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Journal articles on the topic 'Zonal models'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Gagneau, S., and F. Allard. "About the construction of autonomous zonal models." Energy and Buildings 33, no. 3 (February 2001): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7788(00)00088-8.

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2

Moeltner, Klaus. "Addressing aggregation bias in zonal recreation models." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 45, no. 1 (January 2003): 128–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0095-0696(02)00014-1.

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3

Stransky, M. "ITG sideband coupling models for zonal flows." Physics of Plasmas 18, no. 5 (May 2011): 052302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3586796.

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4

Frolenko, V. N. "Models of optimal synthesis of zonal aerospace snapshots." Kosmìčna nauka ì tehnologìâ 5, no. 2-3 (March 30, 1999): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/knit1999.02.013.

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5

Matai, R., and P. A. Durbin. "Zonal Eddy Viscosity Models Based on Machine Learning." Flow, Turbulence and Combustion 103, no. 1 (February 9, 2019): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10494-019-00011-5.

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6

Goyal, M., and U. Verma. "Zonal trend-agrometeorological models for wheat yield estimation in Haryana." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 1485–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i3.988.

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An attempt has been made to assess the impact of weather variables for district-level wheat yield estimation in Haryana. Fortnightly weather data and trend based yield were used for developing the zonal trendagrometeorological (agromet) models within the framework of multiple linear regression and discriminant function analyses. The district level wheat yield forecasts, percent deviations from the real time wheat yield (s) and root mean square error(s) at zonal level show a preference of using discriminant/weather scores as regressors in almost all the considered districts of the state. Zonal trend-agromet models provided considerable improvement in district-level wheat yield prediction moreover the yield estimates may be obtained 4-5 weeks in advance of the harvest time. The estimated yield(s) from the selected zonal models showed good agreement with State Department of Agriculture (DOA) wheat yields by showing less than 5 percent deviations in 9 districts and 6-11 percent deviations in the remaining 9 districts under consideration.
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7

Liu, Y., and P. G. Tucker. "Contrasting zonal LES and non-linear zonal URANS models when predicting a complex electronics system flow." International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 71, no. 1 (2007): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1922.

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8

Kim, Eun-jin. "Turbulence regulation by stochastic zonal flows in dynamical models." Physics of Plasmas 12, no. 9 (September 2005): 090902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2034287.

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9

Fejer, Bela G., and Ludger Scherliess. "Empirical models of storm time equatorial zonal electric fields." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 102, A11 (November 1, 1997): 24047–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97ja02164.

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10

Chmielewski, Maciej, and Marian Gieras. "Three-zonal Wall Function for k-ε Turbulence Models." Computational Methods in Science and Technology 19, no. 2 (May 29, 2013): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.12921/cmst.2013.19.02.107-114.

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11

Martin, David. "An assessment of surface and zonal models of population." International journal of geographical information systems 10, no. 8 (December 1996): 973–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02693799608902120.

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12

Teshome, E. J., and F. F. Haghighat. "Zonal Models for Indoor Air Flow - A Critical Review." International Journal of Ventilation 3, no. 2 (September 2004): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14733315.2004.11683908.

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13

Evonuk, Martha, and Gary A. Glatzmaier. "Modeling convection and zonal winds in giant planets." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 2, S239 (August 2006): 177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921307000397.

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AbstractThree basic modeling approaches have been used to numerically simulate fluid turbulence and the banded zonal winds in the interiors and atmospheres of giant planets: shallow-water models, deep-shell Boussinesq models and deep-shell anelastic models. We review these models and discuss the approximations and assumptions upon which they are based. All three can produce banded zonal wind patterns at the surface. However, shallow-water models produce a retrograde (i.e., westward) zonal jet in the equatorial region, whereas strong prograde (i.e., eastward) equatorial jets exist on Jupiter and Saturn. Deep-shell Boussinesq models maintain prograde equatorial jets by the classic method of vortex stretching of convective columnar flows; however, they neglect the effects of the large density stratification in these giant planets. Deep-shell anelastic models account for density stratification and maintain prograde equatorial jets by generating vorticity as rising fluid expands and sinking fluid contracts, without the constraint of long thin convective columns.
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14

Zhang, Tao, and De-Zheng Sun. "ENSO Asymmetry in CMIP5 Models." Journal of Climate 27, no. 11 (May 29, 2014): 4070–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00454.1.

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Abstract The El Niño–La Niña asymmetry is evaluated in 14 coupled models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). The results show that an underestimate of ENSO asymmetry, a common problem noted in CMIP3 models, remains a common problem in CMIP5 coupled models. The weaker ENSO asymmetry in the models primarily results from a weaker SST warm anomaly over the eastern Pacific and a westward shift of the center of the anomaly. In contrast, SST anomalies for the La Niña phase are close to observations. Corresponding Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) runs are analyzed to understand the causes of the underestimate of ENSO asymmetry in coupled models. The analysis reveals that during the warm phase, precipitation anomalies are weaker over the eastern Pacific, and westerly wind anomalies are confined more to the west in most models. The time-mean zonal winds are stronger over the equatorial central and eastern Pacific for most models. Wind-forced ocean GCM experiments suggest that the stronger time-mean zonal winds and weaker asymmetry in the interannual anomalies of the zonal winds in AMIP models can both be a contributing factor to a weaker ENSO asymmetry in the corresponding coupled models, but the former appears to be a more fundamental factor, possibly through its impact on the mean state. The study suggests that the underestimate of ENSO asymmetry in the CMIP5 coupled models is at least in part of atmospheric origin.
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15

Brüggemann, Nils, Carsten Eden, and Dirk Olbers. "A Dynamically Consistent Closure for Zonally Averaged Ocean Models." Journal of Physical Oceanography 41, no. 11 (November 1, 2011): 2242–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-11-021.1.

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Abstract Simple idealized layered models and primitive equation models show that the meridional gradient of the zonally averaged pressure has no direct relation with the meridional flow. This demonstrates a contradiction in an often-used parameterization in zonally averaged models. The failure of this parameterization reflects the inconsistency between the model of Stommel and Arons and the box model of Stommel, as previously pointed out by Straub. A new closure is proposed. The ocean is divided in two dynamically different regimes: a narrow western boundary layer and an interior ocean; zonally averaged quantities over these regions are considered. In the averaged equations three unknowns appear: the interior zonal pressure difference Δpi, the zonal pressure difference Δpb of the boundary layer, and the zonal velocity uδ at the interface between the two regions. Here Δpi is parameterized using a frictionless vorticity balance, Δpb by the difference of the mean pressure in the interior and western boundary, and uδ by the mean zonal velocity of the western boundary layer. Zonally resolved models, a layer model, and a primitive equation model validate the new parameterization by comparing with the respective zonally averaged counterparts. It turns out that the zonally averaged models reproduce well the buoyancy distribution and the meridional flow in the zonally resolved model versions with respect to the mean and time changes.
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16

Nakano, Hideyuki, and Hiroyasu Hasumi. "A Series of Zonal Jets Embedded in the Broad Zonal Flows in the Pacific Obtained in Eddy-Permitting Ocean General Circulation Models." Journal of Physical Oceanography 35, no. 4 (April 1, 2005): 474–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo2698.1.

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Abstract A series of zonal currents in the Pacific Ocean is investigated using eddy-permitting ocean general circulation models. The zonal currents in the subsurface are classified into two parts: one is a series of broad zonal flows that has the meridional pattern slanting poleward with increasing depth and the other is finescale zonal jets with the meridional scale of 3°–5° formed in each broad zonal flow. The basic pattern for the broad zonal flows is similar between the coarse-resolution model and the eddy-permitting model and is thought to be the response to the wind forcing. A part of the zonal jets embedded in each zonal flow is explained by the anomalous local wind forcing. Most of them, however, seem to be mainly created by the rectification of turbulent processes on a β plane (the Rhines effect), and zonal jets in this study have common features with the zonally elongated flows obtained in previous modeling studies conducted in idealized basins. The position of zonal jets is not stable when the ocean floor is flat, whereas it oscillates only within a few degrees under realistic bottom topography.
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17

Kantorovich, Ye G. "Equilibrium Models of Spatial Interaction with Locational-Capacity Constraints." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 24, no. 8 (August 1992): 1077–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a241077.

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Two types of equilibrium models of urban spatial structures are considered. An equilibrium version of the production-constrained spatial interaction model involving zonal-capacity constraints on allocation is investigated. A model of equilibrium for interacting subsystems is defined (it is a generalisation of Nash equilibria and of some Lowry-type models) and connections between this model and Nash equilibria are investigated. An entropy-projection operator is used for equilibrium urban models with zonal-capacity constraints. Problems of uniqueness of an equilibrium and the convergence of the iterative computational process are studied for these models.
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18

Choi, Kit-Yan, Gabriel A. Vecchi, and Andrew T. Wittenberg. "Nonlinear Zonal Wind Response to ENSO in the CMIP5 Models: Roles of the Zonal and Meridional Shift of the ITCZ/SPCZ and the Simulated Climatological Precipitation*." Journal of Climate 28, no. 21 (October 30, 2015): 8556–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0211.1.

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Abstract The observed equatorial Pacific zonal wind response during El Niño tends to be stronger than during La Niña. Most global coupled climate models in phase 5 of CMIP (CMIP5) exhibit such nonlinearity, although weaker than observed. The wind response nonlinearity can be reproduced by driving a linear shallow water atmospheric model with a model’s or the observed precipitation anomalies, which can be decomposed into two main components: the zonal and meridional redistribution of the climatological precipitation. Both redistributions contribute comparably to the total rainfall anomalies, whereas the zonal redistribution plays the dominant role in the zonal wind response. The meridional redistribution component plays an indirect role in the nonlinear wind response by limiting the zonal redistribution during La Niña and thus enhancing the nonlinearity in the wind response significantly. During La Niña, the poleward movement of the ITCZ/SPCZ reduces the equatorial zonal-mean precipitation available for the zonal redistribution and its resulting zonal wind response. Conversely, during El Niño, the equatorward movement of the ITCZ and SPCZ do not limit the zonal redistribution of precipitation. The linear equatorial zonal wind response to ENSO is found to have a significant linear correlation with the equatorial central Pacific climatological precipitation and SST among the CMIP5 models. However, no linear correlation is found between the nonlinear equatorial zonal wind response and the climatological precipitation.
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19

Borowski, Piotr F. "Zonal and Nodal Models of Energy Market in European Union." Energies 13, no. 16 (August 13, 2020): 4182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13164182.

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Along with economic development and development of power systems, new, more effective models of the energy market are sought. Traditional zonal models used on the electricity market have proved to be poorly adapted to new circumstances and phenomena occurring in the macroeconomic environment. The main aim of the research was to show the direction (including the nodal model and prosumer behavior) in which the energy market should develop in order to meet the state-of-the-art technical, ecological and social challenges. Therefore, with the new challenges, a new chapter has opened up on very interesting research for the electrical industry. There are new solutions for the development and modernization of models from the point of view of management and econometrics of the energy market, adapted to new challenges related to ecology, technology, and competition. This article presents the zone model with its imperfections and suggestions for its improvement and proposes a nodal model that may in the near future become a new model for the functioning of the electricity market in Europe.
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20

Zhang, Ruiyou, Shui Han, Jinzhu Zhang, and Dingwei Wang. "Zone division models and algorithms in zonal pricing power market." European Transactions on Electrical Power 19, no. 1 (January 2009): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etep.236.

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21

Hadayeghi, Alireza, Amer S. Shalaby, Bhagwant N. Persaud, and Carl Cheung. "Temporal transferability and updating of zonal level accident prediction models." Accident Analysis & Prevention 38, no. 3 (May 2006): 579–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2005.12.003.

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22

Delcambre, Sharon C., David J. Lorenz, Daniel J. Vimont, and Jonathan E. Martin. "Diagnosing Northern Hemisphere Jet Portrayal in 17 CMIP3 Global Climate Models: Twenty-First-Century Projections." Journal of Climate 26, no. 14 (July 12, 2013): 4930–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00359.1.

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Abstract The anthropogenic climate change impacts on the eddy–jet system include an intensified midlatitude jet stream and an elevated tropopause, as well as a poleward-shifted jet. While both responses are evident in phase 3 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3) ensemble mean twenty-first-century projections, uncertainty in the poleward shift response is large enough that even the sign of the shift is not consistent among all models, especially in the Northern Hemisphere. The present analysis finds that twenty-first-century projections of the ensemble mean zonal wind change at 300 hPa predict a weakening and poleward expansion of the Pacific jet and an overall expansion of the Atlantic jet. In contrast with the direct zonal mean climate change signal of increasing midlatitude upper-level winds, zonal winds are projected to decrease in the core of the Pacific and Atlantic jets, with increasing zonal winds located primarily in the jet exit regions and the meridional flanks of the jets. Uncertainties in SST changes from the twentieth century to the twenty-first century between models are shown to impact modeled Northern Hemisphere jet stream changes. In particular, El Niño–Southern Oscillation–like mean winter SST changes explain 30% of intermodel variance of midlatitude zonal wind compared to the 8% explained by the domain-averaged warming SST signal. This suggests that a reduction of uncertainty in the tropical Pacific SST response to global warming will significantly reduce uncertainty in the Northern Hemisphere zonal wind response to climate change.
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23

Warneford, Emma S., and Paul J. Dellar. "Super- and sub-rotating equatorial jets in shallow water models of Jovian atmospheres: Newtonian cooling versus Rayleigh friction." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 822 (June 7, 2017): 484–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.232.

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Numerical simulations of the shallow water equations on rotating spheres produce mixtures of robust vortices and alternating zonal jets, as seen in the atmospheres of the gas giant planets. However, simulations that include Rayleigh friction invariably produce a sub-rotating (retrograde) equatorial jet for Jovian parameter regimes, whilst observations of Jupiter show a super-rotating (prograde) equatorial jet that has persisted over several decades. Super-rotating equatorial jets have recently been obtained in shallow water simulations that include a Newtonian relaxation of perturbations to the layer thickness to model radiative cooling to space, and in simulations of the thermal shallow water equations that include a similar relaxation term in their temperature equation. Simulations of global quasigeostrophic forms of these different models produce equatorial jets in the same directions as the parent models, suggesting that the mechanism responsible for setting the direction lies within quasigeostrophic theory. We provide such a mechanism by calculating the effective force acting on the thickness-weighted zonal mean flow due to the decay of an equatorially trapped Rossby wave. Decay due to Newtonian cooling creates an eastward zonal mean flow at the equator, consistent with the formation of a super-rotating equatorial jet, while decay due to Rayleigh friction leads to a westward zonal mean flow at the equator, consistent with the formation of a sub-rotating equatorial jet. In both cases the meridionally integrated zonal mean of the absolute zonal momentum is westward, consistent with the standard result that Rossby waves carry westward pseudomomentum, but this does not preclude the zonal mean flow being eastward on and close to the equator.
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24

Chen, Lin, Tim Li, and Yongqiang Yu. "Causes of Strengthening and Weakening of ENSO Amplitude under Global Warming in Four CMIP5 Models*." Journal of Climate 28, no. 8 (April 7, 2015): 3250–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00439.1.

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Abstract The mechanisms for El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) amplitude change under global warming are investigated through quantitative assessment of air–sea feedback processes in present-day and future climate simulations of four models participating in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). Two models (MPI-ESM-MR and MRI-CGCM3) project strengthened ENSO amplitude, whereas the other two models (CCSM4 and FGOALS-g2) project weakened ENSO amplitude. A mixed layer heat budget diagnosis shows that the major cause of the projected ENSO amplitude difference between the two groups is attributed to the changes of the thermocline and zonal advective feedbacks. A weaker (stronger) equatorial thermocline response to a unit anomalous zonal wind stress forcing in the Niño-4 region is found in CCSM4 and FGOALS-g2 (MPI-ESM-MR and MRI-CGCM3). The cause of the different response arises from the change in the meridional scale of ENSO. A narrower (wider) meridional width of sea surface temperature (SST) and zonal wind stress anomalies causes a strengthening (weakening) of the equatorial thermocline response and thus stronger Bjerknes and zonal advective feedbacks, as the subsurface temperature and zonal current anomalies depend on the thermocline response; consequently, the ENSO amplitude increases (decreases). The change of ENSO meridional width is caused by the change in mean meridional overturning circulation in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, which depends on change of mean wind stress and SST warming patterns under global warming.
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25

Xia, Xiaoming, and Edmund K. M. Chang. "Diabatic Damping of Zonal Index Variations." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 71, no. 8 (July 23, 2014): 3090–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-13-0292.1.

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Abstract Zonal index variations, or north–south shifts of the midlatitude jet, are the dominant mode of zonal wind variability in the Southern Hemisphere. Previous studies have shown that synoptic-time-scale eddy momentum flux provides a positive feedback and acts to increase the persistence and low-frequency variance of the zonal index. However, the impact of diabatic heating due to the precipitation associated with these eddies has not been investigated. In this study, regression analyses have been conducted to demonstrate that a robust precipitation anomaly can be found to accompany the jet and eddy momentum flux anomalies associated with a poleward shift of the jet, with enhanced precipitation on the poleward flank of the jet and reduced precipitation on the equatorward flank. Diabatic heating associated with such a precipitation anomaly is expected to reduce the temperature gradient across the jet anomaly, thus decreasing eddy generation and damping the anomaly. This expectation is confirmed by three sets of mechanistic model experiments, using three different ways to mimic the impact of moist heating in a dry model. Results of this study suggest that diabatic heating provides a negative feedback to zonal index variations, partially offsetting the positive feedback provided by eddy momentum flux. These results could partially explain why zonal index variations have been found to be very persistent in dry mechanistic model experiments since this negative diabatic feedback is absent in dry models. These results suggest that these models may be overly sensitive to climate forcings that produce a jet shift response.
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26

Wang, Lu, Tim Li, Eric Maloney, and Bin Wang. "Fundamental Causes of Propagating and Nonpropagating MJOs in MJOTF/GASS Models." Journal of Climate 30, no. 10 (April 25, 2017): 3743–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0765.1.

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Abstract This study investigates the fundamental causes of differences in the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) eastward propagation among models that participated in a recent model intercomparison project. These models are categorized into good and poor groups characterized by prominent eastward propagation and nonpropagation, respectively. Column-integrated moist static energy (MSE) budgets are diagnosed for the good and the poor models. It is found that a zonal asymmetry in the MSE tendency, characteristic of eastward MJO propagation, occurs in the good group, whereas such an asymmetry does not exist in the poor group. The difference arises mainly from anomalous vertical and horizontal MSE advection. The former is attributed to the zonal asymmetry of upper-midtropospheric vertical velocity anomalies acting on background MSE vertical gradient; the latter is mainly attributed to the asymmetric zonal distribution of low-tropospheric meridional wind anomalies advecting background MSE and moisture fields. Based on the diagnosis above, a new mechanism for MJO eastward propagation that emphasizes the second-baroclinic-mode vertical velocity is proposed. A set of atmospheric general circulation model experiments with prescribed diabatic heating profiles was conducted to investigate the causes of different anomalous circulations between the good and the poor models. The numerical experiments reveal that the presence of a stratiform heating at the rear of MJO convection is responsible for the zonal asymmetry of vertical velocity anomaly and is important to strengthening lower-tropospheric poleward flows to the east of MJO convection. Thus, a key to improving the poor models is to correctly reproduce the stratiform heating. The roles of Rossby and Kelvin wave components in MJO propagation are particularly discussed.
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27

Niznik, Matthew J., Benjamin R. Lintner, Adrian J. Matthews, and Matthew J. Widlansky. "The Role of Tropical–Extratropical Interaction and Synoptic Variability in Maintaining the South Pacific Convergence Zone in CMIP5 Models." Journal of Climate 28, no. 8 (April 7, 2015): 3353–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00527.1.

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Abstract The South Pacific convergence zone (SPCZ) is simulated as too zonal a feature in the current generation of climate models, including those in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). This zonal bias induces errors in tropical convective heating, with subsequent effects on global circulation. The SPCZ structure, particularly in the subtropics, is governed by the tropical–extratropical interaction between transient synoptic systems and the mean background state. In this study, analysis of synoptic variability in the simulated subtropical SPCZ reveals that the basic mechanism of tropical–extratropical interaction is generally well simulated, with storms approaching the SPCZ along comparable trajectories to observations. However, there is a broad spread in mean precipitation and its variability across the CMIP5 ensemble. Intermodel spread appears to relate to a biased background state in which the synoptic waves propagate. In particular, the region of mean negative zonal stretching deformation or “storm graveyard” in the upper troposphere is displaced in CMIP5 models to the northeast of its position in reanalysis data, albeit with pronounced (≈25°) intermodel longitudinal spread. Precipitation along the eastern edge of the SPCZ shifts in accordance with a storm graveyard shift, and in general models with stronger storm graveyards show higher precipitation variability. Building on prior SPCZ research, it is suggested that SPCZs simulated by CMIP5 models are not simply too zonal; rather, in models the subtropical SPCZ manifests a diagonal tilt similar to observations while SST biases force an overly zonal tropical SPCZ, resulting in a more discontinuous SPCZ than observed.
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28

Kärner, Olavi, and Üllar Rannik. "Stochastic Models to Represent the Temporal Variability of Zonal Average Cloudiness." Journal of Climate 9, no. 11 (November 1996): 2718–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<2718:smtrtt>2.0.co;2.

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29

Soltani, Nemat, Mahmoud Saffarzadeh, and Ali Naderan. "Multi-Level Crash Prediction Models Considering Influence of Adjacent Zonal Attributes." Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 3 (March 18, 2019): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091276.

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This study investigates factors affecting accidents across transport facilities and modes, using micro and macro levels variables simultaneously while accounting for the influence of adjacent zones on the accidents occurrence in a zone. To this end, 15968 accidents in 96 traffic analysis zones of Tehran were analyzed. Adverting to the multi-level structure of accidents data, the present study adopts a multilevel model for its modeling processes. The effects of the adjacent zones on the accidents which have occurred in one zone were assessed using the independent variables obtained from the zones adjacent to that specific zone. A Negative Binomial (NB) model was also developed, and results show that the multilevel model that considers the effect of adjacent zones shows a better performance compared to the multilevel model that does not consider the adjacent zones’ effect and NB model. Moreover, the final models show that at intersections and road segments, the significant independent variables are different for each mode of transport. Adopting a comprehensive approach to incorporate a multi-level, multi-resolution (micro/macro) model accounting for adjacent zones’ influence on multi-mode, multi-segment accidents is the contribution of this paper to accident studies.
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30

Hannesson, Rögnvaldur. "Individual Rationality and the “Zonal Attachment” Principle: Three Stock Migration Models." Environmental & Resource Economics 34, no. 2 (June 2006): 229–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10640-005-0005-5.

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31

Colyer, G. J., and G. K. Vallis. "Zonal-Mean Atmospheric Dynamics of Slowly Rotating Terrestrial Planets." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 76, no. 5 (May 1, 2019): 1397–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-18-0180.1.

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Abstract The zonal-mean atmospheric flow of an idealized terrestrial planet is investigated using both numerical simulations and zonally symmetric theories, focusing largely on the limit of low planetary rotation rate. Two versions of a zonally symmetric theory are considered, the standard Held–Hou model, which features a discontinuous zonal wind at the edge of the Hadley cell, and a variant with continuous zonal wind but discontinuous temperature. The two models have different scalings for the boundary latitude and zonal wind. Numerical simulations are found to have smoother temperature profiles than either model, with no temperature or velocity discontinuities even in zonally symmetric simulations. Continuity is achieved in part by the presence of an overturning circulation poleward of the point of maximum zonal wind, which allows the zonal velocity profile to be smoother than the original theory without the temperature discontinuities of the variant theory. Zonally symmetric simulations generally fall between the two sets of theoretical scalings, and have a faster polar zonal flow than either set. Three-dimensional simulations, which allow for the eddy motion that is missing from both models, fall closer to the scalings of the variant model. At very low rotation rates the maximum zonal wind falls with falling planetary rotation rate, and is zero at zero rotation. The low-rotation limit of the overturning circulation, however, is strong enough to drive the temperature profile close to a state of nearly constant potential temperature.
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32

Thual, Sulian, Nadia Ayoub, and Boris Dewitte. "Impact of Sea Level Assimilation on ENSO Initialization and Prediction: The Role of the Sea Level Zonal Tilt and Zonal Mean." Monthly Weather Review 143, no. 5 (May 1, 2015): 1895–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-13-00352.1.

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Abstract At present, most models forecasting the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) use data assimilation, which constrains models physics using available observations. In this article, an ENSO model of intermediate complexity is constrained by sea level observations: sea level from the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) reanalysis is assimilated in the model forced by SODA winds, using an ensemble Kalman filter. In addition, retrospective ENSO forecasts over the period 1958–2007 are computed. The assimilation of sea level observations slightly improves the model’s predictive skill, which is due to the correction of the recharge–discharge process simulated by the model. To assess this, two indices relevant to the ENSO recharge–discharge theory are considered: the zonal tilt and zonal mean of sea level in the equatorial Pacific. The assimilation of those two observed indices alone leads to results that are qualitatively similar to the assimilation of full maps of sea level observations. This partly results from the fact that the leading statistical modes of the model errors on sea level have a zonal tilt and zonal mean structure. The data assimilation corrects in particular a too weak amplitude of the zonal mean sea level and its associated subsurface variability in the model. The authors suggest that insight on the role of the recharge–discharge process in other models could be gained by comparing the assimilation of full maps of sea level observations with the assimilation of the two indices of sea level.
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33

Watt, S. D., and A. J. Roberts. "The construction of zonal models of dispersion in channels via matched centre manifolds." Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society. Series B. Applied Mathematics 38, no. 1 (July 1996): 101–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0334270000000497.

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AbstractTaylor's model of dispersion simply describes the long-term spread of material along a pipe, channel or river. However, often we need multi-mode models to resolve finer details in space and time. Here we construct zonal models of dispersion via the new principle of matching their long-term evolution with that of the original problem. Using centre manifold techniques this is done straightforwardly and systematically. Furthermore, this approach provides correct initial and boundary conditions for the zonal models. We expect the proposed principle of matched centre manifold evolution to be useful in a wide range of modelling problems.
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34

Graham, Felicity S., Jaclyn N. Brown, Andrew T. Wittenberg, and Neil J. Holbrook. "Reassessing Conceptual Models of ENSO." Journal of Climate 28, no. 23 (December 1, 2015): 9121–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00812.1.

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Abstract The complex nature of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is often simplified through the use of conceptual models, each of which offers a different perspective on the ocean–atmosphere feedbacks underpinning the ENSO cycle. One theory, the unified oscillator, combines a variety of conceptual frameworks in the form of a coupled system of delay differential equations. The system produces a self-sustained oscillation on interannual time scales. While the unified oscillator is assumed to provide a more complete conceptual framework of ENSO behaviors than the models it incorporates, its formulation and performance have not been systematically assessed. This paper investigates the accuracy of the unified oscillator through its ability to replicate the ENSO cycle modeled by flux-forced output from the Australian Community Climate and Earth-System Simulator Ocean Model (ACCESS-OM). The anomalous sea surface temperature equation reproduces the main features of the corresponding tendency modeled by ACCESS-OM reasonably well. However, the remaining equations for the thermocline depth anomaly and zonal wind stress anomalies are unable to accurately replicate the corresponding tendencies in ACCESS-OM. Modifications to the unified oscillator, including a diagnostic form of the zonal wind stress anomaly equations, improve its ability to emulate simulated ENSO tendencies. Despite these improvements, the unified oscillator model is less adept than the delayed oscillator model it incorporates in capturing ENSO behavior in ACCESS-OM, bringing into question its usefulness as a unifying ENSO framework.
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35

Burgers, Gerrit, Magdalena A. Balmaseda, Femke C. Vossepoel, Geert Jan van Oldenborgh, and Peter Jan van Leeuwen. "Balanced Ocean-Data Assimilation near the Equator." Journal of Physical Oceanography 32, no. 9 (September 1, 2002): 2509–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485-32.9.2509.

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Abstract The question is addressed whether using unbalanced updates in ocean-data assimilation schemes for seasonal forecasting systems can result in a relatively poor simulation of zonal currents. An assimilation scheme, where temperature observations are used for updating only the density field, is compared to a scheme where updates of density field and zonal velocities are related by geostrophic balance. This is done for an equatorial linear shallow-water model. It is found that equatorial zonal velocities can be detoriated if velocity is not updated in the assimilation procedure. Adding balanced updates to the zonal velocity is shown to be a simple remedy for the shallow-water model. Next, optimal interpolation (OI) schemes with balanced updates of the zonal velocity are implemented in two ocean general circulation models. First tests indicate a beneficial impact on equatorial upper-ocean zonal currents.
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36

Bakas, Nikolaos A., and Petros J. Ioannou. "A theory for the emergence of coherent structures in beta-plane turbulence." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 740 (January 6, 2014): 312–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2013.663.

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AbstractPlanetary turbulent flows are observed to self-organize into large-scale structures such as zonal jets and coherent vortices. One of the simplest models of planetary turbulence is obtained by considering a barotropic flow on a beta-plane channel with turbulence sustained by random stirring. Nonlinear integrations of this model show that as the energy input rate of the forcing is increased, the homogeneity of the flow is broken with the emergence of non-zonal, coherent, westward propagating structures and at larger energy input rates by the emergence of zonal jets. We study the emergence of non-zonal coherent structures using a non-equilibrium statistical theory, stochastic structural stability theory (S3T, previously referred to as SSST). S3T directly models a second-order approximation to the statistical mean turbulent state and allows the identification of statistical turbulent equilibria and study of their stability. Using S3T, the bifurcation properties of the homogeneous state in barotropic beta-plane turbulence are determined. Analytic expressions for the zonal and non-zonal large-scale coherent flows that emerge as a result of structural instability are obtained. Through numerical integrations of the S3T dynamical system, it is found that the unstable structures equilibrate at finite amplitude. Numerical simulations of the nonlinear equations confirm the characteristics (scale, amplitude and phase speed) of the structures predicted by S3T.
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37

Stanish, Charles. "Household Archeology: Testing Models of Zonal Complementarity in the South Central Andes." American Anthropologist 91, no. 1 (March 1989): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1989.91.1.02a00010.

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38

Musy, Marjorie, Frederick Winkelmann, Etienne Wurtz, and Anne Sergent. "Automatically generated zonal models for building air flow simulation: principles and applications." Building and Environment 37, no. 8-9 (August 2002): 873–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-1323(02)00050-1.

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39

Gómez-Pérez, Natalia, and Moritz Heimpel. "Numerical models of zonal flow dynamos: an application to the ice giants." Geophysical & Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics 101, no. 5-6 (October 2007): 371–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03091920701485537.

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40

Pepler, Acacia S., Lisa V. Alexander, Jason P. Evans, and Steven C. Sherwood. "Zonal winds and southeast Australian rainfall in global and regional climate models." Climate Dynamics 46, no. 1-2 (March 28, 2015): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2573-6.

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41

Dawes, Alan S. "Sub-zonal models for the diffusion equation with multi-material mixed cells." Computers & Fluids 46, no. 1 (July 2011): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compfluid.2011.02.006.

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42

Gomes, Marcos José Timbó Lima, Flávio Cunto, and Alan Ricardo da Silva. "Geographically weighted negative binomial regression applied to zonal level safety performance models." Accident Analysis & Prevention 106 (September 2017): 254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2017.06.011.

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43

Ogata, Tomomichi, and Shang-Ping Xie. "Semiannual Cycle in Zonal Wind over the Equatorial Indian Ocean." Journal of Climate 24, no. 24 (December 15, 2011): 6471–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli4243.1.

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Abstract The semiannual cycle in zonal wind over the equatorial Indian Ocean is investigated by use of ocean–atmospheric reanalyses, and linear ocean–atmospheric models. In observations, the semiannual cycle in zonal wind is dominant on the equator and confined in the planetary boundary layer (PBL). Results from a momentum budget analysis show that momentum advection generated by the cross-equatorial monsoon circulation is important for the semiannual zonal-wind cycle in the equatorial Indian Ocean. In experiments with a linearized primitive model of the atmosphere, semiannual momentum forcing due to the meridional advection over the central equatorial Indian Ocean is important to simulate the observed maxima of the semiannual cycle in equatorial zonal wind. Off Somalia, diabatic heating and surface friction over land weaken the semiannual response to large momentum forcing there. Results from a linear ocean model suggest that the semiannual zonal wind stress over the central equatorial Indian Ocean generates large semiannual variability in zonal current through a basin-mode resonance.
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44

Ihara, Chie, Yochanan Kushnir, Mark A. Cane, and Victor H. de la Peña. "Climate Change over the Equatorial Indo-Pacific in Global Warming*." Journal of Climate 22, no. 10 (May 15, 2009): 2678–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2581.1.

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Abstract The response of the equatorial Indian Ocean climate to global warming is investigated using model outputs submitted to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report. In all of the analyzed climate models, the SSTs in the western equatorial Indian Ocean warm more than the SSTs in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean under global warming; the mean SST gradient across the equatorial Indian Ocean is anomalously positive to the west in a warmer twenty-first-century climate compared to the twentieth-century climate, and it is dynamically consistent with the anomalous westward zonal wind stress and anomalous positive zonal sea level pressure (SLP) gradient to the east at the equator. This change in the zonal SST gradient in the equatorial Indian Ocean is detected even in the lowest-emission scenario, and the size of the change is not necessarily larger in the higher-emission scenario. With respect to the change over the equatorial Pacific in climate projections, the subsurface central Pacific displays the strongest cooling or weakest warming around the thermocline depth compared to that above and below in all of the climate models, whereas changes in the zonal SST gradient and zonal wind stress around the equator are model dependent and not straightforward.
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45

Wang, Chao, and Liguang Wu. "Projection of North Pacific Tropical Upper-Tropospheric Trough in CMIP5 Models: Implications for Changes in Tropical Cyclone Formation Locations." Journal of Climate 31, no. 2 (January 2018): 761–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0292.1.

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The strong westerly shear to the south flank of the tropical upper-tropospheric trough (TUTT) limits the eastward extension of tropical cyclone (TC) formation over the western North Pacific (WNP) and thus the zonal shift of the TUTT in warming scenarios has an important implication for the mean formation location of TCs. The impact of global warming on the zonal shift of the TUTT is investigated by using output from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) of 36 climate models in this study. It is found that considerable spread exists in the zonal position, orientation, and intensity of the simulated-climatologic TUTT in the historical runs, which is forced by observed conditions such as changes in atmospheric composition, solar forcing, and aerosols. The large spread is closely related to the diversity in the simulated SST biases over the North Pacific. Based on the 15 models with relatively high skill in their historical runs, the near-term (2016–35) projection shows no significant change of the TUTT longitude, while the TUTT experiences an eastward shift of 1.9° and 3.2° longitude in the representative concentration pathway (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios in the long-term (2081–2100) projection with considerable intermodel variability. Further examination indicates that the projected changes in the zonal location of the TUTT are also associated with the projected relative SST anomalies over the North Pacific. A stronger (weaker) relative SST warming over the North Pacific favors an eastward (westward) shift of the TUTT, suggesting that the spatial pattern of the future SST change is an important factor for the zonal shift of the mean formation location of TCs.
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46

Yokoi, Takaaki, Tomoki Tozuka, and Toshio Yamagata. "Seasonal Variations of the Seychelles Dome Simulated in the CMIP3 Models." Journal of Physical Oceanography 39, no. 2 (February 1, 2009): 449–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jpo3914.1.

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Abstract Using outputs from the “twentieth-century climate in coupled models” (20c3m) control run of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, phase 3 (CMIP3), coupled GCMs, the authors have examined how seasonal variations of the Seychelles Dome (SD) are simulated in the southwestern Indian Ocean. The observed SD shows a dominant semiannual signal due to the semiannual variation in the local Ekman upwelling resulting from a combination of two terms related to the wind stress curl and the zonal wind stress. However, all models fail to reproduce this important mechanism. In particular, the latter contribution—that determined by the seasonal variation of the zonal wind stress associated with the Indian monsoon—is not well simulated. Successful models need to reproduce the asymmetric nature of the monsoon: a shorter and stronger summer monsoon and a longer and weaker winter monsoon. Possible remedies for the model bias are also discussed.
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47

Abellán, Esteban, Shayne McGregor, and Matthew H. England. "Analysis of the Southward Wind Shift of ENSO in CMIP5 Models." Journal of Climate 30, no. 7 (April 2017): 2415–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0326.1.

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During the mature phase of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events there is a southward shift of anomalous zonal winds (SWS), which has been suggested to play a role in the seasonal phase locking of ENSO. Motivated by the fact that coupled climate models tend to underestimate this feature, this study examines the representation of the SWS in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). It is found that most models successfully reproduce the observed SWS, although the magnitude of the zonal wind stress anomaly is underestimated. Several significant differences between the models with and without the SWS are identified including biases in the magnitude and spatial distribution of precipitation and sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies during ENSO. Multiple-linear regression analysis suggests that the climatological meridional SST gradient as well as anomalous ENSO-driven convective activity over the northwest Pacific both might play a role in controlling the SWS. While the models that capture the SWS also simulate many more strong El Niño and La Niña events peaking at the correct time of year, the overall seasonal synchronization is still underestimated in these models. This is attributed to underestimated changes in warm water volume (WWV) during moderate El Niño events so that these events display relatively poor seasonal synchronization. Thus, while the SWS is an important metric, it is ultimately the magnitude and zonal extent of the wind changes that accompany this SWS that drive the changes in WWV and prime the system for termination.
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48

Zermeño-Diaz, David M., and Chidong Zhang. "Possible Root Causes of Surface Westerly Biases over the Equatorial Atlantic in Global Climate Models." Journal of Climate 26, no. 20 (October 4, 2013): 8154–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00226.1.

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Abstract Most global climate models (GCMs) suffer from biases of a reversed zonal gradient in sea surface temperature (SST) and weak surface easterlies (the westerly bias) in the equatorial Atlantic during boreal spring. These biases exist in atmospheric GCMs (AGCMs) and are amplified by air–sea interactions in atmospheric–oceanic GCMs. This problem has persisted despite considerable model improvements in other aspects. This study proposes a hypothesis that there are two possible root causes for the westerly bias. The first is insufficient lower-tropospheric diabatic heating over Amazonia. The second is erroneously weak zonal momentum flux (entrainment) across the top of the boundary layer. This hypothesis is based on a scale analysis of a simple model for a well-mixed equatorial boundary layer and diagnoses of simulations from eight AGCMs. Severe westerly biases in AGCMs tend to occur when the diabatic heating at low levels (850–700 hPa) over Amazonia is too weak. Deficient low-level diabatic heating weakens the zonal gradient in sea level pressure along the Atlantic equator, introducing westerly biases. In addition, westerly biases may also occur when easterly momentum flux due to entrainment is underestimated.
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49

Coats, S., and K. B. Karnauskas. "A Role for the Equatorial Undercurrent in the Ocean Dynamical Thermostat." Journal of Climate 31, no. 16 (August 2018): 6245–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0513.1.

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Reconstructions of sea surface temperature (SST) based on instrumental observations suggest that the equatorial Pacific zonal SST gradient has increased over the twentieth century. While this increase is suggestive of the ocean dynamical thermostat mechanism of Clement et al., observations of a concurrent weakening of the zonal atmospheric (Walker) circulation are not. Here we show, using heat and momentum budget calculations on an ocean reanalysis dataset, that a seasonal weakening of the zonal atmospheric circulation is in fact consistent with cooling in the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) and thus an increase in the zonal SST gradient. This cooling is driven by a strengthening Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) in response to decreased upper-ocean westward momentum associated with weakening equatorial zonal wind stress. This process can help to reconcile the seemingly contradictory twentieth-century trends in the tropical Pacific atmosphere and ocean. Moreover, it is shown that coupled general circulation models (CGCMs) do not correctly simulate this process; we identify a systematic bias in the relationship between changes in equatorial surface zonal wind stress in the EEP and EUC strength that may help to explain why observations and CGCMs have opposing trends in the zonal SST gradient over the twentieth century.
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50

Siddaway, J., A. Klekociuk, S. P. Alexander, A. Grytsai, G. Milinevsky, R. Dargaville, O. Ivaniha, and O. Evtushevsky. "Assessment of the zonal asymmetry trend in Antarctic total ozonecolumn using TOMS measurements and CCMVal-2 models." Ukrainian Antarctic Journal, no. 2 (December 2020): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33275/1727-7485.2.2020.652.

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In the paper the seasonal trends in the zonal asymmetry in the quasi-stationary wave pattern of total ozone column (TOC) at southern polar latitudes have been investigated. We evaluated and compared seasonal trends in the zonal TOC asymmetry from modern era satellite measurements using the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer data and the second Chemistry Climate Model Validation (CCMVal-2) assessment. The model longitude phase shifts in asymmetry are in general consistent with the eastward phase shifts observed in historical period 1979–2005, however, there are underestimated values in individual seasons. Future trends in zonal asymmetry from the eleven CCMVal-2 models up to 2100 are presented. They demonstrate the appearance of reverse (westward) future phase shifts, mainly in austral summer. The results are in agreement with previous study and highlight that the general eastward/westward phase shift is caused by both greenhouse gases changes and ozone depletion/recovery. The greenhouse gases change drives a basic long-term eastward shift, which is enhanced (decelerates or reverses) in austral spring and summer by ozone depletion (recovery). The trends in the TOC asymmetry are forced by a general strengthening of the stratospheric zonal flow, which is interacting with the asymmetry of the Antarctic continent to displace the quasi-stationary wave-1 pattern and thus influences the TOC distribution. The results will be useful in prediction of seasonal anomalies in ozone hole and long-term changes in the local TOC trends, in ultraviolet radiation influence on the Southern Ocean biological productivity and in regional surface climate affected by the zonally asymmetric ozone hole.
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