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Journal articles on the topic 'ZnPd'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Ezhov, Artem V., Fedor Yu Vyal’ba, Kseniya A. Zhdanova, Andrey P. Zhdanov, Konstantin Yu Zhizhin, Ilya N. Kluykin, Natal’ya A. Bragina, and Andrey F. Mironov. "Synthesis of donor-π-acceptor porphyrins for DSSC: DFT-study, comparison of anchoring mode and effectiveness." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 24, no. 04 (March 26, 2020): 538–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424619501694.

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In this study two pairs of novel zinc-porphyrin complexes (ZnP1 ZnP2 ZnP3 and ZnP4) were synthesized as sensitizers for DSSC and their photophysical, computational studies and photovoltaic properties were investigated. Structures of proposed dyes are based on a molecular design that relies on donor/[Formula: see text]-bridge/acceptor interactions. Compounds differ by anchoring mode to the titanium dioxide surface: ZnP2 and ZnP4 porphyrins possess carboxyl anchoring groups while ZnP1 and ZnP3 porphyrins have similar structure but without anchors and attached to the surface by isonicotinic acid ligands. All the zinc-porphyrin derivatives bear hexyloxy-chains at the para-positions of their phenyl rings and ZnP3 and ZnP4 contain 1,3,5-triazine fragments as efficient electron transfer bridges. Electron density distribution of the frontier molecular orbitals was calculated based on the density functional theory (DFT). The test DSSC was manufactured and its parameters were measured to compare the effectiveness of the proposed sensitizers. Our results reveal that dyes with an anchoring group directly in their structure demonstrated several times higher efficiency. The use of the triazine fragment proved effective for the introduction of acceptor substituents bearing anchor groups. As a result, the highest efficiency of 4.33% was achieved using the dye ZnP4.

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2

Wu, Yu, Qian Zhang, Jia-Cheng Liu, Ren-Zhi Li, and Neng-Zhi Jin. "Novel self-assembly with zinc porphyrin via axial coordination for dye-sensitized solar cells." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 21, no. 02 (February 2017): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424617500195.

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Two zinc porphyrins substituted at the meso-positions with different donor units (denoted as ZnP1 and ZnP2) have been designed and synthesized to construct new self-assemblies (denoted as ZnPx-ZnPA) with anchor porphyrin (ZnPA) dyads formed by the coordination bonds of Zn-to-ligand approach. Then these assemblies were absorbed on the semiconducting TiO2 electrode surfaces by the carboxylic groups of anchor porphyrin (ZnPA) to build dye sensitized solar cells. Their spectral properties, electrochemical, theoretical calculations and photovoltaic properties were systematically investigated. Interestingly, these self-assemblies devices compared to monomer anchoring porphyrin device showed higher [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. Especially, the dyad of ester-based zinc porphyrin (ZnP2) assembly device has the highest photoelectric conversion efficiency. The assembled modes of the assemblies immobilized on TiO2 electrode surfaces were also verified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

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3

Ivarsson, Dennis C. A., Ulrich Burkhardt, Marc Heggen, Alim Ormeci, and Marc Armbrüster. "On the twinning in ZnPd." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 8 (2017): 5778–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp08117g.

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4

Armbrüster, Marc, Matthias Friedrich, and Yuan Luo. "ZnPd in Methanol Steam Reforming." Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 638, no. 10 (August 2012): 1614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.201204096.

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5

Ziegler, Christoph, Stefan Klosz, Lars Borchardt, Martin Oschatz, Stefan Kaskel, Matthias Friedrich, René Kriegel, Toni Keilhauer, Marc Armbrüster, and Alexander Eychmüller. "ZnPd/ZnO Aerogels as Potential Catalytic Materials." Advanced Functional Materials 26, no. 7 (December 21, 2015): 1014–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201503000.

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6

Luo, Yuan, Yuhan Sun, Ulrich Schwarz, and Marc Armbrüster. "Systematic Exploration of Synthesis Pathways to Nanoparticulate ZnPd." Chemistry of Materials 24, no. 15 (July 23, 2012): 3094–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm3018192.

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7

Friedrich, Matthias, Simon Penner, Marc Heggen, and Marc Armbrüster. "High CO2Selectivity in Methanol Steam Reforming through ZnPd/ZnO Teamwork." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 52, no. 16 (March 11, 2013): 4389–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201209587.

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8

Friedrich, Matthias, Simon Penner, Marc Heggen, and Marc Armbrüster. "High CO2Selectivity in Methanol Steam Reforming through ZnPd/ZnO Teamwork." Angewandte Chemie 125, no. 16 (March 11, 2013): 4485–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201209587.

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9

Kriegel, René, Dennis C. A. Ivarsson, and Marc Armbrüster. "Formic Acid Decomposition over ZnPd-Implications for Methanol Steam Reforming." ChemCatChem 10, no. 12 (April 26, 2018): 2664–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201800194.

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10

Armbrüster, M., M. Behrens, K. Föttinger, M. Friedrich, É. Gaudry, S. K. Matam, and H. R. Sharma. "The Intermetallic Compound ZnPd and Its Role in Methanol Steam Reforming." Catalysis Reviews 55, no. 3 (July 3, 2013): 289–367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01614940.2013.796192.

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11

Lipton-Duffin, J. A., J. M. MacLeod, M. Vondráček, K. C. Prince, R. Rosei, and F. Rosei. "Thermal evolution of the submonolayer near-surface alloy of ZnPd on Pd(111)." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 16, no. 10 (2014): 4764. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cp54782e.

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12

Münich, Peter W., Pawel Wagner, David L. Officer, and Dirk M. Guldi. "Use of alkylated, amphiphilic zinc porphyrins to disperse individualized SWCNTs." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 22, no. 07 (July 2018): 573–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424618500621.

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A series of zinc porphyrins, namely ZnPa and ZnPb, which exist predominantly as aggregates, are utilized in a top-down preparation of individualized and stabilized single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Sizable interactions in the ground state of the corresponding SWCNT/ZnPa and SWCNT/ZnPb electron donor–acceptor systems lead to charge transfer in the excited state. The product includes the simultaneous reduction of the electron-accepting SWCNTs and the oxidation of the electron-donating ZnPa and ZnPb.

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13

Karabulut, B., R. Tapramaz, and A. Karadağ. "EPR and optical absorption studies of Cu2+ ions in [ZnPd(CN)4(C4H12N2O2)] single crystals." Applied Magnetic Resonance 35, no. 2 (February 2009): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00723-008-0158-9.

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14

Follana-Berná, Jorge, Sairaman Seetharaman, Luis Martín-Gomis, Georgios Charalambidis, Adelais Trapali, Paul A. Karr, Athanassios G. Coutsolelos, Fernando Fernández-Lázaro, Francis D’Souza, and Ángela Sastre-Santos. "Supramolecular complex of a fused zinc phthalocyanine–zinc porphyrin dyad assembled by two imidazole-C60units: ultrafast photoevents." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 11 (2018): 7798–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp00382c.

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15

Li, Xiaoyu, Lin Li, Jian Lin, Botao Qiao, Xiaofeng Yang, Aiqin Wang, and Xiaodong Wang. "Reactivity of Methanol Steam Reforming on ZnPd Intermetallic Catalyst: Understanding from Microcalorimetric and FT-IR Studies." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 122, no. 23 (May 21, 2018): 12395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b03933.

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16

Heggen, Marc, Simon Penner, Matthias Friedrich, Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski, and Marc Armbrüster. "Formation of ZnO Patches on ZnPd/ZnO during Methanol Steam Reforming: A Strong Metal–Support Interaction Effect?" Journal of Physical Chemistry C 120, no. 19 (May 10, 2016): 10460–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b02562.

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17

Friedrich, Matthias, Detre Teschner, Axel Knop-Gericke, and Marc Armbrüster. "Influence of bulk composition of the intermetallic compound ZnPd on surface composition and methanol steam reforming properties." Journal of Catalysis 285, no. 1 (January 2012): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2011.09.013.

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18

Li, Xiaoru, Chao Zhang, Haiyang Cheng, Weiwei Lin, Pingjing Chang, Bin Zhang, Qifan Wu, Yancun Yu, and Fengyu Zhao. "A Study on the Oxygen Vacancies in ZnPd/ZnO-Al and their Promoting Role in Glycerol Hydrogenolysis." ChemCatChem 7, no. 8 (March 20, 2015): 1322–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201403036.

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19

Das, Sushanta K., Navaneetha K. Subbaiyan, Francis D'Souza, Atula S. D. Sandanayaka, Takatsugu Wakahara, and Osamu Ito. "Formation and photoinduced properties of zinc porphyrin-SWCNT and zinc phthalocyanine-SWCNT nanohybrids using diameter sorted nanotubes assembled via metal-ligand coordination and π–π stacking." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 15, no. 09n10 (September 2011): 1033–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424611003951.

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Photoinduced electron transfer processes in self-assembled zinc porphyrin ( ZnP ) or zinc phthalocyanine ( ZnPc ) with semiconducting (7,6)- and (6,5)-enriched SWCNTs were investigated. To bind photosensitizers to SWCNTs, first, pyrene covalently functionalized with a phenylimidazole (Im-Pyr) entity was treated with SWCNTs. Exfoliation of SWCNTs occurred due to π–π stacking of pyrene with nanotubes walls leaving the imidazole entity that was subsequently used to coordinate ZnP or ZnPc in o-dichlorobenzene (DCB). The donor-acceptor nanohybrids thus formed were characterized by TEM imaging, steady-state UV-visible-near IR absorption and fluorescence spectra. Free-energy calculations suggested possibility of electron transfer from the photoexcited ZnP or ZnPc to Im-Pyr/SWCNT(n,m) in the nanohybrids. Consequently, steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence studies revealed efficient quenching of the singlet excited state of ZnP or ZnPc with the rate constants of charge separation (k CS ) in the range of (3–6) × 109 s-1. Nanosecond transient absorption technique confirmed the electron transfer products, ZnP·+←Im-Pyr/SWCNT·- and ZnPc·+←Im-Pyr/SWCNT·- (and opposite charged pairs) having characteristic absorptions with the decay rate constants due to charge recombination (k CR ) in the range of (1.4–2.4) × 107 s-1, corresponding to lifetimes of radical ion-pairs in the 70–100 ns range. The SWCNT·- was further utilized to mediate electrons to hexyl-viologen dication (HV2+) resulting in an electron-accumulation process in the presence of sacrificial electron donor, offering additional proof for the occurrence of photoinduced charge-separation and potential utilization of these materials in light energy harvesting applications. Further, photoelectrochemical cells have been constructed on FTO/ SnO2 electrodes to verify their ability to directly convert light into electricity. An IPCE efficiency of up to 7% has been achieved in case of ZnP←Im-Pyr/SWCNT modified electrode.

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20

Li, Xiaoru, Bin Zhang, Qifan Wu, Chao Zhang, Yancun Yu, Yan Li, Weiwei Lin, Haiyang Cheng, and Fengyu Zhao. "A facile strategy for confining ZnPd nanoparticles into a ZnO@Al2O3 support: A stable catalyst for glycerol hydrogenolysis." Journal of Catalysis 337 (May 2016): 284–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2016.01.024.

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21

Kar, Piyush, Samira Farsinezhad, Najia Mahdi, Yun Zhang, Uchenna Obuekwe, Himani Sharma, Jing Shen, Natalia Semagina, and Karthik Shankar. "Enhanced CH4 yield by photocatalytic CO2 reduction using TiO2 nanotube arrays grafted with Au, Ru, and ZnPd nanoparticles." Nano Research 9, no. 11 (August 30, 2016): 3478–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12274-016-1225-4.

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22

Li, Xiaoru, Qifan Wu, Bin Zhang, Chao Zhang, Weiwei Lin, Haiyang Cheng, and Fengyu Zhao. "Efficient conversion of glycerol to 1, 2-propenadiol over ZnPd/ZnO-3Al catalyst: The significant influences of calcination temperature." Catalysis Today 302 (March 2018): 210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2017.05.094.

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23

Li, Yinghao, Ge Xu, Weiwei Li, Lishuang Lv, and Qiuting Zhang. "The Role of Ultrasound in the Preparation of Zein Nanoparticles/Flaxseed Gum Complexes for the Stabilization of Pickering Emulsion." Foods 10, no. 9 (August 25, 2021): 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10091990.

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Ultrasound is one of the most commonly used methods to prepare Pickering emulsions. In the study, zein nanoparticles-flaxseed gum (ZNP-FSG) complexes were fabricated through various preparation routes. Firstly, the ZNP-FSG complexes were prepared either through direct homogenization/ultrasonication of the zein and flaxseed gum mixture or through pretreatment of zein and/or flaxseed gum solutions by ultrasonication before homogenization. The Pickering emulsions were then produced with the various ZNP-FSG complexes prepared. ZNP-FSG complexes and the final emulsions were then characterized. We found that the complex prepared by ultrasonication of zein as pretreatment followed by homogenization of the ZNP with FSG ((ZNPU-FSG)H) exhibited the smallest turbidity, highest absolute potential value, relatively small particle size, and formed the most stable complex particles. Meanwhile, complex prepared through direct ultrasonication plus homogenization on the mixture ((ZNP-FSG)HU) showed significantly decreased emulsifying properties and stability. Compared with the complex without ultrasonic treatment, the complex and emulsion, which prepared by ultrasonicated FSG were extremely unstable, and the phase separation phenomenon of the emulsion was observed 30 min after preparation. The above conclusions are also in line with the findings obtained from the properties of the corresponding emulsions, such as the droplets size, microstructure, freeze-thaw stability, and storage stability. It is, therefore, clear that to produce stable Pickering emulsion, ultrasonication should be avoided to apply together at the end of ZNP-FGS complex preparation. It is worth noticing that the emulsions prepared by complex with ultrasonicated zein (ZNPU-FSG)H are smaller, distributed more uniformly, and are able to encapsulate oil droplets well. It was found that the emulsions prepared with ZNPU-FSG remained stable without serum phase for 14 days and exhibited improved stability at low-temperature storage. The current study will provide guidance for the preparation of protein–polysaccharide complexes and Pickering emulsions for future work.

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24

Fattah, Zahra, Zahra Jowkar, and Safoora Rezaeian. "Microshear Bond Strength of Nanoparticle-Incorporated Conventional and Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer to Caries-Affected Dentin." International Journal of Dentistry 2021 (April 16, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5565556.

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The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of three different types of nanoparticles (silver (SNPs), titanium dioxide (TNPs), and zinc oxide (ZNPs)) on the microshear bond strength of conventional glass ionomer cement (CGIC) and resin-modified glass ionomer cement based on whether CGIC or RMGIC is used with four subgroups (based on the incorporation of SNPs, ZNPs, and TNPs in addition to a control subgroup) (n = 12) as follows: CGIC, CGIC + TNP, CGIC + ZNP, CGIC + SNP, RMGIC, RMGIC + TNP, RMGIC + ZNP, and RMGIC + SNP. After 24 hours, the μSBS of specimens was tested and the obtained data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD test. The obtained results showed that the incorporation of TNPs in two glass ionomers was not statistically significant compared with the control subgroups ( p > 0.05). In the first group, the highest and lowest mean μSBS were, respectively, observed in the CGIC + SNP subgroup and CGIC + ZNP subgroup. In the second group, RMGIC + ZNP and RMGIC + SNP, respectively, showed the highest and lowest mean μSBS compared to the other subgroups. According to the results, it can be concluded that TNPs can be incorporated into both CGIC and RMGIC without compromising the bond strength of glass ionomers. SNPs and ZNPs can be, respectively, added to CGICs and RMGICs to improve the bond strength of the restoration.

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25

Gadenne, Virginie, Louis Porte, and Lionel Patrone. "Structure and growth mechanism of self-assembled monolayers of metal protoporphyrins and octacarboxylphthalocyanine on silicon dioxide." RSC Adv. 4, no. 110 (2014): 64506–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra11285g.

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In this work, we studied the structure and the growth of various conjugated macrocycle SAMs (protoporphyrins ZnPP & FePP, and phthalocyanine ZnPc(COOH)₈) covalently grafted on SiO₂ pre-functionalized by aminopropyltrimethoxysilane.

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26

Friedrich, Matthias, Alim Ormeci, Yuri Grin, and Marc Armbrüster. "PdZn or ZnPd: Charge Transfer and Pd-Pd Bonding as the Driving Force for the Tetragonal Distortion of the Cubic Crystal Structure." Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 636, no. 9-10 (May 7, 2010): 1735–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.201000097.

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27

Kirner, Sabrina V., Christian Henkel, Dirk M. Guldi, Jackson D. Megiatto Jr, and David I. Schuster. "Multistep energy and electron transfer processes in novel rotaxane donor–acceptor hybrids generating microsecond-lived charge separated states." Chemical Science 6, no. 12 (2015): 7293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5sc02895g.

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A new set of [Cu(phen)₂]⁺ based rotaxanes, featuring [60]-fullerene as an electron acceptor and a variety of electron donating moieties, namely zinc porphyrin (ZnP), zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) and ferrocene (Fc), has been synthesized and fully characterized.

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28

Molina, Desiré, Mohamed E. El-Khouly, Savvas Ioannou, Andreas S. Kalogirou, Panayiotis A. Koutentis, and Ángela Sastre-Santos. "Synthesis and photophysical studies of a low-symmetry tribenzoisothiazoloporphyrazine." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 20, no. 08n11 (August 2016): 1090–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424616500681.

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A new low-symmetry tetraazaporphyrin has been synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR, electronic spectroscopies and high resolution mass spectrometry. The photophysical behavior of the newly synthesized low-symmetry zinc tetraazaporphyrin ZnPz 1 has been examined and compared with that of the symmetrical tert-octylphenoxy zinc phthalocyanine ZnPc 2, by using steady-state absorption and fluorescence, cyclic voltammetry, molecular orbital calculation, and femtosecond transient absorption techniques.

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29

Арутюнян, А. Ф., Л. Л. Тевонян, А. Д. Бениаминов, Е. Е. Егоров, and Д. Н. Калюжный. "ФОТОТОКСИЧЕСКОЕ ДЕЙСТВИЕ ВОДОРАСТВОРИМЫХ ПОРФИРИНОВ НА КЛЕТКИ СВЕТЛОКЛЕТОЧНОЙ КАРЦИНОМЫ ПОЧКИ ЧЕЛОВЕКА СAKI-1." Биофизика 66, no. 2 (2021): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0006302921020137.

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С целью разработки и поиска фотосенсибилизаторов с возможно более узкой направленностью рассмотрены два типа тетрапиридиновых порфиринов: катионный порфирин P4 (TMPyP4) и его амфифильное производное порфирин P1, содержащее карбоксильные группы, а также их цинк-содержащие аналоги ZnP4 и ZnP1. Проведено сравнение физико-химических свойств двух классов молекул и исследовано их воздействие на клетки светлоклеточной карциномы почек Caki-1 в культуре. Соединения в микромолярных концентрациях не вызывали морфологических изменений клеток в отсутствие облучения светом. Обработка клеток порфирином P4 под действием синего света вызывала быстрое проявление цитотоксичности. Клетки начинали открепляться от субстрата, а на мембранах появлялись вздутия (блебы). Скорость этих изменений согласуется с прямым повреждением мембран, вызываемым порфирином P4. В аналогичных условиях соединение ZnP1 не вызывало никаких видимых изменения морфологии клеток Caki-1. Полученные результаты могут быть объяснены различной липофильностью соединений и, как следствие, их различной локализацией в клетке. Преимущественно мембранная локализация должна преобладать для более липофильного соединения P4 по сравнению с ZnP1, что может служить объяснением быстрого цитопатического эффекта.

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Himanshu, S. Rao, Dinah Punnoose, P. Sathishkumar, Chandu Gopi, Naresh Bandari, Ikkurthi Durga, T. Krishna, and Hee-Je Kim. "Development of Novel and Ultra-High-Performance Supercapacitor Based on a Four Layered Unique Structure." Electronics 7, no. 7 (July 19, 2018): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics7070121.

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This paper presents an electrode with a core/shell geometry and a unique four-layered porous wrinkled surface for pseudocapacitive supercapacitor applications. To design the electrode, Ni foam was used as a substrate, where the harmonious features of four constituents, ZnO (Z), NiS (N), PEDOT:PSS (P), and MnO2 (M) improved the supercapacitor electrochemical performance by mitigating the drawbacks of each other component. Cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge discharge measurements confirmed that the ZNPM hybrid electrode exhibited excellent capacitive properties in 2 M KOH compared to the ZNP, ZN, and solely Z electrodes. The ZNPM electrode showed superior electrochemical capacitive performance and improved electrical conductivity with a high specific capacitance of 2072.52 F g−1 at 5 mA, and a high energy density of 31 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 107 W kg−1. Overall, ZNPM is a promising combination electrode material that can be used in supercapacitors and other electrochemical energy conversion/storage devices.

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31

Liu, Shuning, Chenchen Liu, Changyu Liu, Ling Tu, Yong You, Renbo Wei, and Xiaobo Liu. "Polyarylene Ether Nitrile and Barium Titanate Nanocomposite Plasticized by Carboxylated Zinc Phthalocyanine Buffer." Polymers 11, no. 3 (March 4, 2019): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11030418.

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Barium titanate (BT) and polyarylene ether nitrile (PEN) nanocomposites with enhanced dielectric properties were obtained by using carboxylatedzinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc-COOH) buffer as the plasticizer. Carboxylated zinc phthalocyanine, prepared through hydrolyzing ZnPc in NaOH solution, reacted with the hydroxyl groups on the peripheral of hydrogen peroxide treated BT (BT-OH) yielding core-shell structured BT@ZnPc. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), TEM energy dispersive spectrometer mapping, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) demonstrated successful preparation of BT@ZnPc. The fabricated BT@ZnPc was incorporated into the PEN matrix through the solution casting method. Rheological measurements demonstrated that the ZnPc-COOH buffer can improve the compatibility between BT and PEN effectively. With the existence of the ZnPc-COOH buffer, the prepared BT@ZnPc/PEN nanocomposites exhibit a high dielectric constant of 5.94 and low dielectric loss (0.016 at 1000 Hz). BT@ZnPc/PEN dielectric composite films can be easily prepared, presenting great application prospects in the field of organic film capacitors.

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32

Blas-Ferrando, Vicente M., Javier Ortiz, Fernando Fernández-Lázaro, and Ángela Sastre-Santos. "Synthesis and characterization of a sulfur-containing phthalocyanine-gold nanoparticle hybrid." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 19, no. 01-03 (January 2015): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s108842461550011x.

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This work reports on the synthesis and characterization of a new gold nanoparticle-zinc phthalocyanine system, AuNP - S (t Bu )3 ZnPc , prepared by a ligand exchange reaction of tetraoctylammonium bromide with a novel unsymmetrically substituted zinc phthalocyanine which contains one thioester group in the peripheral position [ AcS (t Bu )3 ZnPc ]. The AuNP - S (t Bu )3 ZnPc hybrid was characterized using UV-vis and 1 H NMR spectroscopies. Transmission electron microscopy allowed the estimation of the size, which was calculated to be ~5 nm. AuNPs - S (t Bu )3 ZnPc conjugate showed much lower fluorescence quantum yield values than the AcS (t Bu )3 ZnPc demonstrating either an energy or electron transfer from the ZnPc to the AuNP . The AuNP - S (t Bu )3 ZnPc hybrid has been anchored to a TiO 2 semiconducting layer using lipoic acid. A solid configuration of TiO 2-lipoic acid- AuNP - S (t Bu )3 ZnPc has been prepared by anchoring lipoic acid to the TiO 2 ( TiO 2-LA) and introducing later the TiO 2-LA with free thiol groups in a toluene solution of AuNP - S (t Bu )3 ZnPc . We have also observed by UV-vis and fluorescence measurements the importance of the ZnPc in avoiding AuNP aggregation on the TiO 2 surface.

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33

Liu, Shuning, Chenchen Liu, Yong You, Yajie Wang, Renbo Wei, and Xiaobo Liu. "Fabrication of BaTiO3-Loaded Graphene Nanosheets-Based Polyarylene Ether Nitrile Nanocomposites with Enhanced Dielectric and Crystallization Properties." Nanomaterials 9, no. 12 (November 22, 2019): 1667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9121667.

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In this paper, barium titanate@zinc phthalocyanine (BT@ZnPc) and graphene oxide (GO) hybrids (BT@ZnPc-GO) connected by calcium ions are prepared by electrostatic adsorption, and then introduced into polyarylene ether nitrile (PEN) to obtain composites with enhanced dielectric and crystallization properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results confirm the successful fabrication of the BT@ZnPc-GO. BT@ZnPc-GO and PEN composites (BT@ZnPc-GO/PENs) are obtained through the solution-casting method. BT@ZnPc-GO demonstrates well compatibility with PEN due to its unique structure and the organic layer of ZnPc at the periphery of BT. On the other hand, BT and GO contribute a high dielectric constant of the composites obtained. In addition, the BT@ZnPc-GO can be used as a nucleating agent to promote the crystallization of the nanocomposites. As a result, The BT@ZnPc-GO/PEN exhibits a dielectric constant of 6.4 at 1 kHz and crystallinity of 21.03% after being isothermally treated at 280 °C for 2 h at the GO content of 0.75 wt %. All these results indicate that the hybrid nanofiller BT@ZnPc-GO can be an effective additive for preparing high-performance PEN-based nanocomposites.

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Li, Chun Yan, Guan Yu Ruan, Sheng Xiong Dong, Xiao Li Shi, Jin Can Chen, and Ming Dong Huang. "Study on the Disaggregation of Photosensitizer Pentalysine β-Carbonyl-Phthalocyanine Zinc In Vitro." Advanced Materials Research 335-336 (September 2011): 363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.335-336.363.

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A novel photosensitizer, pentalysine β-carbonyl-phthalocyanine zinc [ZnPc-(Lys)5] has tendency to form aggregate in aqueous solution. The observed in vivo Photodynamic therapy (PDT) effect of ZnPc-(Lys)5suggests a disaggregation mechanism. In this study, the equilibrium binding constant Ka, the numbers of binding sites n and the distance of Forster radii r between ZnPc-(Lys)5and human serum albumin (HSA) are measured by Spectroscopy. A molecular model of HSA-ZnPc-(Lys)5complex was generated according to these datum. This molecular model provides rationale that the molecular interaction between HSA and ZnPc-(Lys)5facilitates the dissociation of ZnPc aggregates.

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Zhu, Xiao Dong, Zhen Zhen Chen, Ke Qin Wu, Jun Ri Wen, Xiong Wei Wang, and Yi Ru Peng. "Synthesis and Photophysical Property of Polyion Complex Micelle Incorporating Phthalocyanine Zinc(II) Bearing Benzyl Ether Dendritic Substituents with Nitro-Terminal Group." Advanced Materials Research 1088 (February 2015): 495–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1088.495.

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A new phthalocyanine Zinc(II) bearing benzyl ether dendritic substituents with nitro-terminal group: tetra-{3,5-[di-(4-nitro benzyloxy) benzyloxy]} Phthalocyanine Zinc(II) (ZnPc(NO2)8), was synthesis and characterized by IR, 1HNMR, MALDI-TOF-MS and UV/Vis. UV/Vis spectra of ZnPc(NO2)8 exhibited characteristic absorption peaks at 290, 350 and 680 nm, and fluorescence emission peak was at 692 nm with a quantum yield at 0.20 in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The polymeric nanoparticle ZnPc(NO2)8@MPEG-PLGA was formed between the amphiphilic block copolymer poly(ethylene glycol)-polylactic and polyglyctic acids (PEG-PLGA) and ZnPc(NO2)8, ZnPc(NO2)8@MPEG-PLGA formed a core-shell-type nanoparticle with diameter about 70 nm. UV/Vis spectra and fluorescence emission spectra of ZnPc(NO2)8@MPEG-PLGA were obviously lower than that of free ZnPc(NO2)8 in buffer solution, and with varying degrees of redshift. ZnPc(NO2)8@MPEG-PLGA would be a promising third-generation photosensitizer for PDT.

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Valdna, V., J. Hiie, E. Mellikov, and A. Mere. "(ZnCd)S, (ZnCd)Se and Zn(SeTe) downconverting phosphors." Physica Scripta T69 (January 1, 1997): 319–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/1997/t69/069.

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El-Khouly, Mohamed E., Cem Göl, Morad M. El-Hendawy, Serkan Yeşilot, and Mahmut Durmuş. "Energy-transfer studies on phthalocyanine–BODIPY light harvesting pentad by laser flash photolysis." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 19, no. 01-03 (January 2015): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424614501168.

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A molecular pentad, comprised of zinc phthalocyanine ( ZnPc ) with four boron dipyrromethene units (BODIPY) have been examined by femtosecond and nanosecond laser flash photolysis to explore its photoinduced intramolecular events from the excited BODIPY. The geometry optimization showed that the phthalocyanine moiety is completely symmetric and form perfect square planar complex with zinc. The absorption spectrum of ZnPc -BODIPY pentad covers most of the visible region (ca. 300–750 nm), which clearly is an advantage for capturing solar energy. The excitation transfer from the singlet BODIPY to ZnPc is envisioned due to good spectral overlap of the BODIPY emission and ZnPc absorption spectra. Femtosecond laser flash photolysis studies provided concrete evidence for the occurrence of energy transfer from the singlet excited BODIPY to ZnPc in tetrahydrofuran. The kinetic study of energy transfer measured by monitoring the decay of the BODIPY emission revealed fast energy transfer (5.90 × 1010 s-1) in the molecular pentad. Since the electron transfer from the singlet ZnPc to BODIPY is thermodynamically not feasible, the singlet ZnPc decayed to populates the triplet ZnPc , in addition to the grounds state. These findings suggest the potential of the examined ZnPc -BODIPY pentad to be efficient photosynthetic antenna in the artificial photosynthetic systems.

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Labbé, Robert F., Hendrik J. Vreman, and David K. Stevenson. "Zinc Protoporphyrin: A Metabolite with a Mission." Clinical Chemistry 45, no. 12 (December 1, 1999): 2060–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/45.12.2060.

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Abstract Zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP) is a normal metabolite that is formed in trace amounts during heme biosynthesis. The final reaction in the biosynthetic pathway of heme is the chelation of iron with protoporphyrin. During periods of iron insufficiency or impaired iron utilization, zinc becomes an alternative metal substrate for ferrochelatase, leading to increased ZnPP formation. Evidence suggests that this metal substitution is one of the first biochemical responses to iron depletion, causing increased ZnPP to appear in circulating erythrocytes. Because this zinc-for-iron substitution occurs predominantly within the bone marrow, the ZnPP/heme ratio in erythrocytes reflects iron status in the bone marrow. In addition, ZnPP may regulate heme catabolism through competitive inhibition of heme oxygenase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the heme degradation pathway that produces bilirubin and carbon monoxide. Physiological roles, especially relating to carbon monoxide and possibly nitric oxide production, have been suggested for ZnPP. Clinically, ZnPP quantification is valuable as a sensitive and specific tool for evaluating iron nutrition and metabolism. Diagnostic determinations are applicable in a variety of clinical settings, including pediatrics, obstetrics, and blood banking. ZnPP analytical methodologies for clinical studies are discussed. In addition to diagnostic tests and metabolic studies, ZnPP has a potential therapeutic application in controlling bilirubin formation in neonates as a preventive measure for hyperbilirubinemia. Biochemical research techniques, both in vivo and in vitro, are described for further studies into the role of ZnPP in metabolism and physiology.

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Yang, Guang, Xuandai Nguyen, Judy Ou, Prasad Rekulapelli, David K. Stevenson, and Phyllis A. Dennery. "Unique effects of zinc protoporphyrin on HO-1 induction and apoptosis." Blood 97, no. 5 (March 1, 2001): 1306–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v97.5.1306.

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Zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP), a naturally occurring molecule, is increased in iron deficiency and lead intoxication. ZnPP can also induce heme oxygenase (HO-1), the enzyme it competitively inhibits. In cultured cells (HA-1), ZnPP was the strongest HO-1 inducer of any metalloporphyrin (MP) tested. This was not due to increased oxidative stress, enhanced binding at metal response element, nor increased binding at activator protein-1 (AP-1) or SP-1 sites on HO-1. Only ZnPP, however, increased binding of nuclear proteins to early growth response-1 (Egr-1) protein consensus sequence. Pretreatment of HA-1 with cycloheximide inhibited ZnPP-induced HO-1 messenger RNA (mRNA) by 55%. Incubation with antisense Egr-1 oligomers decreased ZnPP-induced HO-1 expression by 47%. Furthermore, the level of HO-1 mRNA induction by ZnPP was 2-fold less in Egr-1–deficient fibroblasts than in wild-type cells. Because no Egr-1 binding site was previously identified on the HO-1 promoter, HA-1 cells were transfected with HO-1 CAT constructs containing segments of a 12.5-kb enhancer region of HO-1. A 196-bp fragment (RH) located approximately 9.5 kb upstream of the transcription start site mediated HO-1 induction by ZnPP alone. DNase I footprinting analysis further revealed that nuclear proteins bound to a 50-bp sequence in the RH. Within this sequence, a novel 9-bp region with 78% homology to the Egr-1 consensus sequence was identified further suggesting that Egr-1 partially mediates HO-1 induction by ZnPP. Lastly, increased apoptosis and nuclear localization were only seen with ZnPP, suggesting that increased ZnPP in disease states may serve as a cellular signaling mechanism.

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40

Duan, Wubiao, Zhenxin Wang, and Michael J. Cook. "Synthesis of tetra(trimethylammonio)phthalocyanato zinc tetraiodide, [ZnPc(NMe3)4]I4, and a spectrometric investigation of its interaction with calf thymus DNA." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 13, no. 12 (December 2009): 1255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424609001625.

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The phthalocyanine salt [ ZnPc(NMe3)4]I4 was synthesized from 4-nitrophthalonitrile using a three-step procedure. The interaction of [ ZnPc(NMe3)4]4+ with calf thymus DNA (CT DNA) has been investigated by UV-vis and fluorescence spectrometric methods. [ ZnPc(NMe3)4]4+ exists in a non-monomeric form, proposed to be a dimer, in phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.82). Spectral changes show that in the presence of high concentrations of CT DNA added to the solution, [ ZnPc(NMe3)4]4+ is bound in a monomeric state with evidence suggesting it is located in a DNA groove. At lower concentrations of DNA there is evidence of stacking of non-monomeric [ ZnPc(NMe3)4]4+ onto the DNA. Two intrinsic binding constants for the interaction of [ ZnPc(NMe3)4]4+ with CT DNA, 1.33 × 105 and 2.56 × 104 M-1 have been obtained. Electrostatic binding is shown to play an important role in the interaction of [ ZnPc(NMe3)4]4+ with nucleic acids.

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41

Ömeroğlu, İpek, Ahmet Şenocak, Hazel Yetkin, H. Yüksel Güney, Erhan Demirbaş, and Mahmut Durmuş. "BODIPY substituted zinc(II) phthalocyanine and its bulk heterojunction application in solar cells." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 23, no. 10 (October 2019): 1132–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424619501360.

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A novel asymmetrical zinc(II) phthalocyanine-BODIPY conjugate (ZnPc-BODIPY) bearing three iodine groups directly substituted to the macrocycle and one BODIPY connected to the macrocycle with an amide bond was synthesized by the reaction of carboxylic-acid-substituted asymmetrical zinc(II) phthalocyanine (ZnPc) with the BODIPY-derivative-bearing amino group (BODIPY-NH2). This conjugate was fully characterized by spectroscopic methods (FT-IR, UV-vis, 1H NMR, 11B NMR, 19F NMR and mass) and elemental analysis. The fluorescence behavior of ZnPc-BODIPY was studied to determine the energy transfer process. Voltammetry measurements (CV and SWV) were performed to specify the HOMO–LUMO energy levels and band gaps of ZnPc-BODIPY and starting compounds (ZnPc and BODIPY-NH2) for comparison. In addition, the band gaps of these compounds were also determined by UV-vis absorption onset (λonset) and theoretical calculations. Bulk heterojunction solar cells containing ZnPc-BODIPY were fabricated in the structure of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/ZnPc-BODIPY:PCBM/Al. The photovoltaic parameters of the solar cell were obtained and the ZnPc-BODIPY conjugate was found to bring spectral contribution to IPCE at a peak of 510 nm.

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42

Prajuabwan, Pakorn, Sunit Rojanasuwan, Annop Chanhom, Anuchit Jaruvanawat, Adirek Rangkasikorn, and Jiti Nukeaw. "Exciton Dissociation at Indium Tin Oxide/Indium Doped Zinc Phthalocyanine Interface." Applied Mechanics and Materials 313-314 (March 2013): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.313-314.140.

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A new intercalation of Indium and zinc phthalocyanine(ZnPc) thin film is developed by using thermal co-evaporation technique. The exciton dissociation at the interface of Indium Tin Oxide(ITO) electrode and Indium doped ZnPc upon laser irradiation is observed through the transient photovoltage measurement technique in comparison with the interfacial exciton dissociation occurred at ITO/pristine ZnPc interface. The occurring transient photovoltage spike is regarded as the effect of exciton dissociation at ITO/In-doped ZnPc interface and depends on the amount of free carrier separation by built-in field or charge carrier concentration according to doping ratio. The experiments demonstrate the existence of exciton dissociation at ITO/In-doped ZnPc interface, the direction of charges transfer is that holes are injected to ITO, whereas electrons are left in bulk film. A thin insulating layer of 6 nm thick lithium fluoride(LiF) is inserted between ITO and In-doped ZnPc to prevent the exciton dissociation at ITO/In-doped ZnPc interface and insist on the phenomenon of interfacial exciton dissociation. Further photoelectron spectroscopy experiments prove that In-doped ZnPc is hole transport material.

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Gao, Shanghui, Rayhanul Islam, and Jun Fang. "Tumor Environment-Responsive Hyaluronan Conjugated Zinc Protoporphyrin for Targeted Anticancer Photodynamic Therapy." Journal of Personalized Medicine 11, no. 2 (February 17, 2021): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm11020136.

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Targeted tumor accumulation, tumor environment responsive drug release, and effective internalization are critical issues being considered in developing anticancer nanomedicine. In this context, we synthesized a tumor environment-responsive nanoprobe for anticancer photodynamic therapy (PDT) that is a hyaluronan conjugated zinc protoporphyrin via an ester bond (HA-es-ZnPP), and we examined its anticancer PDT effect both in vitro and in vivo. HA-es-ZnPP exhibits high water-solubility and forms micelles of ~40 nm in aqueous solutions. HA-es-ZnPP shows fluorescence quenching without apparent 1O2 generation under light irradiation because of micelle formation. However, 1O2 was extensively generated when the micelle is disrupted, and ZnPP is released. Compared to native ZnPP, HA-es-ZnPP showed lower but comparable intracellular uptake and cytotoxicity in cultured mouse C26 colon cancer cells; more importantly, light irradiation resulted in 10-time increased cytotoxicity, which is the PDT effect. In a mouse sarcoma S180 solid tumor model, HA-es-ZnPP as polymeric micelles exhibited a prolonged systemic circulation time and the consequent tumor-selective accumulation based on the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect was evidenced. Consequently, a remarkable anticancer PDT effect was achieved using HA-es-ZnPP and a xenon light source, without apparent side effects. These findings suggest the potential of HA-es-ZnPP as a candidate anticancer nanomedicine for PDT.

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Samuel, V., and V. J. Rao. "Optical and valence band studies of ZnP2 thin films." Journal of Materials Research 4, no. 1 (February 1989): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1989.0185.

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Conditions have been developed for the preparation of ZnP2 and deposition of its stoichiometric thin films, using the flash evaporation technique. Structural properties of the ZnP2 obtained have been studied using x-ray diffraction, and chemical composition has been established by the polarography technique. Optical absorption of thin films of β–ZnP2 has been investigated over the range 1.2–3.2 eV. Analysis of thin film data showed that β–ZnP2 is a direct band gap material. The XPS and UPS of β–ZnP2 show a shift in binding energy (BE), which is due to transfer of electrons from zinc to phosphorus.

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45

Lu, Guifen, Xudong Liu, Peng Zhang, Li Bao, and Bosheng Zhao. "Nanoarchitectonic Composites of Mixed and Covalently Linked Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes and Tetra-[α-(p-amino)benzyloxyl] Phthalocyanine Zinc(II)." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 2713–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.17472.

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The nanoarchitectonic composites mixed-ZnPc-fMWCNT and linked-ZnPc-fMWCNT were prepared through tetra-[α-(p-amino)benzyloxyl]phthalocyanine Zinc(II) (ZnPc) mixed and covalently linked to multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), respectively. Various spectroscopic methods were used to identify the nanocomposites formed between ZnPc and MWCNTs whether by π–π interaction or by covalent linking. Their photocatalytic properties were fully investigated by carrying out the photodegradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) in aqueous solution under visible light irradiation. The nanocomposites displayed excellent photocatalytic performance, with the photodegradation efficiency as high as 94% for linked-ZnPc-fMWCNT and 83% for mixed-ZnPc-fMWCNT within 3 h irradiation. The repetition test revealed that both nanocomposites have excellent stability and recyclability, and then they are promising candidates as eco-friendly photocatalysts for degradation of organic dyes in aqueous environments.

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Zhou, Hua-Qun, Sai-Li Zheng, Can-Min Wu, Xin-He Ye, Wei-Ming Liao, and Jun He. "Structure, Luminescent Sensing and Proton Conduction of a Boiling-Water-Stable Zn(II) Metal-Organic Framework." Molecules 26, no. 16 (August 20, 2021): 5044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26165044.

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A novel Zn(II) metal-organic framework [Zn4O(C30H12F4O4S8)3]n, namely ZnBPD-4F4TS, has been constructed from a fluoro- and thiophenethio-functionalized ligand 2,2′,5,5′-tetrafluoro-3,3′,6,6′-tetrakis(2-thiophenethio)-4,4′-biphenyl dicarboxylic acid (H2BPD-4F4TS). ZnBPD-4F4TS shows a broad green emission around 520 nm in solid state luminescence, with a Commission International De L’Eclairage (CIE) coordinate at x = 0.264, y = 0.403. Since d10-configured Zn(II) is electrochemically inert, its photoluminescence is likely ascribed to ligand-based luminescence which originates from the well-conjugated system of phenyl and thiophenethio moieties. Its luminescent intensities diminish to different extents when exposed to various metal ions, indicating its potential as an optical sensor for detecting metal ion species. Furthermore, ZnBPD-4F4TS and its NH4Br-loaded composite, NH4Br@ZnBPD-4F4TS, were used for proton conduction measurements in different relative humidity (RH) levels and temperatures. Original ZnBPD-4F4TS shows a low proton conductivity of 9.47 × 10−10 S cm−1 while NH4Br@ZnBPD-4F4TS shows a more than 25,000-fold enhanced value of 2.38 × 10−5 S cm−1 at 40 °C and 90% RH. Both of the proton transport processes in ZnBPD-4F4TS and NH4Br@ZnBPD-4F4TS belong to the Grotthuss mechanism with Ea = 0.40 and 0.32 eV, respectively.

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Smolyarenko, E. M., and V. M. Trukhan. "Phase diagrams of the ZnP2-ZnAs2 and ZnP2-CdP2 systems." Thermochimica Acta 93 (September 1985): 677–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(85)85170-4.

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48

Masruroh, D. J. D. H. Djoko, Lalu A. Didik, Eka Rachmawati, Fadli Robiandi, Masdiana Padaga, and S. P. Sakti. "Modification of Polystyrene Morphology and its Influence to the Coated Zinc Phthalocyanine Layer and Frequency Change in QCM Sensor." Materials Science Forum 827 (August 2015): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.827.257.

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This study observed the influence of solvents on polystyrene regarding the layered morphologies of zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) and its influence on the bovine serum albumin (BSA) immobilization on quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor. The larger surface width introduced by surface roughness of the polystyrene due to chloroform (CHCl3) as the solvents allows more ZnPc to be trapped within the polystyrene. Moreover, the wider surface width also increases the amount of ZnPc to be deposited on top of the polystyrene surface. Therefore, the ZnPc layer deposited onto polystyrene created with CHCl3 solvent is thicker than other solvents, which result in the largest ∆f of the ZnPc layer.

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Mangion, Sean E., Amy M. Holmes, and Michael S. Roberts. "Targeted Delivery of Zinc Pyrithione to Skin Epithelia." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 18 (September 8, 2021): 9730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22189730.

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Zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) is an anti-fungal drug delivered as a microparticle to skin epithelia. It is one of the most widely used ingredients worldwide in medicated shampoo for treating dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis (SD), a disorder with symptoms that include skin flaking, erythema and pruritus. SD is a multi-factorial disease driven by microbiol dysbiosis, primarily involving Malassezia yeast. Anti-fungal activity of ZnPT depends on the cutaneous availability of bioactive monomeric molecular species, occurring upon particle dissolution. The success of ZnPT as a topical therapeutic is underscored by the way it balances treatment efficacy with formulation safety. This review demonstrates how ZnPT achieves this balance, by integrating the current understanding of SD pathogenesis with an up-to-date analysis of ZnPT pharmacology, therapeutics and toxicology. ZnPT has anti-fungal activity with an average in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration of 10–15 ppm against the most abundant scalp skin Malassezia species (Malassezia globosa and Malassezia restrica). Efficacy is dependent on the targeted delivery of ZnPT to the skin sites where these yeasts reside, including the scalp surface and hair follicle infundibulum. Imaging and quantitative analysis tools have been fundamental for critically evaluating the therapeutic performance and safety of topical ZnPT formulations. Toxicologic investigations have focused on understanding the risk of local and systemic adverse effects following exposure from percutaneous penetration. Future research is expected to yield further advances in ZnPT formulations for SD and also include re-purposing towards a range of other dermatologic applications, which is likely to have significant clinical impact.

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Mack, John, Nagao Kobayashi, and Martin J. Stillman. "Magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy and TD-DFT calculations of metal phthalocyanine anion and cation radical species." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 10, no. 10 (October 2006): 1219–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424606000594.

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The results of INDO/s and TD-DFT calculations for neutral ZnPc (−2), unligated [ ZnPc (−1)]+ and chloride anion ligated [( Cl ) ZnPc (−1)] cation radicals, the [ ZnPc (−3)]− radical anion and [ ZnPc (−4)]2− dianion species, performed on a set of B3LYP geometry optimizations are compared with magnetic circular dichroism spectral data. The two calculation methods predict spectra that are broadly similar. The TD-DFT calculations provide a significantly closer agreement with the experimental band centers in the UV region than was previously the case with INDO/s based calculations. The assignment of several key spectral features remains problematic, however, when band polarization information derived from magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy is taken into consideration.

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