Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Zoologi a'

Majoriteten av Sveriges vattendrag observeras i skogsmark, där en god skogsbruksplanering kan förbättra vattenkvaliteten. Världsnaturfonden (WWF) konstruerade således verktygen Naturvärden, Påverkan, Känslighet och Plusvärde (NPK+) och Blå målklassning, vilka har utvecklats av skogsstyrelsen. NPK+ innefattar en visuell naturvärdesinventering som poängsätter vattendrags befintliga egenskaper enligt ett fältprotokoll. Blå målklassning baseras på NPK+-poängsumman och beskriver ambitionsnivån för vattendragens hänsyn. År 2005 erhöll Kolarebäcken ett av Västra Götalands län största bestånd av den rödlistade flodpärlmusslan (M. margaritifera), men i dagsläget påvisas en markant minskning av arten. Studien ämnar undersöka om Blå målklassning, Känslighet och NPK+-protokollets underkategorier kan förklara var flodpärlmussla förekommer och var höga eller låga tätheter finns i ett vattendrag, samt huruvida variabler inom signifikanta kategorier eller underkategorier i NPK+ gynnar flodpärlmusslans förekomst och täthet. Kolarebäcken inventerades enligt skogsstyrelsens manual av Blå målklassning. Baserat på skogens och vattnets karaktär konstruerades segment med en NPK+-poängsumma och Blå målklass. Flodpärlmusslans förekomst och täthet hämtades från länsstyrelsens inventeringsstationer år 2011 och 2017. Varken Pearson’s Chi-squared test, Fisher’s exact test eller ANOVA påvisar att Blå målklassning kan förklara var förekomst eller höga, alternativt låga, tätheter finns. Oparade t-test och Welch t-test påvisar att flodpärlmusslan främst förekommer i segment som erhåller höga naturvärden i vattendraget och i kantzonen, i synnerhet död ved som genereras av en äldre kantzon. Multipel linjär regressionsanalys påvisar att högre tätheter främst förekommer i segment med höga naturvärden och känslighet samt låg påverkan, i synnerhet en äldre, blöt kantzon. Fler vattendrag behöver dock undersökas för bekräftelse av att Kolarebäckens samband representerar övriga vattendrag.
Streams in Sweden mainly occurs in woodland, where a decent forest management plan can improve the water quality. Thus, the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) constructed Conservation value, Impact, Sensitivity and Added values (CISA) and Blue targeting, which were further developed by the Swedish Forest Agency. CISA involves an inventory, which marks visual variables within streams according to a check list. Blue targeting is based on the CISA credits and describes the consideration ambition level. In 2005, Kolarebäcken contained one of the largest populations of the red-listed freshwater pearl mussel (M. margaritifera) in Västra Götaland County. However, a significant reduction of the species is currently detected. The study aims to investigate whether Blue targeting, Sensitivity and the subcategories of CISA checklist might explain where freshwater pearl mussels occur and where high or low densities are found in a stream, plus whether variables within significant categories or subcategories in CISA favor the occurrence and density. Kolarebäcken was inventoried according to the Swedish Forest Agency’s manual. Stream sections, containing one CISA credit and Blue target, were constructed based on fluctuations in forest or water. The mussels’ occurrence and density were obtained from the County Administrative Board’s inventory locations in 2011 and 2017. Neither Pearson's Chi-squared test, Fisher's exact test nor ANOVA indicates that Blue targeting can explain where occurrence or high, alternatively low, densities are found. Unpaired t-tests and Welch t-tests indicates that the occurrence is mainly affected by high conservation values in the stream and riparian zone, especially occurrence of dead wood generated by an old riparian zone. Multiple linear regression analysis indicates that high densities mainly occurs within segments including high conservation values, sensitivity and low impact, especially an old, wet riparian zone. Investigations of several streams are required to confirm that the association in Kolarebäcken represents other streams.

Anthropogenic changes in climate and land use are causing a dramatic erosion of biodiversity. To understand this erosion, and predict future transformations of biodiversity, we need to understand better species’ response to these changes at different spatial and temporal scales. Modeling studies have identified correlations between physical parameters of the environment and species’ distribution at large spatial scales. However, this does not accurately characterize the response of a specific species, since this does not account for the constraints arising from the biology of the species. This thesis shall combine knowledge on the biology of species obtained from laboratory experiments with modeling studies. This will allow us (i) to identify life history traits and biotic interactions that influence species’ adaptive potential, and hence, explain possible differences in species’ distribution, and (ii) to consider, not only the ecological but also the evolutionary aspects of species’ response to changes. This integrative approach is likely to improve our predictions on species’ population dynamic in a changing environment. I focus on a community of butterflies in Sweden (Vanessa cardui, Polygonia c-album, Aglais urticae, Aglais io, Araschnia levana) that feeds on the stinging nettle (Urtica dioica). The available knowledge on the biology of these species and their short life cycles, which allow investigations of their response to changes on a short-time scale, make them a good system to study. Among three of these species, I showed great differences in organisms’ response to variation in food nutrient content. This is a potentially important finding considering the increased use of chemical fertilizers. These differences are to a large extent explained by differences among species in their degree of host plant specialization and voltinism (paper II). Thus, life history traits determine the response of species to environmental changes, but are themselves likely to evolve in response to such changes. Climate change, for instance, may alter the phenological synchrony between plant-feeding insects and their host plants, making it necessary for the insects to evolve their host plant range in order to ensure the availability of resources during larval development (paper I & III). The biology of a species, including biotic interactions, helps to explain the observed shift in a species’ distribution and environmental niche that result from climate change. I have shown that the recent establishment of A. levana in southern Sweden has modified the niche of the resident species, A. urticae and A. io (Paper IV). Niche partitioning in this community is likely mediated by parasite-driven apparent competition.
Mänsklig påverkan på klimat och markanvändning har orsakat en dramatisk förlust av biologisk mångfald. Effekten av dessa förändringar på lokal och regional nivå är dock komplex, och kräver integrativa strategier för att kunna förstå och förutsäga förändringar, på individ-, art- och samhällsnivå. Experimentella studier har utforskat arters plastiska och evolutionära respons till främst abiotiska förändringar, och observationsdata har använts för att modellera skiften i fenologi och utbredning som en konsekvens av klimatförändringar. Trots detta är det fortfarande mycket kvar att förstå för att kunna förutsäga hur miljöförändringar ska påverka arters respons på olika rumsliga och tidsliga skalor. Denna avhandling undersöker i vilken utsträckning arters specifika livshistoria och artinteraktioner kan förklara deras ekologiska och evolutionära respons på miljöförändringar. För att angripa detta har jag fokuserat på ett samhälle av fjärilar i Sverige (Vanessa cardui, Polygonia c-album, Aglais urticae, Aglais io, Araschnia levana) som alla lever på brännässla (Urtica dioica). Den tillgängliga kunskapen om dessa arters biologi samt deras korta livscykler gör det möjligt att undersöka deras svar på förändringar över korta tidsskalor, vilket gör dem till ett lämpligt studiesystem. Huvudslutsatsen från denna avhandling är att för att beskriva hur en art svarar på en förändring måste man ta hänsyn till variation i livshistorieegenskaper och artinteraktioner. Till exempel har den ökade användningen av kemiska gödningsmedel förändrat näringstillgången även i naturliga ekosystem, vilket gynnar växtarter som är kapabla att växa under höga näringsnivåer, som brännässla. Variation i växternas näringsinnehåll kommer i sin tur att påverka herbivorerna som äter av dem, och artikel II visar att skillnader mellan fjärilsarter i hur de svarar på variation i näringstillgång till stor del beror på specialiseringsgrad och voltinism (antal generationer per år). Livshistorieegenskaper avgör således hur arter kommer att svara på förändringar i klimat och markanvändning, men sådana miljöförändringar påverkar i sin tur också evolution av livshistorieegenskaperna (artikel I & III). Slutligen, förändringar i utbredning som ett resultat av klimatförändring kommer även att påverka den lokala sammansättningen av interagerande arter (resurser, predatorer, konkurrenter). Ett exempel på detta är hur den relativt nyliga koloniseringen av södra Sverige av A. levana har förändrat nischerna hos de inhemska arterna A. urticae och A. io (artikel IV).
Le réchauffement climatique et les changements d’occupation des terres d'origine anthropique provoquent une forte érosion de la biodiversité. Pour comprendre cette érosion, et prédire les transformations futures de la biodiversité, il nous faut mieux connaitre la réponse des espèces à ces changements, aux différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles. Grâce à des outils de modélisation statistique, des corrélations entre les paramètres physiques de l’environnement et la distribution des espèces à grande échelle spatiale ont été observées. Mais ceci ne suffit pas à caractériser finement la réponse d’une espèce donnée, car celle-ci dépend des caractéristiques biologiques propres de l’espèce. Cette thèse se propose donc d’associer les connaissances sur la biologie des espèces obtenues par des expériences en laboratoire à des études de modélisation. Ceci permettra (i) d’identifier des traits d’histoire de vie et les relations biotiques qui influencent le potentiel adaptatif des espèces, et donc expliquent d’éventuelles différences de répartition, et (ii) d’envisager, au-delà des aspects écologiques, la composante évolutive de cette réponse. Une telle approche intégrative est susceptible d’améliorer nos prédictions sur la dynamique des espèces dans un environnement changeant. Le système d’étude de cette thèse est une communauté de papillons en Suède (Vanessa cardui, Polygonia c-album, Aglais urticae, Aglais io, Araschnia levana), se nourrissant de l'ortie (Urtica dioica). La biologie de ces espèces est bien connue et leur cycle de vie rapide permet d’étudier leur réponse aux changements à une échelle de temps court. Chez trois de ces espèces, j’ai mis en évidence des réponses très différentes à une augmentation de la teneur en nutriments de leur nourriture, conséquence attendue de l’utilisation accrue d’engrais chimiques. Ces différences sont dans une large mesure expliquée par la gamme de plantes hôtes utilisées et le voltinisme (article II). Ces traits d'histoire de vie déterminent donc la réponse des espèces aux changements, mais sont eux-mêmes susceptibles d’évoluer. Par exemple, le réchauffement climatique modifie la synchronie entre les insectes herbivores et leurs plantes hôtes et pousse à l’évolution du régime alimentaire des papillons afin que la présence de ressources soit assurée durant le développement des larves (articles I & III). Les connaissances sur la biologie des espèces, y compris leurs interactions biotiques, permettent de comprendre les variations de leur distribution spatiale et de leur niche environnementale. Ainsi, l’établissement récent d’A. levana dans le sud de la Suède, suite au réchauffement, a modifié les niches des espèces résidentes, A. urticae et A. io (article IV).

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.

Ekoklim

The genetic diversity in modern species is strongly affected by contemporary gene flow between populations, which in turn is governed by individual dispersal capacities and barriers in the landscape. However, current patterns of variation have also been shaped by movement over longer time-scales, such as the successive shifts in species distributions that have occurred during past climate changes. This thesis is focused on cold-adapted species, and one parameter that has greatly influenced their current genetic diversity is how they coped with climate warming at the last glacial/interglacial transition, ca 11.7 thousand years ago. I examined this in three different small herbivore taxa; true lemmings (Lemmus), ptarmigan (Lagopus) and hares (Lepus), whose modern distributions stretch from the exposed tundra to the subarctic moorlands and taiga. In the first paper, I investigated contemporary genetic structure in the cyclic Norwegian lemming (Lemmus lemmus) and proposed that mass movements during peak years act as pulses of gene flow between mountain areas, which homogenise the gene pool over surprisingly vast geographic distances. However, when I used ancient DNA to analyse the lemmings’ ability for long-term directional movement, I found that the Ice Age populations that inhabited the former midlatitude European tundra-steppe appear to have been incapable of shifting their distribution northwards following post-glacial climate warming. Instead, the results suggest that the endemic Norwegian lemming descends from an isolated population that survived the last glacial maximum in situ in a restricted ice free refugium. In contrast to the glacial lemmings, as well the majority of previously studied mammals, the ptarmigan (L. lagopus and L. muta) and hare (L. timidus) analyses revealed a long-term genetic continuity in Europe, where the midlatitude populations were able to keep pace with the rapidly changing climate at the last glacial/interglacial transition, enabling them to shift their ranges to northern and high-alpine regions. These different outcomes might be explained by ptarmigans’ flight capability that allows a less restricted dispersal across fragmented landscapes, and that the generalist nature of mountain hares makes them less vulnerable to habitat alterations. Species distribution modelling, however, indicated that continued climate warming will make some isolated regions unsuitable in the future, thereby forcing populations to adapt the new environmental conditions in order to avoid local extinctions.

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.

It is known that artificial light at night has a role in disrupting many birds’ routines when it comes to timing of dawn song. However, studies show various results on which species that are affected, how much and on what latitude. Birds at northern latitudes is experiencing longer and brighter natural nights during the breeding season as the spring is progressing, compared to birds living in areas more south. The bright nights might affect how the birds respond to the artificial light at night. This study's aim was to investigate how different species of songbirds in Linköping (58°N), Sweden, time their dawn song during breeding season, depending on presence or absence of artificial light at night coming from street lamps. The results show that early singing species are more affected than late singing species. The common blackbird for example, advanced its song because of artificial light, up to over an hour on average. Late singing birds was also affected by the urban lights, though not as strongly as the early singing species. Also shown was that the temperature and the amount of cloudiness, did not affect the difference in timing of dawn song between the locations. Future studies should focus on collecting data from more northern latitudes. The effect the advanced timing of dawn song, both regarding the birds on an individual scale and also regarding the ecosystems in total,should also be investigated further.

Due to increasing habitat loss, human-lion conflict, poaching and other reasons, African lion (Panthera leo) populations have suffered a drastic decline. The African Lion and Environmental Research Trust (ALERT) is working to stop this pattern and is the first organization with an ex-situ conservation project for lions. Before releasing lions raised by captive-bred adults, they must first be ensured to behave properly to make sure they have the highest chance of survival. One challenge in the wild is encountering and competition with unknown conspecifics. By conducting playback of unfamiliar lion roars, the behaviours of lions under this ex-situ reintroduction program were tested and compared with observations from earlier studies of wild lions. Social interactions were also collected and a social network analysis was done to give information about the social structure in the pride. This in turn was compared with boldness scores, calculated from behavioural responses in the playback experiments. Lastly, I searched for associations between age and sex with both boldness and social interactions.   The studied pride consisted of 12 lions. The lions were more vigilant when a playback consisted of numerous lions vocalizing, but playing more than three lions seemed to make them loose interest, suggesting either habituation or false information. One adult female and the alpha-male were most bold, followed by five sub-adults. Boldness did not vary according to sex or age differences, but the social network analysis showed that some social interactions were more dominated by one sex or age group. These behaviours were in agreement with comparisons of wild prides.   This study showed that captive-bred lions have developed natural social behaviours. Based on the behavioural responses observed by the captive-origin lions to the playbacks of unfamiliar lions, it is unclear whether these lions would appropriately respond when encountered with unfamiliar conspecifics in the wild post-release.

Osämja mellan människan och rovdjuren har funnits sedan vi slutade jaga och började bruka jorden och bedriva lantbruk. En av de absolut viktigaste faktorerna som bestämmer vart en art förekommer, hur stark en stam är och hur den förändras över tiden, är predation. I svensk historia har både rådjurs (Capreolus capreolus) och rödräven (Vulpes vulpes) båda populationer varit nära nationell utrotning. Syftet med uppsatsen är att ta reda på om räven har någon påverkan på rådjurspopulationen. Detta görs genom att analysera avskjutningsstatistik från viltdata.nu i tre olika län med liknande klimat och innehåller samma arter av predatorer. Analysen gjordes med korrelationsanalys. Dock var det inget utav resultaten som visade någon signifikans. Dessa olika resultat i de olika län tyder på att det finns andra faktorer än räven som påverkar rådjurspopulationen.
A conflict between humans and predators has existed since man stopped hunting and started with agriculture instead. We know today that one of the most important factors influencing the distribution and abundance of a species is predation. Over the last two? centuries, both the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) population and the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) population have been very close to extinction in Sweden. The purpose of this study was to determine if the red fox population affects the roe deer population. This was done by analyzing hunting statistics from viltdata.nu in three different regions with similar climate and with the same type of carnivores. The analysis was performed using correlation analysis. None of the relationships between roe deer and the fox in the three different areas was significant. This indicates that there are factors other than predation by fox that influence the deer population.

Animals in captivity can be deprived of performing some of their natural behaviours. Using enrichments may allow them to express a larger part of species-specific behaviour repertoire and with a better frequency distribution. This study focuses on three species of the family Herpestidae which live in captivity at Bioparc Valencia (Spain). The project aims to study the effect of environmental enrichment on the behaviour of meerkats, banded mongooses and dwarf mongooses in human care. To achieve this goal two different types of enrichmentswere tested: (1) a food enrichment with several variations and (2) an olfactory enrichment with the presentation of two new odours. The food enrichment aimed to increase foraging behaviour and the olfactory enrichment aimed to test if captive animals behave differently in the presence of a predator’s odour compared to a non-predator’s odour. Results revealed that foraging can increase up to 16% implementing enrichments and that success depends on the presence and quantity of food. On the other hand, animals did not seem to behave differently in the presence of both odours. The frequencies of behaviours and time spent interacting did not differ between these olfactory enrichments. I conclude that implementing enrichment programmes may ensure better welfare for captive animals.

The taxonomy of the taxa in the Prinia atrogularis-khasiana-superciliaris complex has changed several times in recent history. To this day, different world bird lists classify this complex as 1–3 species. These classifications are based mainly on morphological comparisons of museum specimens. No study has analysed the songs and genetics of this complex. This thesis focuses on the integrative taxonomy of this complex by analysing and comparing their song and mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) gene. Seventeen different variables from in total 172 individual songs were measured and analysed. A linear discriminant analysis showed a clear separation in song between atrogularis, khasiana and the superciliaris group (latter including the taxa superciliaris, erythropleura, klossi, dysancrita and waterstradti). The mitochondrial cytb phylogenetic tree produced using Bayesian inference suggested that atrogularis and khasiana split from superciliaris around 4.9 million years ago (mya), with atrogularis and khasiana splitting from each other around 3.4 mya. Based on the combined results of the song and cytb analysis I propose to recognise three species: Black-throated Prinia Prinia atrogularis, Rufous-crowned Prinia P. khasiana and Hill Prinia P. superciliaris. The study also showed some support for classifying klossi as a separate species, but acquisition of additional information is needed to verify this.

Apis mellifera L. is the only commercially cultivated bee species in Bangladesh nowadays and has been practicing for migratory beekeeping since 1990. Notably, without taking initiatives to improve the bee stocks, intensified beekeeping has been making the species vulnerable to different threats of diseases, pests and inbreeding depression. Reproductive potentiality of the queens has been declining severely. The investigation was carried out to diagnose present problems regarding reproductive potentiality of the queen bees and finding out the possible solutions. Firstly, 56 numbers of naturally mated queens (Apis mellifera L.) were collected from problematic and non-problematic hives from three districts of Bangladesh. Samples were weighed, body length and thorax width were measured, and dissected to study spermathecae appearance. Average queen body weight (160.75±3.65 mg) was found much lower than the earlier studies in different countries. Moreover, 32.33% spermathecae of the queens were found poor in appearance. Again, 3 different queen rearing and mating procedures were applied in 12 replications each: naturally mated queen (NM), grafted and naturally mated queen (GNM) and grafted and artificially inseminated queen (AIQ). NM and GNM queens were allowed to mate naturally where AIQ queens were inseminated artificially in the laboratory. Interestingly, GNM (196.65±3.13 mg) and AIQ(196.55±2.41 mg) queens were significantly heavier than the NM (159.07±6.94 mg) queens. Likewise, their spermathecae radius, respective workers, drones, brood occupation area showed much better strength than the NM queens, though, latency period of AIQ queens were higher. Since grafted queens were reared with good larvae and implemented in artificial queen cups with increased brood support, hence that could make the queens heavier and reproductively more potential, whereas NM queens were left to grow naturally and found less potential. The findings will encourage beekeepers for practicing grafting procedure as the better queen rearing procedure in field condition. However, the procedure of AIQ queens also could be used for stock improvement and bee research because of its control mating system.

My degree project was external, carried out in Sher e Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh, therefore, my presentation was done through skype from Bangladesh.

Domestication is accompanied by marked changes in the phenotype of the domesticated form of a species relative to its wild ancestor. The domestic dog and its wild ancestor, the wolf, are a widely used model system to study the effects of domestication on cognition and behaviour. The aim of this study was therefore to compare the behavioural responses of wolves (Canis lupus) and domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) to different odour stimuli. To this end, wooden logs were impregnated with one of four odours and repeatedly placed into the enclosure of a wolf or dog pack. The dogs (n=10) and wolves (n=9) both performed a significantly higher number of interactions with the wooden logs when these were impregnated with real blood compared to the blood odour component trans-4,5-epoxy-(E)-2-decenal, the fruity odour iso-pentyl acetate and the solvent diethyl phthalate. No significant difference in the frequency of interactions per animal was found between the wolves and dogs with any of the four odour stimuli. Sniffing was the most frequent behaviour in both wolves and dogs, followed by licking, biting, toying, and pawing. The only qualitative difference in behaviour was that the dogs, but not the wolves, displayed guarding behaviour when presented with the odorized wooden logs. The results of the present study suggest that domestication had little, if any, effect on olfactory behaviour in domesticated dogs. The results also indicate that odour-impregnated wooden logs are a suitable method of olfactory enrichment for captive wolves and domestic dogs.

Cognition allows animals to acquire, process, and store sensory information from the environment and use it to adapt to their surroundings. A battery of behavioral tests was used to assess the cognitive abilities of black-handed spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi). Black and white cups were used to assess (1) object permanence by showing the animals under which cup the reward was placed, (2) associative learning by concealing where the reward was placed, and (3) long-term memory by repeating the second task after a 4-month break; petri dishes with varying amounts of food were used to assess (4) relative quantity discrimination; and boxes fitted with dotted cards were used to assess discrete number discrimination with (5) equallysized dots and (6) various-sized dots. For each task, one session comprised 10 trials (i.e. responses). All nine animals succeeded in all tests and, as a group, reached the learning criterion of 70% correct responses on session two in the object permanence and associative learning tasks; on session eleven in the quantity discrimination task; on session sixteen in the numerosity task with equally-sized dots; on session three in the numerosity task with various-sized dots; and averaged 84.4% correct responses in the long-term memory task. Their prompt high score in the numerosity task with various-sized dots suggests that the animals acknowledged the task for its numerical properties as opposed to the size or pattern of the dots. These cognitive abilities are thought to shape the necessary behaviors for the ecological and social needs of the species.

The advantages with breeding purebred dogs are that offspring will be more predictable when it comes to morphology, possible diseases, and mentality. This enables breeding more healthy animals since it makes it possible to track the health history, but it is also resulting in a higher inbreeding, extreme breeding standards and thus sicker animals. Labradoodle and Goldendoodle are two new mix-breeds, bred to be the ultimate companion dog with a good mentality and health. In this literature review their physical and mental health is compared with their parent breeds, Labrador, or Golden retriever, and Poodle. The breed-specific health problem that is seen with the parent breeds is also seen in labradoodle and goldendoodle. Hybrid vigour is not present in doodles. Mix-breeds live longer lives, but they also seem to be less stable with higher fear and aggression
Fördelarna med att avla renrasiga hundar är att människan enklare kan förutspå utseende, eventuella hälsoproblem och avkommans mentalitet. Detta ger en möjlighet till friskare hundar eftersom man kan spåra hundens hälsohistoria, men det leder också till en högre inavelsgrad, extrema rasstandarder och på så vis risk för sjukare hundar. Labradoodle och goldendoodle är två nya blandraser, designerraser, avlade för att bli den ultimata sällskapshunden med en god hälsa och mentalitet. Här jämförs deras fysiska och mentala hälsa med deras föräldraraser, labrador eller golden retriever, och pudel, i en litteraturstudie. De rasbundna sjukdomarna man ser hos föräldraraserna ses också hos labradoodle och goldendoodle. Heterosiseffekten kan inte ses hos doodles. Blandraser lever generellt längre liv, men de verkar också vara mindre stabila med högre rädsla och aggressivitet.

Dette prosjektet har satt søkelyset på to problemstillinger knyttet til samevolusjonen mellom parasitt og vert; 1) utvikling av vertstilpasninger som mottrekk mot tilpasninger hos parasitten, med spesiell fokus på eggtilpasninger, og 2) mekanismer som kan forklare den store variasjonen i forsvarsatferd mot kullparasittisme blant ulike verter.

1) Flere gjøk- (Cuculus canorus) stammer eller gentes har utviklet egg som er veldig like vertens egne egg, såkalt eggmimikry, for å vanskeliggjøre vertenes eggavvisning. For å svare på dette har mange verter på sin side gjort det vanskeligere for parasitten ved å utvikle en lavere variasjon i utseende mellom sine egg innen kullet (innenkull-variasjon), og en høyere variasjon mellom egg fra kull til kull (mellomkull-variasjon). Mange nordamerikanske spurvefugler blir benyttet som verter av brunhodetrupialen (Molothrus ater), men denne parasitten har ikke utviklet eggmimikry i forhold til vertseggene. Vi sammenlignet kullvariasjonen mellom spurvefugler i Europa og Nord-Amerika og fant en høyere innenkull-variasjon og en lavere mellomkull-variasjon i eggutseende hos nordamerikanske spurvefugler, selv om forskjellen i innenkull-variasjon mellom kontinentene var mindre enn forventet.Hos europeiske spurvefugler er det i tidligere eksperimenter funnet at det er en sammenheng som forventet mellom avvisningsraten overfor parasittiske ikkemimikry egg og kullvariasjonen i eggutseende. Vi fant at det ikke var noen slik sammenheng hos spurvefugler i Nord-Amerika. Resultatene gir støtte til hypotesen om at parasitter med eggmimikry utøver et betydelig seleksjonstrykk for utvikling av bestemte eggkarakterer hos sine verter.

Vi undersøkte om det var noen forskjell i innenkull-variasjon hos avvisere og akseptorer av parasittegg innen bestemte populasjoner av tre europeiske spurvefugler; rørsanger (Acrocephalus scirpaceus), bokfink (Fringilla coelebs) og munk (Sylvia atricapilla). Det ble funnet at det var en signifikant forskjell i innenkull-variasjon i eggutseende mellom avvisere og akseptorer av kunstige ikke-mimikry gjøkegg i en rørsanger-populasjon i Tsjekkia; avviserne hadde en lavere innenkull variasjon enn akseptorer av slike egg. Denne vertspopulasjonen har en intermediær avvisningsrate overfor ikke-mimikry egg. Et tilsvarende forsøk ble utført hos en bokfink-populasjon i Norge og en munk-populasjon i Tsjekkia. Begge artene er meget gode avvisere av ikke-mimikry egg, noe som indikerer at de aller fleste individer er i stand til å avvise slike egg. Vi valgte derfor å benytte egg fra artsfrender i forsøkene med disse artene. I motsetning til hos rørsangeren fant vi at det ikke var noen forskjell i innenkullvariasjon mellom akseptorer og avvisere av fremmede egg hos bokfink og munk. Hos begge artene ble det funnet at avvisningen av fremmede egg i stor grad avhenger av kontrasten (grad av mimikry) mellom egne egg og parasittegget. Dette viser at selv om individene er i stand til å avvise parasittegg, så finnes det kognitive begrensninger som medfører at egg som utseendemessig ligger under en viss terskelverdi med hensyn til likhet med egne egg vil bli akseptert. Det ble ikke funnet noen indikasjoner på at avvisningsatferden var avhengig av vertenes alder eller av kondisjonelle stimuli for noen av de tre artene. Dette kan tyde på at det er en genetisk basert kobling mellom det å kunne gjenkjenne fremmede egg og innenkull-variasjon.

2) Mange vertsarter viser ingen eller kun intermediære avvisningsrater overfor fremmede ikke-mimikry egg. En slik tilsynelatende suboptimal atferd kan skyldes at det er kostnader forbundet med avvisningen som forhindrer evolusjon av perfekt avvisningsatferd. Slike kostnader kan være feilaktig avvisning av egne egg i uparasitterte reir (gjenkjenningsfeil), eller avvisning av egne egg i tillegg til parasittegget i parasitterte reir (avvisningskostnader). Hos gjøkverter, som ved suksessfull gjøkparasittisme har en reproduktiv suksess tilnærmet lik null, vil kun gjenkjenningsfeil være kilde til et potensielt seleksjonstrykk mot utvikling av høy avvisning av fremmede egg. Vi undersøkte om slike kostnader forekommer hos bokfink og munk; to arter som antas å ha blitt benyttet av gjøken tidligere, men som i dag ikke blir regelmessig parasittert. På grunn av at avvisningsatferden opprettholdes i fravær av parasittisme, forventet vi at disse artene begår få gjenkjenningsfeil.

Undersøkelsen gav støtte til denne prediksjonen; avvisningskostnader i parasitterte reir var relativt høye, men gjenkjenningsfeil i uparasitterte reir var meget sjeldent forekommende.

En hypotese ("spatiell habitat-struktur hypotesen") basert på metapopulasjonsdynamikk og med vekt på karakteristikker vedrørende vertsartenes hekkebiotop ble framsatt for å forklare de store variasjonene i avvisning hos europeiske spurvefugler. Hypotesen bygger på at gjøken benytter de verter som hekker nær utkikkspunkter for parasitten, dvs. nær trær. Arter som hekker både nær og langt fra trær er de beste gjøkvertene, i og med at genflyt fra uparasitterte populasjoner vil forhindre utvikling av perfekt avvisning i parasitterte populasjoner. Arter som alltid hekker nær trær har høye avvisningsrater fordi få eller ingen populasjoner har unnsluppet parasittering, og det har derfor vært sterk seleksjon for utvikling av vertsforsvar. Data for gjøkverter i Europa gav god støtte til hypotesen. Grad av parasitt eggmimikry og parasitteringsrater er høyest hos de vertsarter som kan hekke både langt fra trær og nær trær, noe som tyder på at gjøken har størst suksess hos slike arter.

This thesis deals with two topics in the coevolution between brood parasites and their hosts: 1) evolution of host adaptations against parasite egg mimicry, and 2) sources that could explain the considerable variation in rejection behaviour found among various passerines.

1) Several common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) tribes or gentes in Europe have evolved eggs that are remarkably similar to the host eggs in both size and appearance (i.e. egg mimicry). To counter this adaptation in the parasite, hosts can produce eggs with similar appearance within clutches (low intraclutch variation) as well as eggs with diverging appearance between different clutches (high interclutch variation). Many North American passerines are utilised as hosts by the brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater). However, this parasite generally lays non-mimetic eggs. As predicted, we found that European passerines had a lower intraclutch variation and a higher interclutch variation in egg appearance than North American passerines.

However, the difference in intraclutch variation between the continents was less than expected. A relationship has previously been found among European passerines between the rejection rate of non-mimetic eggs and clutch variation in egg appearance, and this is thought to reflect the stage in the coevolution between parasite and host. We found no evidence of such patterns among North American species. These results provide support for the hypothesis that specific host clutch variation is a counteradaptation against parasite egg mimicry.

We investigated whether there was any difference in clutch variation between acceptors and rejecters of parasitic eggs within populations of three European passerines; reed warblers (Acrocephalus scirpaceus), chaffinches (Fringilla coelebs), and blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla). In a Czech reed warbler population with an intermediate rejection rate of non-mimetic cuckoo eggs, it was found that rejecters had a statistically significant lower intraclutch variation than acceptors of such eggs. Age or conditional stimuli did not seem to have any influence on the rejectionbehaviour. A similar experiment was carried out in a Norwegian chaffinch population and a Czech blackcap population, which, however, were experimentally parasitised with foreign conspecific eggs because they are both very good rejecters of nonmimetic parasitic eggs. We found no difference in intraclutch variation among acceptors and rejecters of foreign eggs in chaffinches and blackcaps. However, it was found that the rejection of conspecific eggs greatly depends upon the contrast (i.e. mimicry) between the parasitic and their own eggs. It therefore seems that even though individuals have the ability to reject foreign eggs, limitations in their cognitive system entails that parasitic eggs that are too similar to the host eggs will be accepted. We also looked for potential effects of age on rejection behaviour and intraclutch variation, but no relationship between these variables was found. The results indicate that in these three species both rejection behaviour and clutch variation are more or less innate features, and also that there is a genetically based linkage between recognition of odd eggs and intraclutch variation in egg appearance.

2) Many hosts of brood parasites show no or only intermediate rejection rates of foreign non-mimetic eggs. Evolution of proper rejection behaviour could be prevented by costs related to egg rejection. Important in this respect are erroneous rejection of their own eggs in non-parasitised nests (recognition errors) and rejection of their own eggs in addition to the parasitic egg in parasitised clutches (rejection costs). Because successful cuckoo parasitism usually is detrimental to the breeding success of the host, only recognition errors are believed to be important as an opposing selective pressure against proper host defence in cuckoo hosts. We examined whether such costs exist in chaffinches and blackcaps. These species maintain a high rejection rate of foreign eggs, even though they are not currently used as hosts by the cuckoo. We therefore predicted that recognition errors should be absent or at least rare in these species. We found support for this prediction; rejection costs were relatively high but recognition errors were at best rare events.

In another investigation, we proposed a hypothesis (the "spatial habitat structure hypothesis") based upon metapopulation dynamics and characteristics concerning host breeding habitats to explain the variation in rejection behaviour found among European passerines. This hypothesis is based upon the fact that the cuckoo, as well as other avian brood parasites, needs access to vantage points in trees to monitor host nests, and thus only species breeding near trees are available as hosts. Our results were very much in accordance with this hypothesis. Species that breed both near and far away from trees are the best cuckoo hosts, because gene flow from non-parasitised populations breeding far from trees will prevent the evolution of proper rejection behaviour in parasitised populations breeding near trees. However, species that always breed near trees have high rejection rates because the majority of the populations have been utilised as hosts, and thus there has been a strong selection for the evolution of host defences. Furthermore, the level of parasite egg mimicry and the level of parasitism was found to be highest among hosts breeding both near and far away from trees, indicating that the cuckoo is most successful when utilising such species as hosts.

Paper VI is not included as a paper in this thesis, but is included as the introduction.

Egg-laying hens coming from commercial hatchery go through hatchery procedures considered as stressful and engaging prolonged stress response in adult chickens. The aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of commercial hatching procedure on the affective state of chicks, on their short- and long-term memory and on their need for social reinstatement. To assess the affective state of the chicks we used a cognitive bias protocol integrating the ecological response of a chick to the picture of another chick, to an owl and to an ambiguous cue mixing features of both the chickand the owl pictures. Short-term memory was evaluated by using a delayed matching-to-sample experiment (with 10, 30,60 and 120 s delays), with conspecifics as sample stimuli. We assessed long-term memory with an arena containing multiple doors leading to conspecifics, in which a chick had to remember which door was open after a delay of one hour or three hours. Finally, we observed the need for social reinstatement through a sociality test arena allowing a chick to be more or less close to conspecifics. We found that chicks coming from commercial hatchery were in a depressive affective state compare to control group. Those chicks also showed higher need for social reinstatement and loss weight. No differences were found regarding short- and long-time working memory between the two groups, but the methods used during these experiments will be discussed. Studying how commercial procedures impact the cognition and more specifically the emotions and state of mind of chickens, is a necessary step forward into the understanding of farm animals’ welfare.

Animal domestication, the process where animals become adapted to living in proximity to humans, is associated with the alteration of multiple traits, including decreased fearfulness and stress response. With an estimated population of 50 billion, the domesticated chicken is the most populous avian species in the world. Hundreds of chicken breeds have been developed for meat and egg production, hobby or research purposes. Multidirectional selection and the relaxation of natural selection in captivity have created immense phenotypic diversity amongst domesticates in a relatively short evolutionary time. The extensive phenotypic diversity, existence of the wild ancestor, and feasibility of intercrossing various breeds makes the chicken a suitable model animal for deciphering genetic determinants of complex traits such as stress response. We used chicken domestication as a model to gain insights about the mechanisms that regulate stress response in an avian species. We studied behavioural and physiological stress response in the ancestral Red Junglefowl and one of its domesticated progenies, White Leghorn. An advanced intercross between the aforementioned breeds was later used to map genetic loci underlying modification of stress response. The general pattern of the stress response in chickens was comparable with that reported in mammals, however we identified distinctive differences in the stress modulatory pathways in chickens. We showed that changes in the expression levels of several stress modulatory genes in the brain, the pituitary and the adrenal glands underlie the observed modified stress response in domesticated chickens. Using quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, several QTL underlying stress induced corticosterone, aldosterone and baseline dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels were detected. As a next step, we combined QTL mapping with gene expression (eQTL) mapping and narrowed two QTL down to the putative causal genes, SERPINA10 and PDE1C. Both of these genes were differentially expressed in the adrenal glands of White Leghorn and the Red Junglefowl, had overlapping eQTL with hormonal QTL, and their expression levels in the adrenal glands were correlated with plasma levels of corticosterone and al-dosterone. These two genes thus serve as strong candidates for further functional investigation concerning modification of the stress response during domestication. This dissertation increase the knowledge about genetics and physiology of the stress response in an avian species and its modification during domestication. Our findings expand the basic knowledge about the stress response in chicken, which can potentially be used to improve welfare through appropriate genetic selection.

Humans affect ecosystems by changing species compositions, landscape and climate. This thesis aims to increase our understanding of anthropogenic effects on mesopredator abundance due to changes in apex predator status, landscape and climate. I show that in Eurasia the abundance of a mesopredator, the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), is limited top-down by the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) and bottom-up by winter severity. However, where lynx has been eradicated, fox abundance is instead related to bottom-factors such as cropland (paper I, II). Fox abundance was highest when croplands constituted 25% of the landscape (paper II). I also project red fox abundance in Sweden over the past 200 years and in future scenarios in relation to lynx density, land use and climate change. The projected fox abundance was highest in 1920, when lynx was eradicated and the proportion of cropland was 22%. In 2010, when lynx had recolonised, the projected fox abundance was lower than in 1920, but higher than in 1830. Future scenarios indicated that lynx abundance must increase in respond to climate change to keep fox at the same density as today. The results suggest a mesopredator release when lynx was eradicated, boosted by land use and climate change, and that changes in bottom-up factors can modify the relative strength of top-down factors (paper IV). From 1846-1922, lynx, wolverine (Gulo gulo) and grey wolf (Canis lupus) declined in Scandinavia due to persecution; however I show that the change in wolverine abundance was positively related to the changes in lynx and wolf abundance. This indicates that wolverine is subsidized by carrions from lynx and wolf kills rather than limited top-down by them (paper III). This thesis illustrates how mesopredator abundance is determined by a combination of top-down and bottom-up processes, and how anthropogenic impacts not only can change the structures of predator guilds, but also may modify top-down processes through changes in bottom-up factors.

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Submitted. Paper 3: Submitted. Paper 4: Manuscript.

 

Today biodiversity is rapidly decreasing and an increasing number of threatened species live in modified and human dominated landscapes. Therefore it is essential to learn more about how species cope with the changes of their habitat. The focus of this study lies on a primate species, the critically endangered Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus), endemic to the densely populated island of Java, Indonesia.  In cooperation with the Little fire face project in West Java, I used a step selection function (SSF) framework, to understand how landscape structure affects the movement of Javan slow lorises within a fragmented mountain-agroforest landscape of Cipaganti, West Java. To investigate the movement and fine scale habitat selection of slow lorises I used one hour locations of 6 radio-collared slow lorises. The habitat and vegetation of observed and random steps was investigated in multiple variables such as presence of food trees and signs of human disturbance. For the analysis I paired observed steps (1h relocations) with 3 random habitat locations and used a conditional logistic regression to parameterize the SSF, which represents the probability of a focal slow loris to select a given step as a function of the habitat and vegetation factors surveyed. In average the slow lorises travelled about 450 m each night and most frequently they used a step length of about 0 – 50 m. My result reveals that slow lorises fine scale habitat selection is positively influenced by the presence of trees and tree trunk cover (indirect increasing the canopy cover and connectivity). They are also to a high extent positively affected by the presence of a feeding tree species, Calliandra calothyrsus. Surprisingly slow lorises selected steps associated with a higher number of fields (fields may indicate an increased biodiversity within the location). The results also indicate that slow lorises are limited in their movement by the presence of fields or rivers, which indicates that slow lorises are negatively influenced in their movement by a declining ability to move and forage within Cipaganti. I found no significant differences between sexes in their distance travelled. The recommendation for future conservation of slow lorises in Cipaganti is to prevent further habitat loss and fragmentation through activities that protect or maintain the present suitable slow loris habitat. Further research is needed to increase the knowledge of these primates’ abilities to live in this modified landscape.

Incidental bycatch in gillnets is a substantial threat to small cetaceans. Using Acoustic Deterrent Devices, “pingers”, have successfully reduced bycatch of harbour porpoises in gillnets. However, seals can use pingers as “dinner-bells” to easier find gillnets in order to raid and destroy them, further aggravating the existing conflicts between seals and coastal fisheries. Therefore, in the present study, the efficiency of two alleged “seal-safe” pingers, an experimental Banana pinger “SSB” and a Future Oceans F70 pinger “FO”, in deterring harbour porpoises from the vicinity of gillnets and thereby reducing bycatch in commercial gillnet fisheries, was tested. This was done by deploying click detectors, “C-PODs”, recording Detection Positive Minutes per hour, at each end of gillnets, provided with the two pinger types or no pingers at all. Bycatch instances were recorded into logbooks by participating fishermen and verified using video footage from on-board video cameras. Results showed that video monitoring was a reliable method for verifying the number of bycatches of porpoises and seals, but not seabirds, recorded in the fishermen’s logbooks. The experimental SSB pingers and the FO pingers significantly reduced porpoise presence, measured as Detection Positive Minutes per hour in the vicinity of the nets, compared to gillnets without pingers. However, the sample size was too small to yield a significant result regarding the bycatch reducing efficiency and dinner bell effect of the experimental pingers. Nevertheless, bycatch trends suggest that pingers did in fact reduce porpoise bycatch. Although both successful, FO pingers were slightly more efficient in deterring porpoises than SSB pingers. The SSB pinger sounds had bigger directionality variations than the FO pinger, which may have affected its deterrent effects. Therefore, additional trials are needed to further investigate this aspect.

The Rufous-naped lark Mirafra africana complex consists of 22 subspecies spread across the African continent. Several of the subspecies have recently been suggested to potentially be treated as separate species. In this study a comparative analysis was done on the song from seven of the subspecies: M. a. africana, M. a. athi, M. a. grisescens, M. a. kabalii, M. a. nyikae, M. a. transvaalensis and M. a. tropicalis. The results showed that M. a. athi, M. a. kabalii and M. a. nyikae are all very divergent from each other as well as from the other four subspecies. In contrast, M. a. tropicalis, M. a. grisescens, M. a. africana and M. a. transvaalensis are not clearly separable from each other. Based on the results, I suggest that M. a. athi, M. a. kabalii and M. a. nyikae can be classified as separate species, with M. a. africana, M. a. tropicalis, M. a grisescens and M. a. transvaalensis forming a fourth species (M. africana sensu stricto). Finally, I conclude that this study shows that more studies need to be done on the subspecies of the Mirafra africana complex.

Genom en kombinerad linjetaxering och revirkartering av nyanlagd våtmark i Stjärnarpsdalen utanför Halmstad under april-juni 2018 har jag undersökt artsammansättning, antal individer och par samt häckningskriteria hos fågelarter på plats. En jämförelse har gjorts med fem andra våtmarker i Halland i fråga om artsammansättning och häckninggskriteria för att undersöka om ålder eller storlek hos våtmarker har en effekt på dessa. Efter flertalet besök i Stjärnarp observerades totalt 55 arter varav 31 nyttjade våtmarken för antingen häckning, födosök eller rastade. Totalt 19 arter visade tecken på häckning inom våtmarkens gränser, varav endast fem arter slutligen fick ut avkomma. Hos samtliga undersökta våtmarker varierade antal arter mer under 2018, när de var av olika ålder, jämfört med när de alla var ungefär ett år gamla. Jag fann inga signifikanta korrelationer, beroenden eller skillnader mellan undersökta variabler, med undantag för signifikant korrelation och beroende mellan antal möjliga häckningar och area hos våtmarker. Enligt flera källor kan våtmarkers egenskaper och utformning ha stor betydelse för fåglars förekomst, t ex våtmarkens storlek, ålder, vattendjup, skötsel, placering, närvaro av fisk och mycket mer. I denna studie har Stjärnarp visats hysa arter som bl a häckar, och flera dessa arter indikerar på egenskaper som tidig succession, näringsrikt vatten, öppna strandängar och mer. Beroende på vad för fåglar och annan biologisk mångfald man vill gynna här i framtiden är planering och kontinuerligt uppföljningsarbete viktigt för att se om och hur fågelfaunan förändras samt vad det kan bero på.
By doing a transect inventory combined with territory mapping at a recently constructed wetland in the area of Stjärnarp outside of Halmstad, during April-June in 2018, I have investigated species composition, species abundance and reproductive criteria shown by the bird species in the area. A comparison was made with five other wetlands in the county of Halland in matter of species composition and reproductive criteria to overlook if the age or area of the wetlands have an impact. After several visits in Stjärnarp, a total of 55 species of birds were recorded, of which 31 species were using the wetland area for reproduction, foraging or resting. Among all examined wetlands species richness varied more during 2018, when of different ages, compared to when they were about one year old. Overall analysis wasn’t significant for correlations, regressions or differences between the investigated variables of this study, though there were a significant correlation and regression between the amount of possibly reproductive species and the area of wetlands. According to others, characteristics of wetlands can have great impact on the presence of birds, e.g. size and age of wetlands, water depth, maintenance, location, presence of fish and more. According to this study, several reproductive species in particular have indicated attributes in Stjärnarp, e.g. early succession, nutrient rich waters, open meadows and more. Depending on what species or other biodiversity people which to benefit in the future, planning and continuous studies are needed here to find out if and how bird communities change with time, and to what causes.
LIFE - Goodstream

The recovering harbor seal population along the Swedish west coast has coincided with declining cod stocks. Although the cod stocks were primarily depleted by intense fisheries, some stakeholders argue that reduced seal populations could have direct, positive effects on the cod stocks. The outbreaks of Phocine distemper virus (PDV) in 1988 and 2002 when up to 66% of the harbor seals along the Swedish west coast died, could be viewed as natural experiments allowing for assessment of any positive impacts of reduced mortality from seal predation on cod abundance. I quantified removal from seal predation and fishery landings and analyzed correlations to cod abundance of different length classes. Analyses were conducted for a longer time- series, 1979-2019, reaching back to when removal from fisheries was substantially larger than that from seal consumption. I also analyzed the data with a more recent perspective, 2003-2019, starting after the later PDV outbreak when seal predation relative landing sizes has increased. During this period, fishery discard data is available and included in the models. Methods include graphical presentation, multiple linear regression analyses, and to expand the existing data on seal diet, I collected diet samples of harbor seal feces from two haul-outs in Skagerrak. No statistically significant, negative correlations between seal predation and cod abundance were found in any data set, hence, I cannot support the idea of harbor seals having an impact on cod abundance. Also, the significant correlations between cod abundance and landings were all positive. I argue that culling of seals cannot be motivated as a strategy to help cod recover, as this would jeopardize the persistence of the seal population rather than assuring cod stability.

Life history traits affect the timing and pattern of maturation, reproduction, and survival during an organism’s lifecycle and are the major components influencing Darwinian fitness. Co-evolved patterns of these traits are known as life history strategies (LHS) and variation occurs between individuals, populations, and species. The polymorphisms underlying LHS are important targets of natural selection, yet the underlying genes and physiological mechanisms remain largely unknown. Mapping the genetic basis of a LHS and subsequently unraveling the associated physiological mechanisms is a challenging task, as complex phenotypes are often polygenic. However, in several systems discrete LHS are maintained within the population and are inherited as a single locus with pleiotropic effects. These systems provide a promising starting point for investigation into LHS mechanisms and this thesis focuses on one such strategy - the Alba polymorphism in Colias butterflies. Alba is inherited as a single autosomal locus, expressed only in females, and simultaneously affects development rate, reproductive potential, and wing color. Alba females are white, while the alternative morph is yellow/orange. About 28 of 90 species exhibit polymorphic females, though whether the Alba mechanism and associated tradeoffs are conserved across the genus remains to be determined. In this thesis I primarily focus on the species Colias croceus and integrate results from lipidomics, transcriptomics, microscopy, and genomics to gain insights to the proximate mechanisms underlying Alba and Alba’s evolution within the genus. Lipidomics confirm that, consistent with findings in New World species, C. croceus Alba females have larger abdominal lipid stores than orange, an advantage which is temperature dependent and arises primarily due to mobilized lipids. Gene expression data suggests differences in resource allocation, with Alba females investing in reproduction rather than wing color, consistent with previous findings in other Colias species. Additionally, I identify a morphological basis for Alba’s white wing color. Alba females from C. croceus, an Old World species, and Colias eurytheme, a New World species both exhibit a significant reduction in pigment granules, the structures within the wing scale that contain pigment. This is a trait that seems to be unique to Colias as other white Pierid butterflies have an abundance of pigment granules, similar to orange females. I also map the genetic basis of Alba to a single genomic region containing an Alba specific, Jockey-like transposable element insertion. Interestingly this transposable element​ is located downstream of BarH-1, a gene known to affect pigment granule formation in Drosophila. Finally, I construct a phylogeny using a global distribution of 20 Colias species to facilitate investigations of Alba’s evolution within the genus.

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.

Dolphins use stereotyped, individually distinctive, frequency modulated whistles, referred to as signature whistles, in order to broadcast their identity. In this study, we trained six dolphins at Kolmården Zoo, Sweden, to be called over, either upon hearing their own signature whistle (SW) or upon hearing a biologically irrelevant ”trivial” sound (TS), with the aim to prove the Whistle caller concept. The Whistle caller concept is based on the fact that dolphins occasionally use other dolphins’ signature whistles in order to address specific group members and convene.  Our hypotheses were that (1) dolphins call-over trained using their SW would learn the behaviour faster than dolphins trained using TSs, and (2) dolphins trained with their SW would be able to discriminate between different SWs better than dolphins trained with a TS would be at discriminating between different TSs.  Three out of three dolphins were successfully call-over trained using their SW, and two out of three dolphins using their assigned TS. When discriminating between different sounds, two of the dolphins trained using their SW performed significantly better than one of the dolphins trained using a TS. However, there were large intra-group differences in the results, indicating that we cannot eliminate the possibility that these results stem from individual differences in these dolphins’ ability to learn new behaviours overall, rather than an understanding of the sounds they heard. We suggest that future studies focus on (1) male-female differences in discrimination success when applying the Whistle caller concept, (2) how the characteristics of the trivial sounds affect discrimination success, and (3) the option of calling more than one animal at a time by sending out several SWs in succession.

Le point de départ de notre recherche est le constat que, depuis près de cinquante ans, trois écoles de taxinomie s'affrontent sur le terrain de la taxinomie historique, sans qu'il ne paraisse y avoir d'entente en vue. La lecture attentive des textes fondateurs des différentes écoles nous a permis de constater que le débat perdure en raison d'une compréhension insuffisante des conceptions philosophiques sur lesquelles les écoles font reposer leurs positions. En effet, les écoles semblent incapables de sortir du dilemme que leur posent leur acceptation de la condamnation de l'essentialisme et leur hésitation à embrasser pleinement l'anti-réalisme épistémologique. C'est pourquoi elles reportent leur attention sur la question de l'objectivité en science et proposent, en fin de compte, des approches différentes de la prise de décision. Pour conclure, l'élaboration d'une taxinomie rationnelle pourrait peut-être contribuer à dénouer l'impasse. Il importe toutefois de demeurer très prudent. Les recherches empiriques actuelles en evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) et la notion aristotélicienne de nature mériteraient d'être creusées davantage à cet égard.

Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of an organism to express different phenotypes depending on the biotic or abiotic environment. In many cases, the response to the environment is beneficial to the individual and can therefore represent adaptive phenotypic plasticity. An example includes morphological and life-historical response to predators. Because there has been a weak interest in the effect of these morphological changes, and it often assumes, but rarely shown, that predator-induced changes are adaptive. I tested how different variables, such as maximum acceleration and velocity, were related to each other in different Gosner stages. Eggs and tadpoles of the species Rana temporaria were exposed to various predator enclosures, a control, a stalking predator (European Perch, Perca fluviatilis), and an ambush predator (dragonfly larvae). The tadpoles mean weight, maximum acceleration and velocity, mobility, boldness, and morphological changes in various Gosner stages were analyzed. My tests showed a significant difference in tadpole weight and their morphology, however, there were no differences in speed, acceleration, boldness or mobility. The morphometric analysis of the tadpoles showed a significant change of tadpoles in the perch treatment compared to the tadpoles in the control. The tadpoles in the perch treatment showed a higher TH/TL (tail height/tail length) ratio, and were overall heavier, than the tadpoles in the control, but no significant change compared to the tadpoles in the dragonfly treatment. This shows that the kairomones and alarm cues triggered a large morphological change, but the effect of the change requires more research.

Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The Teaching of Sciences has been indicated as an important foundation in the school education for the formation of the citizen with the capacity to reflect and criticize the society, giving to this one the power and the desire to collaborate in its improvement. The present research had the purpose of analyzing the conceptions of science teachers of the state public school of education of the State of Sergipe on the teaching of Zoology. In order to do so, we sought to understand some specific points about the daily life of the teacher's classroom, such as: the teachers' conceptions regarding the content of Zoology of the textbooks used in the classroom; The resources that are most used by teachers when addressing the topics in Zoology; The occurrence or not of contextualization in the teaching of zoology and the mechanisms used to reach it; And what difficulties they encounter in the exercise of teaching. The research was structured in three stages, the first consisted in the survey of articles, dissertations and theses on teaching of Zoology and its contextualization; The second stage had the purpose of collecting data related to the beginning of teaching of teachers and their difficulties in the teaching of Zoology from the application of questionnaires, with closed and open questions, to 32 professors of Sciences and Biology; And the third part involved the application of semi-structured interviews with 10 teachers from the public school system, in order to deepen the questions about the teaching of Zoology, obtained in the questionnaires. The data indicate that the majority of teachers studied here are trained in the field of Biological Sciences Degree, and a few in Biomedicine and Pedagogy. Most teachers (88%) use the textbook, but a small portion (40%) considers that the book presents the contents of Zoology in an attractive and contextualized way. Most of the teachers (90%) affirm that they use the student's daily life, bringing their life experiences to the school context, and consider that this is contextualizing the teaching; however, their testimonies show that they only want to facilitate the understanding of the student, without raising questions and solving problems that lead to the formation of critical citizens. Most teachers claim to know how to make teaching motivational, but cannot find resources in school for this. Approximately half of the teachers (52%) said they had difficulties at the beginning of teaching and of these; the majority (38%) still did not overcome them. The most used methodology is the lecture class, but for these teachers the best methodology for the teaching of Zoology is the practical classes (39%). The greatest difficulties pointed out by teachers for the teaching of Zoology, verified both in the questionnaires and in the interviews, refer to those structures of the institution and the scarce time available to work the contents, being external to the teacher figure.
O Ensino de Ciências tem sido indicado como um fundamento importante na educação escolar para a formação do cidadão com a capacidade de refletir e criticar a sociedade, dando a este o poder e o desejo de colaborar em sua melhoria. A presente pesquisa teve como propósito analisar as concepções de professores de Ciências da rede pública estadual de ensino do Estado de Sergipe sobre o ensino de Zoologia. Para tal, buscou-se compreender alguns pontos específicos acerca do cotidiano da sala de aula do professor, como: as concepções dos professores a respeito do conteúdo de Zoologia dos livros didáticos utilizados em sala de aula; os recursos que são mais utilizados pelos professores ao abordar os temas na Zoologia; a ocorrência ou não de contextualização no ensino de zoologia e os mecanismos utilizados para atingi-lo; e, quais as dificuldades encontradas por eles no exercício da docência. A pesquisa foi estruturada em três etapas, a primeira consistiu no levantamento de artigos, dissertações e teses sobre ensino de Zoologia e sua contextualização; a segunda etapa teve o proposito de levantar dados relacionados ao início da docência dos professores e suas dificuldades no ensino de Zoologia a partir da aplicação de questionários, com questões fechadas e abertas, a 32 professores de Ciências e Biologia; e a terceira parte envolveu a aplicação de entrevistas semiestruturadas com 10 professores da rede pública de ensino, com objetivo de aprofundar as questões sobre o ensino de Zoologia, obtidas nos questionários. Os dados apontam que a maioria dos professores aqui pesquisados são formados na área das Ciências Biológicas Licenciatura, e alguns poucos em Biomedicina e Pedagogia. A maioria dos professores (88%) faz uso do livro didático, mas uma pequena parcela (40%) considera que o livro apresenta o conteúdo de Zoologia de forma atrativa e contextualizada. A maioria dos docentes (90%) afirma que se utiliza do cotidiano do aluno, trazendo suas experiências de vida para o contexto escolar, e considera que com isto está contextualizando o ensino, entretanto seus depoimentos mostram que pretendem apenas facilitar o entendimento do aluno, sem levantar questionamentos e resolução de problemas que levem a formação de cidadãos críticos. A maioria dos professores afirma saber como tornar o ensino motivador, mas não encontra recursos na escola para isso. Aproximadamente metade dos professores (52%) afirma ter enfrentado dificuldades no início da docência e destes, a maioria (38%) ainda não as superou. A metodologia mais utilizada é a aula expositiva, porém para esses professores a melhor metodologia para o ensino de Zoologia são as aulas práticas (39%). As maiores dificuldades apontadas pelos docentes para o ensino de Zoologia, verificada tanto nos questionários quanto nas entrevistas, referem-se aquelas estruturais da instituição e ao escasso tempo de que dispõem para trabalhar os conteúdos, sendo externas à figura do docente.
São Cristóvão, SE

Os museus de história natural são instituições multifacetadas. Constituem-se como espaços privilegiados para discussão da teoria evolutiva, uma vez são instituições de pesquisa científica, repositórios de material comparativo e meios de comunicação, especialmente por meio de suas exposições. Neste trabalho, o animal é entendido como interface entre duas áreas: museologia e zoologia. Discute-se, então a musealização da zoologia, ou seja, os processos que tornam um animal objeto de museu (musealia) e o seu uso em narrativas evolutivas de exposições de museus de história natural. Para tanto, foram analisadas exposições de três museus de história natural latino-americanos: \"Las Aves\" - Museo de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia; \"Tiempo y materia. Laberintos de la evolución\" - Museo de La Plata; e \"Conchas, corais e borboletas\" - Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro. A heterogeneidade de acervos e recursos expográficos exigiu o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia objetiva e replicável para descrição das exposições, estruturada em: (i) fichas; (ii) matrizes conceituais; e (iii) planta baixa. A partir do detalhamento das exposições realizou-se a análise comparativa, considerando três aspectos: presença de conceitos evolutivas nas narrativas; (ii) abordagem da teoria evolutiva; e (iii) concepção de museologia. Tais análises demonstraram que \"Las Aves\" e \"Conchas, corais e borboletas\" são exposições mais semelhantes, tanto nos conceitos evolutivos presentes na narrativa, como na abordagem sistemática da teoria evolutiva na exposição. \"Tiempo y materia\" mostrou-se como uma exposição diferenciada, pois sua narrativa foi construída a partir do conceito de evolução e não de grupos zoológicos, acumulando o maior número de conceitos evolutivos presentes na narrativa e uma abordagem voltada aos mecanismos evolutivos. Contudo, quanto à concepção de museologia, nas três exposições há o distanciamento entre o visitante e o conteúdo proposto, sendo que a teoria evolutiva é apresentada como fato corroborado pelo acervo, textos e outros recursos expográficos. Quanto a comunicação da teoria evolutiva e o papel comunicacional dos animais em exposições, observou-se que a construção teórica das narrativas está restrita aos textos e que os animais emprestam suas estruturas para ilustração e demonstração de conceitos evolutivos apresentados textualmente, servindo como \"comprovação\" da realidade e materialidade da teoria.
Natural history museums are multifaceted institutions. They constituted a privilege venue for discussion of the Theory of Evolution, as they are institucions of scientific research, and also a commucation medium especially due to its exhibitions. For this study, animals are understood as an interface between two fields: museology and zoology. Submitted for discussion is the musealisation of zoology, that is, the processes that make animals a museum object (musealia) and its use on evolutionary narratives on natural historical museums exhibitions. For this purpose, exhibition in three Latin American natural history museums were analyzed: \"Las Aves\" - Museo de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia (Buenos Aires, Argentina); \"Tiempo y materia. Laberintos de la evolución\" - Museo de La Plata (La Plata, Argentina); e \"Conchas, corais e borboletas\" - Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Heterogeneous collections and exhibitions resources demanded the development of an objective and replicable methodology for describing those exhibits, structured in (i) data sheets; (ii) conceptual matrixes; and (iii) ground plan of the facilities. Detailed description of the exhibitions led to a comparative analysis around three items: (a) the presence of evolutionary concepts in their narratives; (b) their approaches on evolutionay theory; and (c) their museological conceotualisation. Analyses demonstrated that \"Las Aves\" and \"Conchas, corais e borboletas\" were more similar to each other, both in the evolutionary concepsts presents and in their systematics-oriented approach on evolutionary theory. On the other hand, \"Tiempo y material\" had its own narrative built on the notion of evolution itself and not on animal taxonomic work. As for their museological conceptualization, in all three exhibitions there is a gap between the visitor and the proposed content, and evolutionary theory is presented as a corroborated fact by the objects, texts and others exhibitions resources. Upon reflecting on the one communication of the evolutionary theory and the communication role of animals in exhibition, one can notice the the theoretical construction of narratives is restrict to the associated texts, and the animal themselves lend their own structures for the illustration and demonstration of textually presented evolutionay concepts, serving as \"proof\" of the reality and materiality.

Reproduction in vertebrates, including fishes, is under control of the brain-pituitary-gonad (BPG) axis. The female three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, produces egg clutches at intervals of a few days and spawns them in a nest built by male. Following ovulation, eggs are stored in the ovarian cavity surrounded by the ovarian fluid (OF). If spawning or spontaneous release do not occur, the eggs can undergo overripening, a phenomenon occurring both in nature and captivity. In this PhD thesis, the changes of reproductive hormones and vitellogenesis were studied at overripening of eggs and over the natural spawning cycle. OF properties were also examined at overripening of eggs and after treatment with sex steroids. Plasma levels of steroids: testosterone (T), estradiol (E2), 17,20β-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one (17,20β-P) and 17,20β,21-trihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one (17,20β,21-P) were measured by radioimmunoassay, and relative mRNA levels of the pituitary gonadotropins (fsh-β/lh-β), brain gonadotropin-releasing hormones (gnrh2/gnrh3) and kisspeptin and its receptor (kiss2/gpr54) by qPCR. Overripening of eggs was accompanied with a significant reduction in most of endocrine parameters of BPG axis (T, E2, 17,20β-P; lh-β; kiss2, gpr54). Low level of hormones could be advantageous for the overripe egg-bound females, since this would reduce further ovulations giving higher chances to survive and reproduce again. Over the 3-day spawning cycle, T and E2 were highly correlated, showed cyclicity with low levels at ovulation and increasing from 24 and 6 hours post-spawning (hps), respectively. Spawning may give rise to this increase as these rises did not occur if release of the eggs does not happen (overripe females). A peak at pituitary lh-β mRNA levels appeared 48 hps, a day before the next ovulation. No significant changes were found for the other studied hormones. Vitellogenesis was studied by measurement of the vitellogenin mRNA levels in the liver by qPCR. The levels were highest at 24 and 48 hps and were positively correlated to both E2 and T over the cycle. However, changes were small suggesting a rather continuous vitellogenesis over the stickleback spawning cycle which could be an advantage for a multiple spawner with a limited spawning season. Overripening reduced vitellogenin mRNA levels but did not abolish it. OF amount was diminished in overripe females and had a lower viscocity but higher dry weight and protein levels than in non-overripe ovulated females, suggesting that changes in OF properties are related to the egg overripening. The effects of steroids were studied using Silastic capsules. T and 17,20β-P induced an increase of OF amount, but protein levels were only increased in 17,20β-P-treated females, proposing a role of this steroid in the control of OF secretion. 1-D SDS-PAGE showed that OF contained several proteins, some of them came from eggs, but no consistent differences between groups. Concluding, the knowledge of the reproductive physiological changes is important for understanding their essential roles in the production of viable eggs in this species but also in the reproductive physiology of female fishes in general.

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.

In this study I attempt to develop a rationale for the role of student writing in advancing learning in Zoology. To this end, I use the informed and insightful voices of five academics from the University of Cape Town's Department of Zoology to present a picture of the goals of the discipline, how they view the role that student writing plays in advan~ing these goals, a sense of the tensions they face in dealing with student diversity, and the promise and challenges of innovative approaches. My interest in how staff view student writing stems from a belief that staff make use of student writing in different ways, depending on their assumptions about writing. I explore these assumptions by means of interviews with members of staff, in which I ask about how they understand the pursuit of science, the qualities a scientist needs to develop, the best ways to develop these qualities in students, and the part that student writing plays in this development. What emerges in this study is the understanding that the kinds of writing we ask students to do reflect the forms of educational practice that we sustain. On the one hand, certain forms of writing may support forms of transmission pedagogy that are viewed as being at odds with progressive science education. On the other hand, if we are to develop alternative teaching approaches which are in keeping with contemporary views of science and learning, then we need to develop new genres of student writing that give expression to these goals and methods. The study concludes with suggested avenues into curriculum review that would operationalise the insights developed by this study.

Migration occurs among many animal species for the purpose of, among other things, finding food or to reproduce. Spawning migration is a form of migration that occurs among many fish species where they move to another site for reproduction. The movement can be obstructed by migration barriers like road culverts. Barriers to migration pose one of the greatest threats to biodiversity and ecosystem functions in freshwater. They impair the connectivity of watercourses and may prevent fish from improving reproductive success or completing their life histories altogether. There are both benefits and costs with migration, benefits such as increased survival for the adults and offspring, and costs such as increased energy consumption and increased mortality. The costs are often dependent on the morphological traits of the individual, like body shape and size. In this study, the spawning migration of two species of fish of the family Cyprinidae, ide (Leuciscus idus) and roach (Rutilus rutilus) was investigated. Few studies have been made on ide or on roach compared to other cyprinids and salmonids. This study might therefore enhance the overall knowledge of these two species. The overall aims of this project are to study and compare phenotypic correlates of spawning migration behaviour of ide and roach. The field studies were performed in Oknebäcken, Mönsterås (SE632310-152985), Sweden in March and April 2020. To describe the watercourse and define the location and characteristics of different potential migration barriers, a simplified biotope mapping method was used. The fish were caught in a hoop net and then measured, weighted, sexed, and injected with passive integrated transponder using the bevel down method. In order to register in stream movement of fish, reading stations with antennas were placed, at two locations upstream from the marking station and one downstream at the estuary. The sex ratio differed from the expected 1:1 with a majority of females for both species. This might be a result of fluctuations in survival of spawn coupled with different age-at-maturity between sexes. We found that individuals that arrived early to the stream were larger for both study species, as other studies also reported. Also, male ide was both larger and arrived before female ide. There might be an energy cost associated with early arrival to the stream and therefore, larger individuals arrive first. For roach, there was no difference in arrival time between the sexes although female roach were larger. There was no difference in the time spent in the stream between the species. For ide, females stayed for a longer period of time in the stream than males. However, the opposite was true for roach. This may be because male roach might benefit from more fertilization events when staying longer. There might therefore be a trade-off between the energy cost in staying in the stream and the increased fitness advantage in fertilization events. We found no correlation between any of the morphological traits and migration distance. However, since very few individuals were registered at the upstream reading stations, there might be an effect of migration barriers on the spawning migration. The mortality after spawning was higher for roach than for ide. For ide, a larger proportion of females than males died. For roach, individuals that arrived early was classified as alive to a greater extent than those who arrived late. Both similarities and differences between the species were discovered in this study which concludes that even closely related species might differ substantially from each other.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Educação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Científica e Tecnológica, Florianópolis, 2013.
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A partir das influências históricas, políticas e econômicas sobre o desenvolvimento da docência no contexto brasileiro, este trabalho visa identificar dialeticamente, por intermédio do ensino de zoologia e de suas expressões no cotidiano da sala de aula, as condicionantes e as possibilidades para um ensino crítico no contexto específico da Rede de Ensino Municipal de Florianópolis. Para tanto, este trabalho construiu um inventário crítico sobre o ensino de zoologia e quais as suas características sócio-históricas, teóricas e práticas relacionadas ao ensino da área. A partir destes dados, foram extraídos elementos significativos, passíveis de problematização junto ao professorado da rede. Realizado esse aprofundamento problematizador, identificou-se um conjunto de situações-limite relacionadas à práxis docente humanizadora. Essas situações se apresentaram como resultado de um condicionamento sócio-histórico e ideológico orientado por uma racionalidade técnica. Assim, esse trabalho buscou evidenciar os efeitos desta racionalidade na perda da autonomia docente e na consequente imposição a uma educação bancária e necrófila, tomando como base o ensino de zoologia. A escola e o professor, ao serem dominados por essa ideologia, se tornam agentes apassivados, cuja consciência ainda se mostra ingênua e impotente diante da complexa realidade. Eles são concebidos como técnicos, ou seja, meros reprodutores mecânicos de um conhecimento elitizado em uma sociedade desigual, dominada por uma minoria econômica e intelectualmente dominante. Identificadas essas problemáticas, propõe-se idealmente neste trabalho um movimento de formação permanente aos professores, de forma a contribuir para uma evidenciação da situação da proletarização da docência e que, na medida do possível, venha fomentar a busca docente pela autonomia em sua práxis didático-pedagógica. Espero que este trabalho levante questionamentos e discussões, tanto sobre o ensino de zoologia, quanto sobre a docência em si, sobretudo na comunidade escolar de Florianópolis.

Abstract : From historical, political and economic influences on the teaching development in the Brazilian context, this work aims to identify dialectically, by the Zoology teaching and its expressions in day by day classroom, the constraints and the possibilities for a critical teaching in the context of the Municipal School of Florianópolis. To reach the goal, this work developed a critical inventory on zoology teaching and on their socio-historical, theoretical and practical characteristics. From these data we obtained a set of extreme situations related to teaching praxis. These situations presented themselves as a result of a conditioning socio-historical and ideological driven by technical rationality. Thus , this study aimed to reveal the effects of this rationality in the loss of teaching autonomy and the consequent imposition of a banking education in Zoology teaching. The school and the teacher are subservient, and become alienated agents whose conscience is still naive and helpless in the face of complex reality of teaching on Brazil. The teachers are designed as technical, being characterized as instruments of a minority economically and intellectually dominant in an unequal society.Identified these problems, we propose in this work a ideal movement of permanent education for teachers in order to regain awareness the proletarianization and returning the autonomy in their teaching practice. I hope that this work raises questions and discussions, both on the teaching of zoology as about the teaching itself, especially in the Municipal School of Florianópolis.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Os diferentes tipos de mesohabitat e a complexidade do substrato podem ser um importante fator na determinação da riqueza, abundância e distribuição das comunidades bentônicas. Neste sentido, no presente trabalhos fizemos um experimento em um riacho do Parque Estadual Intervales, Estado de São Paulo, com o objetivo de responder as seguintes questões: 1) a abundância, riqueza e composição da fauna de macroinvertebrados aquáticos são afetadas pelo tipo de mesohabitat (corredeira e remanso)? 2) a abundância, riqueza e composição da fauna são afetadas por substratos com diferentes complexidades fractais? 3) A fauna é afetada pela interação entre o tipo de mesohabitat e a complexidade do substrato? Para responder esses questionamentos, coletamos dados experimentais em um riacho de Mata Atlântica do Sudeste do Brasil. Foram coletados 2.223 indivíduos. O primeiro eixo da DCA explicou 48,5% da variabilidade e separou a fauna coletada em remanso daquela coletada em corredeira. O segundo eixo explicou 15,9% e não pôde ser interpretado. A DCA não mostrou nenhum padrão que pudesse ser explicado pelas diferentes dimensões fractais. A maior abundância dos macroinvertebrados aquáticos foi observada em corredeiras. O tipo de mesohabitat e a complexidade do substrato não afetaram a riqueza padronizada. Por outro lado, o tipo de mesohabitat afetou significativamente a composição faunística, DCA I
The richness, abundance and distribution of benthic communities may be affected by the different types of mesohabitat and by substrate complexity. In this sense, in the present work, we made a experiment in a stream located in the Intervales State Park, São Paulo State, with the aim to answer the following questions: 1) are abundance, richness and the faunal composition of aquatic macroinvertebrates affected by the type of mesohabitat (riffle and pool)? 2) Are abundance, richness and the faunal composition affected by the substrates with different fractal complexity? 3) Does the interaction between mesohabitat type and substrate complexity affect the fauna? To answer these questions, we collected experimental data in an Atlantic Rainforest stream in the Southeastern of Brazil. We collected 2.223 individuals. The first axis of DCA explained 48.5% of the variability and segregated the fauna of riffle from that of pool. The second axis explained 15,9% and could not be interpreted. The DCA analyses did not show any pattern that could be explained by the different fractal dimensions. The greatest aquatic macroinvertebrate abundance was observed in riffles. The mesohabitat type and the substrates complexity did not affect the standardized richness. On the other hand, the mesohabitat type affected significantly the faunal composition, DCA I

Orientador: Ricardo Cardoso Benine
Banca: Virginia Sanches Uieda
Banca: Alaide Aparecida Fonseca Gessner
Resumo: Os diferentes tipos de mesohabitat e a complexidade do substrato podem ser um importante fator na determinação da riqueza, abundância e distribuição das comunidades bentônicas. Neste sentido, no presente trabalhos fizemos um experimento em um riacho do Parque Estadual Intervales, Estado de São Paulo, com o objetivo de responder as seguintes questões: 1) a abundância, riqueza e composição da fauna de macroinvertebrados aquáticos são afetadas pelo tipo de mesohabitat (corredeira e remanso)? 2) a abundância, riqueza e composição da fauna são afetadas por substratos com diferentes complexidades fractais? 3) A fauna é afetada pela interação entre o tipo de mesohabitat e a complexidade do substrato? Para responder esses questionamentos, coletamos dados experimentais em um riacho de Mata Atlântica do Sudeste do Brasil. Foram coletados 2.223 indivíduos. O primeiro eixo da DCA explicou 48,5% da variabilidade e separou a fauna coletada em remanso daquela coletada em corredeira. O segundo eixo explicou 15,9% e não pôde ser interpretado. A DCA não mostrou nenhum padrão que pudesse ser explicado pelas diferentes dimensões fractais. A maior abundância dos macroinvertebrados aquáticos foi observada em corredeiras. O tipo de mesohabitat e a complexidade do substrato não afetaram a riqueza padronizada. Por outro lado, o tipo de mesohabitat afetou significativamente a composição faunística, DCA I
Abstract: The richness, abundance and distribution of benthic communities may be affected by the different types of mesohabitat and by substrate complexity. In this sense, in the present work, we made a experiment in a stream located in the Intervales State Park, São Paulo State, with the aim to answer the following questions: 1) are abundance, richness and the faunal composition of aquatic macroinvertebrates affected by the type of mesohabitat (riffle and pool)? 2) Are abundance, richness and the faunal composition affected by the substrates with different fractal complexity? 3) Does the interaction between mesohabitat type and substrate complexity affect the fauna? To answer these questions, we collected experimental data in an Atlantic Rainforest stream in the Southeastern of Brazil. We collected 2.223 individuals. The first axis of DCA explained 48.5% of the variability and segregated the fauna of riffle from that of pool. The second axis explained 15,9% and could not be interpreted. The DCA analyses did not show any pattern that could be explained by the different fractal dimensions. The greatest aquatic macroinvertebrate abundance was observed in riffles. The mesohabitat type and the substrates complexity did not affect the standardized richness. On the other hand, the mesohabitat type affected significantly the faunal composition, DCA I
Mestre

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historical and current scenario. In Brazil, hunting is widely practiced throughout the territory since ancient times, causing dramatic environmental consequences, although there has never been a comprehensive analysis that addressed this issue at a national level under a conservation perspective. In summary, it is known that the Brazilian hunting is a problem, but no one knows for sure what it is, what its history and what the actual size of the problem. Thus, this research aims to analyze the hunting in Brazil and the historical, socioeconomic and cultural contexts associated with such activity, with the main focus on wildlife involved in different ways to human use, the techniques used for hunting and conservation implications associated with such uses, in a comparative analysis between different biomes. The manuscript was divided into two volumes. The first one deals with the historical aspect. In the Chapter I, the survey of official documents, paintings, accounts of natural history expeditions, scientific chapters, books and papers involving hunting in Brazil were conducted. It was possible to analyze the evolution of the use of the techniques; indigenous and European influences; data on regional extinction of species; preferences of game species for food consumption, among many other factors. In the Chapter II, we realized an historical survey and listed the changes of legislation and the perceptions of the national mass media involving hunting activities to establish if there is a correlation between these factors and what the possible consequences of these changes for wildlife conservation. We demonstrate that this correlation exists and has evolved interdependently. The second volume deals with the current situation and was accomplished through 529 interviews in 25 localities from 12 states and in all Brazilian biomes. The first chapter aimed to inventory, describe and categorize these techniques in all biomes. Moreover, further analysis on the Index of Cultural Significance of these strategies, which were discussed in regional and national levels have been proposed. Altogether, 39 techniques have been documented, described and categorized according to purpose, autonomy, lethality, selectivity of species and abundance of specimens captured. The Chapter II proposes to conduct an inventory of the wildlife hunting related in food purposes of rural communities in localities of all biomes of the country, through interviews and literature review. We documented 344 species, although our estimates indicate that this number could reach more than 525, where 46% are birds, 42% are mammals, 11% are reptiles and 1% is amphibians. The last chapter aimed to point out what is the region historically most impacted by hunting in Brazil, assuming the Northeast region as hypothesis. Data were quantified to calculate the Use of Frequency Value (UFV) and statistically analyzed with data from the biomass of each species cited in each area. The results indicate a national trend of high UFV’s for large species. This pattern is followed in the Amazon, Pantanal, Cerrado and Pampas. In contrast, the areas of the Atlantic Forest and mainly Caatinga, both in Northeastern Brazil, present the reverse of this pattern, indicating depletion and local extinction of large animals. This can be explained by the history of occupation, economic aspects, ecological support capacity, difficulty in livelihood alternatives and specific cultural patterns.
No Brasil, atividades cinegéticas são amplamente realizadas em todo o território e desde períodos remotos, provocando drásticas consequências ambientais, embora nunca tenha havido uma análise abrangente que abordasse esse tema em nível nacional, sob uma óptica conservacionista. Em resumo, sabe-se que a caça brasileira é um problema, mas não se conhece ao certo o que é, qual sua história e qual o tamanho real desse problema no país. Desse modo, a pesquisa tem como objetivo principal analisar as atividades cinegéticas do Brasil e os contextos históricos, socioeconômicos e culturais associados a tais atividades, com foco principal na fauna envolvida em diferentes formas de uso humano, as técnicas de caça utilizadas e as implicações conservacionistas associadas a tais usos, em uma análise comparada entre os diferentes biomas brasileiros. A Tese foi dividida em dois volumes. O primeiro trata do aspecto histórico. No Capítulo I, foi realizado o levantamento de documentos oficiais, pinturas, relatos de expedições naturalistas, além de livros didáticos, artigos de periódicos, livros e capítulos de livros científicos envolvendo as atividades cinegéticas no Brasil. Foi possível analisar a evolução do uso das técnicas; as influências indígenas e europeias; dados sobre extinção regional de espécies; preferências de espécies para consumo alimentar, dentre diversos outros fatores. No Capítulo II, elencamos as mudanças da legislação e das percepções da mídia nacional envolvendo as atividades cinegéticas para estabelecer se há uma correlação entre tais fatores e quais as possíveis consequências dessas mudanças para a conservação da fauna silvestre. Demonstramos que essa correlação existe e que evoluiu de forma interdependente. O segundo volume trata do panorama atual e foi realizado através de 529 entrevistas em 25 localidades, pertencentes a 12 estados em todos os biomas do Brasil. O primeiro capítulo objetivou inventariar, descrever e categorizar essas técnicas em todos os biomas do país. Além disso, foram adaptadas novas análises sobre o Índice de Significância Cultural (ISC) dessas estratégias. Ao todo, 39 técnicas foram documentadas, descritas e categorizadas quanto à finalidade, autonomia, letalidade, seletividade de espécies e abundância de espécimes capturados. O Capítulo II se propôs a realizar um inventário sobre a fauna cinegética relacionada a fins alimentares de comunidades rurais em localidades situadas em todos os biomas do país, através de entrevistas e revisão bibliográfica. Foram documentadas 344 espécies, embora as estimativas apontem que esse número pode atingir mais que 525, sendo 46% aves, 42% mamíferos, 11% répteis e 1% anfíbios. O último capítulo teve como objetivo analisar qual a região historicamente mais impactada pela caça no Brasil, assumindo como hipótese a Região Nordeste. Os dados foram quantificados pelo cálculo do Valor de Frequência de Uso e analisados estatisticamente com os dados da biomassa de cada espécie citada em cada área. Os resultados apontam uma tendência nacional de maior valoração de uso para espécies de grande porte. Esse panorama é seguido na Amazônia, Pantanal, Cerrado e nos Pampas. Em contraste, as áreas de Mata Atlântica do Nordeste e principalmente a área de Caatinga apontam o inverso desse padrão, indicando extinção local e depleção de grandes animais. Isso pode ser explicado através do histórico de ocupação, aspectos econômicos, capacidade de suporte ecológico, dificuldade em alternativas de subsistência e padrões culturais específicos.

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Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Casa de Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Miranda Ribeiro construiu, a partir de seu trabalho, a reputação de grande zoólogo e especialista em peixes. Aprendeu a fazer ciência na prática com aqueles pesquisadores que foi conhecendo desde o momento em que iniciou suas atividades no Museu. Alguns desses pesquisadores foram, muito provavelmente, responsáveis pela orientação metodológica que deu aos seus trabalhos. E, além de sua grande capacidade de aprendizado, de sua organização e capacidade de trabalho, e, também como conseqüência dessas qualidades, Miranda Ribeiro estabeleceu relações com os cientistas mais importantes que trabalhavam no Brasil e muitos cientistas estrangeiros, renomados em suas áreas de pesquisa. O zoólogo do Museu Nacional tinha grande interesse em conhecer a fauna (principalmente a vertebrada) brasileira e se destacou no campo da taxionomia identificando e classificando muitos animais brasileiros. Seu método para classificá-los tinha como referência a origem comum dos seres vivos, que era uma das teorias que integrava o darwinismo. Embora, em seus trabalhos, abuse das descrições morfológicas e anatômicas, partindo do princípio de que os grupos de organismos tiveram uma origem comum, a morfologia, a anatomia, a fisiologia, a embriologia semelhantes entre certos 12 grupos podem ser explicadas a partir de ancestrais comuns que sofreram processos de especiação. É isso que Miranda Ribeiro tenta mostrar em seus trabalhos, mesmo durante um período em que o darwinismo já não era tão popular. Assumindo a opinião, comum a muitos de seus contemporâneos, de que produzir ciência de qualidade em instituições bem organizadas era a única maneira de contribuir para o progresso econômico e social do país, que se achava em dificuldades pela mudança de regime político, pelos problemas com a população miscigenada, que era considerada incapaz, com as epidemias que assolavam o país, com as pragas que atacavam a agricultura, principal fonte econômica na época, Miranda Ribeiro, sempre que tinha oportunidade, discursava a favor da ciência, dos cientistas e das instituições científicas. Realizou, através de seus trabalhos, tudo o que lhe foi possível para valorizar e especializar as ciências biológicas, defendendo referenciais teóricos que estavam ligados ao evolucionismo, tomando como modelos de cientistas, Darwin e Müller, principalmente.
Because of his work, Miranda Ribeiro has built the reputation of being a great zoologist and fish specialist. He learned science by practicing it with those researchers who he met while developing his activities in the Museum. It is highly likely that some of these researchers were responsible for the methodological orientation with which Miranda Ribeiro developed his works. Besides his great learning and working ability as well as his organization, and also as a consequence of these skills, Miranda Ribeiro established contact with the most important scientists in Brazil at the time and many foreign scientists who were all renowned in their fields of expertise. The zoologist of the National Museum had great interest in knowing the Brazilian fauna (specially the vertebrate ones) and had distinguished himself in the field of taxonomy by identifying and classifying many Brazilian animals. His method to classify these animals had, as a reference, the common origin of living beings, which was one of the theories that integrated Darwinism. Miranda Ribeiro tends to be very descriptive concerning morphological and anatomical aspects. Even though, if we consider that groups of organisms had a common origin, morphology, anatomy, physiology and embryology that are similar among certain groups can be explained by their common ancestors that suffered 12 processes of speciation. That is exactly what Miranda Ribeiro tries to demonstrate through his works, although it was a period of time when Darwinism was not so popular. Holding the opinion, common to many of his contemporaries, that producing quality science in well organized institutions was the only way to contribute to the economical and social development of the country (which had difficulties due to the change of the political regime, the problems concerning multiethnic population who was considered incapable, the different kinds of epidemy that afflicted the country and the plagues that attacked agriculture, which was the main economical source at the time) – Miranda Ribeiro, whenever he had the opportunity, provided speeches defending science, scientists and scientific institutions. He realized, throughout his works, everything that was possible to attribute value and specialize biological sciences, defending theoretical references that were linked to volutionism, using mainly Darwin and Muller as role models.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2002.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 246-250). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

This thesis associates the cultural elevation of discourse articulating physiologically-centred conceptions of self in mid-nineteenth-century Britain with a shift in power relations. I contend that the proliferation of zoologically- and neurologically-oriented texts, themselves embodying politics of natural truth, constituted a condition of possibility for the emergence of what I portray as a 'technicalization' of power. The articulation of organically determined notions of subjectivity are associated with the constitution of a technical ideal of knowledge production. Further, technical assemblages upon which physiological conceptions of self relied are shown to have helped constitute modes of resistance to discourse concerned with the organic determination of mind and life. Technical entities played an active role in the constitution of organic subjectivities, and organic subjectivities in turn participated in the constitution of technical modes of being. The historical narrative represents the formation of two related disciplines, zoology and psychology, as contingent upon the relative status of different kinds of epistemic equipment. In a natural philosophic context pervaded by uncertainty regarding the relation of matter to spirit, claims that could be made regarding nature were circumscribed by what 'gentlemanly' equals could agree to have 'witnessed.' Gentlemen appealed to differing forms of epistemic equipment in attempts to constitute zoology and psychology as disciplines. The relative success of such appeals was determined not only by the political valency of the claims themselves, but also by the conditions constituted by the types of equipment used to make them. The thesis then goes on to highlight ways in which the disciplined consideration of body and mind as entities determined by nature constituted conditions of possibility for the articulation of tool- and technique-centred subjectivities. The epistemic tools and representational claims appealed to as proof that the self is inherently organic (have) paradoxically participate(d) in the constitution of modes of being that extend the self into the realm of the technical. By the late nineteenth century, the capacities of cognition and replication are beginning to be attributed to the combination of technical and organic entities.

Idiops é um dos maiores gêneros dentre as aranhas migalomorfas, apresentando 80 espécies e uma subespécie, com distribuição nas Américas do Sul e Central, África e oeste asiático. São chamadas popularmente de aranhas-de-alçapão, escavando tocas no solo com auxílio do rastelo e protegem sua área interior com uma porta bem camuflada. As fêmeas vivem permanentemente nas tocas, enquanto os machos são errantes na fase adulta, procurando ativamente as fêmeas para cópula. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo revisar taxonomicamente as espécies de Idiops, redescrevê-las e realizar uma análise filogenética, testando o monofiletismo do gênero e analisar o relacionando das espécies. Os estudos taxonômicos resultaram nas seguintes sinonímias: Idiops crudeni é sinônimo-junior de I. flaveolus; I. gunningi e a subespécie I. gunningi elongatus são sinônimos-junior de I. pretoriae; I. munois e I. lusingius são sinôminos-junior de I. straeleni comb. nov.; I. pullus é sinônimo-junior de I. parvus comb. nov.; e I. rubrolimbatus é sinônimo-junior de I. fossor. A análise cladística contou com 54 espécies de Idiops, além de pelo menos um representante de cada gênero da subfamília Idiopinae. Em todas as análises realizadas, Idiops foi considerado parafilético. Através dos resultados filogenéticos, Idiops foi redefinido, cotando agora com dez espécies em seu elenco: I. clarus, I. germaini, I. argus, I. cambridgei, I. camelus, I. pirassununguensis, I. rastratus, I. opifex, I. fuscus e I. rohdei, todas sul americanas. Idiops possui uma sinapomorfia homoplástica: quelícera com fileira retrolateral de dentes paralela a fileira prolateral e ocupando o terço basal. Três gêneros novos são prospostos. Gen. n. 1, com as espécies Gen. n. 1 upembensis comb. nov., Gen. n. 1 wittei comb. nov., Gen. n. 1 schenkeli comb. nov., Gen. n. 1 kaperonis comb. nov., Gen. n. 1 kazibius comb. nov.; Gen. n. 2., com as espécies Gen. n. 2 kanonganus comb. nov., Gen. n. 2 fageli comb. nov., Gen. n. 2 angusticeps comb. nov.; e Gen. n. 3, com as espécies Gen. n. 3 castaneus comb. nov., Gen. n. 3 versicolor comb. nov., Gen. n. 3 yemenensis comb. nov., Gen. n. 3 parvus comb. nov., Gen. n. 3 pretoriae, Gen. n. 3 fry comb. nov. As seguintes transferências são realizadas: I. straeleni é transferida para Heligmomerus; I. crassus, I. constructor, I. fortis, I. bombayensis e I. robustos são transferidas para Titanidiops; e I. flaveolus e Gorgyrella schreineri minor são transferidas para Segregara. As espécies de Idiops não incluídas nos gêneros acima são consideradas incertae sedis ou species inquirenda
Idiops is one of the diverse genera among Mygalomorphae spiders, presenting 80 species and one subspecies, occurring in Central and South America, Africa and west Asia. They are known as trapdoor spiders, and use their rastellum to excavate burrows in the soil and protect the entrance with a well masked trapdoor. The females live permanently in burrow, while adult males usually wander around in search of mate. The present study aimed to taxonomically revise Idiops species, redescribe then and develop a phylogenetic analysis, testing Idiops monophyly, and analyze its species relationship. The taxonomic review resulted in the establishment of the following synonyms: Idiops crudeni is junior-synonym of I. flaveolus; I. gunningi and the subspecies I. gunningi elongates are junior-synonym of I. pretoriae; I. munois e I. lusingius are junior-synonym of I. straeleni; I. pullus is junior-synonym of I. parvus; .and I. rubrolimbatus is junior-synonym of I. fossor. The cladistic analysis included 54 Idiops species and at least one representative of each Idiopinae genus. Idiops was considered paraphyletic in analysis made here. Based on the phylogenetic results, Idiops is redefined with only ten species: I. clarus, I. germaini, I. argus, I. cambridgei, I. camelus, I. pirassununguensis, I. rastratus, I. opifex, I. fuscus and I. rohdei, all occurring in American continent. Three new genera are proposed based on the cladistic results: Gen. n. 1, with Gen. n. 1 upembensis comb. nov., Gen. n. 1 wittei comb. nov., Gen. n. 1 schenkeli comb. nov., Gen. n. 1 kaperonis comb. nov. and Gen. n. 1 kazibius comb. nov.; Gen. n. 2., with Gen. n. 2 kanonganus comb. nov., Gen. n. 2 fageli comb. nov. and Gen. n. 2 angusticeps comb. nov.; Gen. n. 3, with Gen. n. 3 castaneus comb. nov., Gen. n. 3 versicolor comb. nov., Gen. n. 3 yemenensis comb. nov., Gen. n. 3 parvus comb. nov., Gen. n. 3 pretoriae and Gen. n. 3 fryi comb. nov. The cladistic results also led to the following transferences: I. straeleni is transferred to Heligmomerus; I. crassus, I. constructor, I. fortis, I. bombayensis and I. robustos are transferred to Titanidiops; and I. flaveolus and Gorgyrella schreineri minor are transferred to Segregara. Idiops species that are not listed in the genera above are considered species inquirenda> or incertae sedis.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo realizar um estudo a partir das obras Manual de zoología fantástica (1957), de Jorge Luis Borges e Margarita Guerrero, e Jardim zoológico (1997), de Wilson Bueno, além da relação entre cada livro com o gesto de catalogar animais. Tendo a questão da representação do animal para cada um dos escritores como eixo, esta pesquisa propõe uma breve incursão dos autores estudados por bestiários medievais, relatos de viajantes, jardins zoológicos, fábulas, além de compêndios da história natural. Como corpus para tal estudo, trabalhamos sob a perspectiva de autores como Michel Foucault, sobretudo As palavras e as coisas; Armelle Le Bras-Choppard, sobre a questão da animalidade; Gilles Deleuze, sobre a colocação em série e, com Felix Guattari, a questão do 'devir-animal'; Jacques Derrida, sobre o aspecto da fábula e da representação animal; Georges Bataille, ainda no que diz respeito à animalidade; e Silviano Santiago, nas reflexões sobre a América Latina, além de suas leituras críticas decorrentes de Borges. Incluíram-se ainda perspectivas críticas como as de Silvia Molloy, Beatriz Sarlo, Alan Pauls, Eneida Maria de Souza, Lyslei Nascimento, Susana Scramin (em relação a Wilson Bueno) entre outros críticos, além da perspectiva teórico-crítica de Maria Esther Maciel, que orientou este trabalho.

Os estudos zoológicos modernos e o estabelecimento de coleções de história natural no país remontam à segunda metade do século XVIII e mantiveram-se ao longo do século XIX e XX até aos dias de hoje. O seu desenvolvimento terá sido influenciado por circunstâncias políticas, económicas e sociais, que ora os estimularam, ora os retraíram. No entanto, desde a fundação de Real Gabinete de História Natural da Ajuda por Domingos Vandelli e da adoção do sistema lineano, à fama internacional da secção Zoológica do Museu Nacional de Lisboa dirigida por Barbosa du Bocage, o país manteve-se sempre a par das ideias e teorias modernas, adotando práticas comuns e contribuindo direta ou indiretamente para o conhecimento da fauna principalmente de origem ibérica, africana e brasileira. As coleções para além de resultado direto do esforço colecionista, e base material para a investigação de então, mantêm-se ainda hoje como um importante património histórico-científico a preservar; The Evolution of Zoology and Natural History museums in Portugal Abstract: Modern zoological studies and the establishment of natural history collections in Portugal date back to the second half of the eighteenth century, and have run through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries to the present day. Their development has been influenced by political, economical and social circumstances, that either stimulated them or not. However, since the foundation of the Ajuda Royal Cabinet of Natural History by Domingos Vandelli, to the international prestige of the National Museum of Lisbon Zoological Section directed by Barbosa du Bocage, the country has remained abreast of the modern theories and ideas, adopting common practices and directly or indirectly contributing to the knowledge of Iberian, Brazilian and African faunas. Further from being the result of collecting efforts and being the material base to past investigations, the collections remain today as an important historical and scientific heritage to be preserved.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
As raias da família Potamotrygonidae são importantes componentes da ictiofauna Neotropical, sendo este grupo de organismos completamente restrito aos sistemas fluviais da América do Sul. Três gêneros são relacionados nessa família: Plesiotrygon, Paratrygon e Potamotrygon e são encontrados nos principais sistemas fluviais na região Neotropical. No presente projeto, foi realizada a análise citogenética em representantes de duas espécies de raias, Potamotrygon motam e P. falkneri, que apresentaram números diplóide de 2n=65 nos machos e NF= 66 nas temeas, caracterizando a ocorrencia de heteromorfismo cromoss6mico sexual do tipo X1X1X2X2/X1X2Y. Em P. motam a populagao de Porto Rico apresentou numero fundamental de 116 (22m+8sm+20st+16a) nas femeas, e 114 (21m+9sm+19st+16a) nos machos. A populagao de Ilha solteira apresentou numero fundamental 122 (20m+1 Osm+26st+1 Oa) nas fêmeas e 120 (19m+11 sm+25st+1 Oa) nos machos. Em P. falkneri, a população de Porto Rico apresentou numero fundamental 110 (20m+10sm+14st+22a) nas fêmeas e 108 (19m+10sm+14st+22a) nos machos. A população de Ilha Solteira apresentou número fundamental de 114 (20m+10sm+18st+18a) as fêmeas e 112 (19m+10sm+18st+18a) os machos. A heterocromatina constitutiva (Banda C) foi identificada na forma de blocos heterocromáticos nas regiões centroméricas de quase todos os cromossomos do complemento. As regiões organizadoras de nucléolos (RONs) caracterizadas nesta impregnação com nitrato de Prata , se apresentaram em marcações múltiplas e em posição terminal nos cromossomos das duas espécies. 0 emprego do fluorocromo CMA3 evidenciou, além das Ag-RONs, marcações adicionais nas duas espécies em estudo, caracterizando outras regiões no genoma também ricas em GC. Foram identificados também cístrons ribossômicos através da hibridação in situ fluorescente (FISH) com a sonda de DNAr 18S, que coincidiu...
Stingrays of the family Potamotrygonidae are important components of the Neotropical ichthyofauna, being the only group of elasmobranchs completely restricted to fluvial systems of South America. Three genera are recognized within the family: Paratrygon, Plesiotrygon, and Potamotrygon. In this project, the cytogenetic analysis was performed in representatives of two species of rays, Potamotrygon motoro and P. falkneri, who had diploid numbers of 2n = 65 in males and 66 in females, characterizing the occurrence of heteromorphic sex chromosome type X1X1X2X2/X1X2Y. In P. motoro the population of Porto Rico presented fundamental number of 116 (22m+8sm+20st+16a) females and 114 (21m+9sm+19st+16a) in males. The population of Solteira Island presents fundamental number 122 (20m+10sm+26st+10a) in females and 120 (19m+11 sm+25st+1 Oa) in males. In P. falkneri, the population of Porto Rico presents fundamental number 110 (20m+10sm+14st+22a) in females and 108 (19m+10sm+14st+22a) in males. The population of Solteira Island presents fundamental number of 114 (20m+10sm+18st+18a) in females and 112 (19m+10sm+18st+18a) in males. Constitutive heterochromatin (C Band) revealed heterochromatic blocks in the centromeric regions of almost all the chromosomes of the complement. The nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) by impregnation with silver nitrate, presented multiple and terminals NORs in the two species. The use of fluorochrome CMA3 showed, in addition to Ag-NORs, additional marks in the two studied species, characterizing other regions in the genome rich in GC. Were also identified cistrons ribosomic by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with the probe 18S rDNA, which coincided with the same markings evidenced by the impregnation of silver in the two species, and one additional site was found for the species P. falkneri, population of Solteira Island. The probe of 5S rDNA revealed... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Dissertation--Philosophische Fakultät der Universität Zürich, 2004/2005.
Traductions du texte d'Aristote mises en parallèle en espagnol, en allemand et en latin ; analyse en allemand. Bibliogr. p. 245-260.