Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'ZnPt'

L'érythroblaste, qui dispose d'une quantité de fer normale, synthétise de l'hémoglobine en plusieurs étapes, dont la dernière est l'incorporation de Fe++ dans la protoporphyrine sous l'action de la ferrochélatase mitochondriale. Lorsque pour une raison ou une autre, l'érythroblaste manque d'ions Fe++, la ferrochélatase va incorporer du Zn++ à la place et synthétiser ainsi la ZnPP. Son augmentation signale donc une déficience de Fe++ au niveau des mitochondries des érythroblastes. Après avoir étudié la ZnPP dans un certain nombre de pathologies connues pour avoir des répercutions sur le métabolisme du fer et l'érythropoïèse, nous arrivons à la conclusion que la ZnPP n'est pas destinée à remplacer un paramètre du bilan hématologique martial, mais constitue une information supplémentaie précieuse dans l'exploration de tous les désordres du métabolisme du fer

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química, Florianópolis, 2012.
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Uma das alternativas mais promissoras para o tratamento do câncer é a Terapia Fotodinâmica (TFD). A Ftalocianina de Zinco (ZnPc) é um fotossensibilizante de segunda geração com caráter hidrofóbico e necessita ser incorporado em um sistema de liberação adequado para ser injetado sistemicamente. Nanopartículas magnéticas, NPMs, constituída principalmente de magnetita (Fe3O4) apresentam alto valor de magnetização com grande potencial de aplicação no tratamento do câncer por hipertermia. O encapsulamento simultâneo de fármacos com NPMs tem sido reconhecido como uma técnica promissora para o tratamento do câncer por possibilitar a ação sinergética dos diferentes tipos de tratamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a síntese, caracterização e avaliação da toxicidade e fototoxicidade das NPMs, do encapsulamento da NPMs e ZnPc e o encapsulamento simultâneo de ZnPc com NPMs via polimerização em miniemulsão. As NPMs com ácido oléico (AO) foram preparadas pelo método de co-precipitação em meio aquoso e a análise de DRX mostrou picos característicos da magnetita (Fe3O4) com diâmetro médio de nanopartículas de 13nm. As NPMs apresentaram um alto valor de magnetização de saturação (Ms) (64 emu/g óxido de ferro). O encapsulamento das NPMs foi realizado via polimerização em miniemulsão com metacrilato de metila (MMA). As NPMs encapsuladas apresentaram um diâmetro aproximado de 100nm com valor de Ms de 34 emu/g de óxido de ferro. Para o encapsulamento da ZnPc utilizou-se duas técnicas de encapsulamento. A primeira foi a técnica de miniemulsão com auxílio da técnica de nanoprecipitação (PMMA/ZnPc)(FA)) e a segunda utilizou-se apenas a técnica de miniemulsão direta (PMMA/ZnPc(FO)). O teor de ZnPc nas nanopartículas poliméricas foi um pouco superior na amostra PMMA/ZnPc(FA) (3,7µg/mg) do que na amostra de PMMA/ZnPc(FO) (3,0 µg/mg). Ambas as técnicas resultaram em um tamanho médio de aproximadamente 100nm. Ao encapsular a ZnPc simultaneamente com as NPMs (PMMA/ZnPc/NPMs) não alteração em relação ao tamanho das nanopartículas (100nm), concentração de ZnPc (3,6 µg/mg) e propriedades magnéticas (31 emu/g de óxido de ferro) em relação ao encapsulamento em separado da ZnPc e NPMs. A liberação da ZnPc das nanopartículas poliméricas foi sustentada e lenta. Nas primeiras 20 horas cerca de 5-10% do ZnPc contida nas nanopartículas poliméricas foi liberada em todas as amostras. No ensaio de toxicidade (ausência de luz), as nanopartículas encapsuladas mostraram baixa toxicidade. No ensaio de atividade fotobiológica, observou-se, que a luz isoladamente (sem nanopartículas contendo ZnPc) não foi capaz de induzir efeito citotóxico sobre a cultura de células. Ao utilizar nanopartículas contendo ZnPc observou-se uma redução acentuada da viabilidade celular para 22% (PMMA/ZnPc(FA)) e 30% (PMMA/ZnPc/NPMs).

Abstract : Photodynamic therapy (TFD) is one of the most promising alternatives for the treatment of the cancer. Zinc phtalocyanine (ZnPc) is a second generation photosensitizer with hydrophobic character that should be incorporated in a suitable delivery system to be injected systemically. Magnetics nanoparticles (NPMs) consisting mainly of magnetite (Fe3O4) present high value of magnetization with great potential of application in the treatment of the cancer by hyperthermia. The simultaneous encapsulation of drugs with NPMs has been recognized as one promising technique for the treatment of the cancer making possible a synergetic action of the different types of treatment. The objective of this work was the synthesis, characterization and evaluation of the toxicity and phototoxicity of the NPMs, the encapsulation of the NPMs and ZnPc and the simultaneous encapsulation of ZnPc with NPMs by miniemulsion polymerization. The NPMs with oleic acid (AO) had been prepared by the co-precipitation method in aqueous solution. DRX analysis showed characteristic peaks of magnetite (Fe3O4) with average particle diameter of 13nm. The NPMs had presented high value of magnetization of saturation (Ms) (61 emu/g of iron oxide). The encapsulation of the NPMs was carried through methyl methacrylate (MMA) miniemulsion polymerization. The polymeric particles with NPMs encapsulated presented an average diameter of 100nm with value of Ms of 34 emu/g of iron oxide. Two techniques of encapsulation were employed for the encapsulation of ZnPc. The first one was the miniemulsion polymerization with the nanoprecipitation technique (PMMA/ZnPc) (FAN)) and second one used only the miniemulsion polymerization technique (PMMA/ZnPc (FO)). The amount of ZnPc in polymeric nanoparticles was higher in PMMA/ZnPc(FA) sample (3,7µg/mg) when compared to the sample of PMMA/ZnPc (FO) (3,0 µg/mg). Both techniques resulted in polymeric nanoparticles with an average diameter of approximately 100nm. The simultaneous encapsulation of ZnPc with NPMs (PMMA/ZnPc/NPMs) presented very similar values of average particle size (100nm), concentration of ZnPc (3,6 µg/mg) and magnetic properties (31 emu/g of iron oxide) when compared to the single encapsulation of ZnPc and NPMs. The release of the encapsulated ZnPc was supported and slow. In the first 20 hours approximately 5-10% of the encapsulated ZnPc was released in all samples. In the toxicity assay (light absence), the encapsulated nanoparticles had shown low toxicity. In the assay of phototoxicity activity, it was observed that the light (without polymeric nanoparticles containing ZnPc) was not able to induce cytotoxic effect on the culture of cells. When using polymeric nanoparticles with encapsulated ZnPc an accentuated reduction of the cellular viability of 22% (PMMA/ZnPc (FA)) and 30% (PMMA/ZnPc/NPMs) was observed.

The field of hybrid electronics of molecules and traditional semiconductors is deemed to be a realistic route towards possible use of molecular electronics. Such hybrid electronics finds its potential technological applications in nuclear detectors, near-infrared detectors, organic thin film transistors and gas sensors. Specifically Metal / organic / n-Silicon structures in this regard are mostly reported to have two regimes of charge transport at lower and higher applied voltages in such two terminal devices. The fact is mostly attributed to the change in conduction mechanism while moving from lower to higher applied voltages. These reports describe interactions between the semiconductors and molecules in terms of both transport and electrostatics but finding the exact potential distribution between the two components still require numerical calculations. The challenge in this regard is to give the exact relations and the transport models, towards practical quantification of charge transport properties of metal / organic / inorganic semiconductor devices. Some of the most exiting questions in this regard are; whether the existing models are sufficient to describe the device performances of the hybrid devices or some new models are needed? What type of charge carriers are responsible for conduction at lower and higher applied voltages? What is the source of such charge carriers in the sandwiched organic layer between the metal and inorganic semiconductors? How the transition applied voltage for the change in conduction mechanism is determined? What is the role of dopants in the organic layer semiconductors? What are the possible explanations for observed temperature effects in such devices? In present work the charge transport properties of metal / metal-phthalocyanine / n-Si structures with low (ND = 4×1014 cm-3), medium (ND = 1×1016 cm-3) and high (ND = 2×1019 cm-3) doped n-Si as injecting electrode and the effect of air exposure of the vacuum evaporated metal-phthalocyanine film in these structures is investigated. The results obtained through temperature dependent electrical characterizations of the structures suggest that in terms of dominant conduction mechanism in these devices Schottky-type conduction mechanism dominates the charge transport in low-bias region of these devices up to 0.8 V, 0.302 V and 0.15 V in case of low, medium and high doped n-Silicon devices. For higher voltages, in each case of devices, the space-charge-limited conduction, controlled by exponential trap distribution, is found to dominate the charge transport properties of the devices. The interface density of states at the CuPc / n-Si interface of the devices are found to be lower in case of lower work function difference at the CuPc / n-Si interface of the devices. The results also suggest that the work function difference at the CuPc / n-Si interface of these devices causes charge transfer at the interface and these phenomena results in formation of interface dipole. The width of the Schottky depletion region at the CuPc / n-Si interface of these devices is found to be higher with higher work function difference at the interface. The investigation of charge transport properties of Al / ZnPc / medium n-Si and Au / ZnPc / medium n-Si devices suggest that the Schottky depletion region formed at the ZnPc / n-Si interface of these devices determines the charge transport in the low-bias region of both the devices. Therefore, the Schottky-type (injection limited) and the space-charge-limited (bulk limited) conduction are observed in the low and the high bias regions of these devices, respectively. The determined width of the Schottky depletion region at the ZnPc / n-Si interface of these devices is found to be similar for both the devices, therefore, the higher work function difference at the metal / ZnPc interface of the devices has no influence on the Schottky depletion region formed at the ZnPc / n-Si interface of the devices. The similar diode ideality factor, barrier height and the width of the Schottky depletion region, determined for both of these devices, demonstrates that these device characteristics originate from ZnPc / n-Si interface of these devices. Therefore, the work function difference at the metal / ZnPc interface of these devices has no noticeable influence on the device properties originating from ZnPc / n-Si interface in these devices. The investigation of charge transport properties of Al / CuPc / low n-Si devices with and without air exposure of the CuPc film, before depositing metal contact demonstrate that Schottky-type conduction mechanism dominates the charge transport in these devices up to bias of 0.45 V in case devices with the air exposure, and up to 0.8 V in case devices without the air exposure. This decrease in the threshold voltage, for the change in conduction mechanism in the devices, is attributed to wider Schottky depletion width determined at the CuPc / n-Si interface of the devices without the air exposure of CuPc film. For higher voltage the space-charge-limited conduction controlled by exponential trap distribution, is found to dominate the charge transport properties of the devices without the air exposure of CuPc, and in case of devices with the air exposure of CuPc film, the SCLC is controlled by single dominating trap level probably introduced by oxygen impurities.

Le zinc est un oligo-élément essentiel pour la vie. Le zinc n'est pas seulement un nutriment important, ou un cofacteur de nombreuses enzymes et de facteurs de transcription, il est désormais considéré comme un médiateur intracellulaire. L'homéostasie du zinc résulte de la coordination de diverses protéines: les ZIP, les métallothionéines et les ZnT appartenant à la famille CDF. Le récent décryptage du génome humain a permis d'identifier de nouveaux gènes, ainsi nous avons pu caractériser deux nouveaux gènes de la famille SLC30, nommés SLC30A8 et SLC30A JO. L 'homéostasie du zinc est maintenue par l'action de ces protéines dont la transcription est ellemême dépendante en partie de la concentration en zinc extracellulaire. En cas de carence, les taux de transcription de ZnT -S,-Sc et 7 sont augmentés. Ces transporteurs, que nous avons localisés au niveau de l'appareil de Golgi, pourraient permettre aux protéines néo-synthétisées l'apport en zinc nécessaire à leur fonctionnalité. Nous avons également montré que la protéine ZnT-8 est un transporteur du zinc spécifique des cellules sécrétrices d'insuline, localisé au niveau même des vésicules contenant l'insuline, et dont la régulation de la transcription, tout comme l'insuline, est dépendante du taux de glucose extracellulaire. Le zinc est impliqué dans tous les aspects métaboliques et structuraux des différents compartiments cellulaires. C'est pourquoi la connaissance de ce contrôle cellulaire du zinc est indispensable à une modélisation et à une compréhension du fonctionnement de la cellule
Zinc is an essential trace element. It is involved in many cellular processes because it is a cofactor of enzymes, nuc1ear factors and hormones. Therefore, is a very important component of cell viability Zinc homeostasis results from a coordinated regulation of different proteins: ZIP (uptake), metallothioneins (intracellular storage/trafficking), and ZnT (excretion). Using genomic databanks, we have analyzed and identified two novel SLC30 genes: SLC30A8 and SLC30A10. Zinc homeostasis is maintained by the action of these proteins, and their transcription is partly dependent of extra cellular zinc concentration. Ln case of zinc deficiency, ZnT-5, -5c and -7 genes are over-expressed. These transporters that we have localized in the Golgi apparatus could provide essential zinc to neo-synthesised proteins for their functionality. Furthermore, we showed that ZnT-8 is a zinc transporter specifie of pancreas and expressed in beta cells. ZnT -8 facilitates the accumulation of zinc from the cytoplasm into insulin vesic1es, and its transcription regulation is dependent, like insulin, of extra cellular glucose concentration. Zinc is implicated in all metabolic and structural aspects of the different cellular compartments. Therefore the cellular control of Zinc requires to be understood and is essential tot fear the cellular working

This work deals with the investigation and research on organic solar cells. In the first part of this work we focus on the spectroscopical and electrical characterization of the acceptor molecule and fullerene derivative C70. In combination with the donor molecule zinc-phthalocyanines (ZnPc) we investigate C70 in flat and bulk heterojunction solar cells and compare the results with C60 as acceptor. The stronger and spectral broader thin film absorption of C70 and thus enhanced contribution to photocurrent as well as the similar electrical properties with respect to C60 result in higher power conversion efficiencies. In the second part, modifications of the blend layer morphology of a C60:ZnPc bulk heterojunction solar cell are considered. Using substrate heating during co-deposition of acceptor and donor, the molecular arrangement is influenced. Due to the additional thermal energy at the substrate the blend layer morphology is improved and optimized for a substrate heating temperature of 110°C. With transmission electron microscopy, molecular phase separation of C60 and ZnPc and the formation of polycrystalline ZnPc domains in a lateral dimension on the order of 50 nm are detected. Mobility measurements show an increased ZnPc hole mobility in the heated blend layer. The improved charge carrier percolation and transport are confirmed by the enhanced performance of such bulk heterojunction solar cells. Furthermore, we show a strong influence of the pre-deposited p-doped hole transport layer on the molecular phase separation. In the third part, we study the dependency of the open circuit voltage on the mixing ratio of C60 and ZnPc in bulk heterojunction solar cells. For the different mixing ratios we determine the ionization potentials of C60 and ZnPc. Over the various C60:ZnPc blends from 1:3 - 6:1, the ionization potentials change linearly, but different from each other and exhibit a correlation to the change in open circuit voltage. Depending on the mixing ratio an intrinsic ZnPc layer adjacent to the blend leads to injection barriers which result in reduced open circuit voltage. We hence determine a voltage loss dependent on ZnPc layer thickness and barrier height
Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Untersuchung und Forschung an organischen Solarzellen und gliedert sich in drei Teile. Im ersten Teil wird auf die spektroskopische und elektrische Charakerisierung des Fullerenderivates C70 eingegangen, welches als Akzeptormolekül in Kombination mit dem Donormolekül Zink-Phthalocyanin (ZnPc) in Flach- und Mischschichtheteroübergänge organischer Solarzellen Anwendung findet. Dabei wird das Molekül mit dem bisherigen Standard Akzeptormolekül C60 verglichen. Die deutlich stärkere und spektral verbreiterte Dünnschichtabsorption von C70, sowie die vergleichbaren elektrischen Eigenschaften zu C60 führen zu einer Effizienzsteigerung in den Flach- und Mischschichtsolarzellen, welche maßgeblich durch die Erhöhung des Kurzschlussstromes erreicht wird. Im zweiten Teil widmet sich diese Arbeit der Morphologiemodifizierung des Mischschichtsystems C60:ZnPc, welche durch Heizen des Substrates während der Mischverdampfung von Akzeptor- und Donormolekülen in organischen Mischschichtsolarzellen erreicht werden kann. Es wird gezeigt, dass mit der zusätzlichen Zufuhr thermischer Energie über das Substrat die Anordnung der Moleküle in der Mischschicht beeinflusst werden kann. Unter Verwendung eines Transmissionselektronmikroskops lässt sich für die Mischschicht mit der optimalen Solarzellensubstrattemperatur von 110°C eine Phasenseparation von C60 und ZnPc unter Ausbildung von polykristallinen ZnPc Domänen in der lateralen Dimension von 50 nm nachweisen. Mit zusätzlichen Messungen der Ladungsträgerbeweglichkeiten des Mischschichtsystems kann die verbesserte Perkolation und Löcherbeweglichkeit von ZnPc für die Steigerung der Performance geheizter Solarzellen bestätigt werden. Desweiteren wird gezeigt, dass die Ausbildung einer Phasenseparation sehr stark von der darunter liegenden Molekülschicht z.B. der p-dotierte Löchertransportschicht abhängig ist. Im letzten und dritten Teil geht die Arbeit auf die Abhängigkeit der Klemmspannung von der Mischschichtkonzentration von C60 und ZnPc ein. Für die unterschiedlichen Volumenkonzentrationen von C60:ZnPc zwishen 6:1 und 1:6 kann gezeigt werden, dass sich die Ionisationspotentiale von C60 und ZnPc über einen großen Bereich linear und voneinander verschieden verändern und mit den absoluten Änderung der offenenen Klemmspannung korrelieren. Desweiteren wird gezeigt, dass sich durch eine zusätzlich an die Mischschicht angrenzende intrinsische ZnPc Schicht, abhängig von der Mischschichtkonzentration, Injektionsbarrieren ausbilden, welche nachweislich einen Spannungsverlust bedingen. Dabei kann gezeigt werden, dass der Spannungsverlust mit der ZnPc Schichtdicke und der Barrierenhöhe korreliert

Im Rahmen dieser Diplomarbeit wurde eine Ultrahochvakuumanlage für organische Molekularstrahldeposition (OMBD) konzipiert und gefertigt, die das Aufwachsen von einzelnen organischen Schichten bis hin zu komplexen Schichtsystemen auf geeigneten Substraten erlaubt. Mit einem ebenfalls konzipierten und gefertigten Probenhalter, sind elektrische Messungen in situ möglich. Für weitere Charakterisierungsmethoden, wie der spektroskopischen Ellipsometrie und der Reflexions-Anisotropie-Spektroskopie sind ebenfalls Optionen für in-situ-Messungen an der UHV-Anlage vorgesehen. Mit dieser Anlage wurden einzelne organische Schichten von Zinkphthalocyanin (ZnPc), Fulleren C60 und Bathocuproin (BCP) hergestellt, die anschließend mit spektroskopischer Ellipsometrie ex situ untersucht wurden. Mit der Herstellung organischer Solarzellen, auf Basis der zuvor hergestellten organischen Einzelschichten, konnte gezeigt werden, dass mit der UHV-Anlage komplexe organische Schichtsysteme erzeugt werden können, an denen in-situ-elektrische Messungen durchführbar sind
Within the scope of this diploma thesis, a ultra high vacuum chamber for organic molecular beam deposition (OMBD) was designed and built, which allows the growth of single organic layers and complex composit layer structures. With an also designed and built sample holder, it is possible to make in situ electrical measurements. Single organic layers of zinc-phthalocyanine (ZnPc), fullerene C60 and bathocuproine (BCP) were deposited inside this chamber and characterized ex situ by spectroscopic ellipsometry. The preparation of an organic photovoltaic (OPV) cell based on the before characterized single layers, demonstrates that it is possible to deposit complex layer structures and characterize them electrical in situ

Neste trabalho propusemos a utilização do fotossensibilizador ZnPC associado ao complexo nitrosilo de rutênio Ru-tpy por meio de lipossomas de longo tempo de circulação, com o objetivo de analisar o efeito sinérgico das espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) e espécies reativas de nitrogênio (ERONs) geradas respectivamente pelos mesmos, atuando sobre uma linhagem celular neoplásica. Foram estudadas as propriedades fotofísicas e fotoquímicas do sistema misto ZnPC/Ru-tpy empregando-se técnicas de espectroscopia no estado estacionário e resolvido no tempo. Com isto foi possível determinar importantes parâmetros que elucidaram seu perfil fotodinâmico, confirmando sua viabilidade para aplicação em estudos in vitro e in vivo. Estes estudos também indicaram uma possível interação entre a ZnPC e o complexo Ru-tpy através do mecanismo de transferência de elétron do fotossensibilizador para o complexo de rutênio, desta forma liberando o NO. Realizamos os estudos em meio biológico utilizando a linhagem neoplásica B16-F10, avaliando a toxicidade dos sistemas lipossomais na ausência e na presença de luz. Os nossos resultados demonstraram que o sistema misto ZnPC/Ru-tpy em meio lipossomal apresenta propriedades fotofísicas e fotobiológicas úteis, gerando as espécies reativas (EROs e ERONs) atuando sinergicamente pela TFD.
We proposed in this work the use of photosensitizer Zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPC) associated with the nitrosyl ruthenium complex (Ru-tpy) in long circulation liposomes (stealth liposome), with the aim of analyzing the synergistic effects of the reactive of oxygen species (EROs) and reactive of nitrogen species (ERONs) generated, acting on the neoplastic cell line. The photophysical and photochemical properties of the mix system ZnPC/Ru-tpy were studied being used spectroscopic techniques in the stationary state and resolved in the time. With these studies were possible to determine important parameters that elucidated its photodynamic profile, confirming the viability for application in studies in vitro and in vivo. These studies also indicated the possible interaction between ZnPC and the complex Ru-tpy through the electron transfer process from the photosensitizer to the nitrosyl ruthenium complex which leads to release nitric oxide (NO). We accomplished the biological studies using the neoplastic cell line B16-F10, evaluating the toxicity of the liposomes in the absence and presence of light. Our results demonstrated that the system ZnPC/Ru-tpy in the stealth liposome presents useful photophysical and photobiological properties, generating the species reactives (EROs and ERONs) to work synergically for the Photodynamic Therapy (PDT).

Ce travail de thèse a été consacré au développement d'un système multicouche constitué de nanoparticules dopées par des ions terres rares (le cœur), entourées d'une première couche cristalline non dopée, permettant de préserver les propriétés optiques du cœur. Une coquille de silice mésoporeuse est ensuite déposée, permettant l'incorporation d'un photosensibilisateur (ZnPc) via les pores de la couche de silice pour une application thérapeutique : la photothérapie dynamique. Différentes matrices ont été étudiées à savoir Y2O3, KY3F10 et NaYF4. Ces matrices ont été codopées Yb3+/Er3+ afin d'obtenir des émissions dans le visible sous l'effet d'une excitation infrarouge (upconversion), le but ultime étant d'exciter le ZnPc in situ. Chacune des matrices a été caractérisée d'un point de vue structural et morphologique dans une première partie, et d'un point de vue spectroscopique dans une deuxième partie. La structure cœur-coquille cristalline renforce l'émission rouge issue du niveau 4F9/2 de l'Er, effet déduit de l'analyse des spectres et de la dynamique de luminescence.La détection de l'oxygène singulet a été réalisée par le protocole de " bleaching " en présence ou pas du ZnPc en évaluant l'intensité de fluorescence de l'ABDA.

It is hypothesized that exposing endothelial cells to steady or non-reversing pulsatile shear stress produces a healthy, anti-atherogenic endothelium, whereas a reversing pulsatile shear stress promotes an unhealthy, pro-atherogenic endothelium. To further investigate this hypothesis, a novel parallel plate flow chamber system was used to expose human endothelial cells to a pro-atherogenic reversing shear stress waveform designed to simulate the wall shear stress at the carotid sinus, a region prone to atherosclerosis. Cells exposed to this reversing shear stress were compared to cells exposed to high levels of steady shear stress (15 dynes/cm²), low steady shear stress (1 dyne/cm², the time-average of the carotid shear stress), and static culture conditions. Functional analysis confirmed previous findings that reversing shear stress increases cell proliferation and monocyte adhesion. Microarray results indicate that although there are unique sets of genes controlled by both low average shear stress and by reversing flow, more genes were controlled by low average shear stress. We propose that low-time average shear stress, and not fluid reversal/oscillation, may be the more significant mechanical force. The reversing shear stress system was also used to investigate two shear stress-responsive genes, CYP1A1 and CYP1B1. Both were maximally up-regulated at arterial steady shear stresses of at least 15 dynes/cm² and reversing pulsatile shear stress attenuated expression of both genes. Furthermore, AhR nuclear localization and CYP1A1 protein expression correlate with the flow patterns in the mouse aortic arch. The data strongly suggest that the AhR/CYP1 pathway promotes an anti-atherogenic phenotype in the endothelium. Changes in free zinc were measured under different shear stresses. High steady shear stress dramatically increases the levels of free zinc in endothelial cells as compared to cells grown in static culture. This increase in free zinc is attenuated under reversing shear stress and low steady shear stress, which correlates with an increase in zinc-binding metallothinein proteins and zinc exporter Znt-1. Overall, the findings provide further insight into endothelial responses to mechanical forces and may be important in understanding mechanisms of atherosclerotic development and localization to regions of disturbed flow.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Kentucky, 2009.
Title from document title page (viewed on October 27, 2009). Document formatted into pages; contains: x, 128 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 111-127).

El narcotráfico responde a tendencias que le son propicias y se adecúa a los cambios globales con mucha rapidez. El análisis de las incautaciones varía según la zona de producción de la cocaína que llega a Europa y procede en 95% de Brasil, Colombia y Perú. En este contexto, la Marina de Guerra del Perú cuya misión es salvaguardar la soberanía nacional y velar por la seguridad se involucra en el TID y como Autoridad Marítima Nacional - Dirección General de Capitanías y Guardacostas, en los ríos navegables: proteger el medio ambiente acuático y reprimir las actividades ilícitas. El trabajo de investigación busca mejorar la inadecuada vigilancia y control de patrullaje fluvial aéreo de las actividades ilícitas que afectan a los pobladores para completar el Sistema de Información y Monitoreo del Trafico Acuático (SIMTRAC) en la Zona del Napo y Putumayo (ZNP) mediante la recuperación de la capacidad de patrullaje fluvial aéreo del Escuadrón Aeronaval de la Amazonia. El fundamento teórico considera el tamaño del ámbito de influencia, las características agrestes de la ZNP, falta de vías de comunicación terrestre y las características de las organizaciones delictivas del TID y delitos conexos. Los resultados de los instrumentos aplicados muestran que el producto de innovación de política pública para solucionar la problemática corresponde a la adquisición de tres (03) aeronaves bimotor de Patrullaje Fluvial aéreo (APF) de ala alta, anfibia, con capacidad STOL, nueva, con equipos de apoyo de vuelo incorporado y equipamiento adicional para completar el Sistema de Información y Monitoreo del Trafico Acuático (SIMTRAC) en la ZNP y cuya viabilidad organizacional tanto política como de capacidad es muy probable, viabilidad económica muy probable y viabilidad normativa de ámbito y dificultades muy probable. El estudio concluye en que el producto de innovación de política pública es técnica y económicamente viable mediante un Proyecto de Inversión (PIP) a cargo de la Marina de Guerra del Perú.
Drug trafficking responds to trends that are conducive to it and adapts to global changes very quickly. The analysis of the seizures varies according to the production area of the cocaine that reaches Europe and comes 95% from Brazil, Colombia and Peru. In this context, the Peruvian Navy, whose mission is to safeguard national sovereignty and ensure security, is involved in the TID and as the National Maritime Authority - General Directorate of Captaincies and Coast Guard, in navigable rivers: protect the aquatic environment and suppress illicit activities. The Research work seeks to improve the inadequate surveillance and control of aerial fluvial patrol of illicit activities that affect the inhabitants to complete the Information System and Monitoring of Aquatic Traffic (SIMTRAC) in the Napo and Putumayo Area (ZNP) through the recovery of the air river patrol capacity of the Amazon Naval Squadron. The theoretical foundation considers the size of the sphere of influence, the wild characteristics of the ZNP, the lack of land communication routes, and the characteristics of the criminal organizations of the TID and related crimes. The results of the applied instruments show that the product of public policy innovation to solve the problem corresponds to the acquisition of three (03) twin-engine, highwing, amphibious airborne patrol aircraft (APF), with new STOL capacity, with flight support equipment incorporated and additional equipment to complete the Aquatic Traffic Information and Monitoring System (SIMTRAC) in the ZNP and whose political and capacity organizational viability is highly probable, highly probable economic viability and regulatory viability of scope and difficulties very likely. The study concludes that the public policy innovation product is technically and economically viable through an Investment Project (PIP) in charge of the Peruvian Navy.

Core- and Valence Photoelectron Spectroscopy (PES), X-ray- and Ultraviolet-Visible Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS and UV-Vis), Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations are used to study the electronic and geometrical structure of a class of macro-cyclic molecules, Phthalocyanines (Pc), on surfaces. These molecules are widely studied due to their application in many different fields. Multilayer and monolayer coverages of Iron Phthalocyanine (FePc) and metal-free Phthalocyanine (H2Pc) deposited on different surfaces are investigated in order to get insight in the electronic and geometrical structure of the obtained overlayers, of crucial importance for the understanding of the film functionality. Sublimation of molecular thick films on Si(100) and on conducting glass results in films with molecules mainly oriented with their molecular plane orthogonal to the surface. Ex-situ deposited H2Pc films on conductive glass show different molecular orientation and morphology with respect to the vacuum sublimated films. We study the monolayer adsorption structure of FePc and H2Pc and compare our results with other Pc’s adsorbed on graphite. We find that the molecular unit cell and the superstructure is characteristic for each Pc adsorbed on graphite, even if the geometrical size of the compared molecules is the same. The PE- and XA- spectra of FePc on graphite are essentially identical for the mono- and multilayer preparations, evidencing weak intermolecular and molecular-substrate interactions of van der Waals nature. Furthermore, we characterize Pc’s on InSb (001)-c(8x2). The substrate In rows are observed to be the adsorption site for Pc’s. We find that the growth of the two-dimensional islands of FePc is prolonged in the [-110] direction, in contrast to ZnPc adsorbed on the same substrate at room temperature. We interpret this result as an indication that the adsorption is controlled by the substrate corrugation observed at 70 K.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich im ersten Teil mit einer Methodenentwicklung zur korrosionsfreien Ermittlung der elektromotorischen Kraft von zinkbasierten intermetallischen Verbindungen bei Raumtemperatur. Die durchgeführten Messungen bezüglich der elektrochemischen Potentiale von Verbindungen der binären intermetallischen Phasen Cu5Zn8, ZnPd und ZnPt mit jeweils verschiedenen elementaren Zusammensetzungen dienen als Basis zur Ermittlung der jeweiligen intrinsischen Aktivitäten der Einzelkomponente Zink. Messungen an der Referenzphase Cu5Zn8 wurden dabei zur Verifizierung der entwickelten Messmethodik durchgeführt. Die Untersuchungen an ZnPd- und ZnPt-Verbindungen liefern erstmalig thermodynamische Daten dieser Phasen bei Raumtemperatur. Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der katalytischen Untersuchung von intermetallischen äquimolaren ZnPd-Elektroden hinsichtlich der elektrolytischen Wasserstoffentwicklung. Die durchgeführten Experimente legen den Schluss nahe, dass die katalytische Aktivität der intermetallischen Elektroden durch eine gezielte anodische Vorbehandlung signifikant gesteigert werden kann. Ex situ Charakterisierungen geben Grund zu der Annahme, dass die gesteigerte katalytische Aktivität durch die simultane Präsenz von oxidischer und metallischer beziehungsweise intermetallischer Spezies hervorgerufen wird.

in English - The right of a child to know his or her genetical origin The purpose of my thesis is to analyze relevant legal regulation of parenthood in Czech Republic and its impact on the right of a child to know his or her genetical origin, guaranteed by Convention on the rights of the child. The thesis itself is composed of six chapters, each of them dealing with different aspects. Chapter One is introductory and attempts to explain, who are parents of a child. There is also mentioned Article 7 of Convention on the rights of the child, which is crucial for the topic of this thesis. This Article appoints the right of a child to know his or her genetical origin. Second chapter pays attention to status of the person in Czech legal enactments. It is a multidisciplinary topic, because it combines Administrative Law and Family Law, but it was necessary to mention these questions in this Thesis. Chapter Three focuses on motherhood and it consists of four main subchapters. First subchapter discusses the negation of principle "Mater semper certa est" and topping up the definition of motherhood in Czech Family Law. Other subchapters presents the most discussed issues related to motherhood, which are anonymous childbirths, baby- boxes and surrogate mothers. All of these topics are somehow controversial in...

My thesis deals with the child's right to know his or her genetic origin. It is a universal human right guaranteed by the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The Article 7, paragraph 1 states that every child has a right to know his or her parents, if possible. European Court of Human Rights repeatedly postulated that the right to know one's origin is an integral part of the right to respect for private and family life provided by the Article 8 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The purpose of my work is to explain on particular problems, to what extent is this right respected in the Czech Republic, in conformity with its international obligations. The text is based on valid legal status to June 21, 2011, with regard to proposed changes in the upcoming adoption of the new Civil Code. The text is systematically divided into seven chapters. The first chapter is focused in general on the right to know one's own origin in the human rights dimension. The following chapters examine particular relevant sections of family law and its imperfections. Firstly, I discuss the issue of determination and denial of parenting with an emphasis on emerging deliberate disharmony between biological and legal parenthood. Furthermore, I focus on the issue of adoption,...

The question to be considered is whether the issue of genetic origin is still present nowadays. I think so, because today, in comparison to the past, there are more children who grow up in single-parent families. In addition there is a significant number of children who are abandoned by their parents and there is also the area of assisted reproduction to be considered which cannot be ignored. These offer possibilities that the previous generations never dreamed of. It is true that nowadays incomplete families no longer mean stigmatization but the awareness of origin for each of us still remains very important. The complete family is not only formally but also an effectively functioning family consisting of the mother, the father and their children, creating the foundation of society. Even though the children have formally both parents, it is also important to know their biological parents in case of that they are not the same as the people who actually take care of them. This comes to the fore especially in connection with the issue of adoption when the bonds of a child with his biological family are replaced with those of "new" parents. In the case of foster care of a child, the real state does not usually get into a conflict with the legal state or more precisely with the formal state because the...

The Child's Right to Know Their Origin v. Babybox The goal of my Master Thesis is to evaluate the possibility of applying the child's right to know their origin, to find out the relationship between the right and Babybox and objectively compile and assess the existence of Babybox itself. My attention has been focused on other institutes, too, where the right to know one's origin is feasible to achieve as well as on institutes where this right is still being heavily discussed. I concentrated on one part of family law that has to react to the scientific and medical progress and changes in society. The topics I focused on are not unambiguous and it is necessary to deal with them sensitively as it is an issue important for the whole of society. It is clear that every human being wants to know their past and roots for many various reasons. This Thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is dedicated to legal regulations in family law, both international and domestic. The most important international norms and contracts managing children's rights and related questions are included. I found the Convention on the Rights of the Child, where the right to know one's origin is also included, as the most significant norm. Many institutes are in conflict with this Convention. Czech legal framework...

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
光電工程系研究所
96
The present paper reports on the photovoltaic properties of zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) films with various dopants, sandwiched between indium tin oxide (ITO) and n-type silicon (Si) substrate, were investigated. The ZnPc films were realized by entrapping the molecules in a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix by stirring and heating solution. For the ITO/p-ZnPc/n-Si sandwich structure solar cells, which ZnPc doped with I2 and without post-annealing, the measured parameters were the short-circuit current density (Jsc), the open-circuit voltage (Voc), the maximum output power (Pm), the fill factor (FF) and the efficiency (η), which had values of were 28.8 mA/cm2, 0.46 V, 5.55 mW/cm2, 0.42 and 5.55 %, respectively, under AM 1.5 illumination.

碩士
輔仁大學
化學系
103
Low band gap p-type materials have been a key parameter for the high performance solar cells because of their high photon absorption ratio. In this study, a soluble ZnPC [1, 8, 15, 22-tetra(2,4- dimethyl-3-pentyloxy) phthalocyaninato zinc(Ⅱ)] [(3-24DM3P)4-ZnPc] with high extinction coefficient (1.46x105 L∙mol-1∙cm-1) is synthesized to investigate the effect of side chain on the compatibility between ZnPC and PCBM. Additionally, a modified ZnPC [1, 8, 15, 22-tetra(2,4- dimethyl-3-pentyloxy)-4, 11, 18, 25-tetramethanol)phthalocyaninato zinc(Ⅱ)][3- 24DM3P-COH)4-ZnPc] is synthesized to further enhance morphology of (3-24DM3P) -ZnPc/PCBM blend. Band gap of (3-24DM3P)4-ZnPc is 1.65 eV calculated from the AC-2 and UV-Vis measurements. It is much lower than the commonly used P3HT (1.9 eV). It was found that the bulky alkyl side chain of (3-24DM3P)4-ZnPc greatly increases the solubility of (3-24DM3P)4-ZnPc that leads to good uniformity and also superior miscibility with PCBM to the other ZnPCs from the optical microscopy study. By adding the (3-24DM3P- COH)4-ZnPc as compatibilizer to the (3-24DM3P)4-ZnPc / PCBM film, uniformity and thermal stability is further enhanced the H-bond formation between (3-24DM3P- COH)4-ZnPc and PCBM.

(Abstract) The diploma thesis deals with the reflection of the right to know one's own origin in the Czech legal order. Knowledge of one's own origin and the right to know one's own origin constitute not only a legal but also a moral and ethical question. The right to know one's own origin (i.e. the right to know one's parents, one's biological family and one's ancestors) is one of the subjective human rights, which belongs to every natural person. This right is more or less reflected in majority of institutes of family law. The thesis analyses the most important of them and indicates how the right to know one's own origin is reflected in these institutes or it is not, although it should be. The work seeks to highlight possible shortcomings of the legislation and tries to propose possible solutions de lege ferenda. There are also stated (for the purposes of comparison) some examples of foreign legislation in cases of some legal institutes. The diploma thesis is based on the legislation effective on the 26th March 2016. It is composed of an introduction, five chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter deals with the right to know one's own origin and its legal regulation in the Czech Republic. It mainly discusses the international conventions that are (in compliance with the Art. 10 of the...

Abstract, Keywords The thesis concerns itself with the analysis of Czech legislation currently in effect with respect to the right to know one's origin. Discussed are the contents of this right, the legislation's addressees, Article 7 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child including the reservations to it made by the Czech Republic. The affected Czech regulations and their reforms are also talked about. Attention is also given to the issue of determining one's parentage. The bulk of the thesis is made up of analyzing the issues of assisted reproduction, surrogacy, adoption, anonymized and confidential childbirths, and baby boxes in regard to protecting the right to know one's origin. The thesis aims to critically evaluate current legislation, point out its shortcomings and suggest possible future development as the right to know one's origin isn't currently being given enough attention. Some of the aforementioned institutes aren't set out in law at all, others give preference to the anonymity of the child's biological parents. Adoption has recently seen some positive development with the recodification of the civil law, however even this is an area that leaves a lot to be desired as there still are certain faults and deficiencies of the legislation. Keywords: Right to know one's origin, assisted...

碩士
國立交通大學
光電工程研究所
102
Phthalocyanines (Pc) are superior material, because it superior properties including ultrafast response, thermal and chemical stability, and flexible processing so that Pcs have been widely investigated for use in a various optoelectronic devices, such as thin film transistors. Pc dyes are two-dimensional aromatic molecules with an inner ring consisting of 18 π-electrons. In Pc molecules, various kinds of metal atoms can be coordinated to the center of rings and their chemical and electronic properties may be tuned through the choice of metal center. Standard Metallophthalocyanine (MPcs) are p-type organic semiconductor, and we can alter the molecular orbital structure drastically, and leading to n-type MPcs by addition of electron and remove the functional groups, particularly fluorine. Zinc Pc (ZnPc) and Hexadecafluorinated zinc (F16ZnPc) is an interesting material for photovoltaic and photoconductivity applications due to their high absorption coefficient in a wide spectral range of solar radiation and high energy conversion efficiency and photochemical stability. Using the absorption spectroscopy and femtosecond time-resolved pump-probe spectroscopy, we investigated the absorption properties and excited states relaxation dynamics attributed to the effects of morphology, including rod size and molecular interaction of ZnPc and F16ZnPc films. Transient differential transmittance signals show polarization dependence and excitation intensity dependence of the photoexcited ZnPc and F16ZnPc. The nano-structure of ZnPc and F16ZnPc show anisotripic relaxation of excitons for s- and p-polarized probe beams. We also employ ultrafast optical spectroscopy at different wavelengths to understand the inter-band decay in the excited state of F16ZnPc. The relaxation process is slower in the F16ZnPc than in the ZnPc due to the weak exciton coupling (longer stack distance) and steric obstruction created by the peripherally substituent (F-atoms) in F16ZnPc.

This essay examines the case of the direct object in Russian sentences with the negated verbs не видеть and не знать. For each verb, 50 contexts were downloaded from the newspaper corpus of the Russian National Corpus and analysed with respect to the semantic properties of the direct object and the negated verb. The theories and concepts used for the analysis have been outlined in Padutjeva, 2006. The analysis of не видеть suggests that the main difference between the genitive and the ac-cusative case is to be found in the notion of non-existence or absence implicated by the verb’s semantics. In utterances with не видеть as a predicate, this notion is always present and is expressed by the genitive case. The speaker may also choose to ignore it by using the accusa-tive and thus emphasize some other aspect of the described situation. The examined properties of reference, definiteness and denotative status of the direct object seem to play a secondary role for how case is used. Their influence is to delimit the meaning of the objective genitive to either non-existence or absence. No similar conclusions could be drawn from the examination of не знать. The reason for this is that the concept of private sphere, used by Padutjeva to explain the use of objective geni-tive with this verb, could not be properly established during the analysis. Just as the notion of absence is crucial for the understanding of the objective genitive when it occurs with не видеть, the concept private sphere seems to be the key to understand it when it occurs with не знать.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
光電工程系研究所
97
This work reports an aluminum film on a silicon (Si) substrate deposited by a sputtering method. Then, nanoporous structure was prepared using anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) process, and after process optimized, it was employed as a mask to produce nanoporous structure on the surface of the Si substrate by plasma etching. Subsequently, an ZnPc film was formed on Si substrate with nanoporous structure by spin coating. Anode and cathode were produced on the front side and backside, respectively. Finally, an ZnPc/nanoporous Si hybird solar cell was obtained.

碩士
輔仁大學
化學系
102
Currently, most high performance organic solar cells was low band gap semiconductors as p-type materials to enhance the light absorption of the solar cells. The low band gap semiconductors tend to have poor miscibility with fullerene derivatives such as PCBM (n-type material) the end up with inappropriate morphology for the organic solar cells. 　　In this study, soluble low band gap zinc phthalocyanine ((OPh)4-ZnPc、(4EP)4-ZnPc) were synthesized to study the morphology between a small molecule low band gap semiconductors and PCBM. An functionalized ZnPc ((4HMP)4-ZnPc) was also synthesized to stabilize the morphology of ZnPc/PCBM blend. 　　Optical microscopy (OM) and transmission electron microscopy were need to investigate the morphology change of the ZnPc/PCBM blend. Experimental results showed that the synthesized soluble ZnPc is compatible with PCBM. Thermal stability can be further enhanced through the addition of functionalized ZnPc.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
化學工程系
95
In this thesis, we study the phase transformation of zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) thin films and their effects on the solar cell performances. The ZnPc thin films are deposited by the vacuum evaporation technique. The effects of deposition conditions and the post-deposition annealing on the crystal structure and the surface morphology of ZnPc have been studied by the XRD, SEM and AFM. I-V measurement for the Au(20nm)/ ZnPc(60nm)/n-Si (525μm)/Al (200nm) devices. We find that: (1) Films deposited at room temperature and various rates are of the α-form, and are gradually transformed into theβ-form; (2) Higher annealing temperatures (200℃-350℃) will result in more β-forms in the film, but longer annealing time (30min.-4hr. at 300℃) have little effect; (3) Films deposited at the substrate temperature of 250℃ will give the β- form of the long whisker shape; (4) The phase transformation takes place easier with a lower energy barrier when the film is deposited at the higher rate; (5) Films deposited at 250℃ and then annealed at 300~350℃ are of the β-form with the lath shape and better crystallinity. That solar cells based on the α-ZnPc show an average efficiency of 0.015% , while those based on the lath-like β-ZnPc show an average efficiency of 0.14%.

This work deals with the investigation and research on organic solar cells. In the first part of this work we focus on the spectroscopical and electrical characterization of the acceptor molecule and fullerene derivative C70. In combination with the donor molecule zinc-phthalocyanines (ZnPc) we investigate C70 in flat and bulk heterojunction solar cells and compare the results with C60 as acceptor. The stronger and spectral broader thin film absorption of C70 and thus enhanced contribution to photocurrent as well as the similar electrical properties with respect to C60 result in higher power conversion efficiencies. In the second part, modifications of the blend layer morphology of a C60:ZnPc bulk heterojunction solar cell are considered. Using substrate heating during co-deposition of acceptor and donor, the molecular arrangement is influenced. Due to the additional thermal energy at the substrate the blend layer morphology is improved and optimized for a substrate heating temperature of 110°C. With transmission electron microscopy, molecular phase separation of C60 and ZnPc and the formation of polycrystalline ZnPc domains in a lateral dimension on the order of 50 nm are detected. Mobility measurements show an increased ZnPc hole mobility in the heated blend layer. The improved charge carrier percolation and transport are confirmed by the enhanced performance of such bulk heterojunction solar cells. Furthermore, we show a strong influence of the pre-deposited p-doped hole transport layer on the molecular phase separation. In the third part, we study the dependency of the open circuit voltage on the mixing ratio of C60 and ZnPc in bulk heterojunction solar cells. For the different mixing ratios we determine the ionization potentials of C60 and ZnPc. Over the various C60:ZnPc blends from 1:3 - 6:1, the ionization potentials change linearly, but different from each other and exhibit a correlation to the change in open circuit voltage. Depending on the mixing ratio an intrinsic ZnPc layer adjacent to the blend leads to injection barriers which result in reduced open circuit voltage. We hence determine a voltage loss dependent on ZnPc layer thickness and barrier height.:Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 15 2 History, Fundamentals, and Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.2 Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.2.1 Organic semiconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.2.2 Photovoltaic principle and organic solar cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . 42 2.3 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 61 3 Materials & Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 63 3.1 Organic Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 63 3.1.1 Standard photoactive materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 63 3.1.2 Transport materials and dopants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . 67 3.1.3 Material purification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 3.2 Sample preparation and vacuum tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 70 3.2.1 Sample preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 70 3.2.2 Vacuum tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 70 3.2.3 Substrates and layer stacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 73 3.3 Solar cell characterization tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 77 3.3.1 J(V)-measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 3.3.2 EQE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 3.4 Further characterization tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 79 3.4.1 UPS and XPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 79 3.4.2 OFET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 81 3.4.3 AFM, SEM, TEM, and WAXRD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 3.4.4 Optical Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 3.5 Simulation and modeling software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 3.5.1 Optical simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 3.5.2 Electrical simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 4 Results: C70 as acceptor molecule for organic solar cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 4.1 Optical characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 4.2 Mobility measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 88 4.3 Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 89 4.4 p-i-i flat heterojunction solar cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 90 4.4.1 Di-NPD/fullerene flat heterojunction solar cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 4.4.2 ZnPc/fullerene flat heterojunction solar cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 4.5 p-i-i bulk heterojunction solar cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 4.5.1 p-i-i mixed C60:C70:ZnPc bulk heterojunction solar cell . . . . . . . . . . . 99 4.6 Outlook: fullerene C84 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 101 5 Results: Bulk heterojunction solar cells deposited on heated substrates . 103 5.1 150 nm thick C60:ZnPc blend layers in m-i-p bulk heterojunctions . . . . 103 5.2 60 nm thick C60:ZnPc blend layers in m-i-p bulk heterojunctions . . . . . 107 5.2.1 AFM and SEM measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 5.2.2 Absorption measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 5.2.3 X-Ray (WAXRD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 113 5.2.4 TEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 116 5.2.5 OFET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 119 5.2.6 C70:ZnPc m-i-p bulk-heterojunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 121 5.3 p-i-i bulk heterojunction solar cells deposited at 110°C . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 5.3.1 Influence of sublayer on blend layer morphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 6 Results: On the influence of Voc in p-i-i bulk heterojunction solar cells . . 137 6.1 Dependency of Voc on C60:ZnPc mixing ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 6.2 Influence of different hole transport layers on C60:ZnPc . . . . . . . . . .. . 140 6.2.1 Red and blue illumination measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 6.2.2 Optical characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 6.2.3 UPS measurements for different C60:ZnPc mixing ratios . . . . . . . . .. 148 6.3 Influence of thin ZnPc and C70 interlayers on Voc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 152 6.3.1 UPS measurements of blend/ZnPc interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 6.3.2 Blend/ZnPc injection barrier: experiment and simulation . . . . . . . . . . 158 7 Conclusion and Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Untersuchung und Forschung an organischen Solarzellen und gliedert sich in drei Teile. Im ersten Teil wird auf die spektroskopische und elektrische Charakerisierung des Fullerenderivates C70 eingegangen, welches als Akzeptormolekül in Kombination mit dem Donormolekül Zink-Phthalocyanin (ZnPc) in Flach- und Mischschichtheteroübergänge organischer Solarzellen Anwendung findet. Dabei wird das Molekül mit dem bisherigen Standard Akzeptormolekül C60 verglichen. Die deutlich stärkere und spektral verbreiterte Dünnschichtabsorption von C70, sowie die vergleichbaren elektrischen Eigenschaften zu C60 führen zu einer Effizienzsteigerung in den Flach- und Mischschichtsolarzellen, welche maßgeblich durch die Erhöhung des Kurzschlussstromes erreicht wird. Im zweiten Teil widmet sich diese Arbeit der Morphologiemodifizierung des Mischschichtsystems C60:ZnPc, welche durch Heizen des Substrates während der Mischverdampfung von Akzeptor- und Donormolekülen in organischen Mischschichtsolarzellen erreicht werden kann. Es wird gezeigt, dass mit der zusätzlichen Zufuhr thermischer Energie über das Substrat die Anordnung der Moleküle in der Mischschicht beeinflusst werden kann. Unter Verwendung eines Transmissionselektronmikroskops lässt sich für die Mischschicht mit der optimalen Solarzellensubstrattemperatur von 110°C eine Phasenseparation von C60 und ZnPc unter Ausbildung von polykristallinen ZnPc Domänen in der lateralen Dimension von 50 nm nachweisen. Mit zusätzlichen Messungen der Ladungsträgerbeweglichkeiten des Mischschichtsystems kann die verbesserte Perkolation und Löcherbeweglichkeit von ZnPc für die Steigerung der Performance geheizter Solarzellen bestätigt werden. Desweiteren wird gezeigt, dass die Ausbildung einer Phasenseparation sehr stark von der darunter liegenden Molekülschicht z.B. der p-dotierte Löchertransportschicht abhängig ist. Im letzten und dritten Teil geht die Arbeit auf die Abhängigkeit der Klemmspannung von der Mischschichtkonzentration von C60 und ZnPc ein. Für die unterschiedlichen Volumenkonzentrationen von C60:ZnPc zwishen 6:1 und 1:6 kann gezeigt werden, dass sich die Ionisationspotentiale von C60 und ZnPc über einen großen Bereich linear und voneinander verschieden verändern und mit den absoluten Änderung der offenenen Klemmspannung korrelieren. Desweiteren wird gezeigt, dass sich durch eine zusätzlich an die Mischschicht angrenzende intrinsische ZnPc Schicht, abhängig von der Mischschichtkonzentration, Injektionsbarrieren ausbilden, welche nachweislich einen Spannungsverlust bedingen. Dabei kann gezeigt werden, dass der Spannungsverlust mit der ZnPc Schichtdicke und der Barrierenhöhe korreliert.:Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 15 2 History, Fundamentals, and Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.2 Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.2.1 Organic semiconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.2.2 Photovoltaic principle and organic solar cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . 42 2.3 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 61 3 Materials & Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 63 3.1 Organic Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 63 3.1.1 Standard photoactive materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 63 3.1.2 Transport materials and dopants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . 67 3.1.3 Material purification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 3.2 Sample preparation and vacuum tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 70 3.2.1 Sample preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 70 3.2.2 Vacuum tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 70 3.2.3 Substrates and layer stacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 73 3.3 Solar cell characterization tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 77 3.3.1 J(V)-measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 3.3.2 EQE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 3.4 Further characterization tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 79 3.4.1 UPS and XPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 79 3.4.2 OFET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 81 3.4.3 AFM, SEM, TEM, and WAXRD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 3.4.4 Optical Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 3.5 Simulation and modeling software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 3.5.1 Optical simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 3.5.2 Electrical simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 4 Results: C70 as acceptor molecule for organic solar cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 4.1 Optical characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 4.2 Mobility measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 88 4.3 Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 89 4.4 p-i-i flat heterojunction solar cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 90 4.4.1 Di-NPD/fullerene flat heterojunction solar cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 4.4.2 ZnPc/fullerene flat heterojunction solar cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 4.5 p-i-i bulk heterojunction solar cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 4.5.1 p-i-i mixed C60:C70:ZnPc bulk heterojunction solar cell . . . . . . . . . . . 99 4.6 Outlook: fullerene C84 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 101 5 Results: Bulk heterojunction solar cells deposited on heated substrates . 103 5.1 150 nm thick C60:ZnPc blend layers in m-i-p bulk heterojunctions . . . . 103 5.2 60 nm thick C60:ZnPc blend layers in m-i-p bulk heterojunctions . . . . . 107 5.2.1 AFM and SEM measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 5.2.2 Absorption measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 5.2.3 X-Ray (WAXRD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 113 5.2.4 TEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 116 5.2.5 OFET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 119 5.2.6 C70:ZnPc m-i-p bulk-heterojunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 121 5.3 p-i-i bulk heterojunction solar cells deposited at 110°C . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 5.3.1 Influence of sublayer on blend layer morphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 6 Results: On the influence of Voc in p-i-i bulk heterojunction solar cells . . 137 6.1 Dependency of Voc on C60:ZnPc mixing ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 6.2 Influence of different hole transport layers on C60:ZnPc . . . . . . . . . .. . 140 6.2.1 Red and blue illumination measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 6.2.2 Optical characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 6.2.3 UPS measurements for different C60:ZnPc mixing ratios . . . . . . . . .. 148 6.3 Influence of thin ZnPc and C70 interlayers on Voc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 152 6.3.1 UPS measurements of blend/ZnPc interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 6.3.2 Blend/ZnPc injection barrier: experiment and simulation . . . . . . . . . . 158 7 Conclusion and Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Resumé The topic of this master thesis is selected issues of an adoption (comparative fragments). I chose not to deal with the theme as a whole because of its extent, which would have inevitably lead to mere scratch of the surface of such complex issue as an adoption. Picking and choosing some interesting aspects enabled me to go more into detail and elaborate on them in depth. When approaching this thesis I chose to use combination of analytic and comparative method. The thesis itself is composed of the introduction, six chapters and the conclusion. The purpose of the Introduction is to make the reader aware of the structure of the thesis and to outline the complicated legal nature of adoption. The objective of this thesis, which is also announced within this section, is to provide the reader with issues not usually dealt with within theses or academic works. Chapter One is divided into three parts and subsequently shed light into the concept of the adoption, its types and sources of the legislative. Chapter Two is dedicated to historical excursion and is divided into two parts. The First Part deals with global level and the Second Part is focused on the national level with emphasis on most recent historical milestones. Chapter Three is subdivided into three parts. The First Part examines conditions, which...

Nowadays, anonymous sperm donation is indeed a globally discussed topic: the popularity of the use of assisted reproduction technology for the purpose of conception is directly proportional to increasing infertility and technological progress. Also, the duration of its use already started to show, with the first generation of opinionated anonymous donor children growing up. The aim of my work is to analyze what are the today's Western society's current ethical and legal views on the anonymous sperm donation and its alternatives, as well as what they should be, and to demonstrate these on the example of Canada, United Kingdom and Australia. In the first two chapters, I outline the context of ethical and legal thinking about anonymous sperm donation: I analyze the concept and implications of the infertility, as well as the development and types of methods of assisted reproduction. Further, I proceed from the basis of ethical reasoning and the determination whether the right to know one's origins, implying the right to know the circumstances of one's conception, exist, and its competition with the rights of parents and donors in the third chapter, to its legal grounds. First, in the fourth chapter, I deal with legislation on the right to know one's origins and other related rights in the international...

R I G H T T O R E S P E C T F O R P R I V A T E A N D F A M I L Y L I F E I N T H E C A S E - L A W O F T H E E U R O P E A N C O U R T O F H U M A N R I G H T S Abstract The aim of the thesis is to explain wording and application of the Article 8 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (the Convention) from the perspective of the European Court of Human Rights (the ECHR). The scope of Article 8, which guarantees the right to respect for private and family life, is very broad. For this reason the thesis especially deals with the issue of the right of the child to know his/her origin and information about his/her early childhood. In particular it attempts to outline the way how the ECHR deals with the conflict of the right to know one's origin with the right of the parent to stay anonymous. The thesis is divided into five chapters which illustrate the particular aspects of the application of Article 8. These chapters are linked through the judgements Gaskin, Mikulić, Odiévre, Jäggi and Phinirikadou which are related to the right of the child to know his/her origin. Chapter 1 provides with the general introduction to the protection of human rights at the European level and also analyses the Convention and the ECHR. The goal of chapter 2 is to outline the inner...

Determination of Parenthood - Alexandra Hrušáková Abstract In my thesis "Determination of Parenthood", I focused on the largest area of family law. Everyone's life is influenced by his family the whole life. And there are many consequences connected to the relation between a child and his parents. My topic responds lively to the changes brought by current scientific and technical progress and dynamic development and metamorphoses in our society. I tried to describe it in a complex way, but in order to put accent on the most important segments of this problem. From the times of ancient Rome there exists the principle "mater semper certa est, pater incertus", which means that the identity of the mother is always certain, but the father isn't. However there exist some situations in which the principle could not be so clear. These situations created objective of this thesis. This thesis is divided into ten chapters. In every single chapter I wasn't only working with Czech law, but I also attempted to compare it to legislation of another countries The first chapter called Parenthood and Child is dealing with the theoretical definition of the components of a relation among parents and children and the rights and obligations rising from this relation. The next chapter presents The Right of the child to know his or...

Ph.D. Thesis ABSTRACT Mgr. Veronika Kristková, LL.M., 2013 Position of victims of human rights violations in international law with focus on victims of serious violations of human rights and international humantiarian law This work focuses within the broad theme of " Position of the victims of the human rights violations in international law" on victims of serious human rights violations and serious violations of international humanitarian law (hereinafter only serious violations). The author decided to focus on the victims of serious violations because the research revealed that while the rights of victims of human rights violations are in general relatively settled in theory as well in practice of international law, the rights of the victims of serious violations is an area, which raises several doctrinal questions, encountered rapid development in recent years and continues to develop. Analysis of the rights of the victims of serious violations necessary must be based on the rights of the victims of human rights violations in general, which serves as a baseline for the analysis of the rights of the victims of serious violations. Only in comparison with the general rights of the victims of human rights violations the specificities of the rights of the victims of serious violations stand up. First the work...