Dissertations / Theses: 'Zona incerta'

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Green, Heather Joyce. "Characterization of the Zona Incerta." VCU Scholars Compass, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10156/1829.

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Hagenvald, Elin, and Ella Frilund. "Djup hjärnstimulering i kaudala zona incerta : Hur talförståeligheten påverkas hos patienter med Essentiell tremor." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Logopedi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-137727.

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Supko, Donna E. "The role of glutamate receptors in the zona incerta in mediating the effects of amphetamine /." The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487759436325633.

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Khan, Sadaquate. "Deep brain stimulation of the Pedunculopontine nucleus and caudal Zona Incerta in patients with Parkinson’s disease." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.557962.

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Axial symptoms including gait disturbance and postural instability are some of the most disabling symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) and in late stage disease these , symptoms can be resistant to both medical therapy and surgical intervention in the form of deep brain stimulation (DBS). In the on medication state axial symptoms show a limited response to deep brain stimulation of the conventional target sites. In this thesis I assess the effects of stimulating a novel target site, the Pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) in isolation and in combination with stimulation in the subthalamic region / caudal Zona/ncerta (cZi) in patients with Parkinson's disease. At the time of commencing this work there were only two case reports describing the effects of deep brain stimulation of the PPN in isolation. An assessment is made of the safety and efficacy of the surgical technique. This has indicated that it is possible to accurately place a DBS electrode into the PPN with minimal peri-operative and post-operative complications. The efficacy data demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in the on medication axial symptoms, however it required dual site stimulation of both the PPN and cZI. PET scanning assessing regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) demonstrated that stimulation of the PPN and cZi region induces changes in separate motor areas with each target. Concomitant PPN and cZi stimulation resulted in an additive effect on levels of rCBF, effectively combining the subcortical and cortical changes induced by stimulation of either target in isolation. Following analysis of the results from our initial case studies we are conducting a phase I/II safety and efficacy study, with a double blinded design and crossover between stimulation sites. Axial symptoms including gait disturbance and postural instability are some of the most disabling symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PO) and in late stage disease these I symptoms can be resistant to both medical therapy and surgical intervention in the form of deep brain stimulation (OBS). In the on medication state axial symptoms show a limited response to deep brain stimulation of the conventional target sites. In this thesis I assess the effects of stimulating a novel target site, the Pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) in isolation and in combination with stimulation in the subthalamic region / caudal Zona Incerta (cZi) in patients with Parkinson's disease. At the time of commencing this work there were only two case reports describing the effects of deep brain stimulation of the PPN in isolation. An assessment is made of the safety and efficacy of the surgical technique. This has indicated that it is possible to accurately place a DBS electrode into the PPN with minimal peri-operative and post-operative complications. The efficacy data demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in the on medication axial symptoms, however it required dual site stimulation of both the PPN and cZl. PET scanning assessing regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) demonstrated that stimulation of the PPN and cZi region induces changes in separate motor areas with each target. Concomitant PPN and cZi stimulation resulted in an additive effect on levels of rCBF, effectively combining the subcortical and cortical changes induced by stimulation of either target in isolation. Following analysis of the results from our initial case studies we are conducting a phase I/II safety and efficacy study, with a double blinded design and crossover between stimulation sites.

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Johansson, Louise, and Sofia Möller. "Effekter på talförståelighet som en följd av djup hjärnstimulering i caudala zona incerta vid Parkinsons sjukdom." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Logopedi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-64163.

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Bakgrund. Parkinsons sjukdom (PS) behandlas bland annat med djup hjärnstimulering (DBS). Ett relativt outforskat område för stimulering är caudala zona incerta (cZi). Man har med denna metod sett förbättringar när det gäller rörelsehindrande symtom men viss försämring av talet har påvisats. Syfte. Denna studie syftade till att undersöka om cZi-DBS vid PS påverkar talförståeligheten samt om förståeligheten av talet påverkas vid tillagt bakgrundsljud. Metod. Talmaterial med lästa ord från 10 patienter med PS, pre- och postoperativt samlades in. Dessa ord spelades upp för 32 lyssnare från allmänheten som ortografiskt transkriberade dessa. På en del av talmaterialet lades ett bakgrundsljud till som kan liknas vid ett bibliotek. Lyssnarnas transkriptioner poängsattes och statistiska beräkningar genomfördes. Resultat. Totalpoängen var signifikant lägre med påslagen stimulering jämfört med avslagen stimulering, oavsett bakgrundsljud. I blocket utan bakgrundsljud fanns även signifikanta skillnader som visade lägre totalpoäng när stimuleringen var påslagen jämfört med innan operation. Resultaten var genomgående signifikant lägre vid tillagt bakgrundsljud jämfört med utan. Slutsatser. Det har skett en försämring av talförståelighet vid stimulering av cZi. Dessa fynd är värdefulla för all vårdpersonal som jobbar med personer som har PS och de som ska genomgå/har genomgått cZi-DBS. Det är viktigt att hitta en balans mellan förbättrad motorisk förmåga och försämrad talförståelighet för att varje individ ska uppnå en så bra livskvalitet som möjligt.

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Lundmark, Sara, and Malin Sjödin. "Deep brain stimulation av kaudala zona incerta : En undersökning av rösttremor hos patienter med essentiell tremor." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Logopedi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-136022.

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Bakgrund: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) i kaudala zona incerta (Zi) har en tremorreducerande effekt vid den neurologiska sjukdomen essentiell tremor (ET). Stimulering av Zi har även positiva effekter på rösttremor, men individuella variationer förekommer. Tidigare har främst effekten mellan på- och avslagen stimulering undersökts. Inga studier har jämfört effekten på rösttremor vid ökande nivåer av stimuleringsstyrka. Mål: Att undersöka effekt på rösttremor vid ökande unilateral stimuleringsstyrka av DBS i Zi hos deltagare med ET. Samt att undersöka prevalens och att se vilken rösttremorreducerande effekt deltagarnas kliniska inställningar har. Metod: Trettioåtta deltagare med DBS Zi, bedömdes vid tre tillstånd: utan stimulering (DBS OFF), med kliniska inställningar (DBS ON) samt med ökande stimuleringsstyrka, 0,5-4,5V (DBS+). Rösttremor bedömdes utifrån inspelningar av uthållna vokalproduktioner i programmet “Visual Sort and Rate Method” (VISOR). Vid bedömning skattades förekomst och grad av rösttremor hos deltagarna genom att deltagarens egna inspelningar jämfördes med varandra i VISOR. Resultat: DBS Zi hade på gruppnivå en positiv effekt på rösttremor vid såväl DBS ON som vid DBS+. De individuella skillnaderna var dock stora. Flest antal deltagare blev rösttremorfria vid DBS ON och vid stimuleringsnivåerna 1,5V, 2,0V, 3,5V och 4,5V. Prevalensen av rösttremor var 71% (27 deltagare). Slutsats: DBS Zi har på gruppnivå en positiv effekt på rösttremor. De kliniska inställningarna är stimuleringsnivån som flest deltagare blir rösttremorfria vid. Den individuella variationen gör att man inte kan förutse om en individ kommer att få reducerad rösttremor av DBS Zi.
Tal- och rösteffekter av djup hjärnstimulering hos patienter med ärftlig tremor

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Morais, Paulo Leonardo Araujo de Gois. "Proje??o retiniana, caracteriza??o citoarquitet?nica e neuroqu?mica da zona incerta do moco (Kerodon rupestris)." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2014. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17375.

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The Zona Incerta (ZI) is embryologically derived from the ventral thalamus, in continuity with the reticular nucleus of the thalamus. Studies usingneural tracers technics have allowed identify a complex connectional map including the ZI. Futhermore, cytochemical, molecular and functional data have shown abundant variability in the neurochemical contend in the ZI, as well as,the involvement of the ZI in the modulation of nociception, attention, alertness, control and maintenance of posture and control of visceral activity. This work aims to characterize the cytoarchitecture, neurochemical content of the ZI in the rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris), and a direct retinal-ZI pathway present in this species. The Nissl staining is effective for the delineation and characterization of ZI citoarchitecture. ZIc receives a contralateral retinal projection showing varicosities, suggesting a modulatory character of photic information. The ZI in the rock cavy, as in others rodents and primates, is characterized by a complex neurochemical signature. The ZI neurochemistry presents great diversity, especially in the medial portion of ZIr, where we have found immunoreactivity of all neuroactive substances investigated, and that NOS-IR, GFAP and CR helped the delimitation of middle ZI in ZId and ZIv. Nevertheless, just 5-HT-IR fibers are present in all subdivisions of the ZI. These data demonstrate the great wealth of the neurochemistry of rock cavy s ZI and a direct retinal modulation in the ZI, helping to explain it s broad functional repertory
A Zona Incerta (ZI) ? um grupamento neuronal embriologicamente derivado do t?lamo ventral, em continuidade com o n?cleo reticular do t?lamo. Diversos estudos com tra?adores retr?grados e anter?grados revelaram a conex?o da ZI com diversas estruturas do sistema nervoso central. Dados moleculares e citoqu?micos revelaram que a ZI ? um dos grupamentos neuronais com maior diversidade neuroqu?mica e citoarquitet?nica do dienc?falo, e estudos hodol?gicos e neuroqu?micos permitiram considerar o envolvimento da ZI em diversas fun??es, as quais se destacam a nocicep??o, aten??o, estado de alerta, controle e manuten??o da postura e controle da atividade visceral. Este trabalho tem por objetivo caracterizar a citoarquitetura e o conte?do neuroqu?mico da ZI do moc? (Kerodon rupestris), bem como a afer?ncia ?ptica presente neste n?cleo nesta esp?cie. A t?cnica de Nissl ? eficiente para a delimita??o e caracteriza??o citoarquitet?nica da ZI do moc?; A ZIc recebe proje??o da retina contralateral, apresentando fibras Classe II ou modulator, sugerindo um car?ter modulat?rio da informa??o f?tica; A ZI do moc?, assim como em outros roedores e primatas, ? caracterizada por uma complexa rede neuroqu?mica, sobretudo na por??o medial da ZIr, onde encontramos imunorreatividade de todas as subst?ncias neuroativas investigadas, al?m de que A IR-NOS, GFAP e CR auxiliaram a delimita??o da ZI no n?vel m?dio em ZId e ZIv. Contudo, somente fibras IR 5-HT est?o presentes em todas as subdivis?es da ZI. Esses dados demonstram a grande riqueza neuroqu?mica da ZI do moc?, auxiliando para explicar o envolvimento em um amplo repertorio funcional

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Plaha, Puneet. "Stereotactic MRI guided targeting and stimulation of the caudal zona incerta nucleus in patients with movement disorders." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.540885.

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Sandvik, Ulrika. "Stereotactic functional procedures in the treatment of essential tremor." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för farmakologi och klinisk neurovetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-49178.

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Background: Essential tremor (ET) is the most common movement disorder. In cases resistant to pharmacological treatment, functional stereotactic neurosurgery can be an alternative. Lesional surgery has largely been replaced by deep brain stimulation (DBS). The current target of choice is the ventrolateral thalamus (Vim). Vim DBS has generally shown good results, but in some cases it is associated with a suboptimal effect as well as side effects. DBS in the posterior subthalamic area/caudal zona incerta (PSA/cZi) has recently shown promising effects. Recently the role of lesional therapy in selected cases has been discussed. Aim: The aim is to evaluate stereotactic functional procedures in the treatment of ET, with special emphasis on PSA DBS. Further the effects of DBS in the PSA are evaluated. The optimal target is also assessed by evaluating the effect of Vim and PSA DBS in relation to the position of the electrode. An attempt to identify patient-specific factors of prognostic importance for the outcome after DBS will be made. The quality of life (QoL) of patients treated with PSA DBS for ET will be assessed. Finally, the aim is also to analyze retrospectively the long-term outcome of lesional procedures (thalamotomies). Method: The thesis consists of five studies. The optimal electrode location is evaluated in a study analyzing the location of the electrode contact yielding the best effect in Vim DBS and PSA DBS groups. The efficacy of PSA DBS in 21 patients is evaluated in a prospective study. The correlation between outcome, age, tremor grade and gender is established in a prospective study consisting of 68 patients. Finally, the degree of improvement in QoL is determined in 16 patients operated on in the PSA. The very long-term effect of lesional surgery has been investigated in a retrospective study of nine patients who have undergone thalamotomy. Results: In the study of PSA DBS the total score on the Essential Tremor Rating Scale (ETRS) was reduced by 60% compared to the baseline value. Tremor of the arm was improved by 95%. The study evaluating the optimal contact location showed that the best effect was in the PSA in 54% and in the Vim in 12%. The efficacy of DBS was not related to age, gender, or the severity of tremor with regard to the percentage reduction of tremor on stimulation. In patients with a more severe tremor at baseline, a higher degree of residual tremor on stimulation was seen. With regard to QoL, the activities of daily living (ADL) according to the ETRS score were significantly improved, as well as according to the ADL and psychosocial subscores on the Questionnaire for Essential Tremor (QUEST) scale. No significant changes were found on the generic Short Form (SF-36) QoL scale. Thalamotomy had some positive effects, but also a significant amount of side effects that might be attributed to the surgery. Conclusions: The effect of PSA DBS was very satisfying and compares well with the results from Vim DBS. When both Vim and PSA DBS are considered, the optimal target seems to be located in the PSA. PSA DBS shows good results in improving ADL, but the results have been difficult to demonstrate on QoL scales. The efficacy of DBS could not be shown to be associated with gender or age. Nor was it associated with the severity of tremor regarding the percentage of tremor reduction on stimulation. The preoperative severity of tremor was the most important factor regarding outcome following DBS. With regard to thalamotomies, some possible remaining benefit of the surgery could be seen along with some severe side effects.

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Lima, Raissa Rodrigues de. "A Zona Incerta no sag?i (Callithrix jacchus): An?lise Citoarquitet?nica, Neuroqu?mica e Proje??o Retiniana." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2008. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17270.

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The retinal projections in mammals usually reach, classically, three major functional systems: the primary visual system, the accessory optic system, and the circadian timing system. But the retinal projections also reach areas classically considered non-visual, one of which groups the neurons of the zona incerta (ZI), target this study. The primary visual system includes thalamic lateral geniculate complex is formed by the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, intergeniculate leaflet and the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and other Components. The accessory optic system is composed of the small nuclei: nuclei terminal dorsal, lateral, medial and the interstitial nucleus of the superior posterior fasciculus. These nuclei are involved in visuo-motor activities. The circadian timing system is comprised of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, that act as master circadian pacemaker, entraining pathways and efferents pathways to the efectors, and the intergeniculate leaflet, that seems to act as a modulator of the pacemaker. The retinal projections too reach classically considered non-visual areas, including the zona incerta. This region is localized in the ventral thalamus and has been implicated in various functional properties including nociceptive and somatosensory processing, motor response, sociosexual behaviour, feeding and drinking, in symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases, arousal and attention. It also displays connection with several areas of central nervous system. The aim of this study was characterize the retinal projection in the zona incerta of Callithrix jacchus (sag?i), a primate of the New World through the anterograde axonal transport of the cholera toxin subunit b and analyze the citoarchicteture using Nissl and NeuN, and neurochemical substances such as serotonin, GABA, VIP, VP, GFAP and binding-calcium proteins. The zona incerta showed a different division of the literature in citoarquitetura, both by means of Nissl as neurochemical by NeuN, with a subdivision ventrolateral and dorsomedial. The neurochemical to the other substances corroborate with this subdivision. The GFAP was almost completely negative for the zona incerta, result non evidenced in previous studies yet. The 16 retinal projection in sag?i, unlike other primates and rodents, reached the caudal portion only. This work helps to make further studies are conducted based on this subdivision and the localization of the neurochemical substances associated with possible behaviors that the zona incerta is involved
As proje??es retinianas em mam?feros costumam ser agrupadas, classicamente, em tr?s grandes sistemas funcionais: O sistema visual prim?rio, o sistema ?ptico acess?rio e o sistema de temporiza??o circadiana. Por?m as proje??es retinianas tamb?m alcan?am locais considerados como classicamente n?o-visuais, um dos quais agrupa os neur?nios da zona incerta (ZI), alvo deste estudo. O sistema visual prim?rio inclui o complexo geniculado lateral tal?mico formado pelo n?cleo geniculado lateral dorsal, o folheto intergeniculado e o n?cleo geniculado lateral ventral, al?m de outros componentes. O sistema ?ptico acess?rio ? formado por pequenos n?cleos: n?cleos terminais dorsal, lateral, medial e o n?cleo intersticial do fasc?culo posterior superior. Estes n?cleos participam da atividade v?suo-motora. O sistema de temporiza??o circadiana ? composto pelo n?cleo supraquiasm?tico do hipot?lamo, tido como principal marcapasso circadiano, vias sincronizadoras e vias de sa?da aos efetores, e o folheto intergeniculado, que parece agir como modulador do marcapasso. As proje??es retinianas tamb?m alcan?am ?reas classicamente n?o-visuais, entre elas, a zona incerta. Esta regi?o est? localizada no t?lamo ventral e tem sido implicada em v?rias propriedades funcionais incluindo processamento somatosens?rio e nociceptivo, resposta motora, comportamento s?cio-sexual, de comer e beber, em sintomas de doen?as neurodegenerativas, despertar e aten??o. Apresenta tamb?m conex?o com diversas ?reas do sistema nervoso central proporcionando a esta regi?o a associa??o com diversas fun??es. O objetivo neste trabalho foi caracterizar a proje??o retiniana no Callithrix jacchus (sag?i), um primata do Novo Mundo, atrav?s do tra?ador anter?grado a unidade B da toxina col?rica, bem como analisar a citoarquitetura, utilizando o Nissl e NeuN, e a neuroqu?mica com subst?ncias neuroativas como a serotonina, o GABA, o VIP, VP, al?m de GFAP e prote?nas ligantes de c?lcio. A zona incerta apresentou uma divis?o diferenciada da presente na literatura na citoarquitetura, tanto pelo m?todo de Nissl como neuroqu?mico por NeuN, com uma subdivis?o ventrolateral e dorsomedial. A neuroqu?mica para as outras 14 subst?ncias corrobora com essa divis?o. O GFAP foi quase em completo negativo para a ZI, resultado este ainda n?o evidenciado em trabalhos anteriores. A proje??o retiniana no sag?i, diferentemente de outros primatas, e roedores, alcan?ou a por??o caudal somente. Este trabalho contribui para que novos estudos sejam realizados tomando por base essa subdivis?o bem como a localiza??o das subst?ncias neuroativas associadas a poss?veis comportamentos em que a zona incerta esteja envolvida

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Sundstedt, Stina. "Swallowing and deep brain stimulation : swallowing function in Parkinson's disease after subthalamic nucleus and caudal zona incerta deep brain stimulation." Licentiate thesis, Umeå universitet, Öron- näs- och halssjukdomar, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-86133.

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Background Swallowing problems are common in Parkinson’s disease, and these affect morbidity and mortality largely due to aspiration-induced pneumonia. Even mild dysphagia affects patient Quality of Life. Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), a surgical treatment for Parkinson’s disease, improves overall motor function, though the effect of DBS on swallowing function is not clear. The aim of the studies in this thesis was to improve our understanding of the effect from DBS of caudal zona incerta and subthalamic nucleus on pharyngeal swallowing function. Specific aims were to compare DBS effects over time postoperatively (6 & 12 months) for swallowing function, on and off stimulation, with a preoperative baseline assessment in order to identify possible negative swallowing effects of DBS. Methods Eight patients with DBS in caudal zona incerta and eleven patients with DBS in subthalamic nucleus were included in the two studies. The effect of DBS on swallowing function was evaluated by self-estimation on a visual analogue scale and fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing function with a predefined swallowing protocol including Rosenbek’s Penetration/Aspiration Scale, Secretion Severity Scale,preswallow spillage, pharyngeal residue and pharyngeal clearance. The patients with caudal zona incerta DBS also answered questions regarding swallowing-related Quality of Life. All patients received L-dopa treatment during postoperative assessments. Results There was no clear effect of DBS on swallowing function in the two samples. The occurrence of aspiration, secretions, pharyngeal residue or clearance was not affected by the surgery or the stimulation. In the subthalamic nucleus DBS sample, self-estimations revealed an improvement with stimulation turned on. For the caudal zona incerta DBS patients, no effect of DBS was seen on the results from the swallowing-related QOL questions. Conclusion Subthalamic nucleus DBS and caudal zona incerta DBS did not appear to have a negative effect on swallowing function in this cohort. Patients with subthalamic nucleus DBS reported a self-perceived improvement in swallowing function after DBS. There appears to be no increased risk for aspiration or penetration due to surgery or stimulation regardless of stimulation site. Since the sample sizes in these cohorts are small, the findings need to be confirmed in larger studies.

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Dagarsson, Caroline, and Jessica Persson. "Djup hjärnstimulering av Kaudala zona incerta och subthalamuskärnorna hos patienter med Parkinsons sjukdom : En studie med avseende på talmotoriska fel." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Logopedi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-173281.

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Sammanfattning: Bakgrund Parkinsons sjukdom (PS) kan behandlas med djup hjärnstimulering (DBS) i de subkortikala områdena kaudala zona incerta (cZi) och subthalamuskärnorna (STN). Behandlingen har visats ge goda effekter på de motoriska symtomen som förknippas med PS, dock kan DBS försämra patientens tal. Forskning har visat att DBS kan orsaka en dysartri som är annorlunda beskaffad än den som sjukdomen orsakar. Syfte Studiens syfte var att analysera artikulationshastighet, talmotoriska fel och förekomster av felkategorier hos PS-patienter som har genomgått DBS (STN och cZi) för att undersöka stimuleringens effekt på patientens talförmåga. Metod Studien omfattade 26 PS-patienter med DBS (cZi och STN) samt en matchad kontrollgrupp med 21 deltagare. Perceptuella bedömningar gjordes av inspelningar av SMR-sekvenser. Beräkningar gjordes av artikulationshastighet, antal talmotoriska fel samt förekomster av felkategorier. Statistiska analyser genomfördes på data om artikulationshastighet och antal talmotoriska fel från inspelningarna 12 månader post-DBS för att undersöka skillnader mellan grupperna samt inom PS-grupperna mellan avslagen stimulering (sOFF) och påslagen stimulering(sON). Resultat Inga signifikanta skillnader fanns gällande artikulationshastighet mellan sON och sOFF hos vardera PS-grupp (cZi och STN) eller mellan STN-grupp och kontrollgrupp. Det fanns ingen signifikant skillnad gällande talmotoriska fel mellan cZi-gruppen och kontrollgruppen eller mellan stimuleringarna (sON och sOFF) hos vardera PS-grupp. STN-gruppen presterade signifikant bättre än friska personer gällande talmotoriska fel. Skillnader fanns gällande förekomster av felkategorier mellan PS-grupperna och kontrollgrupperna samt mellan stimuleringarna (sON och sOFF) hos vardera PS-grupp. Slutsats Resultatet i vår studie visade att en PS-patient med DBS i cZi presterade lika bra som en frisk person i SMR gällande talmotoriska fel. Däremot presterade STN-gruppen bättre än friska personer. Skillnaden mellan resultaten beror inte på att kontrollpersonerna hade en högre artikulationshastighet. Resultatet visar att merparten av PS-deltagarna vid sON uppvisar tendenser av hypokinetiska drag.

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Eklund, Elisabeth, and Lena Sandström. "Realization of Fricatives in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease Treated with Deep Brain Stimulation in the Subthalamic Nucleus or the Caudal Zona Incerta." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Logopedi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-64272.

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Background In advanced Parkinson’s disease (PD) the motor symptoms can be treated with deep brain stimulation (DBS). Subthalamic nucleus (STN) has been the most common target and caudal zona incerta (cZi) is a more recent target for stimulation. Stimulation in both of these targets has proved to be positive for the motor symptoms but there is no consensus about how DBS affects the speech and the articulation. Aim The aim of this study was to investigate how fricatives are realized within patients suffering from PD treated with DBS in STN or cZi. Method 9 patients stimulated in STN and 10 patients stimulated in cZi were recorded reading a shorter text. The recordings were made preoperatively (Pre) and 12 months after surgery with the stimulation switched off (sOff) and on (sOn). From the recordings the fricatives were extracted and assessed in a blinded and randomized procedure. Results For the patients stimulated in cZi the target fricative /s/ had significant lower correct realizations in the sOn condition compared to the other two conditions. The other target fricatives in cZi showed the same pattern as well. For the STN group no unequivocal pattern could be seen. Conclusions The results suggest that stimulation in cZi may affect the patients’ articulation of fricatives and thereby their extended articulatory movements more negative than stimulation in STN.

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Goyon, Stéphanie. "Circuits neuronaux sous-tendant la régulation émotionnelle par le système ocytocinergique." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ046/document.

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L’ocytocine (OT) est un neuropeptide synthétisé au sein de l’hypothalamus. On sait aujourd’hui que l’OT est fortement impliquée dans la modulation de nombreux comportements et émotions. Pourtant, il reste encore difficile d’expliquer comment s’organise le système ocytocinergique, par exemple en sous-ensembles spécifiques. De même, les circuits neuronaux impliqués dans leur recrutement restent obscures, tout comme leur potentielle plasticité. C’est pourquoi, au cours de ma thèse, je me suis attachée à mieux comprendre ces différents points. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que i) un sous-ensemble spécifique de neurones OT est recruté par la peur ; ii) le système OT fait preuve d’une grande plasticité après une exposition à un contexte effrayant ; iii) le neuropeptide S est capable de recruter une sous-population de neurones OT afin d’exercer une action anxiolytique ; iv) les neurotransmetteurs monoaminergiques sont eux-mêmes capables de recruter différents sous-ensembles de neurones OT. En conclusion, mon travail a mis en évidence la plasticité de ce système peptidergique et différentes manières de recruter de manière spécifiques certains sous-ensembles existants de neurones OT
Oxytocin (OT) is a peptide synthesized within the hypothalamus. We now know that OT is strongly involved in the modulation of many behaviors and emotions. However, it is still difficult to explain how the oxytocinergic system is organized, for example in specific sub-populations. Similarly, the neuronal circuits involved in their recruitment remain obscure, like their potential plasticity. That is why, during my thesis, I tried to better understand these different points. The results obtained showed that i) a specific sub-population of OT neurons is recruited by fear; ii) the OT system exhibits great plasticity after exposure to a scary context; iii) the neuropeptide S is able to recruit an OT neuron sub-population in order to exert an anxiolytic effect; iv) monoaminergic neurotransmitters are themselves able to recruit different sub-populations of OT neurons. In conclusion, my work has highlighted the plasticity of this peptidergic system and different ways to recruit in a specific manner some existing sub-populations of OT neurons

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Lundgren, Fanny, and Johanna Qvist. "Deep brain stimulation of subthalamic nucleus and caudal zona incerta in patients with Parkinson’s disease: A perceptual study of effects on articulatory precision." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Logopedi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-71179.

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Abstract Background Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a viable surgical treatment method for Parkinson’s disease (PD). It has positive effects on the classical motor symptoms, but effects on speech and voice are not equally beneficial. The speech disorder related to PD is hypokinetic dysarthria, with impaired articulatory precision as a prominent symptom. Studies have shown effects on different aspects of speech due to DBS of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) but the effects of stimulation of the caudal zona incerta (cZi) are less explored. Aims The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of STN-DBS and cZi-DBS on perceptually measured articulatory precision in PD patients. Method Read speech productions were collected from 19 DBS-treated PD patients, ten STN and nine cZi. The recordings were made before surgery and 12 months postoperatively with stimulator on and off. Levodopa medication was always on. From the reading passage, three-syllable words were selected and isolated. Articulatory precision of the words was rated in two different assessments; an overall rating of articulatory precision and an identification of occurring misarticulations. Results The results from the perceptual assessment showed a decrease in articulatory precision after surgery for both groups. The decrease was significant for the cZi group, but not for the STN group. There was no significant difference between the groups. The frequency of observed misarticulations increased as an effect of DBS for both patient groups, with significant increase for the STN group but not for the cZi group. There was no significant difference between the groups. The most commonly observed misarticulation categories were stop-plosive reduced in quality, fricative realized as other fricative and stop-plosive realized as fricative . Conclusions The results obtained in the current study show that STN-DBS and cZi-DBS may have adverse effects on articulatory precision in PD patients. Keywords Articulatory precision, Parkinson’s disease, DBS, STN, cZi

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Cordeiro, Karina Kohn. "Influência da supressão do núcleo subtalâmico e da zona incerta no transplante de células embrionárias dopaminérgicas em um modelo animal de Doença de Parkinson." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/30346.

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Orientador: Prof. Dr. Sérgio Bernardo tenório
Co-orientador: Prof. Dr. Joacir Graciolli Cordeiro
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Clínica Cirúrgica. Defesa: Curitiba, 01/03/2013
Bibliografia: fls. 93-111
Resumo: A Doença de Parkinson (PD) é uma doença de grande implicação em saúde pública, pois acomete cerca de 1% da população idosa e gera altos gastos com o tratamento. Atualmente, o tratamento medicamentoso se baseia na combinação de L-3,4- dihidroxifenilalanina (L-DOPA) com agonistas dos receptores dopaminérgicos. A principal desvantagem da terapia medicamentosa é o desenvolvimento de refratariedade e de efeitos colaterais incapacitantes, como discinesia e fenômeno on-off. Modalidades terapêuticas cirúrgicas foram, portanto, desenvolvidas, como técnicas ablativas (talamotomia, palidotomia), estimulação encefálica profunda (EEP) e transplante de células embrionárias dopaminérgicas. Atualmente a EEP é o padrão-ouro no tratamento da PD refratária ao tratamento medicamentoso. É proposto que a modulação do STN (núcleo subtalâmico) restabeleça o equilíbrio na circuitaria dos gânglios da base (GB), diminuido a excitotoxicidade glutamatérgica ao striatum. EEP é uma terapia sintomática, a qual promove uma melhora transitória dos sintomas motores responsivos à dopamina. Por outro lado, o transplante celular oferece uma abordagem tecidual restauradora constituindo uma estratégia promissora no tratamento da PD, por tratar-se de um tratamento possivelmente curativo. Um fator limitante ao uso rotineiro de transplantes neuronais é a baixa taxa de sobrevida das células dopaminérgicas transplantadas. Este estudo investiga o impacto da lesão do STN e/ou da ZI (Zona Incerta), ambas realizadas anteriormente ao transplante de células embrionárias provenientes do mesencéfalo ventral, na taxa de sobrevida das células dopaminérgicas e na resposta funcional motora. Com este objetivo, PD foi induzida pela injeção unilateral de 6-OHDA (6- hidroxidopamina) no feixe prosencefálico medial (FPM) de ratos, os quais foram separados em três grupos. O primeiro grupo foi submetido ao transplante estriatal de células embrionárias. Os outros dois grupos receberam injeção de ácido quinolínico no STN e/ou na ZI onze semanas antes do transplante, causando uma lesão parcial destas estruturas. Um quarto grupo (grupo controle puro), no qual nenhuma intervenção cirúrgica foi realizada, foi utilizado para comparar os efeitos dos procedimentos cirúrgicos com animais intactos. Após cada intervenção cirúrgica, testes comportamentais foram realizados, a fim de isolar o efeito de cada procedimento. Foi observado que no grupo submetido à lesão parcial do STN combinado ao transplante, obteve-se um aumento de 106% na taxa de sobrevida das células transplantadas comparado ao grupo submetido somente ao transplante. O grupo no qual a lesão parcial da ZI foi realizada, a taxa de sobrevida foi aumentada em 147% comparado ao grupo que recebeu o transplante como intervenção única. Adicionalmente, na bateria de testes comportamentais realizada após o transplante, o resultado da rotação induzida por apomorfina e dos testes comportamentais espontâneos foi superior no grupo submetido à lesão parcial do STN quando comparado ao grupo somente transplantado. Estes dados sugerem que a lesão parcial do STN e/ou da ZI possa ter reduzido a excitotoxicidade e logo optimizado o ambiente neuroquímico estriatal, aumentando a taxa de sobrevida das células transplantadas. Apesar de apresentar contagem celular semelhante ao grupo submetido à lesão parcial do STN, os ratos nos quais apenas a ZI foi lesionada não apresentaram melhora significativamente superior ao grupo somente transplantado nos testes comportamentais pós-transplante. Estes dados sugerem a existência de outros mecanismos envolvidos na melhora funcional motora. A combinação da supressão do STN com a terapia celular restauradora se revelou factível e de efeito sinérgico. Hipotetiza-se ser esta uma possível técnica para refinar o manejo da PD. Há necessidade de mais estudos a fim de investigar a aplicabilidade clínica da terapia combinada, incluindo o papel de outros métodos de modulação do STN (e.g. EEP) acoplado ao transplante celular como uma possível abordagem inovadora no tratamento da PD refratária.
Abstract: Parkinson's disease (PD) has a great implication on public health. It affects approximately 1% of the elderly and involves high expenses with its treatment. Currently the drug-based treatment is based in the combination of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) with dopamine receptors agonists. The principal disadvantage of the medical therapy is the development of refractoriness and disabling side-effects, i.e. dyskinesia and on-off phenomenon. Surgical modalities were, therefore, developed, e.g. ablative techniques (thalamotomy, pallidotomy), deep brain stimulation and embryonic dopaminergic cell transplantation. Currently, deep brain stimulation is the gold standard in the treatment of cases refractory to medication. It is proposed that the STN (subthalamic nucleus) modulation restores the equilibrium in the basal ganglia circuitry and reduces the excitotoxic glutamatergic input to the striatum. Deep brain stimulation is a symptomatic therapy, which promotes a transitory improvement of the dopamine-responsive motor symptoms. On the other hand, cell transplantation is a tissue restorative approach and represents a promising strategy in the treatment of PD, since it is a possible curative treatment. A limiting factor to the routine use of neuronal grafts is the poor dopaminergic cell survival. This study investigates the impact of a STN and/or ZI (Zona Incerta) lesion, both performed prior to ventral mesencephalic embryonic cell transplantation in the dopaminergic cell survival and motor functional outcome. For this purpose, unilateral PD was induced by unilateral injection of 6-OHDA (6-hydroxydopamine) into the medial forebrain bundle of rats, which were assigned into three groups. The first group underwent ipsilateral embryonic cell grafting into the striatum. The other two groups received quinolinic acid injection into the STN and/or ZI eleven weeks prior to transplantation, causing a partial lesion of these structures. A forth group (naive control group), in which no surgical intervention was performed, was used to compare the effects of the surgical procedures with intact animals. After each surgical intervention, behavioural tests were performed to isolate the effect of each procedure. It was observed that in the group that received a partial STN lesion combined with the graft, cell survival was boosted in 106% compared to the group that received solely the transplantation. The group in which a partial ZI lesion was performed the cell survival was enhanced in 147% compared to the group with transplantation as single intervention. Moreover, in the behavioural tests after transplantation, the results of apomorphine-induced rotation and spontaneous behavior tests were ameliorated on the STN-lesioned group to a greater extent than on the grafted only group. These data suggest that the STN and/or ZI partial lesion could reduce the excitotoxicity and therefore optimize the striatal neurochemical environment and promote an improvement in cell survival. Despite exhibiting similar cell counting compared to the group that received partial STN lesion, the rats in which only the ZI was lesioned, did not show significant greater improvement in the behavioural tests following transplantation compared to the grafted-only group. This data suggest the existence of other mechanisms involved in motor functional recovery. The combination of STN suppression and cell therapy revealed to be a feasible technique with synergic effect. More studies are required in order to investigate the clinical application of the combined approach including the role of other methods of STN modulation (e.g. deep brain stimulation) coupled to cell transplantation as an innovative approach in the treatment of refractory PD.

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Sundstedt, Stina. "Swallowing function in patients with Parkinson’s disease and Deep Brain Stimulation." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Öron- näs- och halssjukdomar, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-127116.

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Background Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases in Europe. Besides motor dysfunction, PD is characterized by several non-motor and secondary motor features, such as weight change, sialorrhea, constipation and swallowing problems. Of these, swallowing is one of the most critical, as it is associated with aspiration pneumonia and consequently is the comorbidity with the highest mortality rate. Swallowing problems affect four of every five patients with PD, and even mild swallowing problems have notable psychosocial effects for patients and their caregivers. Consequently, it is essential to find treatment strategies for PD that may alleviate symptoms for patients with swallowing problems and their potential consequences. Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is a surgical treatment option for PD, which improves overall motor function and quality of life, but its effect on swallowing function is not clear. The purpose of this thesis was to contribute to the understanding of the effect of deep brain stimulation in the subthalamic nucleus (STN DBS) and the caudal zona incerta (cZI DBS) on pharyngeal swallowing function and on swallow-specific quality of life in patients with PD. The specific aims were to assess longitudinally the effect of STN DBS and cZI DBS on swallowing at 6 and 12 months postoperatively, in order to identify possible effects of the DBS on swallowing function. In addition, the effects of cZI DBS on ratings of swallowing-related non-motor and secondary motor features such as body weight changes, sialorrhea and speech problems were to be assessed. Methods Eleven PD patients with STN DBS (Paper I) and seventeen patients with cZI DBS (Paper II-IV) were included in this thesis. All patients were evaluated preoperatively and 6 and 12 months postoperatively. The effect of STN DBS and cZI DBS on swallowing was assessed with Fibreoptic-Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES) according to a predefined protocol including Penetration-Aspiration scale, Secretion Severity scale, preswallow spillage, pharyngeal residue, and pharyngeal clearance. Self-assessments were addressed using a visual analogue scale. The cZI DBS patients also completed the Swallowing Quality of Life (SWAL-QOL) questionnaire. Weight changes measured by Body Mass Index, and specific items from the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale were also examined. Nine controls without PD were included in Paper IV, by answering the SWAL-QOL questionnaire. Results No clear effect of DBS on swallowing function or swallow-specific quality of life could be observed. There was no effect of DBS on the occurrence of aspiration, secretion, pharyngeal residue or clearance in the study groups with STN DBS or cZI DBS. Patients with STN DBS reported a subjective improvement in swallowing function with DBS stimulation turned on at 6 and 12 months after surgery. In patients with cZI DBS, the median body mass index was postoperatively increased with 1.1kg/m2 and the median increase in weight were +3.0 kg after 12 months with cZI DBS. The scores from the SWAL-QOL questionnaire were high overall in the group with cZI DBS, and the scores were unaffected by the cZI DBS surgery and stimulation. The SWAL-QOL total score was not significantly different between the PD patients and the controls, but the scores from the ‘burden’ and the ‘symptom’ subscales were worse in PD patients. Conclusions STN DBS or cZI DBS did not have a negative effect on swallowing function or ratings of swallow-specific ‘quality of life’ aspects in this cohort. Patients with STN DBS reported a self-perceived improvement in swallowing function when DBS was turned on. With regard to swallowing, patients with cZI DBS had an overall good quality of life throughout the conduct of the study and their swallow-specific quality of life was not negatively affected by cZI DBS. There seems to be no increased risk for aspiration or penetration due to surgery or stimulation for either the STN DBS or the cZI DBS groups. cZI DBS caused weight gain postoperatively. Since the sample sizes in these cohorts are small, the findings need to be confirmed in larger studies.

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Wikström, Matilda, and Julia Andersson. "Precision och stabilitet vid klusilexplosionen hos patienter med Parkinsons sjukdom : En jämförelse mellan effekten av Deep Brain Stimulation i kaudala zona incerta (cZi) respektive nucleus subthalamicus (STN)." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Logopedi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-64015.

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Bakgrund: Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) i nucleus subthalamicus (STN) och i kaudala zona incerta (cZi) har visat positiva effekter på motoriska symtom (rörelseförmåga och balans) vid Parkinsons sjukdom. Efter DBS har dock negativa taleffekter noterats, inklusive nedsatt artikulatorisk precision och stabilitet. Nedsatt artikulatorisk precisionoch stabilitet påverkar klusilproduktionen mest vilket kan resultera i att klusilexplosionen uteblir eller att multipla explosioner uppstår. Mål: Att undersöka artikulatorisk precision och stabilitet vid klusilexplosionen efter DBS i STN respektive cZi. Metod: I studien deltog 19 patienter varav 9 deltagare stimulerats i STN och 10 deltagare i cZi. Talinspelningar gjordes innan operation och ett år efter operation med DBSstimulering på och av. Klusilerna i talmaterialet delades in i tre kategorier, de med en klusilexplosion, de med två eller flera klusilexplosioner samt de utan klusilexplosion. Hypotesprövning gjordes gällande fördelningen av klusiler med multipla explosioner samt klusiler utan explosion mellan och inom patientgrupperna samt inom respektive klusil. Resultat: Multipla explosioner ökade hos cZi-patienterna och minskade hos STNpatienterna. Klusiler som saknade explosion ökade hos STN-patienterna medan de minskade hos cZi-patienterna. För båda patientgrupperna ökade multipla explosioner och klusiler utan explosion då stimuleringen var på jämfört med av. Skillnaderna mellan och inom grupperna var inte signifikanta. Slutsats: Artikulatorisk precision och stabilitet påverkades efter DBS i form av bristande stabilitet, för kort slutningsrörelse och felaktig koordination av slutningsrörelsen. Detta resulterade i multipla explosioner och uteblivna explosioner med olika effekter för elektrodlokalisationerna.
Background: Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) in Subthalamicus Nucleus (STN) and Caudala zona incerta (cZi) have shown positive effects on motor symptoms in Parkinson‘s disease. Negative effects on speech after DBS has been noted including reduced articulatory precision. Reduced articulatory precision and stability affects the production of stop consonants and as a result, loss of burst or multiple burst can occur. Aim: To investigate articulatory precision and stability regarding the burst in stop consonants after DBS of STN or cZi. Method: The study included 19 patients with 9 patients stimulated in STN and 10 patientsin cZi. Speech recordings were made before surgery and one year after with stimulation ON and OFF. The stop consonants were divided into three categories, those with one burst, those with two or more bursts (multiple burst) and those with loss of burst. Hypothesis testing was done on the categorization of the stop consonants in and between the groups and between the stop consonants types. Results: Multiple burst increased in the cZi group and decreased in the STN group. Stop consonants with loss of burst increased in the STN group but decreased in the cZi group. For both groups multiple burst and stop consonants with loss of burst increased with stimulation on. The differences between and within the groups were not significant. Conclusion: Articulatory precision and stability were affected by DBS with decreased stability, shortened occlusion and incorrect coordination. As a result multiple burst and loss of burst occurred in both groups.
Speech, voice and swallowing outcomes after deep brain stimulation of the zona incerta and the pedunculopontine nucleus in Parkinson’s disease: Comparsion with stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus

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Fytagoridis, Anders. "Deep brain stimulation of the posterior subthalamic area in the treatment of movement disorders." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Neurokirurgi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-51785.

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Background: The posterior subthalamic area (PSA) is essentially composed of the caudal Zona incerta and the prelemniscal radiation. Subthalamotomy in the PSA was renowned for its effectiveness in alleviating movement disorders and particularly tremor. The modern literature on DBS of this area is limited, but promising results have been presented for Parkinson’s disease (PD), essential tremor (ET) and other movement disorders. Aim: To evaluate the safety of PSA DBS with emphasis on the panorama of side effects, the distribution of stimulation-induced side effects and the effects of PSA DBS on verbal fluency. To evaluate the therapeutic effect of PSA DBS on less common forms of tremor, tremor-dominant PD, and concerning the long-term results in ET. Method: 40 patients were evaluated regarding side effects of the procedure. 28 patients with ET were analyzed for stimulation-induced side effects in a standardized manner. The locations of the contacts that caused stimulation-induced side effects were plotted on atlas slides. A 3-D model of the area was created based on these slides. Verbal fluency was analyzed in 17 patients with ET before surgery, after 3 days and finally after 1 year. Five patients with less common forms of tremor and 18 with ET were evaluated according to the ETRS at baseline and one year or 3-5 years after surgery, respectively. 14 patients with mainly unilateral tremor-dominant PD were evaluated a mean of 18 months after surgery according to the motor part of UPDRS. Results: PSA DBS was associated with few serious side-effects, but a transient and mild postoperative dysphasia was found in 22.5% of the patients. There was a slight transient decline in the performance on verbal fluency tests immediately after surgery. Visualization of the contacts causing stimulation-induced side effects showed that identical responses can be elicited from various points in the PSA and its vicinity. The effect on the less common forms of tremor was excellent except for neuropathic tremor where the effect was moderate. A pronounced and sustained microlesional effect was seen for some of the patients. After a mean of 4 years with unilateral PSA DBS the total ETRS score was improved by 52.4%, tremor by 91.8% and hand function by 78.0% in the patients with ET. There was no increase in the stimulation strength over time. In PD, the scores improved 47.7% for contralateral UPDRS III. Contralateral tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia improved by 82.2%, 34.3%, and 26.7%, respectively. Conclusions: PSA DBS generally seem to be a safe procedure, but it may be associated with transient declines of verbal fluency. There was no clear somatotopic pattern with regard to stimulation-induced side effects in the PSA. PSA DBS can alleviate tremor regardless of the etiology. The long-term effects in ET were favorable when compared to our previous results of Vim DBS. The effect on Parkinsonian tremor was satisfying, however, the reductions of rigidity and bradykinesia were less compared to previous studies of PSA DBS for PD.

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Périer, Céline. "Conséquences de la dénervation dopaminergique chez la rat lésé à la 6-OHDA sur les structures situées en aval des lésions : analyse du noyau subthalamique et de la zona incerta." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066292.

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Svensson, Malin, and Pauline Jolly. "Självskattad funktion av röst och tal hos patienter med essentiell tremor efter behandling med Deep Brain Stimulation : En jämförelse mellan patienter stimulerade i caudala zona incerta och en frisk kontrollgrupp." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Logopedi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-98035.

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Sammanfattning Bakgrund: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) i nucleus ventralis intermedius i thalamus (VIM) eller caudala zona incerta (cZi) ger goda effekter på tremorsymptomen för patienter med essentiell tremor. Patienterna som behandlats med DBS kan få bieffekter som i vissa fall leder till talpåverkan, så kallad stimuleringsinducerad dysartri. Huruvida det finns risk för bieffekter som drabbar röstens funktion hos patienter med essentiell tremor saknas studier kring men man vet att grundsjukdomen kan påverka rösten akustiskt samt att vissa patienter utvecklar rösttremor. Att drabbas av en bieffekt efter DBS kan ha en inverkan på hur patienten subjektivt upplever resultatet av behandlingen. Mål: Att undersöka om patienter med essentiell tremor som genomgått DBS subjektivt upplever någon form av röst- eller talbesvär jämfört med en frisk, ålders- och könsmatchad kontrollgrupp. Metod: I studien deltog sammanlagt 42 deltagare varav 21 tillhörde en patientgrupp med essentiell tremor som genomgått DBS i cZi och de övriga 21 tillhörde en frisk, ålders- och könsmatchad kontrollgrupp. Deltagarna i de båda grupperna fick fylla i två formulär, RHI som berör röstens funktion och SOFT som berör talets funktion. Deltagarna som tillhörde patientgruppen fick också svara på fem fördjupande frågor om deras subjektiva upplevelse. Den statistiska signifikanstestningen genomfördes med avseende på om det fanns en skillnad i självskattningen mellan de båda grupperna. Resultat: Resultaten i denna studie visade att patienterna med essentiell tremor s0m är behandlade med DBS skattar en signifikant större del subjektiva svårigheter av sin egen röst- och talfunktion jämfört med den friska kontrollgruppen. Slutsats: Resultaten visade att det på gruppnivå finns signifikant större andel upplevda svårigheter relaterade till tal- och röstfunktionen hos patienter med essentiell tremor behandlade med DBS jämfört med en frisk kontrollgrupp. Resultaten visar även en stor individuell variation av den subjektiva upplevelsen av tal och röstpåverkan vilket är viktig information att delge patienter som ska genomgå DBS. Ett preoperativt samtal med logoped för information om möjliga bieffekter vid DBS och hur detta kan påverka patienten subjektivt är nödvändigt. De patienter som subjektivt upplever besvär med talet eller rösten bör erbjudas kontakt med logoped.
Abstract Background: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of ventralis intermedius nucleus of thalamus (VIM) or caudala zona incerta (cZi) have been shown to be efficient in supressing tremor symptoms in patients with essential tremor. Patients who has been treated with DBS may acquire certain side effects of which in some cases results in an impact on the patients speech, known as stimulation- induced dysarthria. There is a lack of studies that investigate if there is a risk of side effects that is affecting voice functioning in patients with essential tremor. Previous studies have claimed that the disease itself may have an effect on the voice acoustics and that some patients develop voice tremor. The occurrence of a side effect caused by DBS may have an impact on the patients subjective experience of the treatment result. Aim: To investigate whether patients with essential tremor treated with DBS are subjectively experiencing any form of voice or speech disability compared to a healthy, age and sex matched control group. Method: The study included 42 participants all together whereof 21 was part of a patient group with essential tremor treated with DBS in cZi and the other 21 participants was part of a healthy, age and sex matched control group. The participants of both groups filled out two different forms, VHI (RHI) which affects voice function and SOFT which affects speech function. The participants in the patient group also answered five profound questions about their subjective experience. The test of statistical significance was performed with regard of if a difference was to be found in the self-ratings between the two groups. Results: The results of the study show that patients with essential tremor whom have been treated with DBS rates a significantly greater amount of subjective difficulties related to the voice and speech functioning compared to the healthy control group. Conclusion: The results show that the DBS-treated patients with essential tremor experience a significantly greater amount of subjective difficulties related to voice and speech functioning compared to a healthy control group. The results also show a great individual variety in the subjective experience of speech and voice function which is important information to notify patients who are due to undergo DBS-treatment. A preoperative meeting with a speech and language pathologist to be informed of possible side effects caused by the DBS and in what ways this can effect the patient subjectively is required. Patients who postoperatively experience a negative effect on speech or voice functioning should be offered contact with a speech and language pathologist.
Tal- och rösteffekter av djup hjärnstimulering hos patienter med ärftlig tremor

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Unger, Elin, and Sofia Wahlgren. "Artikulatorisk hastighet och precision i stavelseupprepning för patienter med Parkinsons sjukdom: : En postoperativ jämförelse mellan patienter som genomgått Deep Brain Stimulation i Caudal Zona Incerta (cZi) respektive Nucleus Subthalamicus (STN)." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Logopedi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-146254.

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Bakgrund: En förbättring av kroppslig motorik efter Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) har noterats hos Parkinsonpatienter efter Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) i Nucleus Subthalamicus (STN) och Caudal Zona Incerta (cZi). Postoperativa effekter för talmotorik och övrig kroppsmotorik skiljer sig dock ofta åt. Försämring av flera talaspekter har rapporterats, inklusive nedsatt artikulatorisk precision. Minskad artikulatorisk precision hos Parkinsonpatienter påverkar produktionen av tonlösa klusiler, såväl som talhastigheten. Detta kan mätas via akustisk analys av diadochokinetiska uppgifter (DDK) i form av stavelseupprepning, genom kontroll av andel stavelser med mätbar Voice Onset Time (VOT) samt antal stavelser per sekund. Mål: Att jämföra effekten av DBS-stimulering i STN respektive cZi vid stavelseupprepning genom andelen mätbara VOT-resultat samt antalet stavelser per sekund. Ett andra mål var att beskriva hur relationen mellan artikulatorisk hastighet och andel mätbara VOT-värden påverkas av stimulering för de båda lokalisationsgrupperna. Metod: Det fanns 7 patienter i varje lokalisationsgrupp. Talinspelningar skedde före operation, samt 12 månader efter operation med stimulatorn av respektive på. Andelen mätbara VOT-resultat för de tonlösa klusilerna mättes i varje uppgift, liksom antalet stavelser per sekund. Hypotesprövning genomfördes mellan grupperna såväl som mellan de båda postoperativa tillfällena (stimulator av respektive på). Regressionskoefficienten beräknades för förhållandet mellan andelen mätbara VOT-värden och talhastighet för respektive lokalisationsgrupp. Resultat: Andelen mätbara VOT-resultat minskade då stimulatorn var på för båda lokalisationsgrupperna. Minskningen var signifikant för STN men inte för cZi. Resultatet för cZi närmade sig dock signifikans. Antalet stavelser per sekund ökade för AMRuppgiften samt förblev oförändrat för SMR-uppgiften hos STN-gruppen med påslagen stimulator. För cZi sågs då en konstant nedåtgående trend. Regressionskoefficienten för förhållandet mellan andelen mätbara VOT-värden och antalet stavelser per sekund förändrades inte på ett enhetligt sätt när stimulatorn var av respektive på mellan de båda grupperna. Slutsats: Talet påverkas av DBS-stimulering genom en oprecis artikulation av tonlösa klusiler. Lokalisationsgrupperna STN och cZi uppvisade samma förändringsmönster för andelen mätbara VOT-värden, men skiljde sig åt vid antalet stavelser per sekund. Detta tycks vara en indikation på att operation i dessa lokalisationer har olika effekt på taltempo. Teorin om articulatory undershoot tycks kunna appliceras på båda grupperna, dock uppvisar cZi en samtidig hastighetsminskning gällande antal stavelser per sekund, där STN istället uppvisar en hastighetsökning vid stimulering. Nyckelord: Parkinsons sjukdom, DBS, STN, cZi, stavelseupprepning, andel mätbara VOTvärden, antal stavelser per sekund, artikulatorisk precision, artikulatorisk hastighet.

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Antonsson, Rebecka. "Behavioral effects of deep brain stimulation in the subthalamic nucleus in obsessive compulsive disorder." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-445301.

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Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is one of the most disabling psychiatric disorder. About 10% of patients with OCD do not respond to pharmacological treatment. However, deep brain stimulation (DBS) has advanced as an alternative treatment. In 2002, two patients who suffered from co-morbidity of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and OCD were treated with DBS for their PD, with DBS-electrodes placed in the subthalamic nucleus (STN). Surprisingly, not only PD symptoms but also OCD symptoms were improved. This was the first time that patients with OCD were treated with DBS in STN and it was found to markedly improve their symptoms. When performing DBS in patients with OCD, as well as for treating PD, several side-effectshave been observed. The side-effects can be both physical and psychological. In this project,the aim is to investigate the efficiency and side-effects of DBS in OCD, correlated with the position of the electrode in, or near, the STN. To address the aim, 10 published reports were analysed. It was found that all electrode positions reported resulted in great improvement of OCD symptoms. In fact, 88% of patients had significant improvement. There was no clear correlation between position of the electrode and number or type of side-effect. However, there was a trend that patients with the electrode placed in associative/limbic STN suffered from more side-effects. In conclusion, this project demonstrates that there might be a correlation between target for electrode stimulation and side-effects. It would be interesting analyse this closer, including additional electrode target areas, but also consider other possible explanations for the variety of side-effects caused by DBS for OCD.

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24

Chometton, Sandrine. "Organisation morphofonctionnelle de l'hypothalamus latéral postérieur chez le rongeur." Thesis, Besançon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BESA2016/document.

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L'hypothalamus latéral (LHA) est impliqué dans un grand nombre de fonctions dont les principales sont la régulation du métabolisme énergétique et des états de vigilance. L'objectif de ce travail est de caractériser les grandes divisions du LHA et d'analyser leur implication dans le cycle veille / sommeil et la prise alimentaire. Une comparaison de la distribution de différents marqueurs hypothalamiques révélés par immunohistochimie ou hybridation in situ a permis de mettre en évidence cinq domaines dans le LHA. L'implication de chacun des domaines dans des conditions expérimentales liées aux états d'éveil ou à la prise alimentaire a été définie à partir de l'expression d'un marqueur d'activation neuronale, la protéine c-Fos. LeLHA antérieur et le LHA tubéral, chacun divisé en deux domaines rostral et caudal, sont composés de neurones localisés de manière diffuse et sont impliqués dans les phénomènes d'activation générale du système nerveux central. Le LHA mamillaire est renommé LHA prémamillaire à partir de l'étude de la distribution des ARNm GAD et préprotachykinine, et est composé de différents noyaux caractérisés par l'expression de marqueurs spécifiques.Parmi eux, les noyaux parasousthalamique (PSTN) et calbindine (CbN) sont activés lors d'exposition à des goûts de valeur hédonique positive. Les analyses hodologiques ont montré que ce complexe nucléaire reçoit des projections CGRP du noyau parabrachial et projette dansle noyau central de l'amygdale. Il est également connecté avec le cortex insulaire. Ces différentes structures sont impliquées dans les circuits de la gustation et de la récompense. Le PSTN et le CbN sont donc intégrés dans différentes voies de régulation du comportement de prise alimentaire. Enfin, les données morpho fonctionnelles obtenues pour le LHA sont mises en relation avec des réseaux impliquant diverses structures cérébrales telles que le télencéphale basal, le thalamus ou le mésencéphale
The lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) is involved in many functions, but mainly in food intakeor sleep / wake cycle regulation. The aim of this study is to characterize the main regions inthe LHA and to analyze their involvement in the sleep / wake cycle and food intake. Acomparison of the distribution of different hypothalamic markers labeled byimmunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization highlights five domains in the LHA. Theimplication of each domain in different experimental conditions linked to arousal or foodintake is analyzed by studying the expression of the c-Fos protein as a neuronal activationmarker. Neurons in the anterior and tuberal LHA, both divided into rostral and caudaldomains, are distributed in a diffuse way and are activated under arousal conditions. Themammillary LHA, renamed the premammillary LHA on the basis of GAD andpreprotachykinin mRNA expression, is composed of several nuclei characterized by specificmarker expression. Among them, the parasubthalamic nucleus (PSTN) and the calbindinnucleus (CbN) are activated by ingestion of compounds with a positive taste. Theconnectional analysis showed that these two structures receive CGRP projections from theparabrachial nucleus and projects into the central nucleus of the amygdala. The PSTN / CbNcomplex is also connected with the insular cortex. These different structures are known to beinvolved in gustatory and reward circuitries; the PSTN and the CbN are thus integrated innetworks controlling the food intake behavior. Finally, the morphofunctional data obtainedfor the LHA demonstrate that this region is connected to other networks involving variouscerebral structures such as the basal telencephalon, the thalamus or the mesencephalon

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25

Correia, Gabriel Costa. "Novas narrativas para multiplataformas: um estudo sobre jogos de realidade alternada." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/5615.

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Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
The main goal of this dissertation is to introduce the alternate reality game as a new narrative for multiplatform. By new narratives are understood the forms of storytelling arising from the current development of digital technology; and for multiplatform the variety of means by which the contents of these stories can travel. For this main objective is reached, two main hypotheses are formulated: 1) ARGs are stories for multiple platforms using code-breaking with playful and narrative functions; and 2) they are developed from an intense transtextuality guided by pop mythology that flourished during the twentieth century. Based on this starting point, this thesis will examine two ARGs, Uncertain Zone and Why So Serious?, in a way that it contributes to the hypothesis that Alternate Reality Games are a native narrative form of convergence culture founded on an extensive base of pop culture references. In the chapter dedicated to Uncertain Zone will be listed the various media used during the performance of the ARG, that together with interviews with the developers and testimonials from participants will weave a more descriptive overview of how alternate reality games are composed as multiplatform narratives. In addition, a brief discussion on the playful and narrative functions of the code-breaking in ARGs will be outlined. With Why So Serious? the analysis will focus on the intense transtextuality that alternate reality games establish to what will be called pop mythology in this dissertation and in the relationship between ARGs and market. Incidentally issues related to participatory culture will be raised throughout the text, but without further reflection, since, worth reiterating, the main goal of this thesis is the demonstration of a contemporary narrative form from some elements previously submitted, this form is the alternate reality game.
O principal objetivo da presente dissertação é apresentar o ARG (Alternate Reality Game) como uma nova narrativa para multiplataformas. Por nova narrativa, entendemse as formas de contar histórias decorrentes do desenvolvimento atual da tecnologia digital; e por multiplataforma os variados meios através dos quais os conteúdos dessas histórias podem trafegar. Para que esse objetivo principal seja atingido, duas hipóteses principais serão formuladas: 1) os ARGs são narrativas para múltiplas plataformas que utilizam a quebra de código com função lúdica e narrativa; e 2) são desenvolvidos a partir de uma intensa transtextualidade pautada pela mitologia pop que floresceu durante o século XX. Partindo desse ponto de partida, esta dissertação analisará dois ARGs, Zona Incerta e Why So Serious?, de modo a apresentar as características que corroboram a hipótese de que os Jogos de Realidade Alternada são uma forma narrativa nativa da cultura de convergência fundamentada sobre uma extensa base de referências à cultura pop. No capítulo dedicado ao Zona Incerta serão elencadas as diversas mídias utilizadas durante a realização do ARG, que em conjunto com entrevistas com os realizadores e depoimentos de participantes tecerão um panorama mais descritivo de como os Jogos de Realidade Alternada se compõem enquanto narrativas multiplataformas. Além disso, uma breve discussão sobre o caráter lúdico e narrativo da quebra de código nos ARGs será esboçada. Já com Why So Serious? as análises irão se focar na intensa transtextualidade que os Jogos de Realidade Alternada estabelecem com aquilo que nesta dissertação será chamada de mitologia pop e nas relações que os objetos mantêm com o mercado. Incidentalmente questões relacionadas à cultura participativa serão levantadas por todo o texto, porém sem um maior aprofundamento, uma vez que, vale reiterar, o objetivo principal desta dissertação será a demonstração de uma forma narrativa contemporânea a partir de alguns elementos previamente apresentados, essa forma são os Jogos de Realidade Alternada.

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López, Santiago Díaz. "Mapeamento da incerteza de realizações condicionais da simulação plurigaussiana truncada." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44137/tde-20072015-151148/.

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A simulação pluriGaussiana truncada é usada para simulação de dados categóricos, tais como fácies em um contexto geológico. Esse método é uma extensão da Gaussiana truncada, mas que permite a simulação de feições geológicas complexas. Nessa dissertação, a simulação pluriGaussiana truncada foi baseada nas curvas de proporção obtidas da interpolação multiquádrica. Esse método foi testado com uma amostra composta por 24 sondagens obtidas de um modelo geológico sintético. As realizações da simulação pluriGuassiana truncada foram pós-processadas para obter o modelo médio, bem como as incertezas associadas. Os resultados mostraram que as incertezas estão associadas com os contatos litológicos.
The truncated pluriGaussian simulation is used for categorical data simulation, such as facies in a geological context. This method is an extension of the Gaussian truncated, but it allows simulation of complex geological features. In this dissertation, the method of truncated pluriGaussian simulation was based on proportion curves computed form multiquadric interpolation. This method was tested with a sample composed of 24 drill holes drawn from a synthetic geologic model. Realizations of truncated pluriGaussian simulation are post-processed to get the average model and associated uncertainty as well. Result showed that uncertainties are always associated with geological contacts.

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Sahuc, Jean-Guillaume. "Politique monétaire optimale en environnement incertain : le cas de la zone euro." Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004EVRY0017.

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L'objet de cette thèse est d'analyser l'optimalité de la politique monétaire de la zone euro. Pour cela, nous étudions les spécificités intrinsèques à la zone (hétérogénéité de ses membres, incertitude liée à la modélisation, etc. ) tant au niveau macroéconomique que microéconomique. D'une part, nous nous plaçons du côté des autorités monétaires en cherchant à modéliser les effets que leurs choix de politique ont sur le bien-être social ainsi que sur leur propre comportement. D'autre part, nous élaborons et évaluons des modèles d'équilibre général intertemporels stochastiques pour la zone euro fondés sur des agents optimisateurs rationnels
The object of this thesis is to analyse the optimality of monetary policy in the euro area. For this purpose, we study the intrinsic specificities of the area that generate uncertainty (heterogeneity across members, model uncertainty, etc. ). First, we seek to model the effects of monetary authorities decisions on their own behaviour and on the global welfare. Second, we elaborate and evaluate some dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models for the euro area that are based on rational agents

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Suspiro, Manuel de Lima. "Expetativa e incerteza de projetos de reabilitação arquitetónica em zonas prime." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/19893.

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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Arquitetura, com a especialização em Arquitetura apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre.
Numa primeira fase do trabalho procura-se perceber como se deu o crescimento da cidade de Lisboa, identificando as várias fases de desenvolvimento e fazendo destaque em algumas que se revelaram mais importantes por se relacionarem com a proposta que se pretende apresentar. Como objeto de estudo foi escolhido um conjunto de edifícios e o vazio adjacente, situado num dos principais eixos da cidade Lisboa, numa zona-prime e no atual centro funcional. A Avenida Fontes Pereira de Melo. O conjunto surgiu durante o plano das Avenidas Novas no século XIX, mas o seu abandono durante várias décadas gerou uma expectativa e uma incerteza em torno de uma possível intervenção. O desafio de ter de lidar com as incertezas e expectativas acerca deste conjunto, suscitou a criação de uma proposta arquitetónica que procura encontrar uma solução inovadora para esta zona da cidade. Pretende-se intervir não só no vazio interior, mas também nos edifícios devolutos pré existentes, preservando a sua identidade e explorando novas relações entre o antigo e o contemporâneo, dando-lhe um novo uso que se adapte às necessidades atuais da população. A intenção é requalificar e dinamizar o lugar tornando-o mais contemporâneo, através de conceitos que ajudem a atrair as pessoas a viver o centro da cidade. Para este efeito a ideia de criar um co-working hub foi pensada como a melhor forma de promover um sentido comunitário e de partilha favorecendo a inovação e a criatividade. O conjunto de edifícios devolutos será reconvertido e harmonizado com uma nova arquitetura contrastante, dando-lhes novos usos. Assim surgiu a ideia de propor um edifício híbrido que comportasse um programa multifuncional, incluindo não só novos espaços de trabalho, mas também outras funções criando intensidade e vitalidade para um local onde a esperança por um projeto realmente diferenciador é cada vez mais gritante.
ABSTRACT: The first phase of the work seeks to understand how the city of Lisbon was developed over time, identifying its various phases, and highlighting those proven to be more relevant as they relate to the proposal here presented. The object of this study is a set of buildings and the adjacent empty space, a prime location situated on one of the main axes of the city, and in the current functional centre - the Avenida Fontes Pereira de Melo. The ensemble arose as part of the plan for the Avenidas Novas in the 19th century, and its abandonment for several decades have been generating expectations but also uncertainties about the possibility of an intervention. The challenge of addressing both expectations and uncertainties have prompted this architectural proposal that seeks to find the most innovative solution for this part of the city. The proposed intervention will take place on the unoccupied pre-existing buildings and the vacant area, preserving the identity of the whole space, and yet exploring new relations between the old and the contemporary, to allow for new uses that respond to the current needs of the population. The objective is to rehabilitate and re-qualify the place making it more dynamic and contemporary, by applying the concepts that can attract people to actually live the centre of the city. For this, the idea of a co-working hub was thought as the best way to foster the sense of belonging and sharing, which should also favour innovation and creativity. The set of the abandoned buildings will be reconverted and harmonized with new contrasting and contemporary architecture giving way to the concept of a hybrid building, housing a multifunctional program, including not only new workplaces, but also other uses, creating intensity and vitality in a place screaming for a really innovative and bold project.
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Matsinhe, Leví Salomão. "Moçambique : uma longa caminhada para um futuro incerto?" reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/29398.

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A trajetória de Moçambique desde a independência, ocorrida em 1975, até 2009 foi marcada pela transição de uma economia centralmente planificada (socialista) para uma economia de mercado (capitalista). A transição para o capitalismo abriu espaço para financiamentos de Ajuda Externa ao Desenvolvimento das Instituições de Bretton Woods (Banco Mundial – BM e Fundo Monetário Internacional – FMI) e Investimentos Estrangeiros Diretos em forma de mega-projetos das corporações multinacionais em Zonas Francas Industriais e Zonas Econômicas Especiais. Entretanto, a aliança da elite nacional como o capital estrangeiro favoreceu a corrupção, a transferência de lucros das multinacionais para os países de origem, fazendo com que a Ajuda Externa ao Desenvolvimento e os Investimentos Estrangeiros Diretos não produzissem desenvolvimento econômico e bem-estar social, com se pretendia que fosse. Este estudo identificou o Ajustamento Estrutural, a Ajuda Externa ao Desenvolvimento, a corrupção e as Zonas Francas Industriais como os principais vilões da situação de pobreza em que Moçambique se encontra e concluiu que Moçambique nunca irá reduzir a pobreza de forma significativa, contando apenas com ajuda externa, mega-projetos, investimentos estrangeiros e ZFI. O que se pensava que seria o remédio para a saída do marasmo do subdesenvolvimento de Moçambique, (portanto, a ajuda, mega-projetos e ZFI) tornou-se um obstáculo ao desenvolvimento do país.
The trantion from socialism to capitalism characterized the Mozambican trajectory after its independence, held in 1975. This transition gave place to external aid by Bretton Woods (World Bank and International Monetary Fund) and direct investments from multinational corporations mega-projects in special economic free zones. The alliance between the national elite with foreign capital brought corruption, transference of profits from the multinational corporations in Mozambique to its countries of origin. Because of this, the external aid and foreign investments did not develop the Mozambican economy and also did not bring the social well being to the people in Mozambique. This research, identified the structural adjustment, external aid, corruption and special economic free zones as the factories of poverty in Mozambique, and concluded that Mozambique will never reduce poverty looking to external aid, mega-projects, direct foreign investments and special economic free zones. What where thought it was an elixir (mega-projects, external aid, foreign direct investments and special economic free zones) became an obstacle to development.

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Oliveira, Luís Henrique de. "Nas malhas da incerteza: comportamento e estratégias camponesas na freguesia de Guarapiranga (1750-1820)." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2006. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/5479.

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O propósito principal deste trabalho é analisar a presença camponesa na freguesia de Guarapiranga, que se insere na Zona da Mata mineira, região propícia às atividades agropecuárias. Esta pesquisa encobrirá o período de 1750-1820, momento de rearticulação da economia mineira em função de uma importante mudança de eixo econômico. Porém, não perderemos por base a análise de outros segmentos sociais e das características locais, o que caracteriza este estudo, como um importante elemento para a compreensão da sociedade e da economia do período colonial. Também faz parte desta investigação, uma análise qualitativa deste universo camponês, em que buscaremos identificar suas características socioculturais e não somente econômicas. Procuramos também reconstituir a trajetória de algumas famílias camponesas, para que assim possamos compreender seu comportamento e as características de suas relações sociais.
The main purpose of this work is to analyze the peasants presence in the clientele of Guarapiranga that inserts in the mineira’s zone of the woods, favorable area to the agricultural activities. This research will embrace the period of 1750-1820, moment of rearticulation in the mineira economy in function of an important change of economical axis. However, we won't lose by base the analysis of other social segments and the local characteristics, what characterizes this study, as an important element for the comprehension of the society and of the economy of the colonial period. It’s also part of this investigation, a qualitative analysis of this universe peasants, in that we will seek for to identify your sociocultural characteristics and not only economical. We also tried to reconstitute the trajectory of some families peasants, so that we can comprehend your behavior and the characteristics of your social relationships.

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Bonfim, Primo Rilton Gonçalo. "Economia e eco-eficiência de sistemas de aquecimento de água para conjuntos verticais na zona intertropical: revisão da literatura de experimentos e estimações para o nordeste do Brasil." Escola Politécnica, 2018. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/26160.

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Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Reis (vanessa.jamile@ufba.br) on 2018-06-11T11:11:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 4 APÊNDICE A - I - Programação em R.pdf: 282009 bytes, checksum: ae4a82c7f093fefa045024d7da14078b (MD5) Apêndice A - II - Histogramas de Entradas e Saídas em R.pdf: 1525175 bytes, checksum: d92c4a945b19eb9293f2c98d36d51fd2 (MD5) Apêndice B - SMC no Oracle Crystal Ball (FINAL).xlsx: 6598192 bytes, checksum: edfa02df4b065b5e9360996dbe904d33 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO - Rilton Primo VERSÃO FINAL.pdf: 5375036 bytes, checksum: e6a88944ce4df913a7aaad8381c684a3 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-11T11:11:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4 APÊNDICE A - I - Programação em R.pdf: 282009 bytes, checksum: ae4a82c7f093fefa045024d7da14078b (MD5) Apêndice A - II - Histogramas de Entradas e Saídas em R.pdf: 1525175 bytes, checksum: d92c4a945b19eb9293f2c98d36d51fd2 (MD5) Apêndice B - SMC no Oracle Crystal Ball (FINAL).xlsx: 6598192 bytes, checksum: edfa02df4b065b5e9360996dbe904d33 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO - Rilton Primo VERSÃO FINAL.pdf: 5375036 bytes, checksum: e6a88944ce4df913a7aaad8381c684a3 (MD5)
As tecnologias de aquecimento de água capazes de substituir o chuveiro elétrico (ChE), com ganhos de eficiência física e econômica, constituem soluções recomendadas por organismos mundiais. São rotas procuradas por economias como a Austrália, os EUA, a China e o Brasil, particularmente as que usam a energia solar em regime de termossifão e híbridas. A presente pesquisa voltou-se à revisão da literatura relativa aos experimentos de eficiência hídrica e energética de seis sistemas de aquecimento de água, com estimações para conjuntos verticais na zona intertropical. A literatura é voltada, fundamentalmente, às viabilidades térmica, econômica e de materiais dos sistemas, mas incipiente quanto às ecoeficiências. A revisão objetivou identificar as principais tendências e envolveu 107 artigos, livros e capítulos de livros, 28 dissertações, 06 teses, 04 normas e um relatório federal, pelo Portal de Periódicos da Capes, desde 2000. Cinco tendências foram identificadas: 1) comercial, voltada à construção civil, hotéis e resorts; 2) residencial, voltada a sistemas prediais; 3) social, voltada a condomínios de interesse social, vilarejos populares e rurais; 4) econômica, centrada nas restrições orçamentárias; 5) computacional, voltada a otimização, softwares, controle e incertezas. Foi desenvolvida metodologia de cálculo dos custos contábeis e de oportunidade dos sistemas, eficiências hídrica e energética, quando inseridos no macrossistema ecológico, considerando as emissões de CO2 equivalente face à configuração da matriz energética local, em quatro cenários: com e sem desperdício hídrico, com e sem efeito estufa. Um Índice de Economicidade-Ecoeficiência (EEI) foi criado para hierarquizar os sistemas. Em ordem decrescente, em cenário sem desperdícios hídricos e considerando o efeito estufa, na Bahia: 1º) Sistemas de Aquecimento Solares (SAS) de baixo custo com placa de Policloreto de Vinilo e de Polipropileno, EEI  50%, distinguindo-se o de PVC por ter uma maior eficiência energética e provocar menor efeito estufa; 2º) SAS Convencionais, EEI  36%; 3º) Bomba de Calor, EEI  24%; 4º) Bomba de Calor flex, EEI  15%. Ampliando o alcance das inferências, as variáveis de entrada receberam tratamentos probabilísticos e avaliação de incertezas, propagadas aos custos totais acumulados, unitários e EEI. Pelo princípio da entropia máxima, distribuições distintas dos inputs geraram outputs estocásticos com 1e+6 Simulaçoes de Monte Carlo (SMC), com recurso à programação em R e com o software Oracle® Crystal Ball, cujas médias e medianas mostraram-se iguais ou menores que os resultados determinísticos, dada a probabilidade de serem menores ou iguais o número de pessoas, banhos/dia, comprimento da tubulação. A hierarquia foi a mesma. O ChE obteve EEI nulo, tendo a menor eficiência energética. A aquisição e a manutenção do ChE são baratas, mas ele opera de forma mais custosa pelo uso da eletricidade e, por isto mesmo, é mais deletério ambientalmente. Os SAS mostraram-se mais adequados no Nordeste do Brasil, com baixo consumo de energia auxiliar, minimizando emissões de CO2 a montante. O potencial ecológico e macroeconômico dos SAS de baixo custo é singular em toda região intertropical. A bomba de calor é eficaz e requer escala para ser acessível.
The water heating technologies capable of replacing the electric shower (ChE), with gains of physical and economic efficiency, are solutions recommended by organisms worldwide. These are routes sought by economies such as Australia, the US, China and Brazil, particularly those using thermosyphon and hybrid solar power. The present research turned to the review of the literature on the experiments of water and energy efficiency of six water heating systems, with estimates for vertical sets in the intertropical zone. The literature is focused, fundamentally, on the thermal, economic and material viability of the systems, but incipient regarding ecoefficiencies. The review aimed to identify the main trends and involved 107 articles, books and book chapters, 28 dissertations, 06 theses, 04 standards and a federal report, from the Portal of Journals of Capes since 2000. Five trends were identified: 1) commercial, focused on construction, hotels and resorts; 2) residential, oriented to building systems; 3) social, aimed at condominiums of social interest, popular and rural villages; 4) economic, centered on budgetary constraints; 5) computational, focused on optimization, software, control and uncertainties. A methodology was developed to calculate the accounting and opportunity costs of the systems, water and energy efficiencies, when inserted in the ecological macrosystem, considering CO2 emissions equivalent to the local energy matrix configuration, in four scenarios: with and without water waste, with and without greenhouse effect. An Economics-Eco-Efficiency Index (EIS) was created to hierarchize systems. In descending order, in a scenario without water waste and considering the greenhouse effect, in Bahia: 1º) Low-cost solar heating systems (SAS) with polyvinyl chloride and polypropylene board, EEI  50%, distinguishing itself from PVC for having a greater energy efficiency and to cause less greenhouse effect; 2nd) Conventional SAS, EEI  36%; 3º) Heat Pump, EEI  24%; 4) Flex Heat Pump, EEI  15%. Extending the scope of the inferences, the input variables received probabilistic treatments and uncertainty evaluation, propagated to the total accumulated costs, unit and IEE. By the principle of maximum entropy, different distributions of the inputs generated stochastic outputs with 1e + 6 Monte Carlo Simulations (SMC), using R programming and Oracle® Crystal Ball software, whose averages and medians were equal or smaller that the deterministic results or equal, given the probability of being smaller the number of people, baths / day, pipe length. The hierarchy has not changed. ChE obtained zero EEI, having the lowest energy efficiency. Acquisition and maintenance of ChE are cheap, but it operates more cost-effectively through the use of electricity and, for this reason, is more deleterious in the environment. The SAS were more adequate in the Northeast of Brazil, with low auxiliary energy consumption, minimizing upstream CO2 emissions. The ecological and macroeconomic potential of low-cost SAS is unique in every intertropical region. The heat pump is effective and requires scale to be accessible.

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Wang, Ying, and 王楹. "Zona Incerta modulation of posterior medial nucleus processing of nociceptive information in the rat." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18136874997503471340.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
動物學研究所
97
The posterior medial nucleus (POm) is tonically inhibited by Zona Incerta (ZI), so that robust vibrissae evoked responses are revealed after ZI inactivation. The present study was to examine the capability of the POm neurons in processing nociceptive information after removal of ZI inhibition. Incerto-POm terminal zones were delineated by anterograde tracing of Biotinylated Dextran Amine. For electrophysiological studies, unilateral ZI lesion was made by micro-injection of kainic acid into the facial region of ZI. Seven days after lesion, single-unit recordings were made with a 16-channel Michigan probe. Responses to noxious mechanical and thermal stimuli were compared among 42 POm neurons in ZI lesioned sides versus 81 neurons in non-lesioned side and na

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Liao, Yi-Fang, and 廖儀芳. "Role of zona incerta in absence seizure and facial tremor of the rat with spontaneous spike-wave discharge." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59458221397104654345.

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Abstract:

碩士
慈濟大學
醫學研究所
93
Generalized absence seizures, which are characterized in electroencephalogram by widespread bilaterally synchronous 3 Hz spike-wave discharge (SWD), occur immobile and are accompanied by facial/whisker twitching (WT). Zona incerta (ZI) has a wide projection to several brain sites and is associated with motor and seizure activity. However, the role of ZI in the generation of SWD and WT remains largely unknown. Several microwire sets were chronically implanted into the bilateral barrel cortices, right-side ZI, and bilateral mystacial pads to record and stimulate the ZI activity during SWD. During SWDs, ZI displayed rhythmical activity that time-locked to SWD spikes in all episodes. The durations of ZI rhythmic activity and WT primarily appeared at the initial phase of SWDs with different considerable proportions. Oscillation frequency and spike magnitude of SWDs increased as the ZI or whisker displayed rhythmic activity. Oscillation frequency of SWDs was significantly decreased after lidocaine injection into the mystacial pad, and other aspects of previous observations before and after lidocaine injection were similar. Moreover, obvious evoked responses elicited by ZI microstimulation revealed in the ipsilateral cortex and contralateral vibrissa and neck muscle. In particular, high-frequency (800 Hz) stimulation of ZI significantly ceased SWD and WT, and middle-frequency (200 Hz) stimulation of ZI optionally stopped WT rather than SWD. Lesion of ZI and its neighboring area led to significant reduction of 7-12 powers of activities of the ipsilateral cortex and contralateral vibrissa muscle. Based on these results, ZI may play an important role in the control of SWD and WT.

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Stärker, Katrin. "Anatomische Zuordnung tiefer Hirnstrukturen auf hochauflösenden MRT-Aufnahmen fixierter Gehirnproben." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0023-3EBF-3.

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Lopes, Maria Estela Trabulo São Miguel. "A convenção de arbitragem de litígios pré-contratuais : as zonas de incerteza de uma convenção atípica." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/28005.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Zona incerta'

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