Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Zone côtière'
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Jamois, Eric. "Interaction houle-structure en zone côtière." Aix-Marseille 2, 2005. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2005AIX22083.pdf.
Full textFor the design of marine or coastal structures subject to nonlinear waves in deep to shallow water, it is crucial to take into account both wave/structure and wave/wave interactions on large fluid domains. In this purpose, a high-order Boussinesq-type model has been developed and used to investigate nonlinear wave interactions with piecewise rectangular bottom-mounted (surface piercing) structures. Several practical applications of the model involving highly nonlinear wave run-up on a rigid plate are presented. Both normal and oblique wave conditions are considered. A new physical phenomenon creating large wave amplification in front of reflective structures is also fully studied
Pepy, Guillaume. "Etude du formaldéhyde (HCHO) en zone côtière Antarctique." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00677015.
Full textPépy, Guillaume. "Etude du formaldéhyde (HCHO) en zone côtière Antarctique." Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENU045/document.
Full textWith the aim to investigate the production and destruction mechanisms of formaldehyde (HCHO) on a seasonal scale in the remote troposphere, HCHO was monitored over a 13-months period at Dumont d'Urville station, located near the East Coast of the Antarctic continent. Monthly means of 50 ppt in winter and up to 200 ppt in summer were measured. In spring, summer and autumn, a daily variation was detected with amplitude of ≈40 ppt and a maximum during the afternoon. The analytical instrument (Aerolaser, AL4021) deployed for the measurements, was found to be extremely sensitive to ambient temperature variations. The origin of the temperature dependence was investigated, and the deployed analytical method was adapted to eliminate this artefact. The impact of local contamination sources at the measurement site was explored in detail. Anthropogenic combustions were found to have a limited impact (maximum 150 pptv on hourly means) versus a local emission source from ornithogenic soils, induced by the omni-presence of Adelie penguins on the site in summer (maximum 200 pptv on hourly means). From november to march, these sources can introduce an overestimation by a factor 5 of the daily HCHO amplitude, while the influence on the monthly averaged budget can account up to 100 ppt. The raw dataset was thoroughly filtered using local meteorological criteria to eliminate any potential contamination. HCHO measurements were compared to simulations made with a numerical box model developed on the base of the current understanding of the photochemical sources and sinks of HCHO. During summer, methane oxidation was found to be the major source of HCHO production, likely due to enhanced levels of oxidants such as hydroxyl radical (OH) or nitrogen oxide (NO) occurring at DDU since this coastal site is under strong continental influence. Snow emissions and HCHO formation via methyl-hydroperoxyde oxidation complete the summer budget (respectively 10 to 20% of the CH4 oxidation). In contrary to what was observed for the Weddell Sea area, halogens chemistry is probably unlikely to contribute significantly at Dumont d'Urville (<10% of the CH4 oxidation). Finally, the initially attended summer source originating from non-methane hydrocarbons oxidation was found to be inefficient and to contribute only with less than 5 % of the CH4 oxidation. During winter the snowpack source was found to be preponderant (70% of CH4 oxidation) versus the gas phase chemistry sources of HCHO. Model investigations, performed on a seasonal and daily scale have shown that gas phase processes together with deposition and snow emission have to be considered to achieve a correct reconstruction of the observations
Shurgalina, Ekaterina. "Dynamique de champs de vagues irréguliers en zone côtière." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ECDM0002/document.
Full textSurface and internal gravity waves have an important impact on the hydrological regime ofthe coastal zone. Intensive surface waves are particularly interesting to study because they canbe a serious threat to ships, oil platforms, port facilities and tourist areas on the coast; suchwaves hampered the implementation of human activities on the shelf. Nonlinear internal wavesaffect the underwater biosphere and cause sediment transport, they create washouts soil at thebase of platforms and pipelines, affect the propagation of acoustic signals. Freak waves have aparticularly strong impact, and they are studied in this thesis. Therefore, the study of freak waveformation in the coastal zone is relevant and practically significant.The main goal of the thesis is the study of particularities of abnormal wave formation incoastal zones under different assumptions on the water depth and wave field form. In particular,it is demonstrated that the mechanism of dispersion focusing of freak wave formation "works"for waves interacting with a vertical barrier. It is shown that just before the maximum waveformation a freak wave quickly changes its shape from a high ridge to a deep depression.Lifetime of freak wave increases with the growth of number of individual waves in anomalouswave packet, and lifetime of freak wave increases with water depth decreasing.It is demonstrated that pair interaction of unipolar solitons leads to decrease of the thirdand fourth moments of the wave field. It is shown that in the case of heteropolar solitoninteraction the fourth moment increases.The nonlinear dynamics of ensembles of random unipolar solitons in the framework of theKorteweg - de Vries equation and the modified Korteweg - de Vries equation is studied. It isshown that the coefficients of skewness and kurtosis of the soliton gas are reduced as a resultof soliton collision, the distribution function of wave amplitudes are defined. The behavior ofsoliton fields in the framework of these models is qualitatively similar. It is shown that in thesefields the amplitude of the big waves is decreased in average due to multi-soliton interactions.A new braking effect of soliton with a small amplitude and even changing of its direction inmulti-soliton gas as a result of nonlinear interaction with other solitons is found in the frameworkof the modified Korteweg-de Vries equation.It is shown that in heteropolar soliton gas abnormally big waves (freak waves) appear inthe frameworks of the modified Korteweg - de Vries equation. With increasing of soliton gasdensity the probability and intensity of freak waves in such systems increases
Lafon, Christine. "Étude des conditions de déferlement en zone côtière méditerranéenne." Toulon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOUL0013.
Full textThe ocean surface is a permanent location of exchanges between ocean and atmosphere, mostly in breaking area. This requires studies of sea state, defined by the wave field properties and the surface resulting of its breaking. The aim of this study was to understand the pro cesses occurring at the interface in coastal zone, to better understand the parameters that control them, and ta introduce a whitecap model in a wave numerical model. This work is essentially based on results obtained during two experimental campaigns that took place in NIediterranean coastal areas (FETCH and EMMA). The waves analysis conduct to determine a specific relation between non dimensional parameters (significant height and peak frequency) following the classical formalism JONSWAP. Study of wind stress at the interface presents an influence of wind speed and f wave age. Results on waves and wind stress show a reasonable agrement with models found n literature. We show that the whitecap coverage depends on classical meteorological parameters (such as wind speed and friction velocity) but also on oceanic parameters (such M wave ge and dimensionless energy). Friction velocity weil represents variations of breaking in coMtal zone when it is measured and not obtained from wind speed. The whole sea state events are better scale with wave age. Finally, a numerical wave model has been adapt to our experimental site (from precedents results) to represent whitecap coverage in the Toulon-Hyères area. From a spatially and temporally homogeneous wind input, a few experimental events has been modeled
Pennanguer, Stéphane. "Incertitude et concertation dans la gestion de la zone côtière." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NSARH058.
Full textThe analysis of coastal zone management initiatives in France (Commission Environnement Littoral, 2002) and abroad (European Commission, 1999) reveals that the principal deficiency of these initiatives relates to the concertation, the participation and the involvement of stakeholders. Based on this report, this thesis, focused on concerted management, presents the concertation as a way to reduce uncertainty, inherent in coastal zone management. It deals with the functional aspects of concertation and the conditions to its implementation in the processes of coastal zone management. This thesis is built around the three key elements of territorial management: territories, projects and men. Starting from a crossed analysis of case studies in Brittany (Bay of Mont Saint-Michel, Iroise Sea, Gulf of Morbihan), this thesis analyses the behaviours and strategies of stakeholders in concertation processes, then is interested in possible coordinations between the different processes engaged on the same territory. While being based on the concept of territorial concertation, this thesis develops a systemic approach of concertation, reveals the “system of territorial concertation” and the dynamics which govern its functioning. The concertation appears when certain conditions and certain factors are joined together within the system of concertation. It generates new properties (or conditions) which have in particular the effect to generate new methods of collaboration between stakeholders. The concept of “small coastal zone management”, developed in the conclusion, recapitulates the lessons of this research to propose a new approach of territorial management in coastal zone
Silva, Paulo Manuel da Cruz Alves da. "Contribution à l'étude de la dynamique sédimentaire en zone côtière." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001GRE10193.
Full textDurafour, Marine. "Dynamique sédimentaire en zone côtière dans le cas de sédiments hétérogènes : application au domaine côtier haut-normand." Thesis, Le Havre, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LEHA0010/document.
Full textParticle shape is recognized to influence the hydraulic behavior of grains but is not used in current bedload transport models for two reasons: the mechanisms of initiation of motion of sediments according to their shape are not well understood and the difficulties to define particle shape with common parameters. Several instruments were deployed in-situ, before this study, in the Eastern English Channel in March 2011. A detailed analysis of the data collected is carried out to monitor the quantities of bedload transported materials along a tidal cycle in the three study areas explored. These in-situ measurements are then compared to existing formulations using two approaches: a single fraction approach, using the median diameter of the sediment mixture, and a multiple fraction approach, involving a discretization of the granulometric curve. The need to oscillate between these two methods according to the granulometric extent of the site studied is highlighted. Photographs of grains of the sediment cover and transported in-situ by bed load highlight a preferential transport of the most circular particles of the seabed. A new formula is developed, which takes into account the heterogeneity of particles in size and in circularity, to estimate bedload sediment transport under the action of a single current. The proposed adjustment significantly improves model predictions, especially for coarse fractions of sediments. Preliminary tests in a current channel are also performed to validate a new experimental set-up and protocol in order to compare in-situ and experimental results
Raoult, Cécile. "Modélisation numérique non-linéaire et dispersive des vagues en zone côtière." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1150/document.
Full textIn this work, a potential flow model based on the Euler-Zakharov equations was developed with the objective of simulating the propagation of irregular and multidirectional sea states from deep water conditions to the coast over variable bathymetry. A highly accurate representation of nonlinear and dispersive effects for bidimensional (2DH) nearshore and coastal domains on the order of kilometers is targeted.The preexisting 1DH version of the model, resolving the Laplace Boundary Value problem using a combination of high-order finite difference schemes in the horizontal direction and a spectral approach in the vertical direction, was improved and validated. The generation of incident waves through the implementation of specific Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions was studied in detail. In practice, these conditions were used in combination witha relaxation zone to improve the stability of the model.The linear dispersion relation of the model was derived analytically for the flat bottom case. Its analysis showed that the accuracy of the representation of dispersive effects improves significantly by increasing the vertical resolution (i.e. the maximum degree of the Chebyshev polynomial basis used to project the potential in the vertical). A convergence study conducted for moderate to highly nonlinear solitary waves confirmed the exponential convergence in the vertical dimension owing to the spectral approach, and the algebraic convergence in time and in space (horizontal dimension) with orders of about 4 (or higher) in agreement with the numerical schemes used.The capability of the model to represent nonlinear effects induced by variable bathymetry, such as the transfer of energy between harmonic components, as well as the accurate representation of dispersive properties, were demonstrated with comparisons to several experimental data sets. A visco-potential flow formulation was also implemented to take into account viscous effects induced by bulk viscosity and bottom friction. This formulation was validated inthe limit of small viscosity for mild slope bathymetries.To represent 2DH wave fields in complex nearshore domains, the model was extended using an unstructured discretization (scattered nodes) in the horizontal plane. The horizontal derivatives were estimated using the RBF-FD (Radial Basis Function - Finite Difference) method, while the spectral approach in the vertical remained unchanged. A series of sensitivity tests were conducted to evaluate numerically the robustness of the RBF-FD method, including a comparison of a variety of RBFs with or without shape factors and augmented polynomials. The 2DH version of the model was used to simulate two wave basin experiments, validating the approach and demonstrating the applicability of this method for 3D wave propagation, including nonlinear effects. As an initial attempt to improve the computational efficiency ofthe model for running simulations of large spatial domains, the code was adapted to use a parallelized direct linear solver
Célie, Sabrina. "Détermination des zones d'implantation d'éoliennes offshore flottantes en zone côtière Méditerranéenne à partir d'un modèle atmosphérique." Toulon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOUL0004.
Full textThe part of the renewable energies in the French electric production should increase in a important \vay in the years to corne, encouraged in it by the policy of the European Union in protection of the environment. The most easily exploitable kind of renewable energy most easily exploitable in term of profitability and technological solutions is supplied by windmills. The maritime zones have the advantage to offer a better wind potential even for a higher cost but are rather quickly limited by the bathymetry. The floating offshore windmills will allow to increase the distances from the coast by pushing away the deep limit, with the advantage to offer a better exposure to the wind, to allow the exploitation of more powerful! wind fields and to decrease the visual impact. A climatological study is led over the last twenty years (from the data ECMWF and from the meteorological station of Marignane), to know the occurrence of the various typical meteorological situations of the Mediterranean coast (mistral, East wind. West wind, breeze of earth and sea breeze, no wind). The meteorological modelling w:ith mesoscale model RAMS 43 is used to obtain a better understanding of the climatology of the Mediterranean region and the detailed spatiotemporal structure of the wind fields in the troposphere. The attention is focus on the 10 m levels (for the interaction with the waves field) and 100 m levels (height foreseen by the axis of windmills). The modelling of the wind field in the zone of study presents various problems due to the presence of coastal zone and a very damaged topography. An adaptation of the model to the site is made by entering in the model a precise topography and vegetation. To validate the simulations, the results are compared with the experimental data measured during the campaigns of FETCH (1998), Map (1999) and DISCOUNT (2001). Then, the atmospheric modelling is used to estimate the wind potential of the region Provence-Alpes-Cote-d'Azur. Beforehand an estimation of the wind resources of the region from the parameters of Weibull is established. Then the association of the statistical analysis and the modelling completes these results by determining the fields of annual and monthly average wind potential as well as the power density of the zone. From this, the most profitable places for the exploitation of floating offshore windmills were selected
Chatterjee, Arnab. "Rôle des micro-algues benthiques dans la zone côtière : biomasse, biodiversité, productivité." Thesis, Brest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BRES0005/document.
Full textThe most important primary producer groups of the coastal zones are suspended phytoplankton cells (Pannard et al, 2008) and microphytobenthos (MPB) (Woelfel et al., 2010). In these regions, phytoplankton and benthic microalgae are both recognized as being principal components of the diet for economically important suspension-feeding fauna (Gillespie et al., 2000). However, although phytoplankton has been vastly documented, MPB is often understudied.In sufficient light for photosynthesis they can inhabit the top few centimeters of the substrate layers (mud or sand) of marine sediment (Charpy and Charpy-Roubaud 1990, MacIntyre et al. 1996, MacIntyre and Cullen 1996) and play an important role as a food source for higher trophic levels (Revsbech et al. 1981, Sorokin 1991, Charpy and Charpy-Roubaud 1990 ). Benthic microalgal biomass mostly follows a similar distribution to the total organic matter content of surficial sediments indicating that sediment geochemical processes such as nutrient release from the breakdown of organic matter may be important in determining the distribution of MPB (Light, 1998). However, on the other hand, though not proportional with the MPB biomass, benthic production can even surpass the pelagic contribution (Underwood and kromkamp, 1999). With their ability of high primary production benthic microalgal communities can profoundly influence the flux, transformation and turnover of carbon and nutrients in coastal areas. Benthic primary producers contribute to the availability of energy and matter for benthic and pelagic food webs and define benthic and pelagic energy budgets, which affect the chemistry at the sediment-water interface, and regulate sediment stability. The shallow waters, where MPB thrives, allow a more direct interaction between pelagic and benthic processes keeping the benthos much less susceptible to physical and biochemical disturbances such as evaporation, eutrophication, and wind-forcing (Molen, 2011). Because attached microalgae can avoid advective processes and adapt to changes in light availability at short time scales, their importance is particularly enhanced (Phinney, 2004). As a result of the impact that MPB carries in a coastal ecosystem, along with the study of the functional role of MPB, investigations on their diversity have also gained some importance in the last two decades (Sundbaeck & Joensson, 1988; Blanchard, 1990; Montagna et al., 1995). Like phytoplankton, MPB communities can also act as sensitive indicators of water quality as the taxonomic composition of MPB assemblages can vary as per different nutrient levels (Lange-Bertalot, 1979; Kann, 1986). However, although the importance of MPB has been emphasized on intertidal zones (Pinckney & Zingmark, 1993; Colijn & De Jonge, 1984; Herman et al., 2000), the subtidal zones have generally been ignored till yet on this regard and as a result of which not much is known about the MPB dynamics in the subtidal zones. The subtidal zone of Bay of Brest was chosen for this study because there had been comprehensive input of nitrates to the zone in the past century .This zone has being amazingly resistant to eutrophication for quite some time, although silicate and nitrate ratio got down during the past 20 years. Research has been done previously on the spatial distribution of MPB in the zone in terms of primary productivity and biomass, but in order to achieve a more holistic view of these important photoautotrophs, a temporal study is necessary as well. The objectives of this work have been to characterize the temporal distribution of MPB in terms of biomass, productivity and biodiversity in the subtidal zone of Bay of Brest on a monthly scale, assess a comparative reasoning between MPB and the phytoplankton of the overlying water column complying on the same factors and draw an understanding on the significance of seasonal fluctuations of MPB in the overall seasonal distribution of photoautotrophs. […]
Chu, Tien Dat. "Dynamique sédimentaire en zone côtière dans les cas de sédiments multi-classes." Le Havre, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LEHA0009.
Full textThe sediment dynamics in coastal zone results from very complex interaction between the hydrodynamic forcing (wave, current, tide) and marine sediments which generally exhibit different sizes, densities and shapes. This interaction often leads to the formation of ripples on the bed and the phenomenon of sediment-sorting. The ripples and the sediment segregation significantly influence the sediment transport by changing the bottom roughness, the structure of the bed boundary layer and the dissipation of the hydrodynamic forcing. This thesis focuses on the sediment dynamics in coastal zone in the case of heterogeneous sediments in size and density. The objective of this work is to provide a contribution to the understanding and the modeling of the process which control the sediment transport and sediment-sorting under the action of waves. The experimental tests were conducted in wave flume and a theoretical study was made
Etty, Claude Aubert. "Détection des insectes par radar Doppler polarimétrique : application à l'étude d'une zone côtière." Toulouse 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU30194.
Full textUmasangaji, Halikuddin. "Contamination des calanques par les micropolluants organiques (Cortiou) zone côtière de Marseille, France." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0520/document.
Full textDemographic explosion has led to increase intensively environmental contaminants issued from different anthropogenic release e.g. petroleum hydrocarbons, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and also other domestic waste such as detergents as household cleaner. Due to their persistence and the toxicological point of view, the remnants of these organic contaminants, which can be detected in the different environmental matrices (water, sediment, air and biota), sometimes with very low concentration (micropollutants), has gained the public attention. This study aims to determine the concentration levels of selected contaminants in surficial sediments and identifying the source of these chemicals in Cortiou Creek. The results showed high contamination by hydrocarbons in the studied area. Additionally, these results probably reflected that biodegradation processes occurred concomitantly with a chronic apportionment of untreated sewage loading. These organic pollutants also confirmed an adverse effect for marine biota and more particularly for benthic communities for some stations
Mounsamy, Jean-Marc. "Modélisation numérique de l’hydrodynamique côtière : application à la zone cotière de Pointe-à-Pitre." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGUY0631.
Full textThe present work is about the numerical study of the three dimensional form of the unstationnary Navier--Stokesequations. These equations are studied under their classical form but also under their hydrostatic one. Thetime--dependent problem is solved using a projection method called the standard incremental projection method which isused as the reference to the numerical study of the new projection methods we proposed : the hydrostatic projectionmethod and the extended dynamical projection method. These methods are combined with a volume penalization methodto take into account obstacles of any shape in the simulation domain using cartesian meshes. A new formulation of the hydrostatic Navier--Stokes equations is obtained from the use of the penalization method and studied. The space isdiscretized using the finite volume method on a staggered MAC mesh.A new computational fluid dynamic code nammed VivAn'O have been developped during this work. It had permitted thenumerical study of the proposed methods. It was also used to carry out simulations in the harbour area of Pointe--à--Pitre usine real bathvmetric data
Oursel, Benjamin. "Transferts et dynamique des contaminants métalliques en zone côtière. : Impact d’une grande agglomération méditerranéenne." Thesis, Toulon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUL0019/document.
Full textThe aim of this PhD was to evaluate the impact from Marseille agglomeration on thecoastal area, using trace metals and organic carbon quantification. On the French Mediterraneancoast, Marseille is the largest agglomeration (~1.7M inhabitants), located directly on coast andhave the biggest European underground wastewater treatment plan (WWTP, 1.62M eq). Theimpact of this urbanized and industrialized area on the coastal zone (bulk fluxes) remainsmisunderstood, because of the multiplicity of contaminant sources (direct inputs(rivers/effluents) vs. diffusive ones (coastal industrial wasteland, aerosols, …)) partlycontrolled by climatic conditions. Similarly, the transfer mechanisms of contaminants thatcontrol their fate to the open sea (net fluxes) have to be studied. In such context, numerouswater and sediment sampling campaigns were performed during contrasted climatic conditions(baseflow vs. flood) in the tributaries and along a 2km coastal-offshore transect in front of theoutputs. The main objectives of this study were to determine contaminants sources, transfermechanisms and fate in the coastal zone. During baseflow conditions, results have shown thatthe system dynamic is mainly controlled by the WWTP inputs, that are for instance the maincontributor (>75%) of Ag, Cu or Pb inputs to the coastal area. When discharged to the sea, thestudied trace metals presented non-conservative behaviours, consecutive to adissolved/particulate fractionation out of equilibrium in the outlets associated to fastremobilization at the beginning of the salinity gradient. These results were confirmed by labremobilization experiments allowing to better understand the desorption kinetics of tracemetals. Under such conditions, it was demonstrated that on-field filtration is a prerequisite toavoid under-estimation of the dissolved fraction of trace metals. The monitoring of a flood eventduring a rainy period has shown the high reactivity of the studied system, a peculiarity ofMediterraneean coastal rivers. Most of the studied trace metals, mainly brought in theparticulate fraction, suffer desorption processes when discharged to the sea, a processcharacterized by kinetics slower and effective at higher salinity in comparison to baseflowinputs. These differences are most probably linked to the nature of particles being urban andorganic during baseflow, mostly terrigeneous and inorganic during flood. Finally, a settling rateexperiment was designed in the lab in order to evaluate the physical and chemical characteristicsof representative particles. The obtained parameters were integrated in the 3D hydrodynamicand sediment transport model of IFREMER allowing to better evaluate the fate of pollutedparticles in the coastal area
Demoisson, Ambre. "Etude de la source et du transport des aérosols marins en zone côtière méditerranéenne." Thesis, Toulon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUL0018/document.
Full textThe knowledge of both the source and atmospheric transport of marine aerosols is needed for a better understanding of a large number of physicochemical processes that control the lower troposphere properties. In this context, the present work deals with the modelization of the generation and atmospheric transport of marine aerosols in the Mediterranean coastal zone. In particular, this study allowed improvement of the aerosol transport model MACMod on the basis of a specific work on the boundary conditions. A new formulation of the sea-spray source function has been determined for the northern Mediterranean and effects of the transformations of the sea-spray particles during their atmospheric transport were identified. In addition, to better take into account the influence of the anthropogenic zones for the boundary conditions, the implementation of the CHIMERE model on the study area was made. Finally, a last part of the thesis was dedicated to the use of the MACMod model for the air quality forecasting and the survey of the PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations
Demoisson, Ambre. "Etude de la source et du transport des aérosols marins en zone côtière méditerranéenne." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUL0018.
Full textThe knowledge of both the source and atmospheric transport of marine aerosols is needed for a better understanding of a large number of physicochemical processes that control the lower troposphere properties. In this context, the present work deals with the modelization of the generation and atmospheric transport of marine aerosols in the Mediterranean coastal zone. In particular, this study allowed improvement of the aerosol transport model MACMod on the basis of a specific work on the boundary conditions. A new formulation of the sea-spray source function has been determined for the northern Mediterranean and effects of the transformations of the sea-spray particles during their atmospheric transport were identified. In addition, to better take into account the influence of the anthropogenic zones for the boundary conditions, the implementation of the CHIMERE model on the study area was made. Finally, a last part of the thesis was dedicated to the use of the MACMod model for the air quality forecasting and the survey of the PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations
Blot, Romain. "Etude et modélisation des variations spatio-temporelles des distributions d'aérosols en zone côtière méditerranéenne." Phd thesis, Université du Sud Toulon Var, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00651785.
Full textBlot, Romain. "Etude et modélisation des variations spatio-temporelles des distributions d'aérosols en zone côtière méditerranéenne." Phd thesis, Toulon, 2009. https://theses.hal.science/tel-00651785/fr/.
Full textWith 70% of the planet surface covered by seas and oceans, the presence of sea salt particles, produced mainly by the waves breaking, represents a major constituent in the geochemical cycle of the atmosphere and in the earth radiative budget. Ln order to anticipate the possible changes, our knowledge has to progress towards a more precise description and modelling of surface flux. The present study proposes a general framework for a better characterization of particles injected in the atmosphere by the waves breaking. One of the objectives is to study the parametrical and numerical models' validity in order to predict the spatio-temporal sea spray's variation at a local and regional scale. A first part of this work is dedicated to the study of the aerosol concentrations' spatial variation in a Mediterranean coastal zone. To do so, a coupling between a meso-scale meteorological code (RAMS) and an aerosol determinist model (Medex) developed by the LSEET has been operated. The predictions of the coupling are confronted with the data recorded during an experimental campaign led in May 2007 at Porquerolles Island. The second part is focused on the parametrical model improvement : with the help of the data recorded in May 2007, the seasonal influence has been corrected, thus refining the Medex predictions. The third part is dedicated to the parameters influencing the sea spray concentrations during an episode of Mistral. It is shown that other parameters than the wind speed act, such as fetch or the height of the marine boundary layer. The last part proposes the development of a numerical transport model of aerosols. The first results show the influence of the atmospheric stability on the horizontal and vertical profiles of sprays
Pasquet, Audrey. "Etude des mécanismes de dispersion en zone côtière. Application aux fronts tidaux en mer d'Iroise." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00684963.
Full textBrière, Christophe. "Etude de l'hydrodynamique d'une zone côtière anthropisée : l'embouchure de l'Adour et les plages adjacentes d'Anglet." Pau, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PAUU3007.
Full textOver the last decades, coastal areas have become a favourite site for touristic, recreational activities, and housing estates. Thus, they draw considerable attention and pressure to development. Traditionally this attention has not been matched with knowledge, resulting in a proliferation of coastal problems. In many places, the natural erosion of sandy coasts has often been accelerated by anthropic activities. The Anglet coastal area is an example of this. The beaches have been decreasing for decades and the Adour River mouth, located northward, is subject to important silting, which results in dredging activities twice a year. Several groins have been built since 1970 in order to control these two phenomena but they are only partially effective. In this context, the conurbational council of Bayonne-Anglet-Biarritz had financed a research program. The thesis involved is aimed at improving the hydro-sedimentary behaviour of the coastal area by experimental and numerical means. The continuous tendency and constant rate of erosion were underscored by an analysis of the evolution of the beaches based on 24-year period surveys. The hydrodynamic forcings, and especially the offshore wave climates, were studied (Chap. II). A field campaign was carried out in March 2003 in order to increase the knowledge of the physical processes and to obtain field data for the evaluation of numerical models. Under low energetic conditions, an energy concentration due to refraction of waves above the dredging spoil was observed in the south of the River mouth. In this local point, the currents were directed to the mouth at ebb and flood tides (Chap. III). The selected numerical models (phase-resolving and phase-average wave propagation models & 2DH hydrodynamic model) were assessed by comparing field measurements of March 2003 with numerical results (Chap. IV). A coupled Tomawac/Telemac 2D approach was adopted to describe the circulation induced by representative forcings (wave, tide, wind, river flow). Hydrodynamic regimes were obtained under realistic conditions based on statistical analysis. The coupled contribution of waves and tide was also studied (Chap. V). The action of tides is underscored at the boundaries of the system where the sediment transport rate is not significant even under high energetic conditions. Moreover, the combined effect of waves and tides accounts for the sediment transit from the South to the North which results in the erosion of Anglet beaches and the silting of the River mouth. Finally, the major effect of waves is brought under attention near the Adour River mouth where the sediment transport rate is significant; all the more as the energetic conditions are high (storm events and swells)
Tessier, Caroline. "Caractérisation et dynamique des turbidités en zone côtière : l'exemple de la région marine Bretagne Sud." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13307.
Full textPasquet, Audrey. "Étude des mécanismes de dispersion en zone côtière : application aux fronts tidaux en mer d'Iroise." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1666/.
Full textIn coastal areas, when the summer stratification settles, the bottom and surface turbulent boundary layers can overlap and delineate thermal fronts. An example in the Iroise sea is the Ushant front that develops around areas of intense mixing (ZMP): the "Raz de Sein" and the area of Ouessant. Its extension is variable and exceeds the areas of mixed waters production. Both the extension of the front and its variability are sensitive to mechanisms of dispersion of homogenized waters. Those mechanisms of dispersion are studied using academic configurations where tidal mixing is represented as fixed areas where stratified waters are continuously homogenized. It is shown that baroclinic instability developing at the edge of the ZMPs represents the most efficient mechanism to disperse the homogenized waters. Any process that modifies the characteristics of baroclinic instability, or the auto-propagating efficiency of emerging structures, significantly impacts the dispersion rate and pattern. The sensitivity of dispersive processes to seasonal and local parameters is analyzed. Realistic configurations of the Iroise sea are then used to investigate the variability of thermal fronts when mixing processes are combined with dispersive mechanisms. Thermal gradients in the surface and subsurface layers are investigated considering extension patterns of the Ushant front during summer 2009. It is shown that thermal fronts are partly initiated by the presence of mixed waters produced in ZMPs and subducted in subsurface. Those anticyclonic structures thicken the subsurface layer, and can interact with surface turbulence, thus favoring the outcropping of cold to mild waters at the surface
Ménard, Adam. "Délimitation et caractérisation de la zone d'influence des eaux côtières et terrestres sur le milieu physique de l'annexe côtière du parc national Kejimkujik, Nouvelle-Écosse." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2002. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2284.
Full textNguyen, Thi Ngoc Tuyet. "Risk of eutrophication in the Saigon River : Impacts of the Ho Chi Minh Megacity (Vietnam)." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAU049/document.
Full textThe Saigon River, a part of Saigon – Dongnai River basin located in Southern Vietnam, is about 250 km long with a catchment area of 4,717 km2. The Dau Tieng reservoir in the upstream of the Saigon River has been constructed for irrigation, flood protection purposes and the control of the intrusion of saline water. When flowing through HCMC, Saigon River is connected with canals and then joins Dongnai River to become the Nha Be River flowing through Can Gio Mangrove to the East Sea. Draining a low elevation coastal zone (LECZ), Saigon River is affected by the asymmetric semi-diurnal tides.The general goal of this thesis is to (i) assess trophic status in the Saigon – Dongnai River, (ii) assess the processes that lead nutrient behavior in the salinity gradient to estimate retention capacity with respect to the nutrients fluxes and (iii) calculate nutrient budgets to further be used for numerical simulations.The first step of this thesis consisted in a survey of nutrient concentrations (N, P, Si) at four sampling sites within the Saigon – Dongnai River system, which was carried out bi-monthly from July 2015 to December 2017, allowing to quantify the levels of nutrient concentrations and of indicators of eutrophication. This thesis pointed out an excess of nutrients in HCMC with concentrations of NH4+ and PO43- averaging to 0.7 mgN L-1 and 0.07 mgP L-1, respectively. We observed that untreated domestic discharges lead to the degradation of Saigon River’s water quality with extreme value of algal biomass (up 150 µChl-a L-1) and hypoxia conditions occurring episodically (DO < 2 mg L-1) during dry season. The eutrophic issue in the city center has no clear effect downstream because eutrophic water mass from Saigon River is efficiently mixed with Dongnai and sea water masses during the semi-diurnal tidal cycle, leading to efficient metabolism of nutrients within the estuarine partBased on field and laboratory surveys, we assessed the eutrophication of the river, and investigated P adsorption-desorption capacity onto suspended sediment (SS) within the salinity gradient. Field surveys showed a clear impact of the megacity, total P increasing three fold in HCMC center, as compared with upstream values. Downstream, in the tidally mixed estuarine area, the total P lowered to less than 0.5 gP kg-1. Laboratory experiments were carried out to characterize the influence of SS concentrations, salinity and turbulence on sorption/desorption processes. Among these observed variables, SS concentration was shown to be the main driver for adsorption capacity of P onto SS in salinity gradient. This underlines the role of cohesive sediment dynamics, as an important driver of nutrient dynamic in this estuarine river system.In this thesis, we analyzed the nutrients, suspended sediments and water discharges database from the Vietnamese Center of Monitoring of the Department of Natural Resources and Environment (period 2012 to 2016). Nine sites along the Saigon River and one site in the Dongnai River were used to identify the reference water status before HCMC and the increasing fluxes from upstream to downstream. The calculated fluxes allow drawing a first sediment and nutrients budget at the scale of the Saigon – Dongnai Rivers and discussing the contribution of each sub basins to the total fluxes to the estuarine and coastal zones. Add one sentence pointing out the main result of this 2005-2016 dataseries analysis
Noblet, Mélinda. "L'adaptation au changement climatique en zone côtière au Canada et au Sénégal, une comparaison Nord-Sud." Thesis, Amiens, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AMIE0042/document.
Full textThis thesis addresses the institutional and vernacular processes of adaptation to climate change in coastal areas. The purpose of this study is to challenge the generally accepted idea by the international community that the southern countries would be more vulnerable and able to cope with the negative impacts of the CC than the northern countries. Canada, a northern country considered developed and the Senegal a southern country perceived under development were selected as case studies. This thesis analyses the ways the problems of the climate and climatic vulnerability are perceived and managed by the Canadian and Senegalese societies and critically examines the actions taken at the title of adaptation. We chose to proceed within a constructivist perspective by establishing the framework of the analysis which concurrently combines the approaches multi-scalar, definitional, interactive and diachronic. From a methodological point of view, this thesis is based on a qualitative approach and privileges semi-directed interview and focus group. The results show that the climatic vulnerability is an international problem and the capacities to be adapted are equally weak in both countries. We have also observed that global warming and the problems it produces put under serious questions the methods of managing environmental issues and patterns of development in both sides north and south
Gallissaires, Jean-Marie. "Etude des transits sableux sur la zone côtière : application aux littoraux aquitain (France) et Fluminense (Brésil)." Bordeaux 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR10666.
Full textGuenard, Vincent. "Etude du mistral en zone côtière : approches théoriques et observationnelles appliquées aux campagnes MAP et ESCOMPTE." Toulon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOUL0010.
Full textThe vertical structure of the coastal mistral has been investigated in the context of the MAP (autumn 1999) and ESCOMPTE summer 2001) field campaigns. The study combines the observational (through the exploitation of the multi-platform data avalaible in both experiments), the theoretical (using the basic existing theories dealing with orographic flows) and the numerical (using the non-hydrostatic atmospheric model RAMS) approaches to point out the physical processes involved in mistral episodes. Upstream blocking, channelling, splitting, wave breakings, lee wakes, downslope and frictional effects result in a deep or a shallow structure according to the direction of the incident flow in strong mistral events. The daily weak mistral is lifted up above the atmospheric boundary layer by convection and sea breezes while the nighttime weak mistral is accelerated by land breezes as a nocturnal low-level jet
Trombetta, Thomas. "Initiation des efflorescences phytoplanctoniques en zone côtière : le rôle de la température et des interactions biologiques." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG088.
Full textIn temperate marine ecosystems, the major part of the annual primary production is generated in spring during rapid phytoplankton biomass accumulation periods, called ‘blooms’, supporting the diversity and the functioning of these ecosystems. Several physical, chemical and biological mechanisms triggering the bloom initiation were evocated for these ecosystems. However, for shallow coastal zones, under the influence of complex environmental forcing factors, mechanisms triggering blooms are not well known. The objective of the present thesis was to identify and classify the forcing factors contributing to the bloom initiation in these zones, especially the role of physical and chemical forcing factors and biological interactions in the microbial network, but also to understand the consequences of the temperature elevation on this functioning in the global warming context.In this frame, a monitoring with a dual approach was carried out in Thau lagoon: a high frequency (15 min) in situ monitoring of hydrological , meteorological and biological parameters; and a weekly monitoring of the abundance of the microbial community (virus, bacteria, phytoplankton, heterotrophic flagellates and ciliates), and its diversity, with a particular look at phytoplankton. These monitoring were carried out from winter to spring in two consecutive years, 2015 and 2016. Besides these monitoring, an in situ mesocosm experiment was carried out during the 2018 spring to simulate the temperature elevation according to the global warming scenario, in the presence and the absence of mesozooplankton. The objective of this experiment was to identify the direct effect of warming and the indirect effect of the zooplankton on the phytoplankton dynamic, the pigment composition and succession, during the pre-bloom, bloom and post-bloom periods. A correlation network analysis between 110 various groups/taxa/species highlighted the major interactions characterizing the microbial interaction network during the bloom and the non-bloom periods and the differences between these two years. During the bloom periods, intraguild phytoplankton competition and mutualism between phytoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria dominated the microbial food web. This suggested an energy transfer based on both bacterial and phytoplanktonic biomass, through the microzooplankton predation. During the non-bloom periods, interaction between ciliates and heterotrophic bacteria (bacterivory) dominated, suggesting an energy transfer mainly based on bacterial biomass. Besides, the high frequency monitoring highlighted the predominant role of the water temperature increase, especially during the early spring, in the initiation of the phytoplankton blooms. The combination between the phytoplankton metabolism stimulated by the temperature increase and the low grazing pressure triggered the phytoplankton biomass accumulation starting the blooms. Furthermore, 2016 year, with the warmer winter recorded in France (Meteofrance), was characterized by a weaker phytoplankton biomass accumulation during the early spring, a dominance of the small phytoplankton at the expanse of diatoms, and a dominance of interactions between small size microorganisms. The mesocosm experiment confirmed the role of the temperature elevation on the bloom amplitude reduction (diminution of 50% of the chlorophyll a concentration) and the promotion of small phytoplankton such as small green algae and dinoflagellates, at the expanse of diatoms. This amplitude and composition modification of phytoplankton blooms was mainly due to the indirect effect of the zooplankton grazing increase under warming. Furthermore, the results underlined that it was microzooplankton which mainly controlled the phytoplankton dynamic and biomass and the mesozooplankton was mainly accomplished the role of the secondary consumer in this system
Baghdadi, Mehme. "Courantologie lagrangienne de surface par radar VHF en zone côtière : Mise en oeuvre et méthodologie d'application." Toulon, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOUL0007.
Full textSidan, Lucie. "Le droit public face à la "capacité de charge". L'administration des territoires de la zone côtière." Thesis, Perpignan, 2020. https://theses-public.univ-perp.fr/2020PERP0035.pdf.
Full text'Carrying capacity' becomes a notion that Public law can understand, in shore areas, but also in coastal and marine areas. Although it has been indirectly addressed through case law judgments concerning land spatial planning operations and in the framework of the environmental law and through of public authorities acts, the clear mention of 'carrying capacity' in the field of law is a recent development. This is a step forward attributed in particular to the new Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Protocol (under the Barcelona Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Region of the Mediterranean), signed on 21 January, and entered into force on 24 March 2011. The 'carrying capacity', in its notional and functional aspect, presupposes different implications for the coastal, environmental and maritime law, but needs to be resolutely studied from the point of view of the public law. The purpose of this thesis is precisely to examine the understanding of this notion through various legal matters related to it (The public domain, the land use planning law, the environmental law, the coastal law, etc.). Also in the private law, or more precisely, as regards its use in the management of private activities (public economic law) and its legal sectoral applications (pollution law, for example). The IZCM Protocol marks the legal recognition of the 'carrying capacity' as notion. Undoubtedly, for the signatory States and their administrations, the consideration of carrying capacity, which makes it possible to control the pressures exerted on the coastal zone and to set the limits of its exploitation, is a new proposal. The competent public administrations for coastal areas, will take up this proposal, in a proactive approach to controlling the changing coastal fringe. In order not to let this impetus fall back, and from a perspective of concrete administrative science, it is necessary to consider the daily life of the active administration through urban planning, coastal and environmental law, to understand how public law appropriates, explicitly or indirectly, the carrying capacity, and if it does so, by means of which legal instruments. Nevertheless, even when engaged, the law alone does not seem to be strong in front of the exercise of measuring carrying capacity, or even carrying capacities; they seem to depend, and this is a public choice like any other, on ordered or available scientific information. In addition to all difficulties linked to scientific measurement and the uncertainties recognized, or even displayed, by the specialized sciences, there are also the difficulties arising from the willingness of administrative and political leaders: to integrate these data from the ecological reality into land use planning and to make the administrative effort to open up conciliation processes (between economic interests and protection of the elements of the environment). The whole is not favored by the context of crisis and economic development, but it is supported by the new demands of the right to a healthy environment and by several industrial and health crisis
Huynh-Thanh, Son. "Etude numérique de la couche limite turbulente oscillatoire générée par l'interaction houle-courant en zone côtière." Grenoble INPG, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990INPG0101.
Full textPecqueur, David. "Rôle des protozoo-et virioplancton dans le contrôle des bactérioplancton et phytoplancton en zone côtière Méditerranéenne." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20149.
Full textThe aims of this thesis work were to shed new lights on the functioning of the microbial food web (MFW) in the Thau coastal lagoon through a “global approach” that permit us to study simultaneously the entire MFW components (21 groups) from viruses to microzooplankton. Growth and mortality of microorganisms were studied experimentally along seasons and during a mesocosm experiment. We particularly focus on mortality due to microzooplankton (<200µm) grazing and viral lysis. Responses of the different components of the MFW under a typical Mediterranean forcing, flash flood, was also studied during an in situ monitoring and a mesocosm experiment in the Thau Lagoon.In conclusion, it appears that heterotrophic bacteria show the highest growth rates (until 2.18 day-1). Growth rates of pico- and nanophytolankton groups were always lower than 1.5 day-1. The major cause of mortality of the different group studied, reaching on average 90%, was due to the predation by the microzooplankton. Mortality due to viral lysis appeared to be a “sporadic processes”, less important than microzooplankton grazing indeed. In addition, the observed grazing rates or bacterivory were close to growth rates of microorganisms, suggesting an efficient trophic transfer of the microbial biomass towards higher trophic levels.River flash flood; an important forcing in the Mediterranean coastal zone; triggered on a short time scale, a decrease in growth and grazing rates of microorganisms whereas viral lysis was enhanced. However, the important dynamics of this studied MFW allowed the rapid reestablishment of growth and grazing rates, indicating a strong resilience capability of this system
Pezzoli, Alessandro. "Influence des conditions météorologiques sur l'état de surface de la mer en zone côtière : modélisation et prédiction." Toulon, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001TOUL0018.
Full textDenis, Jacques. "Développement et validation de méthodes de classification de la zone côtière : une contribution à sa gestion intégrée." Toulouse 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU30297.
Full textKhoury, Alaa. "Etude des processus physiques pilotant la dynamique sédimentaire en zone côtière : application à la morphodynamique des plages." Thesis, Le Havre, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LEHA0003.
Full textNumerous studies have been carried out on sandy beach morphology; however, the physical processes which govern beach morphodynamics need to be better defined, despite the significance of this subject in view of the direct applications for coastal erosion. The aim of the present work is to bring a contribution to the study of these processes from well controlled tests carried out in a 10 m long wave flume at LOMC laboratory with a megatidal regime simulation. The tests were performed in the intermediate regime according to the Masselink and Short (1993) classification. The temporal evolution of beach profiles was obtained using an acoustic method. The incident waves and the free surface in the shoaling zone were measured with resistive probes. The free surface and bed level in the breaker, surf and swash zones were recorded with an optical method. The effect of tides on beach profiles was analyzed. Intertidal bar identified as a slip-face bar was generated. Formation processes of this bar were analyzed. The bar is alternately exposed to swash zone processes at low tide and breaker zone processes at high tide. The intertidal bar is fronted by a subtidal bar involved in its formation. Swash hydrodynamics were investigated on a megatidal beach using an optical method. A detailed analysis of the relationship between measured runup elevations and various variables was carried out. This allowed to determine the best parameters to predict runup. The results suggested that the slope of the surf zone and the wave breaking height should be used to estimate runup. A new runup estimation formula adapted to the studied beaches was proposed
Benmecheta, Aicha. "Estimation de la température de surface a partir de l'imagerie satellitale; validation sur une zone côtière d’Algérie." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1171/document.
Full textThe techniques of thermal remote sensing (TIR) were applied in environmental studies especially for the extraction of the surface temperature. Thermal infrared (TIR) remote sensing is the only possible approach to retrieve LST (Coll & et al., 2005). Many authors have studied this parameter and proposed specific algorithms for its extraction from satellite imaging. (Abdellaoui A. , 1985a) proposed a model for the relationship of the air temperature near the ground for the spatial extension of surface-based parameters models; (Abdellaoui & et al., 1986) proposed a global analysis model of energy balance at the soil-atmosphere interface that extracts the daily changes in surface temperature and evapo-transpiration and an average value of thermal inertia; (Becker & Li, 1990) applied the split-window method on the earth's surface by taking into consideration the surface emissivity; (Sobrino & et al., 1996) have developed a split-window algorithm for estimating the surface temperature by providing split-window coefficients adapted to ATSR sensor. (Gillespie & et al., 1998) applied the TES method that uses a separation approach of the temperature and emissivity to find the surface temperature. (Qin & et al., 2001a) have found it useful to focus on a single thermal band by developing a single-window algorithm for extracting the surface temperature from Landsat TM6 Data.Some conventional image processing software such as ENVI, IDRISSI, ERDAS incorporate a module for generating a surface temperature image using the calibration and adjustment parameters. However, the surface temperature in these software represents only one small element of a set of outputs that are primarily dedicated to the visible rather than to the infrared spectrum. Our main objective in this work is to develop an extraction and processing tool for the surface temperature and its use for the monitoring of the landscape evolution. Using IDL as its image processing engine, our tool is equipped with graphical user interface and user-driven modules. The algorithms developed employ a number of methods to calculate the surface temperature based on satellite data; the interface allows the selection of the most suitable extraction method for the user’s study
Layglon, Nicolas. "Comportement des éléments traces métalliques lors de la remise en suspension de sédiments contaminés en zone côtière." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOUL0009.
Full textTrace metal elements entering marine environment accumulate in the sediments. In harbor areas, sediment can be resuspended in the water column following natural (swells, storms ...) and/or anthropic events (maritime traffic, dredging activity). In particular, the Mediterranean Sea represents a significant maritime trade route, generating frequent resuspension events of anthropic origin, while being slightly subjected to the influence of natural tidal phenomena. In this context, the objectives of this thesis consisted in evaluating the potential of trace elements during re-suspension events in order to provide knowledge that would help to better predict and thus better manage the associated risk. The kinetics of trace metal elements, studied in laboratory experiments, were specified in light of the variability of harbor contexts. During the first 5 days of suspension, trace elements transfers appeared mainly determined by abiotic processes. The understanding of these processes partially explained the field observations performed during an impact study of a dredging operation
Trouillet, Brice. "La "mer côtière" d'Iroise à Finisterre. Etude géographique d'ensembles territoriaux en construction." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010854.
Full textSparfel, Lénaïg. "Etude des changements d'occupation des sols dans la zone côtière à partir de données hétérogènes : application au pays de Brest." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00636846.
Full textRochette, Julien. "LE TRAITEMENT JURIDIQUE D'UNE SINGULARITÉ TERRITORIALE : LA ZONE CÔTIÈRE. ÉTUDE EN DROIT INTERNATIONAL ET DROIT COMPARÉ FRANCO ITALIEN." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00172410.
Full textMaria-Sube, Yves. "Structure et hétérogénéité d’une plate-forme récifale Miocène (Majorque) : implication pour les intrusions d'eau salée en zone côtière." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20196.
Full textThe coastal intrusion of brine threatens populations. This is particularly prejudicial in carbonate environments. We have studied the Miocene coral reef of S-E Majorca for better understanding the relation between geological structure and intrusion. For that purpose, we have used multi-scalar and multi-disciplinary methods. The measurements in 25 boreholes over the whole coral platform have allowed defining the stratigraphic structure and some elements of the regional tectonic. At the experimental site scale, the study of the mineral composition, the texture, and the diagenesis have allowed characterization of the carbonate sequence heterogeneity. This study contributes to the knowledge of the world best documented site for the evolution of carbonate reef reservoirs, with applications for brine intrusion and for hydrocarbon extraction
Piton, Violaine. "Du Fleuve Rouge au golfe du Tonkin : dynamique et transport sédimentaire le long du continuum estuaire-zone côtière." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30235.
Full textDeltas and coastal regions deliver the largest inputs of freshwater and sediments to the shelf and open ocean, understanding water and sediment dynamics and variability in those regions is therefore crucial. The spatio-temporal variability of estuarine and ocean dynamics under the influence of natural forcings and their impact on sediment transport and fate was assessed along the Red River estuary - coastal ocean - Gulf of Tonkin continuum. First, in-situ estuarine observations evidenced the seasonal and tidal variabilities of flow and suspended matter, and showed in particular the role of tidal pumping in the estuary siltation. Second, a 3D realistic hydrodynamic model was set up and calibrated with various observations and satellite data. Beforehand, a high-resolution model configuration was implemented and optimized with sensitivity tests of the Gulf of Tonkin's tidal components to bathymetry and various bottom friction parameterizations. Third, the resulting optimized configuration was used to study the large scale Gulf of Tonkin circulation at daily, seasonal and interannual scales, and to identify the drivers of their variabilities. Ekman transport variability due to monsoon winds reversal drives the seasonal circulation, which can be reversed in summer by episodic typhoon events and intensified in winter. ENSO, strong typhoon activity and Arctic Oscillation have been identified as drivers of the interannual circulation variability. Lastly, preliminary tests with a sediment transport module coupled with the hydrodynamics model revealed the importance of the seabed composition and of the parameterization of the erosion coefficients
Nlend, Bertil. "Processus hydrologiques dans une zone côtière hyper-humide sous forte influence anthropique (Douala, Cameroun). : Une étude géochimique de la dynamique de l'eau de l'atmosphère au sous-sol." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCD055.
Full textA multidisciplinary approach was carried out in Douala, a humid tropical coastal megacity (Cameroon, West Africa) which already experiences some environmental changes due to population growth, urbanization and industrialization. We aimed at identifying the hydrological processes involved in this peculiar site, which records approximately 4 m of rainfall/year and undergoes almost continuous rainfall during year. Moreover since it is well known that modifications in land uses may profoundly influence hydrology, we need to improve our understanding on key hydrological processes in such tropical humid. To answer this question, we focus on water fluxes across the critical zone (land–atmosphere-subsurface continuum) through isotopic and chemical data from water vapour, rainfall and groundwater.Concerning atmospheric fluxes, results highlight an influence of large scale meteorological conditions on precipitation stable isotope composition. Classical processes (thermo-dependency, amount effect, continental recycling) observed elsewhere cannot be applied in Douala region. The intensity of upstream convection and the size of convective system mostly impact monthly and daily rainfalls. We also put in evidence that extended clouds in altitude, due to strong convection, provoke depleted precipitation in heavy isotopes. Moreover, the isotopic signature in rainfall is similar to that of water vapour, thus meaning a lack of post-condensational effects.By coupling this isotopic signal of precipitation with that of groundwater, we show that the Mio-Pliocene aquifer in Douala is recharged locally by rainwater and that this recharge occurs preferentially from April to August and November. There is no fractionating process during the infiltration of rainwater. Stable isotopes in groundwater highlight the existence of different flow paths within this multi-layered aquifer. We identified a deep flow path that mays correspond to groundwater with long residence time compared to shallower ones. Information obtained by the isotopes is similar to that provided by hydro-meteorological and potentiometric data. The aquifer recharge varies between 892.6 mm and 933.6 mm/year. Rainwater infiltrates at high altitudes, then flows underground with a velocity estimated to 1.96 m/day, before reaching the estuary. Groundwater chemistry enforces these findings. Water mineralization clearly increases along a flow path conducting water from the recharge zone (high altitudes) to the discharge area (estuary). Concentrations in main ions are partly controlled by rainfall intensity through the dilution effect, water-rocks interactions processes and human activities.The impacts of these human activities on groundwater quantity and quality, but also, on a more general way on climatic changes within the region, have been then deeply investigated. The results show that there is a widespread degradation of groundwater quality due to anthropogenic activities, leading also to seawater intrusion in some coastal megacities of West Africa. Groundwater deterioration tends to be emphasized by climate change (through an increase in CO2, increase in air temperatures and slight increase in precipitation amount).Finally this thesis provides new insights for tropical hydrology and key management tools to Douala water resource managers.Keywords: Douala, Rainwater; Mio-Pliocene groundwater; stable isotopes; major ions; upstream convection; anthropogenic activities, critical zone
Gourmelon, Françoise. "La contribution des SIG à la connaissance et à la gestion de l'environnement littoral." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00321106.
Full text- Un résumé du parcours scientifique, présenté sous la forme d'un rapport d'activité, incluant les actions d'enseignement et la liste des productions bibliographiques,
- Un recueil des publications les plus représentatives, présenté par thématique,
- Une synthèse concernant la contribution des SIG à la connaissance et à la gestion de l'environnement littoral. Les éléments présentés dans cette synthèse sont les suivants.
En 1992, la seconde Conférence des Nations Unies pour l'Environnement et le Développement (CNUED, Rio) mettait l'accent sur la dimension planétaire de nombreux phénomènes écologiques et sur la nécessité d'en accroître la connaissance, d'améliorer la gestion des ressources et d'assurer la protection de l'environnement notamment contre les risques naturels et technologiques. Les zones côtières étaient alors reconnues comme des espaces extrêmement sensibles où les effets perturbateurs de l'homme sont parfois irréversibles, à l'image des pays en voie de développement où les littoraux subissent depuis quelques années un accroissement rapide de la population provoquant des mutations territoriales de grande ampleur. Cette conférence réaffirmait de ce fait l'intérêt du concept de « gestion intégrée des zones côtières » proposé au début des années 1970 par la Convention de Ramsar et l'US Coastal Zone Management Act, qui exprime le besoin d'agir collectivement sur les processus naturels et anthropiques susceptibles de menacer le maintien durable de la qualité de l'environnement et des activités qui s'y déroulent.
Mais comment gérer cet espace complexe sans une connaissance approfondie de son fonctionnement et de son évolution ? C'est à ce niveau que la contribution des scientifiques peut s'exprimer. En effet, le fonctionnement de la zone côtière repose sur une multitude de variables physiques, naturelles et socio-économiques en interaction, agissant sur une gamme scalaire et temporelle relativement large et dont la compréhension implique de multiples compétences scientifiques. Ce contexte pluridisciplinaire ne facilite pas la production d'une vision synthétique des processus, puisque les disciplines académiques fournissent souvent des points de vue différents d'une même réalité. De plus, il nécessite la mise en œuvre de méthodes et d'outils technologiques adaptés au stockage, à l'analyse et à la représentation de données de source et de nature diverses. L'ensemble de ces contraintes pourrait être en partie à l'origine de l'intérêt tardif de la communauté scientifique pour les zones côtières. En effet, il ne s'est développé qu'à partir des années 1980, comme l'atteste la mise en place de programmes et de réseaux de recherche nationaux et internationaux. Cependant, malgré des résultats scientifiques importants notamment sur l'approche théorique de la gestion de la zone côtière, la difficulté à développer l'ouverture pluridisciplinaire nécessaire persiste. La complexité des processus en cause, l'éparpillement des compétences et des données dans un vaste champ disciplinaire et dans de multiples institutions, en sont en grande partie responsables. Si on se réfère à l'expérience internationale dans ce domaine, il semble acquis que les avancées les plus significatives concernant la prise en compte des conditions écologiques se sont notamment appuyées sur les systèmes d'information géographique (SIG). Outils scientifiques et techniques, ils établissent un lien tangible entre les différents compartiments du système étudié et synthétisent l'ensemble des progrès conceptuels et techniques réalisé dans le domaine de l'information géographique. Par leurs capacités de stockage, d'analyse et de représentation de l'information spatialisée, ils concourent à améliorer la connaissance du fonctionnement global des écosystèmes et contribuent aux réflexions des décideurs. Utilisés en synergie avec la télédétection et la géodésie spatiale, actuellement en plein essor, ils peuvent offrir un certain nombre d'atouts dans trois domaines d'application : l'aménagement et la gestion des territoires, l'appui à la recherche et au développement, et la planification des activités. Néanmoins, il apparaît après une décennie d'utilisation dans différents domaines d'application que les conditions du succès de leur mise en œuvre sont dépendantes non seulement de paramètres techniques et économiques, mais aussi sociaux, organisationnels et spatiaux.
La première partie de cette synthèse pose le contexte géographique et méthodologique dans lequel s'inscrivent les applications géomatiques développées en mer d'Iroise et pour lesquelles des perspectives de recherche sont envisagées. Elle aborde différentes notions et propose un état de l'art concernant l'environnement littoral, les principes de gestion intégrée des zones côtières et les systèmes d'information géographique.
L'environnement littoral est présenté dans ses limites géographiques et ses composantes thématiques comme un espace sensible et complexe où différents paramètres interférent, justifiant l'intérêt d'une multitude d'acteurs. L'attrait des sociétés humaines pour cet espace d'une grande richesse entraîne une pression sur la ressource et des conflits d'usage que la gestion intégrée de la zone côtière se propose de résoudre.
Ce concept qui s'est développé depuis les années 1970 s'exprime par différentes actions politiques et scientifiques. Néanmoins, il apparaît que cet intérêt récent d'une communauté internationale composite se traduit par des visions et des approches différentes qu'il est parfois difficile de concilier dans le contexte pluridisciplinaire inhérent à la mise en œuvre d'un projet de gestion intégrée. C'est à ce niveau que l'utilisation des méthodes géomatiques peut contribuer à développer une approche territoriale et écosystémique de la zone côtière.
Les systèmes d'information géographique sont présentés selon différents points de vue qui leur attribuent communément un rôle déterminant dans la gestion, l'analyse et la représentation de l'information géographique et dans l'aide à la décision qu'ils peuvent procurer. Leurs apports aux sciences environnementales et comme support à la gestion des territoires sont discutés. S'ils produisent des résultats intéressants dans différents domaines, il apparaît qu'ils sont encore peu utilisés sur le littoral et encore moins dans des projets finalisés basés sur des approches pluridisciplinaires.
La seconde partie de ce mémoire décrit les composantes et les applications d'un SIG consacré aux espaces littoraux de la mer d'Iroise, développé depuis une dizaine d'années dans un laboratoire universitaire. Il est mis en œuvre avec deux objectifs complémentaires. Le premier est de contribuer aux recherches menées sur le fonctionnement et l'évolution d'un écosystème complexe, et le second est de procurer aux gestionnaires des éléments concrets permettant de faciliter leurs prises de décision. Ce système d'information géographique offre une plate-forme d'informations géospatiales suffisamment riche des points de vue thématique, temporel et scalaire, pour permettre la mise en œuvre de diverses applications scientifiques en relation étroite avec des objectifs de gestion de l'environnement. Afin d'illustrer les possibilités du système, trois applications menées selon une approche écosystémique sont présentées.
L'analyse des changements d'occupation et d'utilisation des sols d'une île habitée est réalisée selon les perspectives scientifiques du programme international « Land Use and Land Cover Changes » de l'IGBP (International Geosphere Biosphere Program). Elle synthétise les changements territoriaux intervenus depuis 1844 sur l'île d'Ouessant, met en évidence le rôle actuel d'une activité traditionnelle, l'élevage du mouton, dans l'entretien des milieux semi-naturels et propose des scénarios prospectifs d'évolution de la végétation en relation avec différentes hypothèses de développement du cheptel ovin.
Concernant l'étude des dynamiques de la végétation des îlots marins protégés, la démarche vise à proposer une méthode d'évaluation des changements du tapis végétal afin de procurer un outil synthétique aux gestionnaires, pouvant servir à l'élaboration de comparaisons entre différents sites d'un réseau d'espaces protégés, au niveau national. Les résultats acquis sur un ensemble représentatif d'îlots marins en réserve, mettent spatialement en évidence les changements intervenus en une décennie, en relation avec différents facteurs anthropo-zoogènes, et fournissent une évaluation synthétique des dynamiques en cours, à l'échelle du réseau.
L'habitat d'une espèce marine d'intérêt patrimonial est étudié dans le cadre du projet européen « Tursiops, réseau atlantique des grands dauphins côtiers ». En dépit du peu d'informations environnementales disponibles, la recherche menée en mer d'Iroise permet de préciser les caractéristiques physiques du domaine vital des animaux, de réaliser une synthèse de la morphologie des fonds sous-marins susceptibles d'expliquer la distribution des groupes résidant et de proposer une approche par modélisation de l'habitat potentiel.
Au vu des résultats présentés, la démarche géomatique entreprise au sujet de la mer d'Iroise paraît fructueuse tant dans le domaine de la connaissance du fonctionnement et de l'évolution de l'écosystème que dans celui de l'aide à la gestion de la zone côtière. Néanmoins, il apparaît que l'utilisation du système est limitée sur certaines problématiques du fait de l'indisponibilité de nombreuses données et de méthodes d'analyse peu adaptées à l'étude de certains processus environnementaux. La troisième partie de ce mémoire dresse un constat critique de l'apport et des limites du SIG mis en place en termes d'état des connaissances, d'analyse des processus et d'aide à la gestion. Les nouvelles méthodes géomatiques d'acquisition de données à haute résolution spatiale ainsi que le couplage des systèmes d'information géographique avec des plates-formes de modélisation sont présentés comme des perspectives méthodologiques prometteuses en vue du suivi à long terme et de la représentation des processus dynamiques. Ces méthodologies seront appliquées aux recherches en cours sur la zone côtière finistérienne. En outre, il apparaît que le SIG mis en œuvre, s'il veut répondre aux objectifs de compréhension du fonctionnement de l'écosystème et d'aide à la gestion intégrée, fixés au préalable, doit s'intégrer à un outil pluridisciplinaire fondé sur des méthodes complémentaires. Dans un tel dispositif, la télédétection permettrait d'alimenter les bases d'information géographique par des variables pertinentes, relatives notamment au milieu marin, en complément des échantillons acquis in situ et des bases de données existantes. Celles-ci seraient utilisées pour calibrer et valider les modèles qui seraient utilisés pour explorer la dynamique de l'écosystème et quantifier les processus en intégrant une large part des interactions entre les différents facteurs. En permettant leur organisation en un système cohérent, le SIG offrirait les moyens de coupler efficacement les données acquises par ces différentes méthodes et fournirait des outils d'analyse spatiale et de représentation. Enfin, des interfaces et des modules spécialisés d'aide à la décision compléteraient le système de manière à en faciliter l'accès à différents niveaux d'utilisation et à le rendre opérationnel dans le contexte d'une gestion intégrée de la zone côtière finistérienne.
Concernant l'environnement littoral de la mer d'Iroise, la nécessité de disposer d'un outil fédérateur susceptible de rassembler différentes composantes du système et donc des compétences et des points de vue variés, ainsi que des méthodes d'analyse et de représentation efficaces est apparue voici une dizaine d'années. A cette époque, les méthodes géospatiales de fourniture et de traitement de données telles que les SIG, la télédétection, l'analyse spatiale, la modélisation s'imposaient comme un formidable potentiel pour l'étude des changements par leur capacité à fournir des éléments de réflexion et de synthèse. L'appropriation de cette nouvelle technologie par les géographes s'est fondée sur des bases théoriques rigoureuses, originales et somme toute attractives pour un bon nombre d'acteurs, praticiens ou théoriciens de l'environnement s'intéressant aux problématiques d'une zone côtière exemplaire, de par ses caractéristiques et ses évolutions. La problématique globale s'est donc nourrie d'approches spécifiques illustrant quelques facettes de la complexité de la zone côtière. La démarche écosystémique qu'elles sous-tendent s'inscrit dans une triple perspective spatiale, temporelle et pluridisciplinaire. Si ces deux premières composantes relèvent sans aucun doute de la pratique traditionnelle en Sciences Humaines, la connotation pluridisciplinaire des recherches menées est plus actuelle. De fait, l'évolution de la pratique scientifique combinée à l'étude d'un espace complexe d'interfaces géographiques implique nécessairement de positionner la réflexion aux marges de différentes disciplines qui deviennent alors complémentaires. On atteint ainsi une conception transversale de la recherche, aux limites des champs académiques traditionnels, où les Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société peuvent occuper une place à part entière aux côtés des Sciences de la Vie, des Sciences de l'Univers et des Sciences de l'Information et de la Communication.
Aouiche, Ismail. "Dynamique morphosédimentaire de la baie d’Agadir : approche multi-méthodes et préconisations pour une gestion intégrée de la zone côtière." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM3017/document.
Full textCoastal systems where sediment transport is perturbed by engineering interventions on the shoreline and shoreface commonly provide fine examples liable to throw light on these links. This is especially so where shoreface bathymetric datasets, which are generally lacking, are collected over time, enabling more or less fine resolution of the meso-scale coastal sediment budget. Agadir Bay and the city of Agadir together form one of the two most important economic development poles on the Atlantic coast of Morocco. Using a combined methodological approach based on wave–current modelling, bathymetric chart-differencing, determination of shoreline fluctuations, and beach topographic surveying, we highlight the close links between variations in the bed of the inner shoreface and the bay shoreline involving both cross-shore and longshore sand transport pathways, sediment budget variations and new sediment cell patterns. This work discusses also the morphological changes and evolution of Agadir Bay beach (Morocco) in response to eight storms between January 2014 and March 2014. A comparison is carried out of the evolution and variability of the beach in a sector of the bay protected by the commercial harbour of Agadir relative to a sector down drift of the harbour that is more exposed to waves, and changes affecting the beach following these storms are examined. Wave influence is evaluated using numerical simulations. The results show that despite being of relatively low intensity, the two first storm events, and especially storm 1, are responsible for major beach morphological changes
Durrieu, Gael. "Apports fluviaux et atmosphériques d'éléments traces métalliques et métalloïdes en zone côtière méditerranéenne : cas de la rade de Toulon." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022TOUL0015.
Full textCoastal areas represent a major issue in terms of economic activities and preservation of a good chemical and ecological status of the natural environment. If on a global scale (sea or ocean) the flow of contaminants, especially trace metals and metalloids (TMM) are relatively well studied and described, this is not the case for more enclosed areas on a more local scale. The Toulon Bay, which has a semi-closed morphology, is surrounded by a large urban area (450 000 inhabitants) with a strong anthropic activity (first military port in France, civil ports, passenger transport, aquaculture, ...). These present and past activities, such as the Second World War, have led to a strong sedimentary contamination as well as a strong gradient of concentrations in TMM between the South of the large bay, connected to the Mediterranean Sea, and the most enclosed parts of the small bay. In this context of contaminated coastal zone, the objective of this work is to evaluate the contribution of the fluvial and atmospheric contributions in TMM to the Toulon Bay. The proposed sampling method associating field sensors, particle traps and punctual sampling differentiated between base flow and flood allowed to obtain a chronicle of TMM inputs considering the meteorological variability. The results show that the inputs of TMM by the rivers (Las and Eygoutier) are preponderant during floods and in the particulate fraction and are more particularly worrying for copper and zinc which exceed the regulatory thresholds. In the Las, the preponderant contribution remains however the dissolved copper during the flood. In the Eygoutier, the values obtained are lower than the measurements previously carried out in 2004. Base flow inputs are largely in the minority and high levels of cadmium and mercury in the particles were measured without being able to identify their source. Atmospheric inputs of TMM are dominated by the particulate fraction with levels exceeding the regulatory thresholds by a factor of 2 to 4 for copper, lead and zinc. At the bay scale, river inputs remain higher than atmospheric inputs for all the TMM. By making a balance on the whole of the bay and by considering the other existing sources (ports, runoff, wastewater treatment plant, sedimentary diffusion), the contribution of river and atmospheric inputs is estimated at 4% for mercury, around 30% for copper and cadmium and nearly 70% for lead and chromium. The balance of TMM inputs in the bay leads to describe the bay as a source of contamination for the Mediterranean Sea. This is confirmed by the net export calculated for lead, mercury, and cadmium, while for copper and nickel missing sources remain to be determined to confirm the hypothesis. For zinc and arsenic, too much variability prevents conclusions being drawn, and these estimates need to be refined
Pedoja, Kevin. "Les terrasses marines de la marge Nord Andine (Equateur et Nord Pérou) : relations avec le contexte géodynamique." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066253.
Full textFraysse, Marion. "Rôle du forçage physique sur l'écosystème à l'est du Golfe du Lion : modulation de l'impact des apports anthropiques en sels nutritifs et matière organique étudiée par modélisation 3D couplée physique et biogéochimique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4101.
Full textMarseille coastal zone is a contrasted area which is submitted to many inputs of nutrients and organic matter by the Rhone, by discharges from the Marseille city and the atmosphere. The objective of this study was to develop, validate and use a 3D coupled physical/biogeochemical model to study the impact of different hydrodynamic forcings (upwelling, anticyclonic eddy (ME), intrusion of the Northern Current ...) on the ecosystem, in particular the modulation of natural and anthropogenic inputs by these forcings. In this coastal zone, model development highlighted that improving the accuracy of hydrodynamics and terrestrial input was more benefit rather than complicating the biogeochemical model. Comparison with field measurements showed that even if the model have some defaults, it reproduces well enough chlorophyll-a and nutrients. The study of realistic simulations, satellite images and sea campaigns measurements provided information on the spatial and temporal characteristics of this coastal zone. This area is characterized by seasonal variations, but also by a strong daily variability due to very intense and short-lived hydrodynamic and terrestrial forcings. The information acquired during this thesis, including through the use of mass budgets, allowed to propose a hierarchy of the impacts on the biogeochemistry of the studied events occurring across the Bay of Marseilles and the coastal zone. Finally, hydrodynamic forcings appeared to mainly export the anthropogenic and terrigenous inputs offshore which maintained the oligotrophic state in most of the coastal zone, except near the mouth of the Rhone River