Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Zooplancton marin Zooplancton marin'
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Riandey, Virginie. "Etude de la structure de taille des populations zooplanctoniques dans différents écosystèmes marins : Apports des nouveaux appareils automatisés d'observation." Aix-Marseille 2, 2005. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2005AIX22038.pdf.
Full textKouassi, Ernest. "Rythmes journaliers d'activité et sélectivité alimentaire au sein des communautés pélagiques : (Zooplancton et Mysidaces) dans une lagune tropicale (Lagune Ebrie, Côte d'Ivoire)." Aix-Marseille 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX22021.
Full textVincent, Dorothée. "Dynamique et nutrition du zooplancton en milieu lagunaire macrotidal (Bassin d'Arcachon) : Flux de carbone et d'azote associés, conséquences sur le pool nutritif et sur les organismes." Aix-Marseille 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX22017.
Full textConchon, Anna. "Modélisation du zooplancton et du micronecton marins." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LAROS011/document.
Full textZooplankton and micronecton are the first marine trophic levels. Different by their size (200μm to 2mm for zooplankton, 2 to 20cm for micronekton), this two groups undergo diel vertical migration from depth by day to the surface during the night. These migrations create major organic matter fluxes between the deep ocean and the surface. Biogeochemical cycles are of great importance for climate change studies. These studies are conducted with ocean global circulation model and biogeochemical model. The way to go is develop low and mid-trophic level modelling approaches. SEAPODYM ensemble of models are three parsimonious model of biomass at diverse level of the trophic chain, from zooplankton to top predators. This thesis introduce the zooplankton biomass model SEAPODYM-LTL (lower trophic level) and a forcing fields sensitivity analysis. Indeed, these model are forced off line by currents, temperature and primary production fields produced by other models. SEAPODYM-LTL has also been compared to PISCES (NPZD) and both have similar performance score in this study. In order to improve SEAPODYM-MTL (mid trophic level) predictions, a data assimilation framework has been developed to find a better parameterisation. 38kHz active acoustic data have been used to improve the model. This methodology has been develop thanks to a test case that we present in this thesis. The gathered acoustic dataset permitted to show the need of a better definition of vertical layer depths. It has been developed using the acoustic dataset. The related study is presented in this thesis
Darnis, Gérald. "Structure de la communauté de zooplancton du plateau du MacKenzie (mer de Beaufort)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24258/24258.pdf.
Full textThe objective of my study was to describe the biogeography of the zooplankton in the southeastern Beaufort Sea in the fall 2002 by means of multivariate and indicator species analysis. A neritic community characterized by herbivory and the dominant taxon Pseudocalanus spp., occurred on the Mackenzie shelf and in Franklin Bay. Two oceanic communities, in which omnivore and carnivore feeding modes dominated, were located in the Amundsen Gulf Polynya and over the continental slope respectively. The polynya assemblage displayed the highest biomass with the dominant species Calanus hyperboreus, Metridia longa, Oithona similis, and Oncaea borealis as indicator species. This repartition of zooplankton assemblages was influenced mostly by the topography and the ice cover dynamic during the season of high biological production. Hence, it is predicted that a reduction in ice cover, as anticipated in the present context of global warming, will alter the distribution patterns of zooplankton, a key element of the marine ecosystem in the Arctic.
Errhif, Ahmed. "Composition et structure du zooplancton du secteur indien de l'océan austral : rôle du métabolisme respiratoire." Aix-Marseille 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX30052.
Full textDezutter, Thibaud. "Réchauffement et «match-mismatch» entre le phytoplancton et le zooplancton dans la mer de Beaufort." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27589.
Full textThe unprecedented pace of warming of the Arctic Ocean affect a wide range of pelagic processes, from microalgal production to fish recruitment. Sediment traps deployed on oceanographic moorings at the Beaufort Sea shelf break were used to investigate the impact of changes in ice cover and water temperature on the phenology of ice algae, phytoplankton and herbivorous copepods from the Calanus genus. Water temperature, salinity, microalgal fluxes and composition, and zooplankton abundance and composition in the traps were monitored over 5 of the 6 annual cycles from September 2009 to September 2015 (no data in 2014). Satellite-derived sea ice concentration and modeled snow depth were also retrieved for the same period. For 4 of the 5 years monitored, the upward migration of Calanus hyperboreus along with nauplii abundance were synchronized with peaks in diatoms export while the migration of Calanus glacialis preceded the peak in export of the ice algae Nitzschia frigida by 6 to 8 weeks. A disruption of these patterns was observed in 2013 as a mismatch between primary and secondary producers was observed. First, unusual warm water temperatures and significant diatom flux from October to December 2012 led to a shoaling of C. hyperboreus females winter vertical distribution and, thus, important egg spawning above 100 m with numerous nauplii swimming into the trap in March-April. Second, the late snow and ice melt in summer 2013 delayed the ice algae export, resulting in a mismatch with C. glacialis and N. frigida. As ice algae and phytoplankton are essential food source for the reproduction and development of Calanus copepods, a mismatch likely had negative impact on their recruitment and on the subsequent transfer of energy to carnivorous copepods, fish, and seabirds. Such mismatch events between phytoplankton and zooplankton will potentially occur more often owing to the rapidly changing environmental conditions in the Arctic Ocean.
Seuront, Laurent Dauvin Jean-Claude. "Approche systémique des processus à micro-échelle en écologie marine." Villeneuve d'Ascq : Université des sciences et technologies de Lille, 2007. https://iris.univ-lille1.fr/dspace/handle/1908/616.
Full textSynthèse des travaux en français. Recueil de publications en anglais non reproduit dans la version électronique. N° d'ordre (Lille 1) : 460. Curriculum vitae. Titre provenant de la page de titre du document numérisé. Bibliogr. p. 92-95. Liste des publications et des communications.
Pourchez, Arnaud. "Impact de la diapause sur la dynamique de communautés planctoniques dans un écosystème Arctique numérique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29871.
Full textRuiz, gonzalez Vania. "Influence de la variabilité climatique sur les communautés zooplanctoniques des zones côtières : importance des suivis à long terme." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0375.
Full textCoastal ecosystems, among the most ecologically and economically important ecosystems are highly threatened by the combined influence of global warming and direct anthropogenic forcing. Over the last two decades, concomitant changes in local environment, regional climate, and large-scale hydro-climatic conditions have been observed worldwide. Such changes strongly affect biological compartments, from phytoplankton to top predators, altering the structure and functioning of ecosystems. Changes in biodiversity may occur over long periods resulting from abrupt changes or accumulation of subtle modifications altering in both cases the functioning of ecosystems. One of the current challenge is to find robust diversity metrics in order to characterise changes in biodiversity in relation with local and global drivers. In this context, the general objective of the thesis was the characterisation of the influence of climatic variability on zooplankton communities in coastal zones at a decadal temporal scale. At the local scale, multivariate analyses performed on data from an environmental monitoring (2001-2014) allowed us to characterise de relationships between climatic drivers, environmental variability et an abrupt modification in zooplankton diversity in Arcachon Bay in the mid-2000’s. A comparative approach at the regional scale at the same temporal scale, associating the variability of biodiversity index and multivariate analysis, allowed to identify synchronous changes in zooplankton communities of Arcachon Bay and the Gironde Estuary in the mid-2000’s. The approach concerning the mexican littoral areas (in the south of the Gulf of California) allowed us to characterise climate, pelagic environment and zooplankton diversity variabilities during an extreme ENSO event. The results allowed us to define the basis of a future long term survey in this area of interest in terms of biodiversity
Tiano, Marion. "Contamination en PCB des premiers niveaux trophiques planctoniques. Mise en place d'une observation en baie de Marseille (Septembre 2010 - Octobre 2011) dans le cadre du programme COSTAS." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4079.
Full textThe understanding of bioaccumulation mechanisms of persistent organic pollutants (POP) in marine trophic networks is a major issue for scaling environmental risks linked to anthropogenic pressure, particularly in coastal areas. The plankton is assumed to play a pivotal role in the fate of PCBs in marine environment, as highlighted by the high concentrations found in planktivorous predators. However the accumulation processes of these contaminants in plankton are still poorly documented. The COSTAS project aimed at improving our knowledge on this issue. PCB levels in three plankton size-classes were studied in the bay of Marseilles (N-W Mediterranean Sea), between September 2010 and Octobre 2011. Measured PCB concentrations in Marseille bay plankton were high in comparison to those measured in other areas of the Gulf of Lion. No "dilution effect" was detected, due to the high variability in PCB inputs in the bay.receive, . The level of contamination in plankton appeared directly linked to weather conditions which increase the PCB concentration either through continental inputs or by sediment re-suspension events and hydrodynamic transport. The recent history of plankton organisms, derived from their size or their lipid content, had no influence on their PCB concentrations. The C/N ratio highlights the contribution of detritus in driving the contamination levels measured in the various size-classes. A moderate but significant bioamplification through planktonic trophic levels was highlighted using δ 15N signatures. The linear relationship between BAF and log Kow would indicate that the equilibrium with water phase is sufficient to control the PCB levels in the plankton
Biard, Tristan. "Diversité, biogéographie et écologie des Collodaires (Radiolaires) dans l'océan mondial." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066490/document.
Full textCollodaria (Radiolaria) are unicellular marine eukaryotes (protists) belonging to the super-group Rhizaria. Collodarian species contribute to planktonic communities as large solitary cells or can form large gelatinous colonies. They are heterotrophic organisms feeding on other plankton, which also systematically harbour intracellular symbiotic microalgae. Recent environmental molecular diversity surveys demonstrated their important contribution to planktonic communities and their worldwide occurrence in the global ocean. However, knowledge on their diversity, biogeography and ecology is paradoxically very poor. In the first part of this thesis I performed detailed morphological analyses (electron and optical microscopy) combined with a molecular phylogeny based on the 18S and 28S rRNA genes, sequencing for a total of 75 distinct colonial and solitary specimens. Ultimately, this work led to the revision of the Collodaria classification and to the construction of a robust morpho-molecular reference database. Then, this morpho-molecular framework allowed the exploration of Collodaria biodiversity through a metabarcoding approach across samples collected in the global ocean during the Tara Ocean expedition. The cosmopolitan distribution of the different collodarian taxa in the surface oceans revealed a higher biodiversity in the vast oligotrophic inter-tropical open oceans. Collosphaeridae were predominantly found in the open oceans while the Sphaerozoidae were the dominant family in the less diverse coastal regions. The newly defined Collophidiidae were rarely encountered in the photic zones at all latitudes, suggesting that they inhabit a different ecological niche. Finally, I also used the in situ imaging system Underwater Vision Profiler (UVP5) to quantitatively explore the abundances and biomasses of collodarian and rhizarian in the global ocean. This approach revealed that the Rhizaria were a major component of the meso- and macro-plankton, constituting up to 4.5% of the global carbon standing stock in the upper 200 m of the world oceans. More specifically, Collodaria were the most important rhizarian groups in the first 100 m of the oceans, and their distribution suggested that photosymbiosis might be an important factor explaining their success in oligotrophic regions where they are particularly abundant. Besides the improvement of our knowledge on the diversity, biogeography and ecology of Collodaria in the global ocean, this thesis highlights the relevance to combine and/or use alternative sampling and analytical procedures such as high-throughput sequencing and in situ imaging technologies to study marine protists in their environment
Benedetti, Fabio. "Impacts du changement climatique sur la diversité fonctionnelle du zooplancton, le cas des copépodes planctoniques de mer Méditerranée." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066742/document.
Full textOne of the 21st century’s greatest scientific issues is to predict the impact of climate change on the functioning of ecosystems. In the Ocean, the plankton plays a pivotal role in climate regulation, biogeochemical cycles, and marine food webs dynamics. The zooplankton transfer energy from primary producers to higher trophic levels, while actively exporting organic matter from the surface to the deep ocean. However, the links between zooplanktonic diversity and marine ecosystem functioning are still poorly understood. During this PhD project, we have studied the taxonomic and functional diversity of the major marine zooplanktonic groups, the copepods, in biodiversity hotspot: the Mediterranean Sea. This work aims to: (i) define new zooplankton functional groups based on functional traits of many copepod species; (ii) test whether said groups present distinct environmental niches; and (iii) explore how climate change may modify the diversity of Mediterranean assemblages, and the associated functional diversity. A new dataset of species functional traits was gathered from the literature and was used to identify functional groups. The species’ occurrences were used to model their environmental niches, thus highlighting the control of abiotic conditions on the distribution of species. Multiple niche models were implemented to predict the evolution of the α and β diversity of Mediterranean copepod species assemblages under different climate change scenarios. Finally, the results from this PhD are discussed to provide a synoptic vision of the impact of climate change on copepod functional diversity in the Mediterranean Sea
Pouille, Lauren. "Paléobiodiversité des Radiolaires du Paléozoique inférieur (Cambrien-Ordovicien) : Aperçu à travers une étude des assemblages à radiolaires provenant des montagnes de l’Altai (Russie), d’Aksuran (Kazakstan), du bassin de Georgina (Australie) et de la Terre Neuve occidentale (Canada)." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10152/document.
Full textOur understanding of the structuration of Lower Paleozoic pelagic trophic chains during the ‘Cambrian Explosion’ and the ‘Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event’, which has lead to the establishment of modern marine ecosystems, is still very fragmentary. We are here interested in understanding the paleodiversity dynamics of polycystines Radiolaria planctonic group, a key biotic component of the heterotrophic plankton, in order get a better idea of the timing and dynamics of plankton diversification at the Lower Paleozoic. The discovery of new material from the Altai Mountains (Siberia) brings new data on the fossil record of the first biomineralized radiolarians with the identification of the oldest representatives of the Archeoentactinidae family dated of a Botomian age. Study conducted on Newfoundland and Australian material allowed us to characterize precisely the various biotic changes undergone by radiolarians during the Cambrian-Ordovician transition, at the dawn of the planktonic revolution but also to precise their paleogeographic distribution at the Late Cambrian. A detailed taxonomic study conducted on a Kazakhstanian sample has allowed us to describe a new radiolarian assemblage enriching considerably our knowledge on the radiolarian diversity at the middle Ordovician
Donoso, Ferez Katty. "Zooplankton community structure and functioning in the North Western Mediterranean sea." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0154.
Full textThe North-Western Mediterranean Sea (NWMS) is characterized by a deep water convection process in winter, which induces a large phytoplankton bloom. The main objective of this thesis was to characterize the dynamics of the mesozooplankton community at the regional scale of NWMS including the deep convection zone (DCZ), by assessing its stocks, taxonomy and size structure, and by evaluating its phytoplankton-zooplankton trophic links in connection to the hydrological and biogeochemical environment. Three oceanographic cruises were conducted to map the NWMS in contrasting seasons: winter, spring, and summer. This represents a unique data set of zooplankton at this regional scale. The NWMS was characterized in winter by low zooplankton abundance and biomass. In spring, a general increase was found. Spatially DCZ was characterized by lowest stocks in winter and the highest in spring. In summer, biomass and abundance were similar to winter values and were quite homogenous over the study area. The estimated zooplankton grazing impact was not sufficient to globally control the spring phytoplankton bloom. However, in spring, all areas except the DCZ incurred top-down control by zooplankton on the phytoplankton stock. In the DCZ, the chlorophyll-a values remained high despite the high zooplankton biomass and carbon demand, indicating a sustained bottom-up control. This study indicates that the deep convection zone is likely an area of both enhanced energy transfer to higher trophic levels and organic matter export in NWMS
Ouba, Anthony. "Variabilité saisonnière et interannuelle (2000-2013) de l'abondance, de la biomasse et du spectre de taille du zooplancton dans le bassin Levantin." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066545/document.
Full textThe occurring of the cyclic Eastern Mediterranean Transient and the climatic change have effects on the Levantine marine ecosystem. Understanding the response of zooplankton to such variations is of importance for ecosystem services. This thesis represents a pioneer study in enlightening the seasonality and the interannuality, as well as the spectra size of the zooplankton at a fix point B2 (N34º14.856; E35º36.067, North Lebanon). In this context, a 14 years unique time-series was conducted by a 52 µm mesh size net and analyzed with a powerful synthetic index, the Zooscan to monitor changes in the pelagic system. The results found that the maximum zooplankton biomass was coupled to the phytoplankton spring bloom, whereas abundances increased in the summer possibly due to the recruitment. Following the EMT-like in 2005, the salinity increased in the study area and the whole basin. Zooplankton abundance and biomass increased abruptly possibly related to the enhanced primary production which is hidden by the "top down" control by zooplankton. Moreover, the nutrients enrichment of anthropogenic origin at the sea surface characterized the site by more or less productive occasional periods. The zooplankton size structure has also changed along the period depending on the hydrological factors. The spectral slope analysis showed an interannual variability according to the abundances. While the spectra shape analysis displayed a domination of big size individuals during winter and spring seasons. This automatic measurement highlighted the efficiency of detecting changes in zooplankton that can be related to broader ecosystem perturbation
Eloire, Damien. "Spatial and temporal patterns of plankton in European coastal waters : analysis and comparison of zooplankton time series." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20059.
Full textClimate change is unequivocal and dramatic changes are under way in the world's oceans. Long-term observations of indicators such as plankton can provide a better understanding of these changes. Considerable efforts have been made to monitor plankton in European coastal waters and have produced a large amount of datasets yet to be fully exploited. Analytic tools were first developed to solve taxonomic discrepancies in datasets and for temporal analyses. Time series analysis of plankton at L4 from 1988 to 2007 reveals profound changes in the composition of the spring and autumn phytoplankton blooms, and long-term variations in abundance of the dominant zooplankton taxa. Phytoplankton is driving the seasonal succession of meroplanktonic larvae. Changes in sea surface temperature and wind conditions control temporal patterns of plankton communities. Spatio-temporal patterns of zooplankton are compared at 4 sites: Ston (northern North Sea), L4 (wes tern English Channel), MC (Tyrrhenian Sea), and C1 (Adriatic Sea) from 1998 to 2007. The communities structure is on average stable and seasonal variations are the main source of long-term variability. Chlorophyll a and wind are responsible for the community patterns observed at Ston and L4 whereas temperature is the main driver at MC and C1. This study supports evidences of the extreme flexibility of zooplankton communities in adjusting to a variable environment. We highlighted the importance of factors such as taxonomy and temporal scale on time series analysis, and the necessity of maintaining long-term series to monitor future changes in the context of climate change
Bandeira, Benjamim. "Ecologie des communautés zooplanctoniques au sein de deux écosystèmes littoraux méditerranéens : traitement des séries temporelles." Phd thesis, Toulon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00920257.
Full textMarquis, Élise. "Le microzooplancton dans le réseau trophique planctonique : importance et rôle fonctionnel : étude sur le plateau continental du Golfe de Gascogne." La Rochelle, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LAROS194.
Full textOn the Bay of Biscay continental shelf, the large plumes of the Loire and Gironde rivers induce a strong halostrification of the water column at the end of winter. This stratification contributes to the development of winter microphytoplankton blooms that enhance phosphorus limitation in the photic zone in spring. As a consequence, small autotrophic cells are a primary component of the spring primary production. Based on this observation, it was hypothesized that, early in the season (early spring) the microzooplankton (20-200 m heterotrophic dinoflagellates, ciliates and metazoan larvae) would play an essential role in carbon flow towards higher trophic levels of the plankton community on the Bay of Biscay continental shelf. The goal of this study was to test this hypothesis. A survey of the spring plankton composition on the shelf showed that plankton was most abundant close to the coast and that, in agreement with the above hypothesis, the spring heterotrophic community was dominated by microzooplankton: Biomasses of the latter represented on average more than 60% of the total biomass, with up to 70% made up of ciliates. A subsequent investigation of the temporal dynamics of the ciliate community across the shelf revealed that the early-spring ciliate development was controlled by the increase and diversification of prey. Conversely, at the end of spring, the ciliate dynamics was mainly controlled by the increase of grazing pressure by mesozooplankton. The estimation of the microzooplankton grazing activity on primary and secondary productions showed a very high impact during the three studied seasons across the shelf (grazing rates of up to and exceeding 100% of the daily production). Nevertheless, the winter diatom bloom was not efficiently consumed by microzooplankton. On the other hand, a high contribution of microzooplankton to the mesozooplankton diet was demonstrated in spring over the continental shelf and especially to the diet of the dominant small copepods (< 750 m). Moreover, the first-feeding larvae of small pelagic fish (Anchovy and Sardines) appeared to preferentially consume microzooplankton (mainly protozoa), making it an essential diet item for their survival. The last part of the study was to synthesize the collected data in order to model the planktonic food web dynamics using inverse analysis. The results showed that in spring, the food web functioned through complex carbon pathways, both herbivorous and microbial. At the end of the summer, microbial pathways dominated. Close to the coast, they were mainly based on new production, while offshore, they were mainly based on bacterial production. The study confirmed the essential role of microzooplankton as a vector of carbon flows from small cells to mesozooplankton. However, the importance of microzooplankton in the carbon pathways leads to a decrease of the systems capacity to export primary and microbial biogenic carbon towards the plankton predators. Finally, the inclusion of pelagic fish to the study of the planktonic food web permitted to show that the early-season dominance of microbial pathways tends to saturate the carrying capacity of this system early in spring
Annasawmy, Pavanee. "Patterns among micronekton communities in relation to the environmental conditions at two shalow seamounts in the south-western Indian Ocean." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG087.
Full textSeamounts are ubiquitous topographic features across all ocean basins. They rise steeply through the water column from abyssal depths. Depending on their size, shape and summit depths, seamounts reportedly have an impact on the physical flow regimes which may promote the aggregation of zooplankton, micronekton, and top predators above or in the immediate vicinity of their summits. Micronekton form a key trophic link between zooplankton and top marine predators and are divided into four broad categories: gelatinous plankton, crustaceans, cephalopods and mesopelagic fishes. The vertical and horizontal distributions, assemblages and trophic relationships of micronekton were investigated at two shallow seamounts of the south-western Indian Ocean. La Pérouse seamount is a steep bathymetric feature rising from a deep seabed located at 5000 m and with a summit depth at ~ 60 m below the sea surface. The seamount is located at the north-western periphery of the oligotrophic Indian South Subtropical Gyre province. MAD-Ridge seamount (“thus called in this study”), is ~ 240 m below the sea surface rising from a base located at ~2400 m. The seamount is located within an “eddy corridor” to the south of Madagascar within the productive East African Coastal Province. Chapter 4 investigates the influence of mesoscale eddies, Madagascar shelf and shallow seamounts on the distribution of micronekton using an acoustic approach. It is demonstrated that mesoscale eddies and the continental shelf may show enhanced acoustic densities of micronekton compared to MAD-Ridge seamount. The micronekton acoustic densities were also greater at MAD-Ridge compared to La Pérouse, in accordance with the difference in productivity between the two sites. Chapter 5 is dedicated to the micronekton assemblages and diel migration patterns of micronekton communities. It is shown that, while the shallow scattering layer (0-200 m) consisted of oceanic micronekton species; the summits and flanks of La Pérouse and MAD-Ridge showed presence of resident or seamount-associated species both during the day and night. I also discussed the different migration strategies of micronekton. Chapter 6 investigates the stable isotope patterns of mesopelagic communities at La Pérouse and MAD-Ridge. Despite the differing productivity at La Pérouse and MAD-Ridge, gelatinous organisms, crustaceans, smaller-sized squids and mesopelagic fishes exhibited trophic levels ranging from 2 to 4 at both seamounts. This thesis highlights important knowledge gaps on seamount ecosystems and ecological patterns associated to shallow seamounts. It also underlines the importance of studying seamount ecosystems of the south-western Indian Ocean in order to promote management and conservation measures for a sustainable use of such specific environments
Valdés, Valentina. "The biogeochemical role of zooplankton for nitrogen and phosphorus recycling in the ocean." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066608/document.
Full textZooplankton are important suppliers of bioreactive compounds for marine bacteria through fecal pellet production, sloppy feeding and excretion of dissolved compounds. However, the interaction between zooplankton metabolism and microbial loop is poorly understand. Based on experimental approach we determine the role of zooplankton in the recycling of N and P in the central/southern Chile and in western tropical south pacific (WTSP). DON was the main excretion product under autumn/winter conditions, and ammonium and DOP in spring/summer in central/southern Chile. in the autumn/winter ammonium was rapidly consumed by microbial community and this consumption coincided with increased archaea and bacteria ammonia-oxidizing amoA transcript copies in copepods fed with the larger-sized fraction, whereas a different microbial community, probably heterotrophic, reacted to the input by copepods fed with the smaller-sized fraction. During spring/summer a shift in the composition of active bacterial community was associated with the response of common-opportunistic seawater surface phyla, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. In the WTSP, copepods contributed elevated levels of ammonium, DON and DOP. Copepod excretion can enhance the remineralization process and reshape the composition of the active bacterial community, characterized by shifts in Alteromonadales and SAR11. We concluded that N and P excreted by copepods can be used directly by microbial community, including nitrifying ones, providing significant remineralized N for sustaining new and regenerated production in the upper ocean of different marine ecosystems
Espinasse, Boris. "Distribution et structure des communautés zooplanctoniques dans deux écosystèmes côtiers. : Analyse de l'impact des facteurs physiques et trophiques sur les distributions spatiales et les spectres de taille du zooplancton." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4029/document.
Full textZooplankton size structure and spatial distribution were investigated in a bay along the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) and in the Gulf of Lion in Western Mediterranean Sea. Zooplankton size spectra were determined with the use of two optical sensors, the Laser Optical Plankton Counter (LOPC) and the ZooScan / ZooProcess system. Using features of the biomass size spectrum is was possible to identify different forcing processes that affected zooplankton size spectrum and spatial distribution in the two ecosystems. In WAP, late fall is a transition time at all the trophic levels, with the decrease of primary production and the aggregation of Antarctic krill (Euphausia Superba) in continental bays. ADCP data permitted to find in a bay the largest Antarctic krill swarm reported in the last twenty years. Study of krill feeding behavior in response to the decrease of primary production showed impact of krill on mesozooplankton size spectrum and especially a decrease of the small size species abundance. A different type of forcing was found in the Gulf of Lion, where zooplankton spatial distribution was affected by physical structures such as the inputs by the Rhône river, the Liguro-Provençal current and winds. The correlation between physical and biological parameters e.g. water masses stratification, chl-a concentration, slope of the normalized biomass size spectrum (NBSS), allowed the identification of three different regions in the Gulf of Lion. These potential habitats show different zooplankton size structure, with strong NBSS slopes close to the coast and weaker NBSS slopes in the zone of the Rhône plume influence
Bouvier, Thierry. "Structure et dynamique du réseau trophique microbien dans le bassin nord occidental de la Mer noire sous influence du Danube." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20196.
Full textMahjoub, Mohamed-Sofiane. "Interactions prédateur-proie en milieu calme et milieu turbulent : études expérimentales sur des poissons planctonophages." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10122/document.
Full textWe experimentally investigated the predator-prey interactions between larval and juvenile fish and their zooplanktonic prey. At first, we conducted small-scale predation experiments to investigate the flexibility of fish larvae search behavior as well as the effect of plankters'swimming behavior on the predator-prey interaction. 2D and 3D video techniques were used to investigate the ingestion rate and the capture success at the individual level. Swimming patterns of both predators and prey were quantified using both scale-dependent (speed, acceleration, fixation distance, net to gross displacement ratio) and scale-independent (fractal dimension, multifractal analysis) metrics. Results revealed that fish larvae switched from an anistropic multifractal search pattern in absence of prey to an isotropic spatially-restricted search behavior when prey were present. We also demonstrated that swimming behavior not only governed the encounter rate but also the capture success. In fact, less complex pursuits associated to attacks triggered from short distances yielded the highest capture successes. The investigation of theeffect of Eurytemora affinis swimming behavior on the vulnerability to Dicentrarchus labrax larvae predation corroborated previous theoretical studies that faster prey are more conspicuous to predation than slower ones. In a second part of this work, we conducted larger scale experiments aiming at the elucidation of the effects of turbulence on the feeding success of fish larvae offered realistic prey densities. The results of gut contents analysis of larval sea bass feeding under increasing turbulence levels revealed that turbulence had negative effects on the feeding rates and maximum food intake of planktonic predators when preying on a non-evasive prey (Artemia sp.). Conversely, when feeding on an evasive prey (live copepod), moderate turbulence was beneficial to fish
Ballón, Soto Roberto Michael. "Étude acoustique du macrozooplancton au Pérou : estimation de biomasse, distribution spatiale, impact du forçage physique, et conséquences sur la distribution des poissons fourrage." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20052/document.
Full textThe Northern Humboldt Current system (NHCS) represents less than 0.1% of the world ocean surface but produces more fish, mainly Peruvian anchovy (Engraulis ringens), per unit area than any other region in the world. Although this system produces enough macrozooplankton to feed its high production of forage fish, the paucity of information on zooplankton hampers research in the system. The objective of this study was to investigate the multiscale dynamics of the spatiotemporal distribution of the macrozooplankton biomass off Peru in relation to the physical environment and their fish predators. For that a bi-frequency acoustic method was developed and applied to extract, from historical acoustic data, high-resolution information on the biomass and the patterns of distribution of macrozooplankton, the pelagic red squad 'munida', fish and other marine compartments. This method also allows estimating the vertical extension of this epipelagic community (ZVEEC). We demonstrated that ZVEEC coincide with the upper limit of the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), which allowed both producing high-resolution spatial data of the upper limit of the OMZ and estimating the volume habitat of anchovy. The estimated macrozooplankton biomass was about four times higher than previously reported. This estimate is in agreement with the recent findings on forage fish trophic ecology and supports the current hypotheses explaining the NHCS high fish production. The study of the impacts of the submeso- and mesoscale physical structures on macrozooplankton provided evidence of the bottom-up physical effect on the distribution of macrozooplankton biomass. We also found further evidence of the structuring bottom-up effect that macrozooplankton exert on forage fish. The high-resolution biological and physical data obtained in this study opens new perspective to perform integrated multiscale ecological studies and to calibrate biogeochemical, trophic and End-to-End models
Moison, Maud. "Approche expérimentale et numérique du comportement individuel de Temora longicornis (Müller, 1792), copépode calanoïde typique de la Manche orientale : réponses aux forçages biotiques et abiotiques." Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10163/document.
Full textIn a very heterogeneous marine environment, the copepods ability to minimize energy costs due to swimming and to maximize the probability of meeting partner or prey is crucial. In addition, these animals have chemio and mechanoreceptors, which make very good "nano-biosensor". They will be very sensitive to stress physico-chemical, biological, including seasonal variations. The objective of this study is to characterize the behavioral responses of the species Temora longicornis (Müller, 1792), typical copepod of the Eastern Channel, in conjunction with various biotic and abiotic forcings of this environment. Initially, the effect of temperature and salinity variations and the presence of prey were tested separately and in a controlled environment. Meanwhile, regular monitoring of behavior was conducted for two years. For this, trajectories of copepods males and females are explored through new approaches using statistical methods from the fields of information theory and statistical physics, and through analysis of different symbolic states medley. For this species, swimming activity consists of a succession of periods of break and “cruise” interrupted by quick jumps. Swimming speed, especially the frequency of jumps, increases under extreme temperatures. The presence of algae in the environment also changes markedly its activity; including the time allocated for exploration and fast swimming increase with the availability of prey. Consequently, the influence of these factors and the large variability in coastal eastern handle both physically and biologically may explain the behavior variability observed during the seasonal monitoring
Serranito, Bruno. "Forçages anthropiques et environnementaux sur la dynamique interannuelle des communautés phyto- et zooplanctoniques côtières en Méditerranée Nord-Occidentale (Toulon, France)." Thesis, Toulon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUL0017/document.
Full textThe growing development of urbanism and anthropogenic activities is source of increasing environmental pressure on marine coastal area and especially the Mediterranean Sea. Both human activities and climate change deeply impact marine ecosystems and particularly planktonic systems, which were sensitive to environmental change. However, the combined effect of these two processes on coastal systems functioning and structure over time remains poorly understood. Therefore, planktonic time series provide powerful tools for investigating the impacts of these perturbations. The PROTEE-EBMA laboratory planktonic time series from Toulon (France) are among the oldest from the Mediterranean Sea and provide records of effects for both natural and anthropogenic pressures on planktonic communities. In the context of global change, the present work aim to determine the role of these factors on dynamic and composition of phyto- and zooplankton in NW Mediterranean (Toulon, France). The first part focused on the role of vertical mixing in the Ligurian Sea as inter annual variation driver of the spring plankton bloom in Toulon Bay. The results revealed significant shifts in precipitation regime associated with salinity change into the Large Bay (Toulon) over the period 2005-2013. Same changes were observed into 2 Ligurian basin sites (”SOFCOM” and “Point B”). According to previous hypothesis, spring blooms of phytoplankton conditioned by dry autumns and winters were on average more intense than those from wet conditions. However, differences among sites highlighted importance of local drivers affecting phytoplanktonic dynamics. The second part aimed to investigate impact of precipitation and salinity changes on plankton composition. Results showed a dramatic change in phytoplankton community composition triggering by increasing precipitations and consequently lower salinity and subsequently leading to zooplankton community shifts. In addition, these results suggested that precipitation involved in two specific processes, affecting in a different manner the plankton communities: firstly, low precipitation could contribute on the triggering of winter mixing and thus in surface water fertilization of the Ligurian Basin impacting the Toulon Bays. On the other hand, phytoplankton community shifts also suggested a developing eutrophication processes in Toulon Bay during important precipitation periods driven by increasing local river inputs. In the third part, impact of anthropogenic pressure on both phyto- and zooplankton communities was investigated based on monitoring of two neighboring coastal systems characterized by distinct levels of human activities. Zooplankton communities showed higher sensibility to anthropogenic activities than phytoplankton communities. Finally, indicators of anthropogenic pressure based on copepod families were proposed
Ziadi, Boutheina. "Contribution à l’étude de l’impact des microalgues nuisibles sur le copépode Acartia clausi (Giesbrecht, 1889) dans la lagune de Ghar El Melh." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCD036.
Full textThe aim of this work is to study the biodiversity and seasonal distribution of zooplankton community along with environmental factors in Ghar El Melh lagoon at 5 stations by twice monthly sampling from February 2011 to January 2012. This study also focused on the impact of several diets based on harmful microalgae on the survival, behavior and reproduction of the Calanoïd copepod Acartia clausi collected from Ghar El Melh lagoon during spring under laboratory control.The hydrological caracteristics revealed a seasonal variation of all parameters with high water temperature, salinity, pH and Chlorophyll a in summer and high nutrient concentrations in autumn/winter. The study of spatial and temporal variation of zooplankton revealed the presence of 23 groups mainly dominated by copepods (37.25%) and ciliates (21.09%). High abundance of meroplankton such as bivalve larvae (14.9%) and gastropod veligers (12.5%) showed that the lagoon can be considered as a breeding place for several marines species. Temperature, salinity, hydrodynamic characteristics, ammonium concentration and abundance of prey were the determining factors for the development of zooplankton. Trophic relationships seem to have an important effect on the distribution of copepods, ciliates and rotifers. The copepod community was composed of 13 species chiefly represented by opportunistic species Oithona nana (59.5%), Acartia clausi (21%) and Euterpina acutifrons (8.87%). Abundance and seasonality of this opportunistic community seem to be related to the abundance of prey and hydrological characteristics of water such as temperature and salinity.Bioassay on Acartia clausi using several harmful microalgae species showed (i) reduction of survival rate (55%) and egg production (3.9 ± 3.2 eggs female-1 day-1) due to Prorocntrum micans despite the high feeding rate and egg hatching success (80%) ii) a high decrease of feeding, reproduction and survival rates observed after 1 day of exposure to the toxic Prorocentrum lima iii) a very high lethality of used Ostreopsis ovata strain causing the mortality of all copepods after only 24 hours iv) high movement alteration rate (33.6%) observed after 8 days of exposure to Alexandrium catenella, associated to a reduced egg production rate (2.8 ± 3.9 eggs female-1 day-1), a low hatching success (27.9 ± 30.6%) and a reduced survival rate
Pinedo, Arteaga Elda Luz. "Estructura comunitaria del zooplancton de la costa peruana asociado a las masas de agua durante los veranos del 2000 y 2003." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/3866.
Full text--- The study aims to assess the zooplankton community structure in summer 2000 and 2003 off the coast of Peru associated with water masses present in both periods. Zooplankton samples were obteined from hydroacoustic evaluation of pelagic resources cruise provided by “Instituto del Mar del Perú” (IMARPE) during February-March 2000 and 2003, from 3 ° to 18 ° S. Zooplankton was collected at 50 m depth by vertical hauls with Hensen (300μ mesh). 100 night samples were analyzed for taxonomic determination, abundance, biovolúmenes per sample, and size structure. In summer 2003, higher biovolumens, largest number of species and a greater number of large zooplankton were recorded, associated to the ocurrence near the coast of Subtropical Surface Water (SSW). In summer 2000, highest abundance, but fewer species and lower biovolúmenes was recorded southward from 6°S associated with Cold Coastal Waters (CCW), while higher biovolúmenes and greater richness of species was found northward associated to Equatorial Surface Water (ESW) and Tropical Surface Water (TSW). Multivariate analysis base on zooplankton abundance showed a división of zooplankton community into two groups related to warm and cold waters. Correlation analyzes showed a strong relationship with the most zooplankton groups, the bivolúmenes, and the number of species with sea surface temperature, but not with salinity. This would show the positive effect of warm water masses on zooplankton community in terms of biomass, species richness and the presence of large zooplankton. These effects of water mass would be given by the climatic conditions of each period. Summer 2000 was influenced by La Niña 1999 event, with the predominance of CCW that contributed a greater proportion of small organisms, while summer 2003 was under conditions weak El Niño 2002/2003, that in despite of having an effect on zooplankton community, it was not as drastic as El Niño 1998.
Tesis
Neffati, Nada. "Contribution à l'étude de la dynamique du zooplancton de la baie de Marseille (France) et du canal de Bizerte (Tunisie). Etude de la reproduction et du développement de copépodes planctoniques cibles." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4080.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the study of zooplankton dynamics in two Mediterranean ecosystems, the Bay of Marseille (France) and the Channel of Bizerte (Tunisia). The mesozooplankton of Marseille’s Bay was collected from SOMLIT station, from March 2009 to July 2011, and studied using two analytical methods (microscope and ZooScan). The results led us to a precise characterization of both stock (abundance and biomass) and structure (taxonomic composition and size spectrum) of the zooplankton community. A seasonal succession of the zooplankton community structure was observed, mainly controlled by the temperature and phytoplankton blooms. Planktons of small sizes have dominated in abundance and biomass the zooplankton community. An in situ study of population dynamics and reproduction of copepods Centropages typicus and Temora stylifera was made at the same station SOMLIT. A seasonal egg production of both copepods was recorded, with minima in spring and maxima from the late autumn to early winter.An in situ reproduction activity of the copepods Centropages ponticus and Temora stylifera was investigated in autumn 2006 and 2010 in the Bizerte Channel. Egg production and hatching success remained fairly stable for C. ponticus throughout the study period compared with T. stylifera in which reproductive traits fluctuated considerably. Changes in reproductive traits for both species resulted from environmental parameter variations, in particular the turbidity and the phytoplankton composition
Smati, Hossem Edine. "Physical forcing of zooplankton in the upper oligotrophic ocean off Bermuda (northwestern Atlantic) and New Caledonia (southwestern Pacific) from acoustics and net measurements." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4073.
Full textPhysical forcing drives the space and time discontinuity (patchiness) of plankton in the ocean. The thesis was focused on the role of these forcing on the zooplankton, studied using both acoustic and traditional methods with net sampling. The study was based on two examples. The first one concerns the northwestern Sargasso Sea where high resolution time-series data on 0-200m macrozooplankton abundance and distribution off Bermuda was estimated from volume backscattering strength (Sv) measured with a 153-Khz ADCP. Three types of eddies were identified: a productive cyclonic eddy, the periphery of a mode water eddy, and the periphery of an anticyclonic eddy. Sv values increased during passage of theses eddies, with a more pronounced increase associated with the edge of the cyclonic and the anticyclonic eddies, suggesting a significant biological response to localized upwelling in the high velocity boundary of these eddies. In the second example, spatial and temporal distribution of zooplankton off New Caledonia was studied during two multidisciplinary cruises in 2011. Zooplankton variability was assessed using net sampling together with acoustic measurements (shipborne ADCP, scientific echosounder and TAPS). Higher amplitudes of diel vertical migration (DVM) of zooplankton were associated with higher abundance of large zooplankton and cold waters to the south of the study area, while lower DVM amplitudes in the north were associated with warmer waters and higher abundance of small organisms. These acoustic measurements clearly evidenced the role of physical forcing, particularly mesoscale features, in shaping zooplankton space and time distribution
Boyer, Séverine. "Ecologie du copépode calanoïde Paracartia grani : implication dans le cycle de vie du parasite Marteilia refringens dans la lagune de Thau." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20147/document.
Full textIn this study, the life cycle of Paracartia grani, a calanoid copepod belonging to the Acartiidae family was determined in Thau lagoon. Indeed, the copepod involvement in the life cycle of the parasite Marteilia refringens affecting the bivalves production is suspected. Mesozooplanktonic community was monitored twice a month over two years at a fixed station in the lagoon. Sampling has identified P. grani as the acartiid dominant species in summer. From April to January, the copepod is found in the water column while from February to early April it remains in the sediment as diapausing eggs. The analysis of the population structure (size spectrum, contribution of developmental stages and sex ratio) has revealed that there are 9 generations per year. The study of the influence of three environmental parameters (temperature, salinity and chlorophyll a concentration) on the dynamic nesting species indicated that P. grani egg production was mainly governed by temperature and its rapid increase in spring could trigger the hatching of diapause eggs.The second objective of this study aimed to describe the dynamics of the parasite M. refringens in P. grani, and in the bivalves Mytilus galloprovincialis and Ruditapes decussatus in the Thau lagoon. Histological and in situ hybridization analysis allowed describing the different forms of the parasite in these three species. Research of M. refringens by PCR in P. grani copepodites revealed that the parasite DNA presence in the copepod from June to November, when new mussels appeared infected. Experiments to measure the retention efficiency of the different stages of development of P. grani by mussels have shown that all developmental stages could be involved in M. refringens life cycle, especially copepod eggs that have also shown positive results by PCR. Our study has allowed clarifying interaction between copepods, parasites and mussels but not elucidate completely M. refringens life cycle. Questions remain especially regarding way of transmission of parasite from copepods to mussels and the potential impact of the parasite on the copepod itself
Olivares, Johnston Gonzalo. "Mecanismos de interacción físico-biológica en una zona de surgencia costera." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2000. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/106668.
Full textGuerbej, Hamadi. "Recherches technologiques et experimentales sur le sevrage d'alevins de loup (dicentrarchus labrax l. )." Caen, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CAEN2009.
Full textDur, Gaël. "Study of two brackish copepod species from contrasted environments through multi-scale approach : from ethology to population dynamic." Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10081.
Full textThe calanoid copepods Eurytemora affinis and Pseudodiaptomus annandalei are among the most dominant zooplankton species in respectively temperate and sub-tropical/tropical estuaries. Both species, while from contrasted environment, exhibit lots of similarity However their behaviour is scarcely studied. The multi-scale approach applied along this thesis for the study of these two species combined empirical analysis of copepod behavior with individual based modeling. The part of the thesis dedicated to small scales studies lead to the description of how the reproductive stages of these two species swim, mate and reproduce. These different processes were grasped throughout two or three dimensional filming experiments conducted in laboratory. Through the individual-based modeling approach, we first developed an individual-based model which constitutes a realistic representation of the reproduction process in egg-carrying copepods. This model was subsequently integrated into a model that represent the entire life cycle of such copepods allowing the simulation of the development of several generations for constant temperature conditions. With the model dedicated to reproduction, we showed how a process observed at the individual scale, i.e., the female mate selection, may affect the mean production of the population. Finally, the integration of the effect of temperature variation on development and reproduction as well as a seasonal variation of adults and nauplii survival in the model representing the life cycle lead to the simulation of the population dynamic of E. affinis over several years
Arias, Bulbena Anna. "Diel feeding rhythms in marine protistan grazers." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672410.
Full textLos ramoneadores protistas son un componente clave de las redes tróficas planctónicas marinas. Estos protistas marinos son los principales consumidores de producción primaria pelágica en los océanos y presentan, por lo tanto, un papel crucial en los ciclos biogeoquímicos marinos como intermediarios fundamentales de los flujos de energía y masa desde los productores primarios hacia niveles tróficos superiores. A pesar de su relevante papel en el sistema pelágico global, algunos aspectos clave relacionados con su comportamiento trófico son todavía poco conocidos. Entre estas características, los ritmos diarios de alimentación son de gran importancia, ya que representan el acoplamiento entre los ciclos de producción primaria y los ciclos de alimentación de sus depredadores y, en consecuencia, condicionan en gran medida el flujo de carbono mediado por los ramoneadores protistas marinos y la dinámica de las redes alimentarias planctónicas. Esta Tesis Doctoral tiene como objetivo profundizar en nuestro conocimiento de los ritmos de alimentación en los ramoneadores protistas marinos, estudiando su ocurrencia y los mecanismos que generan y modulan este comportamiento rítmico. Por ello, primeramente investigamos la presencia de ritmos diarios de alimentación en diversas especies de ramoneadores protistas heterotróficos y mixótrofos (los dinoflagelados Gyrodinium dominans, Oxyrrhis marina y Karlodinium armiger, y los ciliados Strombidium arenicola y Mesodinium rubrum). Luego, evaluamos como características intrínsecas de la presa (Rhodomonas salina), como son su fase de crecimiento y las variaciones diarias en su composición estequiométrica, así como también características propias de los ramoneadores, tales como su historia de alimentación previa y el momento de división celular, pueden ser factores causantes o bien reguladores de los ritmos diarios de alimentación en los protistas marinos. También investigamos el efecto de factores extrínsecos, como son la concentración de presas, la luz y el riesgo de depredación, sobre la actividad de alimentación rítmica de los protistas marinos. Finalmente, realizamos un estudio de campo sobre los ritmos de alimentación diarios de los ramoneadores protistas en un ecosistema natural, el Fiordo de Gullmar (Suecia). Como conclusiones principales de la presente Tesis Doctoral, encontramos que quizás no exista un mecanismo causal único que explique los diferentes patrones de ritmos diarios de alimentación en los ramoneadores protistas marinos. Nuestro estudio parece indicar que las especies de protistas marinos desarrollan ritmos diarios de alimentación condicionados, en gran medida, por sus características fisiológicas y de comportamiento, además de por las particularidades ecológicas de su hábitat de origen, las cuales determinarían los factores por los que este patrón de actividad puede ser modulado.
Els pastors protistes són un component clau de les xarxes alimentàries planctòniques marines. Aquests protistes marins constitueix el principal consumidor de la producció primària pelàgica en els oceans i presenta, per tant, un paper crucial en els cicles biogeoquímics marins com intermediaris fonamentals en els fluxos d’energia i de massa des dels productors primaris cap a nivells tròfics superiors. Tot i el seu rol rellevant en el sistema pelàgic global, alguns aspectes clau relacionats amb el seu comportament tròfic són encara poc coneguts. Entre aquestes característiques, els ritmes diaris d’alimentació són de gran importància, ja que representen l’acoblament entre els cicles de producció primària i els cicles d’alimentació dels seus depredadors i, en conseqüència, condicionen en gran manera el flux de carboni mediat pels pastors protistes marins i la dinàmica de la xarxa alimentaria planctònica. Aquesta Tesi Doctoral té com a objectiu aprofundir en el nostre coneixement sobre els ritmes d’alimentació diaris en els pastors protistes marins, estudiant la seva presencia i els mecanismes que generen i modulen aquest comportament rítmic. Així doncs, primerament vam investigar l’existència de ritmes diaris d’alimentació en diverses espècies de pastors protistes heterotròfics i mixòtrofs (els dinoflagel·lats Gyrodinium dominans, Oxyrrhis marina, i Karlodinium armiger, i els ciliats Strombidium arenicola i Mesodinium rubrum). Llavors, vam avaluar com característiques intrínseques de la presa (Rhodomonas salina), com són la fase de creixement i les variacions diàries en la seva composició estequiomètrica, així com també característiques pròpies dels pastors, com la seva història d’alimentació prèvia i el moment de divisió cel·lular, poden ser factors causants o bé reguladors dels ritmes diaris d’alimentació dels protistes marins. També vam avaluar l’efecte de factors extrínsecs, com són la concentració de presa, la llum i el risc de depredació, en l’activitat d’alimentació rítmica dels protistes marins. Finalment, vam portar a terme un estudi de camp per explorar els ritmes d’alimentació dels pastors protistes en un ecosistema natural (el Fiord de Gullmar, Suècia). Com a conclusions principals de la present Tesi Doctoral, vam trobar que potser no existeix un mecanisme causant únic dels ritmes diaris d’alimentació en pastors protistes marins. El nostre estudi sembla indicar que les espècies de protistes marins desenvolupen ritmes d’alimentació condicionats, en gran manera, per les seves característiques fisiològiques i de comportament, així com també de les particularitats ecològiques del seu hàbitat d’origen, les quals determinarien els factors pels quals el ritme és modulat.
LEFEVRE, MIREILLE. "Variations spatio-temporelles du peuplement zooplanctonique du lagon de l'ile de moorea (archipel de la societe, polynesie francaise)." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066327.
Full textBonnet, Delphine. "Effet de la diversité nutritionnelle du microplancton sur le zooplancton : étude de processus démographiques et trophiques de copépodes marins dans des conditions de laboratoire et in situ." Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066499.
Full textDessier, Aurélie. "Analyse du compartiment mésozooplanctonique et écologie alimentaire printanière de la sardine, Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1782), et de l’anchois, Engraulis encrasicolus (Linné, 1758) adultes dans le Golfe de Gascogne." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LAROS036/document.
Full textDietary studies of marine species constitute an important key to improve the understanding of its biology and of its role in the ecosystem. Thus, prey-predator relationships structure and determine population dynamics and the trophic network at the ecosystem scale. Among the major study sites, the marine ecosystem is submitted to natural and anthropogenic constraints. In the North-Eastern part of the Atlantic Ocean, the Bay of Biscay is a large open area surrounded South by Spain and East by France. This bay is an historic place of intense fishery activities for which the main small pelagic species targeted are the pilchard, Sardina pilchardus and the anchovy, Engraulis encrasicolus. The aim of this work is to analyze the trophic ecology of these two small pelagic fish in spring in the Bay of Biscay. To do this, a first section is devoted to their prey composed by the mesozooplanktonic compartment, through a two-fold approach: the characterization of their spatio-temporal dynamics during the decade 2003-2013 and the measurement of their energetic content in spring. For this season, it appears that all prey types are not worth energetically and that the Bay of Biscay represents a mosaic of dietary habitat. Moreover, the spring mesozooplankton community presents a strong spatial structuration, a temporal evolution marked by a major change in abundance and a control by the microphytoplankton biomass. The second section of this work is relative to a methodological approach of the trophic ecology of S. pilchardus and E. encrasicolus. Three different trophic tracers have been used: isotopic ratios of carbon and nitrogen, parasitological fauna and mercury contamination levels. To improve the use of the first of these trophic tracers, an experimental approach has been conducted with S. pilchardus to determine a trophic discrimination factor. Finally, it appears that the use of these three trophic tracers has always been permitted to highlight a temporal variability of the relative trophic ecology of these fish. However, no spatial dynamics could be identified through these three trophic tracers
Amberg, Chloé. "Tester le potentiel d’un puissant outil stratigraphique, les chitinozoaires, pour détecter le début de l’âge glaciaire du Paléozoïque Inférieur durant l’Ordovicien Inférieur à Moyen." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10173.
Full textThe Ordovician (485-443 Ma) witnessed major changes in biodiversity including ‘the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event’ (GOBE), but also the first of the “Big Five” mass extinction events, related to the End Ordovician glaciation. It was long thought to be a greenhouse period, with a short glaciation during the Hirnantian (c. 444 Ma) but recent evidence based on stable isotopes, sequence stratigraphy, plankton provinces and climate models, suggests that this global cooling and the onset of the “Early Palaeozoic Icehouse” may have started much earlier than previously assumed, during the Early-Middle Ordovician. However, each of these methods is inconclusive on its own. The aim of this study is (1) to find additional evidence for pre-Hirnantian glaciations, focusing on the earliest of the suggested phases of cooling, i.e., in the Floian (early-middle Arenig), assumed to coincide with the onset of the GOBE, and (2) to test if we can apply chitinozoan micropaleontology as a proxy to detect climate variations during the Ordovician.We first used palynology to test for the primary nature of Ordovician limestone-mudstone alternations in the Oslo-Asker area, the oldest one of these of Arenig age, but could not exclude a potential diagenetic origin for these deposits. Secondly, we built a chitinozoan-biostratigraphic framework for the type Arenig in Wales to get a better understanding about the spatial distribution of key taxa through the interval; comparing the Tremadoc to the Arenig, an increased provincialism was observed across the globe. Thirdly, new chitinozoan data from the near field in Morocco serve to constrain an erosional event potentially related to glacioeustasy