Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Zone semi-aride'
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Albaradeyia, Issa. "Modélisation de l'érosion en zone montagneuse semi-aride." Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2007/50376-2007-Albaradeyia.pdf.
Full textPierre, Caroline. "Variabilité interannuelle des émissions d'aérosols minéraux en zone semi-aride sahélienne." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00921688.
Full textAdégbola, Patrice Ygué. "Revenu, risque et gestion des haies vives défensives en zone semi-aride du Mali." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq25263.pdf.
Full textEstrada, Avalos Juan. "Importance et fonctionnement des petits barrages dans une zone semi-aride du Nord-Mexique." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20136.
Full textNgounou, Ngatcha Benjamin. "Hydrogéologie d'aquifères complexes en zone semi-aride : les aquifères quaternaires du Grand Yaéré (Nord Cameroun)." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1993. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00783502.
Full textJeribi, Leila. "Caractérisation hydrochimique et isotopique des eaux du système aquifère de bassin de Zeroud (plaine de Kairouan, Tunisie centrale)." Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112305.
Full textThe hydrogeologic basin of the Zeroud is an endoreic basin that belongs to the Sahel field, separated to the Atlasic field by the north-southern tectonic outline. It is governed by a semi-arid climate and it is characterized by enough developed surface network, dominated by the Zeroud wadi. The multilayered aquifer system of the Zeroud basin is characterized by the complexity of its hydro-dynamics due to both natural (structure) and anthropic (management) features. This study is based on the chemical (major) and isotopic analyses (18O, 2H, 3H, 13C, 14C) of the groundwater (mio-plio quaternary), of the precipitations and of the surface reservoirs waters. The hydrochemical and isotopic data shows two underground flow directions: West-East (identified by hydrogeology) and from the minor bed of Zeroud wadi towards the South and the North. Therefore, the Zeroud bed constitutes a big axis of the recharge of the aquifer system. The contribution of the wadi floods to the recharge of the deeper groundwater is limited at the upstream part of the basin. However, the recharge of the shallow aquifer take place from the Zeroud floods in all the bed area, from the El Mansoura wadi floods and from the local rainfall infiltration throughout the basin and in the border relief piedmonts. The radiocarbon dating of the groundwater indicate a variable times of residence on the whole aquifer system, from the Actual age to ages superior than 35 B. P. Ka. The recharge of the deeper reserves has been done mainly during the humid phases of the Holocene and the Tardif Pleistocene. Mixing between recent and old water masses and vertical stratification of waters were identified. The transit velocity of the deeper waters, calculated from carbon-14 ages, vary between 1 and 45 m/year. The heterogeneity of the chemical and isotopic data in the deeper waters indicated the presence of more than three aquifer levels in the deep system. A "confined" aquifer, which characterised by chloride-sodium water type and a good quality, exploited only in the southern part of the Zeroud basin was identified. The dissolution of evaporate and carbonate minerals constitutes the dominant process in the acquisition of the mineralisation. The waters of Zeroud water contribute also to the salinisation of waters around its bed
Bouragba, Latifa. "Etude de la recharge artificielle des nappes en zone semi-aride : application au bassin du Souss-Maroc." Thesis, Besançon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BESA2046.
Full textThe Souss valley is bounded to the North by the High Atlas, to the South by the Anti-Atlasand to the East by the Siroua crystalline massif. The main geological formations arecalcareous marls of the Plio-Quaternary, the Turonian limestones that underlie them, and thefossil bed of River Souss formed by sands, sandstones and gravels from high permeabilityalluvium.The Souss aquifer is the most significant aquifer in southern Morocco, highly exploited by anagricultural exporting activity. Groundwater overexploitation induced a decreases ofpiezometric heads. Since 1970, water demand far exceeds renewable groundwater resources(balance defecit: 185 Mm3 in 1976, 358 Mm3 in 1998, and 228 Mm3 in 2003).The mean role of the Aoulouz dam is the artificial recharge of the Souss plain by release ofwater stored during rainy periods in the plain.In semi-arid areas, estimating recharge is often difficult, the spatial and temporal variabilitiesof recharge are generally high, and processes are varied.This work has enabled to characterize the impact of artificial recharge and to estimate therenewal of water in the aquifer.Water releases from Aoulouz dam has permitted an increase of the piezometric level on thehigh plain, about 85% of the water released are unfiltered in the first 80 Km between Aoulouzand Taroudant cities. However, the general water level decline goes on.The geochemical facies is mainly calcium bicarbonate type (dissolution of limestone), andlocally calcium sulphate type (evaporites of the High Atlas). Surface waters are a calcium andmagnesium bicarbonate types, acquired during their flow through limestones and dolomitesoutcrops.[...]
Tamini, Tamoussi Hénot Dominique Tamini Tamoussi Henot Dominique. "Transfert d'eau et de nitrates sous culture maraîchère irriguée en zone tropicale semi-aride : conséquences agronomiques et environnementales /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=2697.
Full textKheffache, Youcef. "Politique des prix agricoles et systèmes de production en zone semi-aride : le cas de la céréaliculture algérienne." Montpellier 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON10037.
Full textGARGOURI, TAOUFIK. "Estimation de l'evaporation en zone non saturee sous climat semi-aride (sud-tunisien) par les methodes hydrochimiques et isotopiques." Paris 11, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA112466.
Full textMagagi, Ramata D. "Étude de synergie optique et micro-onde active : estimation des paramètres de surface en zone semi-aride : cas du Sahel." Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPT101H.
Full textBen, Hamza Chedli. "Bilan hydrologique, sedimentologique et geochimique d'un bassin versant en zone semi-aride : la medjerda (tunisie du nord): impacts sur l'environnement." Paris 6, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA066041.
Full textKrimissa, Samira. "Nappes superficielles en zone semi-aride : origine des eaux et de la salinité, renouvellement : exemple des nappes Massa et Souss (Maroc)." Besançon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BESA2040.
Full textDaoud, Dahmane. "Caractérisation géochimique et isotopique des eaux souterraines et estimation du taux d'évaporation dans le bassin du Choot-Chergui (zone semi-aride, Algérie)." Paris 11, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA112519.
Full textHaj, Najib Bassel. "Gestion optimale de l'utilisation de l'eau douce et salée pour l'irrigation du coton dans le bassin de l'Euphrate en zone semi-aride." Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2007/50376-2007-147.pdf.
Full textChebbi, Wafa. "Caractérisation des échanges d'eau et d'énergie dans une oliveraie pluviale en zone aride : modélisation et intégration des données de télédétection." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30111.
Full textThe olive tree is a key perennial agrosystem for the economy of the Mediterranean basin with contrasting farming practices (rainfed sparse/intensive irrigated, co-planted ...). Known for its mechanisms of adaptation to water stress and its ability to survive for long periods under soil water limiting conditions, rainfed olive cultivation is dominant in this area, especially in Tunisia and the spacing between trees is a function of the distribution of the precipitation (from high density of plantation in the North (6 m) to very sparse in the South (25 m)) ensuring a volume of soil explored by the roots that is assumed to be enough to satisfy the water needs of the olive trees. However, it is subject to severe climatic pressure due to widespread dry spells, for which the frequency and intensity is likely to increase in the coming decades. The response of these sparse covers, where water is a limiting factor, to these climatic changes is unrecognized. In this context, this work aims to improve the current understanding of the physical processes governing the hydrological cycle and the development of vegetation in rainfed groves in central Tunisia. There is a twofold purpose: I / to test the vulnerability of these sparse olive groves to future conditions and ii / to make a decision support to farmers for the short (i.e., localized supplementary irrigation) and in the long term (in particular a decrease of the spacing between trees or the extension of irrigated area). To meet these goals, it is necessary to characterize the thermo-hydric functioning of olive trees, to identify the possibility of monitoring their current water status and to predict their responses to more severe future water conditions. As a first step, a dedicated experimental set up that includes eddy covariance and sap flow measurements has been installed. The collected data, which provide information on the exchange of energy and matter within the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum, were analyzed and their consistency was verified through a study of the different components of the water and energy balances at different spatial and time scales. In addition to direct measurements, proxidetection measurements are available and allow investigating the benefit of this powerful tool. Relationships between the estimated water stress indices (e.g., the difference between actual and potential transpiration) and the proxidetection indicators (surface temperature and photochemical reflectance index) were therefore established to detect critical thresholds beyond which a water supply becomes essential for the survival of the plant. In a second step, a soil-plant-atmosphere ISBA exchange model was calibrated and validated based on the large data set observed to reproduce the functioning of olive trees. This study emphasizes that the sparse nature of olive trees is nevertheless a challenge for the application of these tools because the fraction of vegetation cover (less than 7% for our Nasrallah site) is such that the surface is dominated by the bare soil functioning. Adjustments have therefore been proposed or even applied to these methods to adapt them to this low fraction vegetation cover. The database used in this study is published under the DOI: 10.6096/MISTRALS-SICMED.1479
Moussa, Hassane. "Germination du palmier doum, Hyphaene thebaica (Mart.) et analyse de son interaction avec le mil, Pennisetum glaucum L., en zone semi-aride du Niger." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq25442.pdf.
Full textFarah, Ahmed-Saïd. "Etude du comportement hydrochimique d'un oued en zone mediterraneenne semi-aride d'afrique du nord et de ses causes naturelles et anthropiques : l'oued rhumel, constantinois, algerie." Orléans, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ORLE2018.
Full textKadet, Pierre Diégane. "Impacts écologiques et socio-économiques des stratégies de lutte anti-érosive dans la zone semi-aride du Sénégal. Le cas des départements de Thiès et de Tivaouane." Montpellier 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON30054.
Full textIn Senegal, there has been a vast decrease in most vegetation and an exacerbation of erosion processes. These problems are the result of two things : the decrease in rain that has occurred since the 1960's and the effects of human manipulation of the soil, including an extensive use of the soil to grow peanuts, a lack of fertilizer, and the exploitation of wood (used for providing energy, building structures and producing hay. ) These activities have alterated significantly the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil. This degradation is evidenced by gully erosion, the exposure of iron hardpans, the decrease in agricultural production, the increasing scarcity of wood for energy and construction, and the mass depature of rural inhabitants moving to the city. The traditional strategies of AEL (Agronomy and Environment Laboratory), although in some ways effective, have not been able to change the dynamics of soil erosion. Various organizations – using the AEL's most recent research – have developed cultural practices that are more in sync with the region's climate and soil. Their projects include the construction of sandbanks, dikes, compost pits and ploughings isohypses. Despite the fact that the above-mentioned measures were unable to stop erosion, they have contributed to the improvement of the region's soils in a number of other ways. Most notably, they have managed to: use rain water in a more effective way, offer better protection for agricultural soil, increase agricultural and forestal production and output, structure the land in villages more effectively, reinforce the place of the woman in the village community
Hachaichi, Zohra. "Quantification de la recharge naturelle et artificielle d'un système aquifère soumis à des contraintes climatiques et anthropiques en zone semi-aride (bassin de Sbiba et Foussana) Tunisie centrale." Thesis, Avignon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AVIG0053/document.
Full textThe study area lies in the northern part of central Tunisia and extends over about 650 km2. It is located betweenthe rainy Tellian region in the North and the Saharan region in the South. The Foussana Basin is a typical closedinland basin surrounded by high mountains where the precipitation varies over space and time as a result oftopography and seasonality.The main outcrop that marks the watershed of Foussana basin is the quaternary alluvium, which is surrounded byCretaceous reef of deposits covering folds Mountains bounding. The Foussana basin is composed of two aquifers,the PlioQuaternary and the Miocene aquifers. The PlioQuaternary aquifer consists of clayey sand, coarse sand andsandstone deposits. This aquifer is composed of two permeable levels PlioQuaternary Aquifer (PQ1) and PlioceneAquifer (PQ2), which are separated by interbedded sandy marl. The Miocene aquifer consists of sandstone andcoarse sands. This aquifer constitutes an important water source in the study area because of its relativelysignificant thickness and its water quality. It‘s separated to the PlioQuaternary aquifer by a clay layer. The differentaquifers communicate through faults.The groundwater flows occurs from the borders to the center of the basin,i.e. from the surrounding hills to the depression area. The main source of aquifer recharge is infiltration of rainfalland dam water.Groundwater samples with low TDS values, which typically correspond to outcrops of the Miocene aquifer andsome samples of the first PlioQuaternary aquifer PQ1, are typically of SO4-Ca-HCO3-Na water type. In contrast,groundwater samples with high TDS values, most of which were collected in the PlioQuaternary aquifer (PQ1 andPQ2) and groundwater of the Confined Miocene, are typically of SO4-Ca-Na-Mg water type. The main sources ofthe water mineralization in the Foussana basin are the water-rock interaction processes i.e. dissolution ofevaporates and cation-exchange process.The isotopic signatures permit to classify the studied groundwaters into different groups. The PlioQuaternaryaquifer groundwater was classified into two groups. These are the non-evaporated groundwater, which ischaracterized by depleted δ18O and δ2H contents highlighting the importance of modern recharge at higher altitude,and the mixing process with the deep aquifer of the Miocene. The evaporated groundwater that exhibits enrichedstable isotope contents, these enriched values could be related to the evaporation process, which occurs possiblyin the upper part of the unsaturated zone of the PlioQuaternary aquifer (depression area).The Miocene aquifersgroundwaters are classified into two groups. The first group is characterized by relatively depleted isotope contentscorresponding to outcropping Miocene in the border indicating the altitude effect. The second group isdistinguished by relatively depleted contents of stable isotopes corresponding to the confined Miocene reflectinga palaeoclimatic origin. Tritium data permit to identify recent groundwaters originating from a mixture ofcontemporaneous and post-nuclear recharge; and ancient groundwaters deriving from pre-nuclear recharge.Radiocarbon activities decrease from 80 pmc in the recharge area to less than 3 pmc in the confined aquiferproviding ages from present day to 30 000 years BP.In conclusion, a conceptual model has been produced to describe the functioning of the aquifers. The modelling isused as a tool to synthesise the data and the functioning hypothesis. It gives a visualization mean and can put inevidence the aspects, which should be deepened in next works
Diallo, Mamadou. "Problemes economiques de la maitrise de l'eau dans le sahel : le cas des petits perimetres irrigues avec l'eau souterraine." Paris, ENMP, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ENMP0123.
Full textLe, Coz Mathieu. "Modélisation hydrogéologique de dépôts hétérogènes : l'alluvium de la Komadougou Yobé (bassin du lac Tchad, sud-est nigérien)." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20140/document.
Full textThe downstream part of the Komadugu Yobe River is an important recharge area for the Lake Chad Quaternary aquifer. Since the 1980s, cash crop development (e.g. sweet pepper) has led to the doubling (1995-2005) of irrigated surfaces in the vicinity of the river. A modeling approach of vertical water fluxes through the vadose zone (0-8 m) was designed to quantify the related increase in groundwater recharge. The first step, which is the main topic of this PhD thesis, consisted in describing both spatial arrangement and hydrodynamic properties of the sedimentary bodies that make up the alluvium.Boreholes in surficial deposits highlighted sandy to clayey alternations within the whole unsaturated zone; this was interpreted as the result of frequent migrations of the River channel. Spatial correlation between bore logs showed strong similarities with heterogeneities depicted on ground by means of remote sensing data (binarized Landsat 7 image). This data were therefore used to train multiple-point statistics representative of heterogeneities, and a 3D geological model was generated through the snesim algorithm.For each representative sedimentary unit, soil moisture under controlled hydraulic surface conditions was monitored by vertical neutron probe soundings. Using 1D numerical simulations, different data sets of hydrodynamic properties that reproduced moisture measurements were determined by a Monte-Carlo approach. Probability density functions including measurement uncertainties were deduced for the Mualem - van Genuchten parameters which describe both retention and hydraulic conductivity curves.A 1D-distributed procedure was applied for modeling vertical flows in the unsaturated zone within several geological model realizations with different probable sets of hydrodynamics parameters. The simulated diffuse recharge was shown to be particularly sensitive to two main parameters: air-entry pressure linked to superficial deposits, where soil-plant-atmosphere interactions do occur, and vertical hydraulic conductivity contrasts within the alluvium
Said, Ahmed Hami. "Etude de l’alimentation hydrique du palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera L.) dans le contexte pédoclimatique de la zone littorale de la République de Djibouti." Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2034/document.
Full textDate palm is one of the few food crops adapted to the extreme weather conditions (drought, salinity), such as encountered in Djibouti. In the context of highly limited water resources, knowledge of the date palm water requirements is essential. The objective of this research was to determine the date palm water requirements, in the Djibouti pedoclimatic context, using in situ monitoring of water transport in the soil-plantatmosphere system, at the scale of a single date palm tree, and to quantify the date palm root water uptake. A fully developed date palm tree was instrumented at the irrigation basin scale, using several access tubes for neutron probe for monitoring the soil volumetric water content, and several tensiometers, installed from 10 to 160 cm depth. Three infiltration/redistribution experiments have been performed successively, the first without alteration of the soil-plant system, the second after cutting off a date palm tree while allowing the surface evaporation, the last with covering the soil surface to avoid evaporation. The results show large heterogeneity in soil hydraulic properties, with stratification linked to the coastline sedimentary context. The root water uptake is observed up to 80 cm depth. The date palm water requirements in the fresh period are estimated at 130 liters per day with a frequency of irrigation of one time every two weeks. For the first time, the date palm cultural coefficient has been established in the Djibouti climatic conditions (kc = 1.39). The obtained results will contribute to better management of irrigation and to improve the control of soil salinization in the pedoclimatic context of the Republic of Djibouti
Juárez, Reyes Arturo Saul. "Étude de la digestibilité des pâturages naturels sahéliens sénégalais par la méthode de la pepsine-cellulase." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066229.
Full textde, Condappa Devaraj. "Étude de l'écoulement d'eau à travers la Zone Non-Saturée des aquifères de socle à l'échelle spatiale du bassin versant. Application à l'évaluation de la recharge au sein du bassin versant de Maheshwaram, Andhra Pradesh, Inde." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009297.
Full textBourzat, Daniel. "Les petits ruminants dans les systèmes de production des zones aride et semi-aride de Somalie et du Burkina Faso." Paris 12, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA120032.
Full textMassuel, Sylvain. "Evolution récente de la ressource en eau consécutive aux changements climatiques et environnementaux du sud-ouest Niger. Modélisation des eaux de surface et souterraines du bassin du kori de Dantiandou sur la période 1992-2003." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011097.
Full textDans cet objectif, une régionalisation du modèle de fine échelle abc-rwf a été réalisée à partir d'un jeu simulé de 50 bassins endoréiques, pour lesquels des relations entres les descripteurs physiographiques et le ruissellement calculé sont apparues significatives. La formulation d'une fonction représentant fidèlement le ruissellement simulé d'un bassin, peut être étendue à un ensemble de bassins par l'adjonction de fonctions prédictives non linéaires paramétrées sur la base de seulement 5 descripteurs physiographiques des bassins. Le modèle de méso-échelle Zarbhy permet ainsi un calcul simplifié du ruissellement des 377 bassins endoréiques identifiés sur les 5000 km² du bassin tout en limitant l'imprécision supplémentaire par rapport au modèle abc rwf.
La réalisation du couplage surface-souterrain soulève une insuffisance de la recharge forcée par le ruissellement calculé sur certaines années pour permettre la simulation de la hausse de la nappe dans des gammes de paramétrisation admissibles. Bien que l'extrême variabilité des processus hydrologiques disparaisse en partie à l'échelle régionale, la variabilité intersaisonnière demeure encore difficile à reproduire.
Le schéma de la recharge ponctuelle spatialement distribuée est compatible avec la modélisation hydrodynamique réalisée, qui dans son état actuel ne permet cependant pas de quantifier avec précision l'influence de la recharge indirecte sur la dynamique de hausse de la nappe.
Face à l'insuffisance de la recharge calculée, une étude combinant géophysique électrique, géochimie et modélisation hydrologique a été entreprise. Elle suggère le lessivage d'une bande minéralisée entre 5 et 10 m de profondeur à l'aplomb des multiples chenaux sableux de la zone d'épandage de Wankama. Cette expérimentation prometteuse ouvre la voie à de nouvelles investigations vers la caractérisation des processus de recharge. L'existence d'une infiltration profonde (>25 m) au moins épisodique, sous les zones d'épandage sableuses peut être envisagée.
Oliveira, Diego Bruno Silva de. "O uso das tecnologias sociais hídricas na zona rural do semiárido paraibano: entre o combate a seca e a convivência com o semiárido." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2013. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/9806.
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Le stress hydrique, l'imprévisibilité des précipitations de pluie, des températures élevées et des sols peu profonds couverture presque complète cristalline faible infiltration provoque l'état de Paraíba a plus de 70% de son territoire dans une zone appelée comme semi-aride. Pendant des siècles, certains de ces facteurs ou ensemble, ont été identifiés comme la principale cause de la stagnation économique et social du Nord-Est brésilien. Sous la fausse illusion que les problèmes de cette région serait uniquement liée à des questions caractère climatique, les actions du gouvernement étaient presque toujours liées aux grands projets, principalement axés sur la construction de barrages, publics et privés. Cette forme d'action largement connu que la politique de construction de barrages faisait partie d'une idéologie qui a été fondée sur deux idées fausses. Le premier était le développement du Nord-Est ne serait possible que par la lutte contre la sécheresse, et la seconde, c'est que ce combat était seulement possible à travers exclusivement technique. Seulement à la fin du XXe siècle, mais précisément à partir des années 70 et 80 avec la montée des organisations non gouvernementales et la participation effective de la société civile dans le but de résoudre des problèmes locaux est en train alternatives qui voient le territoire du nord-est, et non comme un problème de région, mais cette fois comme un espace viable, tant à l'égard des matières naturelles, sociales et économiques. Ainsi, la récupération et l'utilisation des technologies sociales dans le semi-aride Paraiba, en grande partie à l'initiative des ONG, peuvent fixer un nouveau délai pour la région. En fait, il crée l'espoir que grâce à ces techniques, ici qualifié de Social Technologies Hydro, parvient à être un changement de paradigme, permettant une véritable coexistence avec le semi-aride, compte tenu de toutes ses particularités et ses potentialités. En raison de ce positionnement idéologique, nous croyons que la sécheresse terme, pilier idéologique de la historique «La sécheresse de l'industrie", maintenant ne correspond plus à la région parce que leurs idéologies et des actions qui se reflète sur le territoire nord-est n'étaient pas suffisants pour répondre aux demandes locales.
A deficiência hídrica, imprevisibilidade da precipitação pluviometria, altas temperaturas e os solos poucos profundos, com cobertura quase que totalmente cristalina, de baixa infiltração, fazem com que o estado da Paraíba tenha mais de 70% de seu território numa área denominada como semiárida. Durante séculos alguns destes fatores, ou sua totalidade, foram apontados como principal culpado pela estagnação econômica e social do Nordeste brasileiro. Sob a falsa ilusão de que os problemas desta região estariam unicamente relacionados à questões de caráter climático, as ações governamentais estiveram quase sempre relacionadas aos grandes projetos centrados principalmente na construção de açudes, públicos e privados. Esta forma de atuação conhecida amplamente como política de açudagem, fez parte de uma ideologia que tinha como premissa duas ideias equivocadas. A primeira era que o desenvolvimento do Nordeste só seria possível através do combate às secas, e a segunda, que esse combate só era viável através, exclusivamente, da técnica. Somente no final do século XX, mais precisamente entre as décadas de 80 e 90 com o surgimento das Organizações Não- Governamentais, e a efetiva participação da sociedade civil na tentativa de resolver os problemas locais é que surgem alternativas que enxergam o território Nordestino, não mais como uma região problema, mas desta vez como um espaço viável, tanto no que diz respeito a questões naturais, sociais e econômicas. Desta forma, o resgate e utilização das Tecnologias Sociais no semiárido paraibano, por iniciativa em grande parte das ONGs, podem configurar um novo momento para a região. Na verdade, cria-se a expectativa de que, com a utilização destas técnicas, aqui denominadas como Tecnologias Sociais Hídricas, gere-se uma mudança no paradigma, possibilitando uma verdadeira convivência com o semiárido, considerando todas as suas peculiaridades e potencialidades. Como resultado deste posicionamento ideológico, acreditamos que o termo combate à seca, pilar ideológico da histórica “Indústria das Secas”, já não cabe mais na região, pois as suas ideologias e ações refletidas no território nordestino não foram suficientes para atender as demandas locais.
Grouzis, Michel. "Structure, productivité et dynamique des systèmes écologiques sahéliens (Mare d'Oursi, Burkina Faso)." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112339.
Full textThis work mainly deals with the spin crossover phenomenon in cobalt (II} molecular chemistry. The synthesis of a series of five and six coordinated complexes, with Schiff bases as equatorial ligands and various apical ones, are reported. The temperature dependances of magnetic susceptibilities and EPR spectra are used to study the influence of the environment on the metal ion spin state. The behaviours observed are interpreted on the basie of simple models. Evidence is provided for thermally induced s = 1/2 - s -= 3/2 spin crossavers. In other respects, a correlation can be established between the geometry and spin state of these complexes and their ability to activate molecular oxygen. In order to specify the spin-crossover mechanism, structural and thermodynamic techniques are used: the ingle-crystal X-ray structure of one of the compounds is reported; the mean variation of metal-ligand diatances upon transition is evaluated by X-ray absorption spectroscopy; enthalpy and heat capacity changes, measured by t ose, are compared with the values calculated on the basis of a phenomenological model. A new means of detecting the crossover, by using its effect r. N he EPR spectrum of a Cu (II)doping ion, is described in the case of an iron(II)complex
Gorrab, Azza. "Développement et validation de méthodologies pour le suivi des états de surface des sols agricoles nus par télédétection radar (bande X)." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30039/document.
Full textThe characterization of geometric, water and physical surface soil parameters for semi-arid regions is a key requirement for sustainable agricultural management and natural resources conservation. In this context, the current study aims to estimate the spatio-temporal variability of soil properties (soil moisture, roughness and texture) using multi-temporal X-band radar images acquired at high spatial resolution over bare agricultural site in Tunisia. In the first section of this work, a new roughness parameter was proposed; it was the Zg parameter which combines the three most commonly used soil parameters: root mean surface height "s", correlation length "l", and correlation function shape, into just one parameter. A strong correlation was observed between this new parameter and the radar backscattering simulations. The parameter Zg was validated using large database acquired at several agricultural sites in France. Secondly, the sensitivity of X-band TerraSAR-X and COSMO-SkyMed sensors to soil moisture and different roughness parameters (s, Zs=s2/l and Zg parameters) was analyzed. The radar measurements acquired at different configurations (HH and VV polarizations, incidence angles of 26° and 36°) were found to be highly sensitive to the various soil parameters of interest. After that, the performance of different physical and semi-empirical backscattering models (IEM, Baghdadi-calibrated IEM and Dubois models) is compared with SAR measurements. Considerable improvements in the IEM model performance were observed using the Baghdadi-calibrated version of this model. Thirdly, an empirical change detection approach was developed using TerraSAR-X data and ground auxiliary thetaprobe network measurements for the retrieval of surface soil moisture at a high spatial resolution. The accuracy of the soil moisture retrieval algorithm was determined, and validated successfully over numerous test fields. Maps of soil clay percentages at the studied site were derived from the mean of the seven soil moisture radar outputs (a root mean square error equal to 108 g/kg). To retrieve surface soil roughness, empirical expressions were established between backscattering TerraSAR-X coefficients data and the roughness parameters (s and Zg). By inversing radar signals, resulting surface roughness maps have revealed that is possible to use spatial roughness variability observations at plot scale to identify soil surface changes between multi-temporal images. Finally, a Bare Soil HYdrological balance Model "MHYSAN" was developed to estimate surface evaporation fluxes and soil moisture time series over our study site. The present section of this work highlighted the feasibility of calibrating our proposed MHYSAN model through the use of multi-temporal TerraSAR-X moisture products
Fathi, Riyad Abdullah. "Étude et sélection de jeunes plants d'eucalyptus tolérants au sel, dans les populations de divers niveaux de variabilité." Nancy 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10292.
Full textLocquin-Linard, Monique. "1) etude de la mycoflore coprophile des zones arides et semi-arides du nord de l'afrique : 2) etude de l'amyloeidicite des "huelle cells" chez les emericella (ascomycetes)." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066682.
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