding the lithosphere clark, which could affect people's health. According to palynological data, the climate was favorable for the Elunites etnos. This is also confirmed by geochemical indices of weathering and biological activity. 2.4 ka BP the climate was wetter, this is indicated by increase in forbs pollen, decrease in xerophytes, appearance of cedar.

Abstract Cathodoluminescence (CL) degradation measurements showed that by applying a nano meter scale indium tin oxide (ITO) coating on micron sized ZnS:Ag particulates the degradation lifetime was dramatically improved. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis showed that the Zn 2p3/2 and S 2p3/2 peaks of the degraded ZnS:Ag were shifted to higher binding energies, which correspond to oxidized elements, with respect to those found for as-received ZnS:Ag. The XPS analysis for the ITO coated ZnS:Ag showed a broadening of the Zn 2p3/2 and S 2p3/2 peaks, which were a convolution of two peaks. In this case, the Zn 2p3/2 and S 2p3/2 peaks corresponding to ZnS were still present together with a small shoulder corresponding to the oxidized elements. This difference in the XPS shows that the ITO coating reduced the degradation rate by slowing the surface chemical changes on the ZnS:Ag.

In this work, prepared new ligand namely 5-(2,4—dichloro-phenyl)-1,3,4- oxadiazole-2-(3H)-thion, which was obtained from the 2,4-dichlorobenzoyl chloride with hydrazine, after that reaction with CS2/KOH in methanol. This ligand was reaction with (Co, Zn and Cd) and 1,10-phenanthroline as co-ligand. The ligand and complexes were characterised by IR, UV-Vis, C-H-N, magnetic moment, A.A, Cl content, and m.p.. The data that collected indicate the octahedral geometry around metal ions in all complexes. In IR spectra of complexes, the small shift in ν(C=S), indicating the exocyclic sulfur is not bonding. The ligand is present in thion form, which indicate deprotonated N-H group in complexes and is bonded to Co(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) through the oxadiazole nitrogen

The structure optimizations of picolinaldehyde N-oxide thiosemicarbazone (Hpiotsc), 2-benzoylpyridine semicarbazone (H2BzPS), their imino tautomers and their complexes with Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) were carried out using DFT calculations at the B3LYP/LANL2DZ level of theory. Thermodynamic properties of tautomerizations of Hpiotsc and H2BzPS and complexations of their complexes derived from the frequency calculations at the same level were obtained. The B3LYP/LANL2DZ-optimized geometry parameters for the complexes of [[Ni(Hpiotsc)[subscript 2]][superscript 2+]], [Cu(Hpiotsc).Cl[subscript 2]] and [Zn(Hpiotsc).Cl[subscript 2]] show good agreement with their corresponding X-ray crystallographic data. Aryl semicarbazone derivatives have been studied for the development of new antituberculous agents. The quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) analysis for the antituberculous activity of the aryl semicarbazones were carried out in terms of the molecular hydrophobicity and indicator variables using the multiple linear regression method. The new definition for indicator variables based on the substituents of the aryl semicarbazones was proposed and employed in the QSAR analysis.