Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Zones de végétation arbustive'
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Belke, Brea Maria. "The influence of shrub expansion on albedo and the winter radiation budget in the Canadian Low Arctic." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67512.
Full textArctic warming is causing an expansion of deciduous shrubs in the Arctic tundra biome. By modifying albedo, shrubs affect the temperature of the atmosphere, snowpack and permafrost, potentially increasing permafrost thawing and snow melting, and forming a powerful feedback to global warming. The most prominent impact of shrubs is a reduction of surface albedo when dark branches protrude above the bright snow surface. Additionally, complex snow-shrub interactions modify snow redistribution during windy conditions and increase snowmelt rates during warm spells. Thus, snow over shrub-covered tundra may have different physical and optical properties, leading to further modification of surface albedo. Finally, shrub branches buried in snow may still have an impact on the radiation budget because they can absorb light rays which generally penetrate deeper than 10 cm into the snowpack. To study and quantify the snow-shrub-light interactions, we collected a unique dataset comparing snowpacks with and without shrubs. For every site sampled, we measured in situ spectral albedo (400–1080 nm) and recorded snow physical properties and irradiance profiles. These data were acquired in a low Arctic site near Umiujaq, Northern Quebec, Canada (56° N, 76° W), during several field campaigns in autumn and winter. Based on these field data and a dataset of branch sizes and vertical distribution, a simple yet accurate parameterization for modeling albedo of mixed snow-shrub surfaces was developed and validated. This new parameterization had an accuracy of 3 %, can be used in a predictive way, and is easy to implement in earth system models. We uncovered important insights on snow-shrub-light interactions. Surface darkening by protruding branches was wavelength-dependent, and decreased albedo early in the snow season by 55 % at 500 nm and 18 % at 1000 nm. Changes in snow physical properties that were significant enough to impact albedo only occurred in conjunction with extreme weather events like after blizzards or during warm spells. Thus, the direct impact of darkening from shrubs likely dominates over the indirect impact from changes in snow physical properties, however the latter may gain in importance if extreme weather events become more frequent as Arctic warming progresses. The impact of buried branches was very localized, increasing snow melting during warm spells and enhancing snow metamorphic processes early in the season in the direct vicinity of branches. However, quantifying the impact of buried branches on the radiation budget was challenging due to their highly localized effect and because of high black carbon concentrations in the snowpack at our study site, which reached 185 ng g-1. We suggest that future research test the parameterization developed here more broadly, as this study was based on data from just one study site. The parametrization can then be implemented into land surface models, allowing for reliable estimates of the effect of current and projected Arctic shrubification on global and regional warming.
Dulormne, Maguy. "Analyse du fonctionnement carboné, hydrique et azoté d'un système agroforestier tropical, légumineuse arbustive-herbe : discussion de l'"effet ombrage" créé par la culture dominante." Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112127.
Full textDavid, Fernand. "Evolutions de la limite supérieure des arbres dans les Alpes françaises du nord depuis la fin des temps glaciaires." Aix-Marseille 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993AIX30045.
Full textRoosen, Sylvie. "Des "Plaines des Promesses" aux solitudes du "bush" (Nord-Est australien) : affirmations identitaires dans une région vide d'hommes." Paris 4, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA040197.
Full textEven though the multiculturalism of the Australian urban society diffused overseas, the bicultural aspect of the bush is often forgotten : the Australian bush is whether Aboriginal, whether non-Aboriginal. .
Rivoal, Annabelle. "Caractérisation des formations arbustives méditerranéennes pour l'amélioration de la prévision de la pollution à l'ozone." Aix-Marseille 1, 2010. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2010AIX11028.pdf.
Full textBiogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC), mainly emitted by vegetation, contribute to ozone pollution in presence of nitrogen oxides (NOx). In the PACA region, shrublands cover large areas and are strong BVOC emitter. However, they were poorly accounted in the chemistry-transport model CHIMERE used for ozone pollution forecast. This study aims to improve their integration in CHIMERE through three main components: the spatial distribution of the main shrub species and of their foliar biomasses and updated of emission factor. First, species composition of shrubland was studied in order to derive a typology based on dominant species. This typology was used to map shrublands using supervised classifications of remote sensing data. Second, non-destructive methods for foliar biomass estimation were defined. Local estimations of foliar biomass were carried out and used to map the main species biomass spatial variability. Then, emission data available in literature were reviewed and summarized in order to improve emission factor data. Besides, measurement carried out on field showed significant season and soil effect on monoterpene emissions of Cistus monspeliensis, a widespread shrub in Mediterranean area. Finally, the effect of shrubland refinement in BVOC emissions and ozone forecast was test in CHIMERE. It appears that shrubland refinement lead to increase of BVOC emission (+6 to +10%) resulting in increased ozone production (+2 to +8%). One shrubland per administrative department seems to give similar results to those obtained using a gridded variability of shrublands at 1Km scale. COVb need to be mixed with NOx to produce ozone, therefore the variation of ozone level is mainly observed in the Berre-Aix-Marseille area
Osorio, Barahona Rodomiro. "Conséquences biologiques des variations du climat, de l'intensité de la coupe mécanique et du pâturage sur deux espèces arbustives de la région aride du Chili." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20089.
Full textDenis, Marie-Pier. "Expansion des arbustes et pollen : étude palynologique des sédiments lacustres récents de la région de la rivière Boniface, Nunavik." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29964/29964.pdf.
Full textDumais, Catherine. "ANALYSE DE LA PERFORMANCE DES ESPÈCES ARBUSTIVES LE LONG D'UN GRADIENT ALTITUDINAL DANS LE PARC NATIONAL DE LA GASPÉSIE." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27650/27650.pdf.
Full textGobin, Rémy. "Contribution relative de la végétation du sous-bois dans la consommation en eau des placettes forestières soumises aux changements de climat et de pratiques." Thesis, Orléans, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ORLE2070/document.
Full textIn the context of ongoing increase of drought in temperate forests, forest managers consider the reduction of stand density to limit soil water depletion. The reduction of tree canopy density increases light below canopy and allows the development of monopolistic understorey vegetation. Our objectives were to characterize the evapotranspiration (ETu) of common understorey plants (Molinia caerulea, Calluna vulgaris, Pteridium aquilinum and Rubus sp.) and to quantify their impacts on soil water content (SWC) in mature oak stands (Quercus petraea).A first experiment was set up in a greenhouse where the 4 understorey species were potted and subjected to 2 levels of light transmittance and 3 levels of SWC. Microclimate and ETu were monitored. A second experiment was carried out on 20 plots (10 with M. caerulea and 10 with P. aquilinum) in oak stands with contrasted LAI. On each plot, two circular areas were set up, one weeded and the other untouched. SWC, microclimate and ETu were monitored.M. caerulea and C. vulgaris are more water spenders, whereas P. aquilinum and Rubus sp. are more water savers under water stress. Soil water depletion was faster with increasing understorey vegetation LAI, which was directly linked to tree canopy opening with a threshold of tree LAI of 2-3 below which the understorey contribution could offset the reduction of tree ET. The experimentations showed that the relative contribution of understory vegetation in the ecosystem water balance is significant, and depends on SWC and on the understorey species identity. These results show the necessity to consider understorey vegetation in forest management when water availability is an issue. Lower tree canopy density could increase the understorey ETu and soil water stress for trees. From a management perspective, thinning should be designed as a compromise between the reduction of tree leaf area to reduce ET, and maintaining sufficient tree canopy to restrict the growth and ETu of understorey vegetation
Sarrazin, François. "Méthodes comparées d'analyse aérienne pour la classification de la végétation en toundra arbustive, territoire du Yukon." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5375.
Full textBaum, Nathalie C. "Recherches sur la végétation arborescente et arbustive de l'Egypte antique: inventaire et groupement de végétaux dans la tombe privée thébaine n° 81." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213379.
Full textAït-Bachir, Saliha. "Méthodologie d'identification des stades de dégradation des grands groupements végétaux fonctionnels : Approche spatio-temporelle par télédétection, appliquée à quelques zones semi-ariedes du "Bassin Méditerranéen"." Saint-Etienne, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006STET2110.
Full textIn the arid and semi-arid areas of the Mediterranean basin, repeated episodes of dryness, the irregularity of the pluviometric mode and the influence of mankind on his environment, expressed either by the overexploitation of its already weakened resources (Southern bank), or their abandonment (Northern bank), seriously disturb the dynamics of the vegetation formations and induce harmful processes for the environment such as the increase of the frequency of the fires (Northern bank) or the turning into a desert (Southern bank). We suggest in the present thesis a method which consists of a diagnosis generalized within all the area, and identification of the functional vegetal biomass groupings GGVF, starting from data available on Internet. All the previous parameters are integrated like layers of information or variables and are dealt in the Geographical Information System (GIS). Their grouping to a number of classes easy to interpret is a new layer charting major vegetal groupings functional GGVF. With average resolution, the work concerned the classification of the chart of vegetation (THB) of MODIS as well as the realization of two charts of great topographical sets PEA starting from the DEM. Chart THB was used for the validation of our chart GGVF and charts PEA helped to locate properly the pieces of sampling by the elimination of the edges effects on the Landsat images with finer resolutions. Space-time analysis of the stages of evolutions is starting from the calculation of SAVI, detected answers by type of topographical units PEA and also allowed the description of the contribution of the anthropic component on the vegetation and impoverishment of the soil
Barrat-Segretain, Marie-Hélène. "Patch dynamics concept et végétation aquatique : stratégies de recolonisation de zones perturbées dans des anciens chenaux fluviaux." Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO10323.
Full textRandriambelo, Tantely. "Détection satellitaire des feux de végétation et des zones de convection en zone tropicale : application à l'étude climatologique de l'ozone troposphérique." La Réunion, 1998. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/98_11_Randriambelo.pdf.
Full textCourchesne, Geneviève. "Déterminants de la végétation des milieux humides aménagés pour la sauvagine dans le Québec méridional." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29005/29005.pdf.
Full textCayrol, Pascale. "Assimilation de données satellitales dans un modèle de croissance de la végétation et de bilan d'énergie : application à des zones semi-arides." Toulouse, INPT, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000INPT040H.
Full textChambon-Dubreuil, Estelle. "Conception d'un modèle de dynamique de population d'un petit ligneux dominant pâturé (Cytisus scoparius) pour la gestion de l'embroussaillement des zones pastorales." Pau, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PAUU3019.
Full textThe decline of agriculture has hastened the invasion of small shrubs in marginal areas, lowering the value of forage and of biodiversity. European environmental policies have then encouraged farmers to preserve biodiversity and to use pastoral practices allowing the management of inherited value areas, but current recommendations are inadequate for practical use. With this aim, the objective of my PhD was to design a model of the interactions between the eating habits of sheep and the population dynamics of invading shrub species (Cytisus scoparius). To link these processes up, my model is grounded on: the creation of demographical categories specified by their eating habits, the demographical spatialization determining the accessibility of the resource, the influence of herbaceous resource upon eating habits. The demographical data stemmed from experiments carried out on broom moors over a sheep farm, as well as the knowledge of eating habits and of pastoral practices. My model shows the importance of spatialization in the demographical strategy, the diversity of impacts of grazing according to consummated organs, and the role of grazing plans on population dynamics. This PhD underlines the interest of pluridisciplinary reasoning between ecology and biotechnical sciences to answer the aim of controlling shrub encroachment by grazing
Chehbouni, Abdelghani. "Présentation d'un modèle de transfert couplé de masse et de chaleur dans le système sol-végétation-atmosphère pour les zones arides et semi-arides." Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30083.
Full textGherzouli, Chahrazed. "Anthropisation et dynamique des zones humides dans le nord-est-algérien : apport des études palynologiques pour une gestion conservatoire." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01058385.
Full textDe, Wilde Mélissa. "Conséquences des exondations pour les communautés végétales aquatiques et le fonctionnement des zones humides fluviales." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10275/document.
Full textThe objective of this thesis was to measure how changes in hydrological regimes, particularly dewatering govern 1) aspects of the functioning of wetlands, 2) the organization and short-term dynamics of aquatic plant communities and 3 ) survival and plastic response of aquatic plants. This thesis addresses issues at different spatial and temporal scales. First, at the decade scale, I measured the effect of water-level decreases in riverine wetlands on their physico-chemistry characteristics. Second, at the season scale, I measured the influence of sedimentary characteristics of wetlands on short-term response of plant communities to dewatering. Finally, at the scale of a few weeks, I was interested in the ability of aquatic angiosperm species to develop a plastic adjustment to dewatering, in experimental laboratory conditions and in situ, and I looked determinism of this response (ecological, morphological, phylogenetic). In terms of physico-chemical characteristics of surface waters, the 15- year study of the dynamics of riverine wetlands undergoing dewatering, not reached, as is usually described in the literature, with an increase of water body nutrient contents, but rather changes suggesting variations of the hydrogeological functioning of wetlands in favor of a greater influence of the hillslope groundwater table in their water supply. In situ response of plant communities to dewatering differs according to sediment type. Both, resistance and resilience of communities decrease with the sediment water retention capacity. The ability of aquatic plants to tolerate dewatering, in experimental conditions, seems to differ according to their phylogenetic position, but not according to their growth form (rosettes or caulescentes). Species tolerating dewatering show phenotypic adjustments such as denser aerial organs and high plasticity of the leaves, which may explain the maintenance of a similar growth rate in terrestrial and aquatic conditions in these species
Koenig, Sarah. "Rôle des zones tampon végétalisées sur les transferts d'azote et de phosphore vers les milieux aquatiques." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAH022/document.
Full textThe conservation of water quality is a major issue in the 21th century in particular with the increase in the human population. Water-treatment plants rejections represent a risk of pollution of the receiving environment, in particular in nitrogen and phosphorus, with fatal effects for the health and the environment. It is to limit this pollution that the vegetated buffer zones (VBZs), systems of infiltration, where water and nutrients retention are expected, were developed. This study has for main objective to better understand the transfers of nutrients in this type of system. The impact of the various compartments - soil, vegetation, microflora- was studied in two VBZs ditches type, situated downstream to vegetated water-treatment plants in service and in an experimental zone with controlled modalities. This study demonstrated the importance of site hydraulic, soil texture and VBZ surface in effectiveness of water and nutrients retention. The impact of microbial compartment depends largely on the hydraulic retention time bonds to VBZ surface and oxygenation rate of the effluent. Vegetation allows microbial activity improvement but its role in nutrients retention and removal is minor because of high quantities brought by effluents. The soil is the major compartment in phosphorus retention, although a rapid saturation of soil phosphorus could limit this potential. These observations demonstrate variability in the effectiveness of VBZ in water and nutrients retention. This variability could be minimized by planning and management measures. The study of nutrients transfers deserve to be further study and extended to all types of VBZ
Legrand, Laurence. "Caractérisation des paysages agraires en Bretagne par données satellitaires Landsat : mise en évidence de zones à risque vis à vis de la sécheresse." Rennes 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986REN20017.
Full textThis study deals with characterisation of landscapes in Brittany by remote sensing in relation with the fact that the climate varies from one year to another. Four regions of approximately 900 square kilometres (kms) are selected on a Landsat scene and analysed at five different dates : June the 27th of 1976, September the 11th of 1977, April the 17th of 1981, April the 18th of 1984, and august the 17th of 1984. A map of different types of landscape is elaborated by photo interpretation, being a reference to each region; it is used for interpretation of data. The physical description of each region, their agricultural economy and regrouping data are analysed for large areas of encountered landscapes: bocage, mixed landscape and open field. The study begins by a report on the theorical principles of remote sensing (vegetation spectral response) and the evaluation of humidity of soils at recording periods. Follows then the analysis of raw data which reveals areas of distinct landscapes having spectral responses which varies according to seasons. After analysing simple and bidimensionnal histograms on corrected data, the digital separation of different types of landscape occurs to be difficult to produce. Vegetation index translated in colored equidensity gives images comparable to maps obtained by photo-interpretation, and underlines the risky areas as far as dryness in concerned
Albetis, de la Cruz Johanna Leslie. "Potentiel des images multispectrales acquises par drone dans la détection des zones infectées par la flavescence dorée de la vigne." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30157/document.
Full textThis work investigates the potential of remote sensing as a tool for the automatic detection of Flavescence dorée (FD) grapevine disease. The approach is based on the analysis of variables (spectral bands, vegetation indices, and biophysical parameters) computed from high resolution (10 cm) multispectral images and acquired by Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) during the period of maximum expression of symptom. The analysis of the variables discrimination performance is evaluated by a supervised method based on the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (ROC curve). The training and validation areas used in this study were acquired from 14 vineyards located in southern France. The performance of the variables was tested on three different scales of analysis (one by plot, by cultivar and by berry color). Two levels of analysis have been implemented. The first level involves the potential of variables to discriminate Flavescence dorée symptomatic vines areas from asymptomatic ones. The second level of analysis is related to test the performance of the variables for the specific discrimination of Flavescence dorée vines (for the red cultivars) and the discrimination from Grapevine Trunk Diseases (GTD). The results obtained showed (1) a lower discrimination performance for discrimination of FD symptomatic vines areas from GTD symptomatic ones, more pronounced on the color level; (2) the presence of misclassified mixed pixels especially in the edges of the rows of vines and (3) a low discrimination of symptomatic vines areas (FD or MB) with a low proportion of symptomatic foliage (level of infection). From a thematic point of view, the results obtained showed the differences in the intensity of leaf discoloration affected by Flavescence dorée by year and their link with the chlorophylls and anthocyanins content of the leaves. Future prospects for this work concern the creation of a specific Flavescence dorée index depending on the color of the cultivars (red or white) and the intensity of leaf discoloration (attenuated or marked), identified from the hyperspectral data and improving the masking of mixed pixels from complex algorithms that consider the spatial distribution of pixels in the vine foliage
Amami, Btissam. "Dynamiques temporelles à court et long terme dune mare temporaire méditerranéenne et implications pour la conservation (Maroc occidental)." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20126/document.
Full textConservation of temporary pools implies the knowledge, about both their functioning and their temporal dynamics, on the short and the long term. The thesis, dealing with a temporary pool of the limestone-quartzite Benslimane plateau, is organised in three sections. (1) The first one concerns the relationship between the surface pollen and the hydrophytic vegetation, in order to establish a modern reference for the paleoecological study of the pool. The results show that the vegetation zonation is correctly reconstructed from the pollen records. Three key taxa (Isoetes velata-type, Myriophyllum alterniflorum, Ranunculus-type) may be used for reconstructing the past vegetation structure. (2) The second section deals with the pool history, by combining data from literature and palaeoecological data obtained from a sediment profile. Results allow dating the origin of the pool between 1 million and 700,000 years before today. They attest the conserv ation of the regional topography, by negative sedimentary balance, until ca. 5000 cal. BP. Then, the change of morphogenetic functioning of the pool, probably related to the development of agro-pastoral practices, resulted in the progressive filling of the pool. In the medium term, the intensification of human activities constitutes the main threat concerning the Benslimane pools, and consequently, on the conservation of the whole plateau, protected from erosion by pools. (3) The last section finally highlights the processes implied in the regeneration of the vegetation after micro-disturbances. The results show a fast restoration of the disturbed microsites by proximal dispersal and border effect. However, the recolonisation dynamics remains dependent on local hydrological conditions
Dubois, Catherine. "Comment la végétation des milieux humides du lac Saint-Pierre a-t-elle changé au cours des 15 dernières années?" Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34428.
Full textNardi, Frédéric de. "Excès de phosphore et de matières organiques naturelles dans les eaux de retenues : diagnostic et remèdes : cas du lac de Ribou à Cholet, (Maine-et-Loire, France)." Angers, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ANGE0018.
Full textOur present work enables to understand better the association plant/biofilm in order to find some solutions to remove phosphorus (P) and organic matter (OM) excesses in dam water, located in Ribou watershed. First of all, our study has consisted to do floristic inventory to establish a diagnosis and to select some macrophytes potentially interesting to remove pollutants in water. In the second time, we have studied the chemical and microbial composition of epiphytic biofilms. Our approach aims to establish diagnosis by a natural biofilm which could be used like a biomarker. A study in bioreactor was investigated in order to show how biofilms modifie natural water. Several analytical tools were used to follow the evolution of physicochemical and algae composition of water between the input and output of bioreactor. TOC meter, 3D fluorimetry and pyrolysis GC-MS have enabled to study organic matter and the chemical composition is studied by ICP-OES and EDX. For a conclusion, principal component analysis (PCA) has meanly used to see correlation between all parameters studied and has shown that each biofilm has their own characteristic
Boulet, Gilles. "MODELISATION DES CHANGEMENTS D'ECHELLE ET PRISE EN COMPTE DES HETEROGENEITES DE SURFACE ET DE LEUR VARIABILITE SPATIALE DANS LES INTERACTIONSSOL-VEGETATION-ATMOSPHERE." Phd thesis, 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00172979.
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