Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Zooplancton – Teneur en acides gras'
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Ladhar, Chiraz. "Etude de la dynamique,de la composition biochimique et de la variabilité génétique des copépodes et des Artemia d'un écosystème extrême : la saline de Sfax (Tunisie)." Thesis, Le Mans, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LEMA1023/document.
Full textZooplankton community of solar saltern of Sfax. A dozen of species were identified in four ponds of increasing salinity. Copepods were the most abundant group in A5, A16 and C41. M2 is monozoic with an exclusive presence of Artemia salina. Salinity have a crucial role in species distribution, whereas, other factors such as N:P ratio have smaller influence. Fatty acids composition of copepods and Artemia depends on physico-chemical and biological parameters. Owing to their Highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) composition, copepods and Artemia of the saltern of Sfax can be used as food source for cultured fishes. Copepods phylogeny is controversial because their genetic structure is not clearly identifiable. The existence of cryptic species within Paracartia grani is assumed but should be confirmed. Abiotic factors are not involved in processes of genetic divergence. For Artemia salina, the high salinity, is a factor of population segregation, the adaptation of Artemia in such condition leads to distinct, genetically, population. A genetic divide was identified, it highlights a separation between population living in high salinity and those in the sea
Martin, Jean-Charles. "La composition en acides gras polyinsaturés des triacylglycérols du lait maternel : contribution des apports alimentaires et du tissu de réserve analyse stéréospécifique." Tours, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOUR4001.
Full textMiele, Alberto. "Recherches sur la composition en acides aminés et en acides gras des feuilles et des raisins de Vitis vinifera L. Cv Cabernet Sauvignon pendant la période de maturation et en fonction du système de conduite." Bordeaux 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986BOR20023.
Full textQuéméneur, Michelle. "Devenir des acides gras et des stérols issus des effluents urbains après leur rejet dans les environnements littoraux." Brest, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BRES2032.
Full textKalmar, Zoltan Pal. "Recherches sur la tolérance à l'éthanol des bactéries lactiques des vins : relation avec la constitution lipidique membranaire." Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR20346.
Full textIdrissi, Taghki Abdelghani. "Etude du type métabolisme intégré entre embryons de colza natif et transgénique : analyse et compréhension de la modification induites dans les lignées transgéniques de colza et de lin : analyse enzymatique et métabolique." Compiègne, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009COMP1798.
Full textThe importance of these unusual structures for fatty acids, the development of genetic engineering and the identification and isolation of many genes involved in the biosynthesis and regulation of lipid metabolism in plants, have provided new perspectives for the production of vegetable oil with a higher value in field crops. In this perspective, REFLAX and PAGIOS programmes were developed. The aim of these projects is the production of unusual fatty acids in agronomie plants (rapeseed and flan), through the creation of a new ,biosthetic pathway for branched fatty acids in the plast. Rapeseed plants were transformed with four bacterial enzymes: TD, KS, PCCA and PCCB. These proteins were identified as key enzymes in the synthesis of branched fatty acids. The level of methylmalonyl-CoA, a precursor of the methyl branched fatty acid synthesis, was amplified thanks to the introduction of these four genes. However the accumulation of methyl branched-chain fatty acids in rapeseed plants transformed, remains very low (<2%). To get a deeper understanding of this low production of BFA, we incubated whole rapeseed embryos, at different stages of development, in presence of 13C-labelled glucose and observed the label redistribution by NMR. The NMR and biochemical analysis showed that the synthesis of BFA was very low and transient (only at 15 J). Biomass synthesis fluxes were similar between native and transformed plant. The central carbon metabolism was not affected by the introduction of these genes. However, an accumulation of' pyruvate and kétobutyrate and a low accumulation of branched Chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine and valine) at the transformed lines were observed
Bec, Alexandre. "Flux de matière dans le réseau trophique planctonique du lac d'Annecy : approche expérimentale et in situ par les acides gras marqueurs et leurs rapports isotopiques (ς13C)." Chambéry, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CHAMS021.
Full textThis study is mostly dedicated to microorganisms-crustacean zooplankton trophic relationships occurring in Lake Annecy. Nutrition experiments were performed to evaluate food quality of heterotrophic protists for zooplankton. Food contents in (n-3) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) seem to be the main factor determining food quality. Moreover this study shows that the addition of an algivorous flagellate as an intermediary trophic level in the microalga-zooplancton food chain enhance Daphnia hyalina development. Trophic upgrading of food quality may be surely associated to biosynthetic capacities of heterotrophic protists. The field study mainly focused on FA transfer between microbial communities and crustacean zooplankton sampled in the pelagic zone between march and september 2000. To facilitate the FA biomarker approach, seston has been fractionated in different size classes. The evolution of 20:5(n-3) contents in Daphnia hyalina lipids has been positively correlated to its fecundity. Cryptophytes and centric diatoms appears as the main sources in (n-3) PUFA for the cladoceran. Endly the reliability of fatty acids-specific stable isotope analysis (ς13C) for trophic studies has been assessed
Compagnon, Vincent. "Régulation de l'expression et rôles physiologiques de cytochromes P450s catalysant l'hydroxylation d'acides gras chez Vicia sativa et Arabidopsis thaliana." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2006/COMPAGNON_Vincent_2006.pdf.
Full textOmega-hydroxylated fatty acids play diversified roles in the plant : they constitute monomers of the plant polyesters cutin and suberin, second messengers in plant-pathogen interactions, and are intermediates of the fatty acids catabolism. Cytochrome P450 isoforms from CYP86 and CYP94 families could be implicated in these reactions. The identification of some of these isoforms is the aim of our work. In Vicia sativa, high concentrations (50 to 500 µM) of chemicals (clofibrate, 2,4-D, 2,3-D, IAA, SA, methyljasmonate) applied on the seedlings produce a strong induction of CYP94A1. A promotor analysis revealed the occurrence of an as-1 regulatory sequence, which, as in the regulation of isoform 6 of the glutathione-S-transferase, would suggest a role in the detoxification of free fatty acids. CYP86B1 and CYP86B2 from Arabidopsis thaliana are involved in the biosynthesis of suberin monomers in the root endodermis, and probably in the production of lipids for the pollen coat and the wall of pollen grains
Beghin, Vincent. "Étude de la matière organique et du réseau trophique en estuaire de Seine : utilisation des marqueurs biochimiques (acides gras et stérols)." Lille 1, 1999. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1999/50376-1999-459.pdf.
Full textArmougom, Marie-Pulchérie. "Étude de la fraction lipidique des graines de cucurbitacées tropicales des genres Lagenaria, Luffa, Momordica." La Réunion, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00489158/fr/.
Full textBarnier, Madeleine. "Hydrocarbures et acides gras présents dans les milieux marins "propres" : Méditerranée (site de Port-Cros), région subantarctique (îles Amsterdam et Saint Paul)." Aix-Marseille 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX30038.
Full textMoussaoui, Noredine. "Formulation de liposomes à haute teneur en acides gras poly-insaturés n-3 adaptés pour la cosmétique et/ou les nutraceutiques." Bordeaux 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR12929.
Full textEljammal, Tamim. "Nature et distribution des hydrocarbures et des acides gras dans des sédiments marins oxydes et réduits." Aix-Marseille 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989AIX30034.
Full textGuihéneuf, Freddy. "Régulation par des facteurs environnementaux de la synthèse des acides gras à longue chaîne de différentes espèces de microalgues marines : effets combinés de l'éclairement et de la nature de la source carbonée sur l'optimisation de la synthèse de l'EPA et du DHA : intérêts nutritionnels." Le Mans, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LEMA1011.
Full textBy their large amounts of omega-3 (EPA and DHA), marine microalgae are currently used in aquaculture for feeding invertebrates and in human nutrition for their beneficial effects on human health. In this context, the objective of this work was to study the influence of environmental factors on n-3 fatty acids synthesis in three microalgae species. It appears that the response to variations in growing conditions is specific to each species. Thus, the results can be used to optimize the cultivation conditions of microalgae producing n-3 fatty acids. Meanwhile, the study in rats shows that nutritional n-3 fatty acids from microalgae induced EPA tissue enrichment compared to regime based on fish oil. Consequently, microalgae could represent a possible alternative to fish oil in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases
Muchembled, Jérôme. "Le couple Triticum aestivum/Erysiphe (= Blumeria) graminis f. Sp. Tritici : induction de la résistance acquise, incidences sur la composition lipidique." Littoral, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999DUNK0027.
Full textMannai, Hanen. "Impact du profil en acides gras de la ration des vaches laitières sur la teneur en matière grasse du lait en conditions commerciales." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25677.
Full textKnoll, Anja. "Etude du métabolisme des acides gras à très longues chaînes dans le cerveau du rat : activités enzymatiques d'élongation des acyl-CoAs, expression des gènes de la béta-oxydation peroxysomale." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR28756.
Full textLEVEILLE, JEAN-CLAUDE. "Flux de matiere en milieu pelagique lacustre : utilisation des acides gras comme marqueurs organiques naturels du transfert dans la chaine trophique phytoplancton - zooplancton - alevins d'omble chevalier (salvelinus alpinus)." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997CLF21920.
Full textDesvilettes, Christian. "Dynamique des acides gras dans la chaine trophique phytoplancton - zooplancton - larves de brochet et evolution des constituants lipidiques chez le brochet (esox lucius l. ) aux premiers stades de vie." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994CLF21647.
Full textPerri-Plandé, Joëlle. "Recherche des effets protecteurs des huiles de poisson enrichies en acides gras oméga-3 insaturés vis à vis de la néphrotixicité de trois xénobiotiques in vivo et in vitro." Bordeaux 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR28627.
Full textRozès, Nicolas. "Contribution à l'étude du métabolisme lipidique de Saccharomyces Cerevisiae : application à la différenciation des levures du vin." Bordeaux 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR20189.
Full textKerviel, Vincent. "Clonage et caractérisation de deux gènes codant des enzymes lipolytiques de la microalgue Isochrysis galbana." Thesis, Le Mans, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LEMA1017/document.
Full textLipolytic enzymes present in all known species play a key role in lipid metabolism and are involved in several industrial processes. They catalyse lipid hydrolysis and synthesis. Actually and particularly in microalgae, isolation and characterization of this type of enzyme remains an unexplored research area.The potential of the lipidic content of microalgae in food industry or energy field requires specific lipolytic enzymes. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an 3 poly insaturated fatty acid (3 PUFA) is well known for its beneficial effects on human health. Among many species, Isochrysis galbana, a unicellular marine microalga belonging to the Prymnesiophyceae class, is considered as a potential alternative source of DHA.Lipid analysis of I. galbana shows free fatty acids and suggests the presence of lipolytic enzymes with potential interesting selectivities and substrate specificities. Analysis of incomplete expressed sequence tag (EST) listed in the EST bank of Isochrysis galbana, identified incomplete genes that encode lipolytic enzymes. Messenger RNAs were extracted, characterized and cloned.This work describes the analysis and cloning of two genes encoding a putative ester hydrolase and a putative thioesterase in marine microalgae Isochrysis galbana. Sequences encode two proteins with predicted molecular weights of approximately 35,41 kDa and 42,31 kDa. Slight similarity and identity (from 30 to 40 %) were observed between the gene sequence and various fold hydrolase found in diverse phyla (including carboxylesterase).Sequences also included the consensus Gly-X-Ser-X-Gly and the catalytic triad Ser/Asp/His. To characterize the predicted enzymatic functions, an experimental procedure was introduced: coding sequences were cloned into expression vectors and expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in Escherichia coli.Western blot identification of recombinant enzyme shows a convenient protein production in bacteria. Furthermore, the expression of the protein in E. coli shifted the fatty acid composition predominantly towards C16:1 and C18:1 fatty acids. The enzyme called IgTeCe showed a thioesterase activity
Pelayo-Ortiz, Carlos. "Assimilation des acides gras à courte chaîne et de l'azote ammoniacal chez les levures : intérêts en épuration carbonée et azotée d'effluents agro-industriels." Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPT017A.
Full textKsouda, Ghada. "Valorisation des plantes tunisiennes pour leur accumulation d’huiles et de composés bioactifs au cours de leur développement : application dans la protection des aliments." Thesis, Compiègne, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018COMP2451.
Full textThe aim of this study is to identify bioactive oils and compounds in seeds from the semi-arid to arid region of "Regueb" in central Tunisia. Several species contained high amounts of oil mainly composed of classic fatty acids. High amounts of petroselinic acid, an unusual fatty acid, have been detected in species of the family Apiaceae, in particular P. major and P. saxifraga. The seeds ofAP. graveolens, An. graveolens, P. saxifraga and L. sativum were rich in oil and functional phenolic compounds. The accumulation of these compounds in growing seeds has been studied for P. major, P. saxifraga and L. sativum. Several seed contained essential oils with antibacterial properties such as those of P. saxifraga, AP. graveolens and C. sativum, which contained anethole, dillapiole and linalool. The essential oil of P. saxifraga seeds (PSEO) was, for the first time, tested in an edible coating based on sodium alginate for the preservation of fresh cheese. An evaluation of its toxicity in the mice allowed the determination of the dose range without any harmful effect. The edible coating of sodium alginate enriched with PSEO has improved the preservation of the fresh Sicilian cheese by preserving pH and color, reducing lipid peroxidation and improving bacterial stability. Sensory analysis showed a strong appreciation of coated cheese in presence of PSEO
Fontaine, Joël. "Etude du métabolisme lipidique d'un champignon endomycorhizien à vésicules et arbuscules : Glomus intraradices." Littoral, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DUNK0052.
Full textGlomus intraradices is a Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungus. As an obligate biotrophic organism, this fungus is not able to complete its biological cycle out of a plant partner. We studied its lipid content and metabolism from monoxenic cultures. The lipid content of G. Intraradices is very unusual because of the presence of both typical plant sterols (24-methylcholestérol, 24-ethylcholestérol, amyrin) and also typical fungal sterols (lanosterol, eburicol, episterol), although ergosterol is absent. The major fatty acid is C 16:1∆¹¹, which is very uncommon in eucaryotic organisms ; it is mainly associated with triacylglycerols. We showed also that the lipid content changes with the developmental stages of the fungus. When the roots are colonised by this fungus, their lipid content increases while changes appear in their lipid profile. C 16:1∆¹¹ and 24-methylenecholesterol also appear in the roots when the colonisation begin, and, both of these molecules increase with the developing colonisation ; indeed, these molecules can be used as a tool to evaluate the intensity of colonisation. C 16:1∆¹¹ is a particular F. A. Of the fungus while 24-methylenecholesterol can be detected in the mycorrhizal roots only, thus seems to be specific for the mycorrhizal status, since it does not appear as a consequence of either biotic or abiotic stresses. By the use of 1-¹⁴C acetate, we studied the ability of G. Intraradices to synthesize its own lipid, in 3 physiological states (symbiosis, out of symbiosis, germinating spores). With some small differences according to the physiological status, G. Intraradices is able to synthesize de novo its lipid molecules : di plus triacylglycerols, phospholipids, fatty acids, sterols. Its metabolism is slow, but, we showed that this fungus synthesizes its sterol by the acetate/squalene/mevalonate/lanosterol pathway. Our results will contribute to the improvement of the knowledge of the physiology particularly the carbon metabolism of these atypical V. A. M. Fungi which can be economically important
Dayras, Paul. "Paracyclopina nana : un petit copépode à fort intérêt en écotoxicologie et en aquaculture." Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1R074.
Full textThe cyclopoid copepod Paracyclopina nana plays a key role in the trophic chains of the aquatic environments of Eastern Asia. It has a small adult size (600 μm), a short life cycle, a high fecundity, and can be easily cultured under medium salinity (15 psu) and a wide range of temperatures. Its whole genome has also been recently sequenced, assembled and annotated. All these assets give it a very interesting double potential for current research: as a test organism for risk assessment associated with aquatic pollutants (bioindicator), and as a live prey in mass culture for the feeding of fish larvae in aquaculture.In the framework of this PhD project, we aimed: (i) to test the productive and qualitative potential of P. nana in aquaculture in relation to the nature of the ingested microalgae diet; (ii) to establish the profile of P. nana as an ecotoxicological model through metal contaminant exposure tests.The effects of seven different microalgal diets constituted by Rhodomonas salina (R), Tisochrysis lutea (T), and Pavlova lutheri (P) on P. nana productivity in culture were explored. The R+T and R diets induced the highest population growth and the greatest reproductive investment in ovigerous females. Those same diets also generated the highest total fatty acid content in copepods, and the highest total monosaccharide content has been found in copepods fed R+T+P. Overall results demonstrated that all the diets including R. salina lead to an increasing productivity of P. nana, and particularly when combined with T. lutea in a mixed diet.Another study examined the effects of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and nickel (Ni), on two subpopulations of P. nana. A first experiment conducted on a regular P. nana culture showed a decreasing population growth but an increasing metal bioaccumulation in copepods. Cd was also more accumulated when it was alone than in the mixture with Cu and Ni, confirming the hypothesis of metal competition recently demonstrated in a calanoid copepod. A second experiment performed on a P. nana culture already exposed to a higher Cu concentration for several generations revealed a lesser impact on population growth and a lower metal accumulation in copepods. Increasing metal concentrations in the experimental water reflected the depuration happening in this metal-loaded population already acclimated to metal exposure.Overall results are the first ones showing that R. salina is a suitable microalga for productive mass culture of P. nana for use as live food for marine fish larval aquaculture, and to investigate the parameters influencing the bioaccumulation capacity of P. nana in response to metals in contaminated aquatic ecosystems
Armougom, Pulchérie Rosanne. "Étude de la fraction lipidique des graines de Cucurbitacées tropicales des genres Lagenaria, Luffa, Momordica." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00489158.
Full textGobé, Valérie. "Matière organique complexe du sol ; structure et rôle dans les processus d'humification du carbone xénobiotique." Poitiers, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998POIT2316.
Full textLescure, Régis. "Synthèse et propriétés de cétones aliphatiques à longue chaîne et de leurs dérivés azotés." Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20212.
Full textKoubaa, Mohamed. "Étude comparative du métabolisme des lipides dans les embryons de lin et de colza producteurs d'acides gras inhabituels ou non : modélisation des systèmes." Compiègne, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012COMP1995.
Full textTwo oilseed plants (linseed and rape) were studied in this work. A collection of linseed plants were obtained by crossing two different parent varieties. A single line of linseed (198) presenting the lowest oil and C18:3 contents (25% and 2. 5%, respectively), was chosen. Transgenic rapeseed plants were obtained after introduction of one to three genes (td, pccase, ks) into their génome to promote the synthesis of branched chain fatty acids. However, this production was very low, not exceeding 0. 2 % at 15 DAF, and disappearing at maturity. In both cases, the aim of this study was to identify the reason of these low productions by exploring the metabolic changes that took place. A transcriptomic analysis, using NimbleGen microarrays, was carried out on developing linseed embryos. Our results show that the origin of these low oil content in line 198 would be probably due to an under-expression of the gene encoding the PDC, whereas the low C18:3 in line 198 is probably due to a dysfunction of the FAD3. Transcriptomic results were confirmed by enzyme assays. Genetic changes are often accompanied by metabolic redirections. These redirections can be identified by the analysis of metabolic fluxes in embryos during their development. In this work, we have developed all methodologies (isotopic labeling, selective extractions. . . ) leading to obtaining metabolic fluxes in rapeseed and linseed embryos. Our results show that the integration of enrichment data of sugars modifies fluxes; the flux differences in rapeseed embryos are not significant, while some flux differences in glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway, were observed between flax lines
Sautot, Pascale. "Propriétés d'auto-assemblage de phospholipides riches en acides gras polyinsaturés : caractérisation physico-chimique et simulation de bicouches par dynamique moléculaire." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL032N/document.
Full textThe literature of recent decades is replete with references regarding the benefits of omega 3 fatty acids such as EPA (C20:5 n-3) and DHA (C22:6 n-3) which play an essential role in preventing many diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's type). The major sources of EPA and DHA are those of marine origin. It is within this context that this study chose to deal with phospholipids from salmon heads. The objective was to extract, purify phosphatidylcholine (PC) derived from the mixture of lipids and determine its properties of self-assembly into bilayers. An experimental approach by the physicochemical characterization of this PC was supplemented by a theoretical study of the same compound using the techniques of molecular dynamics simulation that allowed a molecular-scale characterization of lipid bilayers. The characterization resulted in detailed profile of the mixture composition of salmon PC, to draw up the phase diagram of PC-water, to determine the packing and hydration properties of this lipid. The parameters chosen for the study of molecular dynamics have faithfully reproduced the experimental results, thus validating the model and simulation conditions determined in advance. The characterization of structural properties of the PC as a multilayer salmon has deepened the understanding of interaction mechanisms at the molecular level between unsaturated lipids themselves
Secondi, François. "Croissance, développement tissulaire et composition lipidique des tissus musculaires et adipeux chez le porc de Corse." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999CLF2A002.
Full textGarcia, Cyrielle. "Molécules bioactives du lait maternel, relation à l'alimentation et application à la prise en charge du nouveau-né prématuré." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX20732.
Full textHuman milk is considered as the gold standard to newborn development. However, in case of very preterm infants who have particularly high nutrients needs, it does not always provide optimal quantities of several bioactive molecules, due to composition or supply conditions.We investigated the relationship between current maternal nutrition and polyunsatured fatty acids (PUFA) composition of human milk. Human milk from mothers of South and North-West of France had imbalance PUFA composition to the detriment of n-3 PUFA, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). This was linked to low consumption of fish and seafood products, and to an important n-6 PUFA intake.A second part of our work was focused on bioactive compounds of human milk and newborn intestinal development. Nutritional care of preterm infants leads to low intake of bioactive compounds (PUFA n-3, phospholipids and plasmalogens, sCD14, acid sphingomylinase), insufficient to cover the needs of HAD and to ensure optimal intestinal health during the first weeks of life. A shorter time to reach digestive maturity was associated with PUFA consumption during the first two weeks of life, and with phospholipids (sphingomyelin and plasmalogens) from the second week. sCD14 intake by preterm fed only with donor human milk was inversely correlated with digestive maturity time. This molecule influences the inflammatory response of fœtal intestinal cells to chronic bacterial stimulation.We had also investigated the physicochemical properties of milk from different animal species potentially interesting for improving infant formula or milk fortifier. Camel milk showed sphingomyelin and plasmalogen contents close to human milk. Technological treatments, such as pasteurisation or homogenisation, lead to alteration of milk properties, either in bioactive molecules content (sCD14, acid sphingomyelinase) or in fat globule structure.In conclusion, this work provides new possibilities for the conception of infant formula and fortifier to improve newborn care
Portelli, Berangere. "Biologie systémique et intégrative pour l'amélioration de l'accumulation et de la sélectivité des acides gras accumulés dans les espèces levuriennes." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ISAT0031/document.
Full textLipid accumulation by the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica wT was characterized by dynamic and systemic analysis of different metabolic states in a microbial culture under fully controlled environmental conditions with high cell concentration and under two different strategies:Glucose as the substrate and phosphorus limitation as an inducer of lipid accumulation, an original strategy for lipid accumulation in Y. lipolytica wT.A co-substrate strategy with glucose and oleic acid and without any nutritional limitation.These strategies allowed showing the following points:- Phosphorus limitation triggers a lipid accumulation and a non-transient accumulation of reserve polysaccharide that can be consumed by biomass when necessary, contrary to nitrogen limitation- Phosphorus rate in catalytic biomass shows great variations. Catalytic growth rate cannot be governed by phosphorus input. - Phosphorus has a role in regulating cellular glucose uptake and allows avoiding citric acid production due to overflow of carbon input over a large range of C/P ratios (0 to 8000 Cmol.mol-1)- Maximum capacity of reserve carbon accumulation in Y. lipolytica wT is similar for any culture strategy tested (under nitrogen limitation, phosphorus limitation or with glucose and oleic acid co-substrates) and is equal to 0,5 Cmol/CmolX-1. There is an unknown phenomenon of carbon regulation limiting reserve carbon accumulation in Y. lipolytica wT. Results allowed identifying key points in reserve carbon accumulation in this particular yeast strain and suggesting an original process, claim of a patent
Hervé, Cécile. "Bases moléculaires de la réponse au stress et à la défense chez l'algue rouge Chondrus crispus et caractérisation d'une nouvelle classe de glutathion S-transférases." Rennes 1, 2006. http://hal.upmc.fr/tel-01115423.
Full textCotonnec, Gwenaëlle. "Les lipides, marqueurs des relations trophiques planctoniques dans les écosystèmes pélagiques côtiers." Littoral, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DUNK0060.
Full textThe objective of this work was to study the trophic relationships between the phytoplankton and the zooplankton in the Eastern English Channel durong the spring bloom dominated by Phaeocystis sp. These relationships were studied using the fatty acids and the phytoplanktonic pigments as biomarkers. The POM (particulate organic matter) and copepods were analyzed by HLPC and GC to : characterize the composition of the nutritive pool, estimate the physiological state and the nutritive quality of the phytoplankton, characterize the diet of copepods. Jointly, microscopic counting was done to determine more accurately the phytoplankton composition and measure the cell size. A spatial study was conducted through the strait of Dover to : point out the qualitative and quantitative changes of the nutritive pool in the Strait of Dover ; localise the zone of high production during the phytoplankton spring bloom : the French coastal waters where the trophic relationships were detailed. A temporal study was conducted between Boulogne/Mer and the Bay of Authie in March, May and June 1998 to describe the qualitative and quantitative variations of the copepod nutritive pool. During the phytoplankton spring bloom, a development of Phaeocystis sp. Was observed jointly to a declining of diatoms, Cryptophytes, Dinophytes and Cyanophytes. In the same way, the nutritive quality of the POM decreased. During the phytoplankton growth, the nutrients are depleted in the water column. Thus, the phytoplankton production was totally regenerated. The trophic relationships were studied through the Dover Strait and in a retention zone localise in front of the Bay of Somme. The lipid biomarkers pointed out the diet and the alimentary behaviour of copepods : A. Clausi, P. Elongatus and T. Longicornis. In this study, T. Longicornis was the most selective species whereas A. Clausi was the most opportunistic. The daily ratios were sufficient for A. Clausi and P. Elongatus by contrast to T. Longicornis. Nevertheless, the fatty acid reserves were mobilised in the three species indicating that the Phaeocystis sp bloom was inadequate
Aguiar, Prado Lucas De Ofeu. "Prédiction de la production et de la composition de la matière grasse du lait par modélisation : rôle des flux de nutriments absorbés." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLA015/document.
Full textMilk fatty acids (FA) composition in dairy cows results from lipid metabolism in rumen and mammary gland. In the context of renewing the INRA feed unit system, the objective of this work is to predict, by a quantitative approach using metaanalysis, duodenal flows of FA in ruminants, FA transfer from the intestine to the mammary gland, and the secreted FA flows in the milk. Predictive equations for duodenal and absorbed saturated FA, odd and branched FA, and a large number of unsaturated FA isomers were obtained by integrating the effects of experimental factors such as the nature of the forage, the concentrate percentage, supplementation with oleaginous oils and seeds, and marine products, and their interactions.These equations are function of ingested FA and their interfering factors (forage conservation mode and botanical family, diet composition, animal factors).For the transfer of FA from duodenum to the mammary gland, the equations favor the prediction of their respective duodenal flows, but they also use ruminal digestive parameters (pH, acetate, butyrate) or dietary characteristics for odd and branched FA, or de novo synthesized FA (C4 :0 to C14 :0).Models validation was done with an external database, which allowed coupling the two models and evaluate their accuracy. Finally, we propose predictive equations for specific FA as well as FA groups of nutritional interest that can provide an approach to the INRA feed unit system to predict their milk yield responses according to different types of rations
Degraeve, Guilbault Charlotte. "Caractérisation des glycérolipides et de la dynamique de remodelage en chaines acyles chez Ostreococcus tauri." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0825/document.
Full textThe marine green picoalga Ostreococcus tauri is a minimal eukaryote implemented as model system that has been used as gene resource for lipid biology. Detailed information about its lipidic features was however missing. During my PhD, I characterized O. tauri glycerolipidome and associated dynamics under environmental stresses such as nutrient starvations and chilling and investigated transcriptional variations of putative target enzymes responsible for these changes. O. tauri which could be validated as model for related species of the class Mamiellophyceae, was found to display unique lipidic features related to both green and Chromalveolates microalgae. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is confined to presumed extraplastidial lipids i.e. phosphatidyldimethylpropanethiol (PDPT) and the betaine lipid diacylglyceryl-hydroxymethyl-trimethyl-β-alanine (DGTA); all of these compounds are hallmarks of Chromalveolates. Plastidial lipids found to be of prokaryotic type are characterized by the overwhelming presence of C18 n-3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA), 18:5 n-3 being restricted to galactolipids. C16:4 n-3, an FA typical of green microalgae galactolipids, also was a major component of O. tauri extraplastidial lipids. Triacylglycerols (TAGs) display the complete panel of FAs, and their molecular combinations designate a major plastidial origin of DAG precursors. Nitrate starvation greatly increases TAG content, in particular 18:X/16:X (sn-1/sn-2) combinations, and was associated with the transfer of carbon from phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) to TAG indicating an increased contribution of the plastidial pathway to the TAG synthesis. Preliminary RT-qPCR experiments on TAG metabolism genes revealed an important transcriptional activation of some diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGAT). Nutrient starvations severely repress Δ6 desaturase activity and result in the inversion of the 18:3/18:4 ratio in plastidial lipids that was feedback into TAG. The fine-tuning and dynamic regulation of the 18:3/18:4 ratio suggests an important physiological role of these FAs in photosynthetic membranes. Chilling generates an increase of 18:5 in galactolipids. The active quest for the desaturases responsible for this phenotype was achieved by expressing candidate genes in homologuous and heterologous (S. cerevisiae, N. Benthamiana) systems and led to the identification of two yet uncharacterized plastidial Δ6 desaturases. These desaturases display original and non-redundant specificity between each other and with the previously characterized in O. tauri Δ6 acyl-CoA desaturase
Schoumacker, Rachel. "Perception du gras : variabilité interindividuelle et origine." Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOS030/document.
Full textTo reduce the fat content in food products as recommended by the National Nutrition and Health Plan, it is necessary to understand the fat perception mechanisms. In this context, this thesis work aimed to contribute to the understanding of fat perception through the study of interindividual variability in fat perception and the research of its origin.For this purpose, a multidisciplinary approach combining physico-chemistry of “fatty” aroma molecules, subjects’ oral physiology, food oral processing and sensory perception during food consumption has been established. A particular focus has been done on the olfactory component of fat perception, especially on the potential contribution of the metabolites produced in the human nasal cavity from odorous volatile compounds.This work shows that reducing fat content in cottage cheese decreases the perception of the cream aroma, increases bitterness and astringency and decreases the perceived greasy film. The results confirmed the multidimensional nature of fat perception. This work also shows that fat perception is related to the lipid content of the mouth coating as well as the aroma compounds composition of the food matrix.It highlights three groups of subjects with significant difference in fat sensitivity. These groups also differ in several physiological and anatomical parameters which can impact tactile, taste and smell sensations and therefore potentially fat perception. Finally, this work proves the existence in the human olfactory mucosa of enzymes capable of metabolizing odorous compounds into volatile metabolites. These metabolites proved to be themselves odorants could be involved in fat perception or its modulation
Bougouin, Adeline. "Identification of milk fatty acids as proxies of the enteric methane emissions in dairy cows." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAC036/document.
Full textMethane (CH4) is a potent greenhouse gas coming from the anaerobic microbial fermentation of the diet in the rumen. One of the main current challenge for the dairy sector is to find CH4 mitigation strategies (diets or genetics) without altering animal performance. Enteric methane measurement methods are costly and very difficult to apply on a large scale on field. Thus, there is a need to develop alternative measurement methods, such as equations based on proxies to predict CH4 emissions. Milk fatty acids (FA) have been identified as potential predictors of the methanogenesis in dairy cattle, but the prediction ability of extant published CH4 equations must be improved, and their domain of applicability must be enlarged to a wide range of diets. The objective of this PhD thesis was to confirm the potential of milk FA as proxies to predict enteric CH4 emissions in dairy cows fed a wide range of diets. Two databases (based on individual and mean data, respectively) were built thanks to an international collaboration, and gathered data on CH4, milk FA composition, dairy performances, diet and animal characteristics. Two in vivo experiments were conducted with the aim to study the effect of dietary strategies poorly documented, on methanogenesis and milk FA. The data from these experiments were included in the created database. Firstly, simple CH4 prediction equations were developed [g/d, g/kg of DMI (DMI), and g/kg of milk] based only on milk FA, and secondly other variables related to cow intake or characteristics, and dairy performance were added and constituted complex equations. Relationships between CH4 and several milk FA (C10:0, iso C17:0 + trans-9 C16:1, iso C16:0, cis-11 C18:1, cis-15 C18:1, cis-9,cis-12 C18:2, and trans-11,cis-15 C18 :2) were found, confirming common rumen metabolic pathways between methanogenesis and lipid metabolism. Equations were also closely related to the diets included in the database used for their development. Simple equations were less accurate than complex ones (prediction error of 58.6 g/d, 2.8 g/kg DMI and 3.7 g/kg milk vs 42.8 g/d, 2.5 g/kg DMI and 3.3 g/kg milk, respectively). A minimum difference of 16% in CH4 emissions between mitigating strategies can be evidenced with the best prediction equation developed in this PhD. Methane prediction equations based on milk FA well determined by infrared spectrometry methods need to be developed in order to be used on a routine basis and on a large scale. These prediction equations would allow studying the effect of novel mitigation strategies of enteric CH4 emissions in dairy cows
Huang, Bing. "Réponses physiologiques et biochimiques à une limitation nutritive en phosphore ou en azote sur la réorientation métabolique des lipides polaires chez différentes espèces de microalgues marines." Thesis, Le Mans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LEMA1021/document.
Full textBetaine lipids (BL) are P-free polar lipids, conversely to phospholipids (PL). The metabolic reorientation induced by phosphorus (P) limitation in microalgae producing BL (Tisochrysis lutea and Diacronema lutheri, Haptophyta) or producing low levels of BL (Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Bacillariophyta) was compared to that induced by nitrogen (N) limitation. The carbon destiny and flow in different biosynthetic pathways were studied with a multidisciplinary approach. P or N limitation differently affected carbon metabolism according to microalgal species. P limitation highly decreased photosynthetic activity and respiration of P. tricornutum and T. lutea. Consequently, carbon accumulation was higher than under N limitation in these two species. Both limitations stimulated the synthesis of neutral lipids and / or carbohydrates. Replacement of PL by BL was observed in P. tricornutum under P limitation. This result is in agreement with a transcription increase of the gene encoding BL synthase. On the other hand, this limitation did not modify BL contents in reference with carbon in T. lutea or D. lutheri. Fatty acid composition of the different lipid classes was modified according to the microalgal species and the limiting nutrient. Particular attention was paid to the fatty acids of the omega-3 series, notably eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 ω3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 ω3), the proportions of which vary according to the limiting element, species and lipid class. The increase in the production of neutral lipids and / or polar lipids, especially betaine lipids, rich in DHA and / or EPA induced by nutritive stress suggests a valorization of these molecules of interest in various areas including nutrition and health
Msokar, Sawsan. "Étude de la matière organique dans deux écosystèmes estuariens : Les estuaires de la Seine et de l'Authie." Lille 1, 2003. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2003/50376-2003-61-62.pdf.
Full textLARDANS, ANITA. "Etude des voies de biosynthese des acides gras a tres longue chaine dans les graines en maturation de limnanthes alba : caracterisation des reactions d'elongation. mise en uvre d'un plan de selection de plantes a teneur en huile elevee." Paris 6, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA066212.
Full textBielsa, Sabine. "Composition biochimique du périphyton et de Sicyopterus lagocephalus (Gobiidae, sicydiinae) dans différentes rivières de l'Ile de la Réunion : relations trophiques." Toulouse 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOU30200.
Full textMnasri, Taha. "Synthèse enzymatique de lysophosphatidylcholines." Thesis, Le Mans, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LEMA1017.
Full textThe Lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs), amphiphilic molecules, can act as a carrier for fatty acids of interest. These molecules can be synthesized enzymatically. This work aims to synthesize LPCs containing mono or poly unsaturated fatty acids enzymatically. Sn-3-glycerophosphatidylcholine (GPC), oleic acid (C18: 1, 9ω), linoleic acid (C18: 2, 6ω) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22: 6, 3ω) were used as substrates. These syntheses were performed by esterification without solvent using an immobilized lipase. From kinetic point of view, optimization of conditions for synthesis of oleoyl-LPC was carried out by studying each factor independently. The obtained optimal conditions are : Lipozyme RM-IM (10% w/w), a molar ratio of 20 (oleic acid / GPC), neither addition or elimination of water was applied to the reaction mixture, a temperature at 50° C and stirring at 750rpm. These conditions allow to obtain 75% oleoyl-LPC within 24 hours. The oleoyl-LPC was purified on a silica cartridge and analyzed by MS to confirm its identity. The optimization of linoleoyl-LPC synthesis was made using a design of experiments. This is an approach that can simultaneously vary the parameters studied. Among the 17 combinations studied, one combination allows to obtain 93% of linoleoyl-LPC in 6 hours. This result was confirmed by repeating this manipulation 4 times. Like oleoyl-LPC linoleoyl-LPC was purified and characterized by MS. Preliminary trials have shown that the syntheis of DHA-LPC is feasible. 30% of DHA-LPC was obtained after 72h of reaction. Finally, it should be noted that the produced amount of di-acyl-PC is always low compared to that of the acyl-LPC. This latter is explained by a low appearance of the phenomenon of acyl migration
Degournay, Anthony. "Compréhension du métabolisme central et lipidique chez les plantes et les levures oléagineuses : approche fluxomique." Thesis, Compiègne, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018COMP2438/document.
Full textGrowing world population and depletion of fossil resources have led to an increasing food and energy demand. While oleaginous plants are mostly cultivated for their fruits or their seeds in food industry, they are also valued in as an alternative to petrochemicals (biolubricant, biofuels). The production of lipids and unusual fatty acids increased the interest for unicellular organisms: yeasts. The aim of this work is to study two biological models: flax seed (Linum usitatissimum), whose oil is made up of 57% omega-3, and yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, exploited as a biotechnological chassis. The approach used to understand lipid metabolism is fluxomics. In addition, the development of a predictive model based on isotopic labelling (MFA) or constraint-based one (FBA) allows a dynamic analysis of the metabolism. The comparative study of three flax lines (with different oil and omega-3 levels) provided a better understanding of the mechanisms leading to lipid accumulation (up to 44.2 g.100 gDW-1). Therefore, we have been able to show that sucrose assimilation and starch remobilization are essential for fatty acid precursors and cofactors synthesis. Strong involvements of cytosolic glycolysis (G3P, acetyl-CoA) and pentose phosphate pathway (NADPH) have been noted, while protein and cell wall synthesis are limiting steps. In addition, PDAT would be a central enzyme for the incorporation of PUFA into TAGs. The study of three Yarrowia lipolytica strains also helped us to better understand yeast metabolism. The assimilation of an alternative carbone source to glucose, glycerol, led to a major metabolic redirection towards gluconeogenesis. The TAG synthesis flux especially uses glycolysis and a part of TCA cycle to convert citrate into acetyl-CoA. Kennedy pathway optimizations (GPD1 and DGA2 gene overexpression) allowed a lipid content improvement: +72% compared to a strain optimized for the synthesis of unusual fatty acids (LRO1 gene expression, encoding for a PDAT enzyme). The main competitive pathways are carbohydrate synthesis (glycogen) and citrate secretion (here repressed thanks to slow glucose assimilation. PDAT (LRO1 gene) also led to unusual fatty acid accumulation
Guérin, Chloé. "Diversité et biosynthèse des lipides chez les palmiers." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS159.
Full textOil palm, Elaeis guineensis (Eg) produces two oils of major economic importance, commonly referred to as palm oil and palm kernel oil, extracted from the mesocarp and the endosperm, respectively. While lauric acid (12:0) predominates in endosperm oil, the major fatty acids (FA) of mesocarp oil are palmitic (16:0) and oleic (18:1) acids. In addition, the two tissues display high variation for oil content at maturity. In the first part of this PhD work, tissue transcriptome and lipid composition were compared during development to gain insight into the mechanisms that govern such differences in oil content and FA composition. The contribution of the cytosolic and plastidial glycolytic routes differs markedly between the mesocarp and seed tissues. Accumulation of lauric acid (12:0) relies on the dramatic upregulation of a specialized acyl-ACP thioesterase paralog and the concerted recruitment of specific isoforms of triacylglycerol assembly enzymes. Three paralogs of the WRI1 transcription factor were identified, of which EgWRI1-1 and EgWRI1-2 were massively transcribed during oil deposition in the mesocarp and the endosperm, respectively. Changes in triacylglycerol content and FA composition of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves infiltrated with various combinations of WRI1 and FatB paralogs from oil palm validate functions inferred from transcriptome analysis.The American oil palm, E. oleifera (Eo), also stores oil in the mesocarp, but in lower amount than in Eg. Mesocarp oil fatty acid (FA) composition also differs considerably between Eg and Eo, especially the 16:0 content which is two-times lower in Eo than in Eg. In the second part of this work, the mechanisms that govern oil synthesis and FA composition in the two species were investigated. Gene-to-gene coexpression analysis, quantification of allele-specific expression, and joint multivariate analysis of transcriptomic and lipid data, were carried out in an interspecific backcross population between Eg and Eo. The gene coexpression network built reveals the tight transcriptional coordination of the plastidial glycolytic route, starch metabolism, carbon recapture pathways and sugar sensing with fatty acid synthesis (FAS). Plastid biogenesis and auxin transport are the two other biological processes the most tightly connected to FAS in the network. In addition to WRI1, two novel TFs, termed NF-YB-1 and ZFP-1, were found at the core of the FAS module. Coexpression analysis also identifies novel genes likely involved in lipid biosynthesis pathways. Finally, the level of 16:0 in oil seems primarily controlled by the level of transcription of the gene coding for beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) synthase II, which catalyzes the elongation of 16:0-ACP to 18:0-ACP in the plastid.Finally, the third part of this work aimed to explore relationships between seed lipid composition on one hand, and phylogenetic, biogeographic and ecological parameters on the other, in the family Arecaceae. Oil content and FA composition were characterized for 177 species of the palm family, revealing a considerable intra-family diversity for seed lipid composition. Species whose seeds store the highest amounts of oil belong to the tribe Cocoseae. By contrast, species that accumulate 12:0 in their seeds occur in all tribes. Multivariate analyses based on FA composition satisfactorily group species belonging to the same tribe. However, only a few of the groups display topologies that are congruent with phylogenetic data. No clear associations were identified between biogeographic and ecological traits and FA composition. However, a tribe-dependent significant correlation was observed between unsaturated FA content and maximum elevation in native area
Bolea, Gaetan. "Oxydation des acides gras polyinsaturés n-6 au cours de la digestion et altération de la fonction vasculaire : Stratégie de prévention antioxydante par supplémentation en polyphénols de pomme Lipid protection by polyphenol-rich apple matrices is modulated by pH and pepsin in in vitro gastric digestion." Thesis, Avignon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AVIG0352.
Full textAccording to the WHO, in 2030, nearly 23.6 million people will die of cardiovascular disease each year representing the leading cause of death as well as a major public health problem. Among these, ischemic diseases are the most common. They are the consequences of an endothelial dysfunction that promotes atherosclerosis development. The main risk factor associated with these pathologies is a Western diet rich in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids sensitive to oxidation by heme iron provided by red meat. In contrast, a diet rich in fruits, vegetables and grains can be a source of natural antioxidants such as polyphenols. Among polyphenols, procyanidins (PCs, flavonoids) appear correlated with a reduction of coronary heart disease and stroke. Thus, the aims of this work were: 1) to evaluate the potential formation of lipid oxidation products in the gastrointestinal tract during digestion, and their effects on the vascular function after absorption; 2) to evaluate the effects of a supplementation in apple PCs as a primary antioxidant strategy to prevent deleterious effects of lipid oxidation on the vascular function. First results were obtained in a sunflower oil-in-water emulsion as a model system with post-prandial stress brought by the addition of heme iron (metmyoglobin) in digestion conditions simulating the early and median phases of gastric digestion at pH 5 and 3, respectively. It appears that lipid oxidation, evaluated through the formation of lipid-derived conjugated dienes (CD) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) is initiated more quickly at pH 3 than at pH 5. Pepsin promotes faster CD accumulation at pH 5 through the formation of a micro-metmyoglobin form that is likely more accessible to fatty acids. The three matrices (fresh apple, puree and phenolic extract) added at nutritional dose show a lower inhibitory capacity at pH 5, while higher at pH 3, in the presence of pepsin. This antioxidant strategy was then evaluated in a model of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion demonstrating a reduction of 73-96% in 4-HNE formation at the end of the gastric phase and 60-95% at the end of the intestinal phase. Finally, a chronic in vivo study was conducted to evaluate the impact of lipid oxidation in an ApoE-/- mouse model. The increase of lipid oxidation during digestion led to an increase in plasmatic oxidative stress and oxLDL levels resulting in an impairment of the endothelial function. This endothelial dysfonction was associated with an increased formation of atheromatous plaques that are potentially unstable. Interestingly, polyphenol supplementation (puree or phenolic extract) prevented the increase of plasmatic oxLDL as well as the development of endothelial impairments. Consequently, this treatment was able to prevent the development of atherosclerosis observed in our model. In conclusion, apple polyphenols could limit 4-HNE formation and absorption during digestion protecting the vascular function in the long-term. Our results are in favor of a reintroduction of PCs-rich fruits (apple, pear) in the Western diet
Madapura, Eregowda Tejaswini Gowda. "Anaerobic treatment and resource recovery from methanol rich waste gases and wastewaters." Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC2012.
Full textMethanol is an important volatile organic compound (VOC) present in the gaseous and liquid effluents of process industries such as pulp and paper, paint manufacturing and petroleum refineries. An estimated 55,377 tonnes of methanol was emitted to the atmosphere in the year 2017 in the United States alone and at least 65% of the total emission was from the Kraft mills of the pulp and paper industries. The anaerobic biological treatment of methanol-rich gaseous and liquid effluents was tested in two bioreactor configurations, namely a biotrickling filter (BTF) and an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. The volatile fatty acids (VFA) produced in these bioreactors were quantified and a mass balance analysis was carried out. Gas-phase methanol removal along with thiosulfate (~ 1000 mg/L) reduction was carried out for 123 d in an anoxic BTF. A maximum elimination capacity (ECmax) of 21 g/m3.h for methanol and complete removal of thiosulfate was achieved. To examine the gas-phase methanol removal along with selenate reduction, another anoxic BTF was operated for 89 d under step and continuous selenate feeding, wherein the selenate removal efficiency was > 90% and ~ 68%, respectively, during step and continuous selenate feed and a methanol ECmax of 46.4 g/m3.h was achieved. The anaerobic bioreduction of selenate coupled to methane oxidation was investigated in batch reactors and a BTF inoculated with marine sediment and operated for a period of 348 d. Complete reduction of up to 143 mg/L of step fed selenate was achieved in the BTF. Furthermore, the effect of selenate, sulfate and thiosulfate on methanol utilization for VFA production was individually examined in batch systems. For the study on liquid-phase methanol, acetogenesis of foul condensate (FC) obtained from a chemical pulping industry was tested in three UASB reactors operated at 22, 37 and 55 ºC for 51 d. A maximum methanol removal efficiency of 45% in the 55 ºC reactor and nearly complete removal of ethanol and acetone in all UASB reactors was achieved. Prior to acetogenesis of the FC, the UASB reactors were operated for a period of 113 d under conditions reported to induce acetogenesis of methanol-rich synthetic wastewater. The recovery of VFA was explored through adsorption studies using anion exchange resins in batch systems. The trends and capacity of adsorption of individual VFA on Amberlite IRA-67 and Dowex optipore L-493 were examined by fitting the experimental data to adsorption isotherm and kinetic models. Subsequently, a sequential batch process was tested to achieve selective separation of acetate from the VFA mixture
Mahfouz, Céline. "An assessment of the chemical contamination and the diet changes of the harbou porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) stranded along the southern North Sea." Thesis, Littoral, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DUNK0433/document.
Full textThe North Sea is heavely impacted by human activities such as overfishing and pollution. Due to their position as top predators in the ocean, marine mammals are becoming increasingly affected by anthropogenic activities. The large-scale surveys SCANS in 1994 and SCANS II in 2005 that were held in the North Sea to estimate the abundance of small cetaceans highlighted a major shift in the distribution of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from the northern parts of the North Sea to its eastern parts. Alongside, over the past few decades harbour porpoises stranding has increased in the southern North Sea particularly along the French and Belgian coastal waters. Since the contaminant exposure presents, among others, a potential threat to harbour porpoises inhabiting the North Sea, the first objective of the present study was to assess the contamination status of this species in the southern North Sea. On the other hand, the distribution and abundance of marine mammals is expected to follow the distribution of their main prey species. Hence, the second objective of this study was to investigate whether the changes in the distribution of porpoises in the southern North Sea may be a result of the changes in prey availability. Moreover, the third objective was to evaluate the interest of combining three methods to investigate the diet of harbour porpoises : stomach contents, stable isotopes (carbon and nitrogen) and fatty acids analyses. First, the contamination status was evaluated through the determination of two components of chemical contaminants (metals and persistent organic pollutants) in tissues of harbour porpoises stranded along the southern North Sea between 2006 to 2013. Several chemical contaminants presented higher concentrations in diseased animals compared to healthy animals. In addition, some metallic contaminants showed bioaccumulation with age. Comparison with previous study suggests that the population status of harbor porpoises in term of chemical concentration has been stable from 1994 to 2013. This work suggested that the increase in the number of stranded individuals is not related to the decline in the quality of the environment. Secondly, the shift in the abundance of harbour porpoises was evaluated and interpreted in the light of prey species abundance. Three techniques were used in order to determine the diet of porpoises. Results highlighted the presence of gobies, whiting, sandeel, sprat, trisopterus sp., herring and sardine as potential preys. The shift of the abundance of porpoises form the northern parts of the North Sea to its southern parts was attributed to the sandeel abundance decline in the northern parts of the North Sea along with the re-invasion of the southern North Sea by the sardine species, probably in response to climate change. Finally, the value of a multi-approach dietary analysis was evaluated. Besides overcoming the limitations of each method, combining different techniques that integrate diet over days and weeks allowed gaining more complete understanding of harbour porpoise's diet