Academic literature on the topic 'Zuccheri'
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Journal articles on the topic "Zuccheri"
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Bontà, Giuliana, Guglielmo Campus, Laura Strohmenger, and Maria Grazia Cagetti. "Ruolo di zuccheri e altri edulcoranti nel mantenimento della salute dentale." Dental Cadmos 86, no. 04 (April 2018): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.19256/d.cadmos.04.2018.04.
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Moretti, S., J. Doldi, O. Marchisio, and M. C. Vitale. "Ruolo dell’igienista dentale nell’educazione alimentare e nel consumo di zuccheri alternativi per la prevenzione della carie." Prevenzione & Assistenza Dentale 37, no. 1 (March 2011): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pad.2010.09.002.
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Flynn, James. "Case C-347/87, Triveneta Zuccheri v. Commission, Judgment of 22 March 1990." Common Market Law Review 28, Issue 2 (June 1, 1991): 444–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola1991024.
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Marangoni, Franca, Ovidio Brignoli, Claudio Cricelli, and Andrea Poli. "Lifestyle and specific dietary habits in the Italian population: focus on sugar intake and association with anthropometric parameters—the LIZ (Liquidi e Zuccheri nella popolazione Italiana) study." European Journal of Nutrition 56, no. 4 (May 6, 2016): 1685–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00394-016-1215-z.
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Magnani, Guest Editors: L., G. Beltramello, D. Brancato, A. Fontanella, and R. Nardi. "L’internista ospedaliero nella gestione del paziente diabetico complesso." Italian Journal of Medicine 6, no. 1 (April 27, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/itjm.q.2018.2.
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L’internista deve occuparsi (e rioccuparsi) del paziente diabetico complesso in OspedaleA. Fontanella, L. MagnaniDiagnosi, classificazione, epidemiologia clinica del diabete mellitoV. Provenzano, D. BrancatoUp-date degli studi disponibiliP. Gnerre, T.M. Attardo, A. Maffettone, G. BeltramelloIl diabete mellito costituisce ancora un equivalente di rischio cardiovascolare?G. Augello, T.M. AttardoLe terapie del diabete tipo 2 sono tutte uguali ai fini della riduzione della morbilità e mortalità cardiovascolare?V. ProvenzanoLe nuove tecnologie nella cura del diabete mellitoD. Brancato, V. ProvenzanoInsuline prandiali e insuline basaliR. PastorelliQuali target nel diabete mellito: il dogma dell’emoglobina glicata è davvero imprescindibile?V. ManicardiIl controllo dell’iperglicemia nel paziente anziano polipatologico: è sempre necessario iniziare l’insulina?G. Gulli, M. NizzoliLa nefropatia diabeticaF. Salvati, D. Manfellotto, M. StornelloCirrosi epatica e diabeteM. Imparato, L. FontanellaLa terapia personalizzata nel diabete di tipo 2A. Maffettone, C. Peirce, M. RinaldiLa gestione dell’iperglicemia nel paziente critico e instabileC. NozzoliLa disfunzione erettile nel paziente diabetico di tipo 2N. Artom, A. Bosio, G. PinnaQuali obiettivi di approccio integrato nella gestione del diabete mellito?E. Romboli, D. PanuccioIperglicemia, normoglicemia ed ipoglicemia nei pazienti anziani fragili: situazioni a rischio, politerapia e comorbilitàA. Greco, M. Greco, D. Sancarlo, F. Addante, G. D’Onofrio, D. Antonacci, S. De CosmoL’impatto clinico-prognostico dell’ipoglicemia nel paziente ospedalizzatoV. Borzì, L. Morbidoni, A. FontanellaL’internista chiamato in consulenza per un diabete gestazionale: quale approccio pragmatico?P. Novati, L. SaliLa frugalità nella gestione del diabete mellito: qualità assistenziale, governo clinico e costi correlatiP. Gnerre, G. Carta, D. MontemurroLa gestione dell’iperglicemia in area medica, ma senza esagerare.L. Magnani, G. BeltramelloAPPENDICE IUn approccio pragmatico per la valutazione globale e la gestione del paziente diabeticoF. Pieralli, A. Crociani, C. BazziniAPPENDICE IILe insuline e i farmaci ipoglicemizzanti orali disponibiliP. Zuccheri, L. Alberghini, E. SoraAPPENDICE IIILe scale di correzione insulinica: pro e controV. Borzì
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Schweickard, Wolfgang. "zucchero caffettino." Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 135, no. 1 (March 4, 2019): 279–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrp-2019-0009.
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Abstract Various hypotheses have been put forward to explain the etymology of Old It. (zucchero) caffettino (Jaffa < Yāfā, cafis < qafīz, Caffa = Feodosia, caffa < qafaṣ, Haifa < Ḥayfā, Kafá < ?, coffa < quffa(h)). All these proposals, however, are unsustainable for reasons of cultural-historical and/or semantic, phonetic and morphological incompatibilities. In reality the etymon is the Arabic nisba adjective of the name of the Egyptian city of Qifṭ (qiftī), which in Medieval times was highly renowned for its sugar production. The Arabic equivalent of zucchero caffettino is as-sukkar al-qiftī. The phonomorphological adaptation of caffettino is absolutely regular (anaptyctical e, gemination f > ff, initial ca- < qi-, final –ī > -ino); the original type qiftī is still reflected by the ancient Italian and Romance variants chafethi, cafeti and cafati.
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Gnerre, Guest Editors: P., M. Campanini, A. Fontanella, and R. Nardi. "II ruolo degli omega-3 nel paziente pluripatologico complesso: dalle evidenze alla pratica clinica in Medicina Interna." Italian Journal of Medicine 3, no. 1 (September 30, 2015): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/itjm.q.2015.3.
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<img src="/public/site/images/pgranata/intro.jpg" alt="" /><br /><p class="titolo"><strong>II ruolo degli omega-3 nel paziente pluripatologico complesso</strong> 241<br /><em>M. Campanini, R. Nardi</em></p><img src="/public/site/images/pgranata/rass.jpg" alt="" /><br /><p class="titolo"><strong>II ruolo degli omega-3 nella prevenzione dell’ipertrigliceridemia pura e iperlipemia combinata, ma non solo: dalle evidenze alla pratica clinica</strong> 247<br /><em>P. Gnerre, O. Para, G. Balbi</em></p><p class="titolo"><strong>Gli omega-3 nell’obesità e nell’insulino-resistenza</strong> 260<br /><em>M. Poggiano</em></p><p class="titolo"><strong>Gli omega-3 nel diabete mellito di tipo 2</strong> 262<br /><em>M. Poggiano</em></p><p class="titolo"><strong>Gli effetti degli omega-3 sulle aritmie</strong> 265<br /><em>C. Cenci</em></p><p class="titolo"><strong>Gli effetti degli omega-3 nella prevenzione dell’infarto miocardico</strong> 269<br /><em>R. Gerloni</em></p><p class="titolo"><strong>Omega-3 e scompenso cardiaco</strong> 274<br /><em>R. Gerloni</em></p><p class="titolo"><strong>I prodotti naturali: una possibile alternativa alle statine per la riduzione del colesterolo</strong> 279<br /><em>M.C. Pasquini</em></p><p class="titolo"><strong>Nutrizione, omega-3 e cancro</strong> 288<br /><em>A. Mazza, G. Rubello, G. Mazza</em></p><p class="titolo"><strong>Gli omega-3: trigliceridi naturali o esteri etilici?</strong> 301<br /><em>P. Zuccheri, C. Iacono, G. Benini</em></p><img src="/public/site/images/pgranata/concl.jpg" alt="" /><p class="titolo"><strong>II ruolo degli omega-3 nel paziente pluripatologico complesso: dalle evidenze alla pratica clinica in Medicina Interna</strong> 306<br /><em>A. Fontanella</em></p>
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Jeannet, Angela M., and Silvana Grasso. "La pupa di zucchero." World Literature Today 76, no. 2 (2002): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40157457.
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Janssen, Dirk, Almudena Simón, Maher Boulares, and Leticia Ruiz. "Host Species-Dependent Transmission of Tomato Leaf Curl New Delhi Virus-ES by Bemisia tabaci." Plants 11, no. 3 (January 30, 2022): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11030390.
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The tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) is a bipartite, single-stranded begomovirus that was first identified in India in 1995 affecting solanaceous crops. A different strain, named ToLCNDV-ES, was introduced in Spain in 2012 and causes severe symptoms in zucchini crops. Virus transmission experiments with the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, were used to compare the transmission parameters in zucchini and tomato plants. The minimum acquisition access period and inoculation access period of ToLCNDV-ES transmission was similar in zucchini and tomato. However, the transmission efficiency was significantly higher in zucchini (96%) compared to tomato (2%). The maximum retention of the virus in the vector was 16 days. B. tabaci feeding on, or recently emerged from infected zucchini plants, accumulated more virus than those from infected tomato, as determined by real-time PCR. A total of 20% of B. tabaci that were recently emerged from infected zucchini, and none from infected tomato, were able to transmit the virus to virus-free zucchini. The results may explain the different incidences of ToLCNDV-ES in zucchini and tomato crops in Spain. But they are also relevant for ToLCNDV-ES management of crops and the role of the trade and transport of infected plant material, when small-sized immature stages of B. tabaci could be a source of infection.
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Ortega, Sergio Garza, and Andres Tacho Amaya. "151 HIGH YIELDS OF SUMMER SQUASH LINES AND HYBRID COMBINATIONS." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 450d—450. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.450d.
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The Gray Zucchini cultivar of summer squash is widely consumed as a fresh market vegetable in Northwest Mexico but is highly suceptible to viral diseases. Gray Zucchini type lines were developed by interspecific hybridization using a local landrace of Cucurbita moschata, which has shown high levels of viral resistance, as male parent and suceptible C. pepo cv. classic as female. The lines were obtained after 4 backcrossing and 3-5 selfing generations. In 1993 average commercial yield of first generation hybrids between lines was 28,155 kg/ha followed by line × Gray Zucchini hybrids, lines, commercial hybrids (Classic. Corsair, Onyx, Raven), and open pollinated cultivars (Gray Zucchini, Black Zucchini) with 26,594, 21,062, 18,862 and 10,172 kg/ha respectively. Yield was inversely related to symptoms of viral infection.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Zuccheri"
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Tedeschi, Silvia <1994>. "Studio degli amminoacidi e degli zuccheri nelle diverse frazioni dell’aerosol artico." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/15221.
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L’obiettivo della seguente tesi consiste nello studio delle principali sorgenti naturali ed antropiche e dei processi di trasporto di amminoacidi e zuccheri nelle diverse classi dimensionali dell’aerosol atmosferico artico. I campioni sono stati raccolti con un impattore multistadio ad alto volume a Gruvebadet, Ny Alesund (Isole Svalbard) dal 2 aprile al 29 giugno 2014, con una frequenza di campionamento di sei giorni. I campioni sono stati trattati successivamente in clean-room tramite estrazione ad ultrasuoni in acqua ultrapura.
La determinazione degli amminoacidi è stata eseguita attraverso cromatografia liquida ad alta prestazione accoppiata a spettrometria di massa (triplo quadrupolo). Gli zuccheri sono stati determinati mediante cromatografia ionica accoppiata a spettrometria di massa (singolo quadrupolo). La quantificazione dei composti studiati è stata effettuata attraverso l’utilizzo del metodo dello standard interno.
La concentrazione media di amminoacidi nell’aerosol artico è di 0,7 +- 0,5 ng/m3, mentre gli zuccheri sono stati rilevati ad una concentrazione media pari a 0,6 +- 0,5 ng/m3. Entrambi i gruppi di composti sono distribuiti in misura maggiore nella frazione fine e questo può essere indice di trasporto a lunga distanza.
Tra le sorgenti principali degli amminoacidi, si ritiene che la più importante sia la produzione biologica primaria marina e grazie al processo di “bubble bursting” gli amminoacidi presenti nelle acque marine vengono liberati in atmosfera.
Per quanto riguarda gli zuccheri, le sorgenti sono di carattere biogenico, tra cui combustione di biomassa, emissione da spray marino e decomposizione batterica.
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GARUFI, ALESSANDRA. "Interazione tra le proteine 14-3-3 e l'H+-ATPasi di membrana plasmatica: ruolo delle poliammine e via di trasduzione indotta dagli zuccheri." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/531.
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14-3-3 proteins are a family of dimeric proteins found in in every eukaryotic organism. Over 100 proteins bind to 14-3-3, including various protein kinases and phosphatases: proteins involved in cell cycle control and in transcriptional control of gene expression, metabolism, and apoptosis. 14-3-3 proteins are known in plants as regulators of the proton pump H+-ATPase.
Plasma membrane H+-ATPases constitute a family of proton pumps driven by hydrolysis of ATP and are found exclusively in the plasma membrane of plants and fungi. The enzyme's C-terminus regulatory domain is an autoinhibitory domain that interacts directly with regulatory protein 14-3-3.
The study carried out in this thesis has been divided in two parts: in the first one we investigated the possible role of the polyamines in modulating 14-3-3 association with the H+-ATPase.
Polyamines are abundant polycationic compounds involved in many plant physiological processes such as cell division, dormancy breaking, plant morphogenesis and response to environmental stresses.
In vivo experiments demonstrate that, among the different polyamines, spermine brings about two fold stimulation of the H+-ATPase activity and this effect is due to an increasing of 14-3-3 levels associated with the enzyme. In vivo administration of polyamines synthesis inhibitors causes a significant decrease of the H+-ATPase phosphohydrolitic activity, demonstrating a physiological role of the polyamines in regulating the enzyme activity. Spermine stimulates the activity of the H+-ATPase AHA1 expressed in yeast ER, in the presence of exogenous 14-3-3 proteins. Moreover, spermine strongly stabilizes the 14-3-3 association with regulatory C-terminal domain of the proton pump. Comparison of spermine with Mg2+, necessary for binding of 14-3-3s to different target proteins, shows that polyamine effect is stronger and additive to that of the divalent cation.
In the second part of this thesis we analyzed a sugar-mediated regulation of plasma membrane H+-ATPase.
Since the involvement of 14-3-3 proteins in sugar sensing regulated processes has recently emerged, in this thesis we address the question as to whether sugars sensing plays a role in the regulation of the H+-ATPase. The data reported show that sugar depletion inhibits the association of 14-3-3 proteins to the H+-ATPase by hampering phosphorylation of the 14-3-3 binding site of the enzyme. By using non-metabolizable disaccharides it is proven that H+-ATPase regulation by 14-3-3 proteins can involve a specific sugar perception and transduction mechanism.
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CADAMURO, FRANCESCA. "Generation of functionalised biomaterial for biomedical applications." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023. https://hdl.handle.net/10281/402442.
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Lo sviluppo di tessuti biologici 3D artificiali richiede che cellule specifiche siano ospitate da uno scaffold sintetico che imita al meglio la matrice extracellulare (ECM) del tessuto, contenente specifiche molecole di segnalazione bioattive, che svolgono un ruolo importante nell'omeostasi cellulare. Più un modello ECM 3D in vitro replica queste condizioni, più le cellule all'interno replicheranno i comportamenti e i segnali delle cellule in vivo. Infatti, il microambiente cellulare è specifico per ogni organo e tessuto e svolge un ruolo fondamentale nella crescita cellulare, nel differenziamento e nella comunicazione tra cellule ed è coinvolto nella patogenesi.
Lo scopo del progetto di dottorato è la progettazione, la sintesi, la caratterizzazione e la reticolazione di polimeri biocompatibili impiegabili come matrice cellula-specifica per lo sviluppo di modelli 3D tissutali in vitro utili per la validazione di farmaci e nuove terapie. A questo scopo sono state studiate reazioni chemoselettive per funzionalizzare e reticolare biomateriali polimerici al fine di generare "bioinchiostri" adatti per la biostampa 3D di ECM artificiale. Considerando il ruolo rilevante degli zuccheri come molecole di segnalazione in ECM, in grado di indurre anche eventi patologici, abbiamo deciso di generare ECM artificiali coniugati covalentemente con diversi zuccheri opportunamente selezionati. In questa tesi vengono descritti tre diversi approcci sintetici per generare modelli tissutali con caratteristiche diverse: (i) idrogel coniugato con zuccheri ottenuto dalla reticolazione di glico-gelatine e acido ialuronico strain – promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC); (ii) elastina – acido ialuronico reticolato tramite la reazione di addizione di Michael; (iii) alginato – idrogel di gelatina ottenuto mediante doppia reticolazione statico-dinamica (tramite HRP e acido boronico). Gli idrogel glicoconiugati sono stati testati come modello tissutale in vitro di cancro al colon in collaborazione con l'Ospedale San Gerardo (Monza, Italia) e come modello tissutale in vitro di cancro gastrico in collaborazione con i3S - Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (Porto, Portugal), nel laboratorio del Prof. Celso Reis.The production of artificial 3D biological tissues requires that specific cells are hosted by a synthetic scaffold mimicking at the best the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the tissue, containing specific bioactive signaling molecules, which play an important role in the cellular homeostasis. The more closely a 3D in vitro ECM model replicates those conditions, the more closely the cells inside will replicate the behaviours and responses of cells in vivo. Indeed, the cell microenvironment is tissue and organ specific and play a fundamental role in cell growth, cell differentiation and communication, and is involved in pathogenesis. Aim of the PhD project is the design, the synthesis, the characterization and crosslinking of biocompatible polymers employable as cell-specific matrix for the development of 3D tissue in vitro models useful for drug and new therapies validation. To this purpose chemoselective reactions have been investigated to functionalize and crosslink polymeric biomaterials in order to generate suitable “bioinks” for 3D bioprinting of artificial ECM. Considering the relevant role of glycans as signalling molecules in ECM, able to also induce pathological event, we decided to generate artificial ECMs covalently conjugated with different, properly selected glycans. In this thesis three different synthetic approaches are described to generate tissue models with different characteristics: (i) glycol-conjugate hydrogel obtained by the crosslinking of glyco-gelatins and hyaluronic acid via strain – promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC); (ii) elastin – hyaluronic acid crosslinked via Michael addition reaction; (iii) alginate – gelatin hydrogel obtained by dual static-dynamic crosslinking (via HRP and boronic acid). The glycoconjugate hydrogels have been tested as colon cancer in vitro tissue model in collaboration with San Gerardo Hospital (Monza, Italy) and as gastric cancer in vitro tissue model in collaboration with i3S - Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (Porto, Portugal), in the laboratory of Prof. Celso Reis.
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BOZKIR, EDA. "Genotypic variation of French bean yield and quality." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/274908.
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Il fagiolino è il baccello immaturo di molte specie di fagiolo e in particolare del Phaseolus vulgaris, e rappresenta un importante coltura orticola in diversi ordinamenti colturali. Tuttavia, le informazioni su determinanti genetici della qualità del fagiolino, e in particolare del contenuto zuccherino e dell’acidità, non sono disponibili in letteratura scientifica. Scopo della presente tesi è quindi stato studiare le differenze genotipiche in diverse accessioni di fagiolino in termini di contenuto zuccherino, contenuto in acidi e pH. In particolare, sono stati condotti tre esperimenti, in laboratorio, serra e campo, e varie metodologie per l’analisi del contenuto zuccherino sono state esplorate.
L’acido malico è stato sempre trovato in campioni concelati/surgelati. Il contenuto zuccherino è stato molto alto, ma variabile nei campioni freschi e basso e poco variabile in quelli congelati/surgelati. Nella prova in serra, sei genotipi sono stati studiati ed è emerso chiaramente che la dimensione del baccello aveva un forte controllo genotipico a parità di epoca di raccolta, mentre la resa e il numero di baccelli sono variati sia in funzione del genotipo, sia del momento di raccolta. Al contrario della serra, nella prova di campo il peso medio del baccello e il contenuto zuccherino non hanno mostrato differenze tra le tesi, mentre i genotipi hanno mostrato variazioni per il contenuto in acido malico e pH de baccello. Nella systematic map sull’amido resistente del fagiolo, è emerso che i lavori nel settore sono pochi, sebbene sufficienti a delineare alcune caratteristiche relazionate a questo carattere. In particolare, sono stati trovati 1893 studi complessivi relazionati al carattere in esame nelle specie vegetali, dei quali solo 327 riguardavano i legumi. Ad ogni modo, i risultati hanno mostrato che l’amido resistente del fagiolo può conferire al prodotto interessanti caratteristiche nutrizionali e tecnologiche, le quali vanno esplorate adeguatamente.
In conclusione, il controllo genotipico sulla dimensione dei baccelli è apparso molto forte, analogamente al controllo sull’acidità. Questi caratteri, unitamente al contenuto in amido resistente, potrebbero essere presi in considerazione in futuri programmi di breeding.French beans are the fresh pods of Phaseolus vulgaris, which is an important crop both for agriculture, breeding, and nutritional studies. Aim of this research was to evaluate the genotypic differences among various green bean genotypes in terms of Brix, acidity, and pH. Three experiments were performed in the greenhouse and field conditions. In the literature, the protocols related to the sugar analysis in green beans are a few and not always applicable mainly due to the pod structure of green beans (less water, more fiber). Thus, the 1st experiment in the greenhouse was dedicated to find the most suitable method for green bean analysis. The 2nd small-scale greenhouse experiment served to evaluate the genotypic differences, and the yield traits of green beans. In the 3rd experiment, the genotypes were treated with/without the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and the possible effects of AMF were evaluated. Finally, a systematic mapping of the resistant starch content of legumes, beans and green beans was conducted, to underline the health benefits and technological properties of RS. Fresh green beans contained higher levels of malic acid than frozen ones. Sugar content was high and variable among the genotypes, and more in fresh samples than frozen ones. The results of the 1st greenhouse experiment showed that the yield and number of the pods were changing by the genotype x time interaction. However, the mean pod weight was strongly controlled by the genotype. In the field experiment, AMF didn’t affect the sugar content and pod weight of the genotypes studied. In terms of pH and malic acid content, there were significant differences among the genotypes; the string beans (Striga genotype) had the highest malic acid content and had lower pH than all others. As a conclusion, for all the parameters studied in the greenhouse and field; especially the pod size and acidity seem to be strongly under genotypic control. The other parameters were highly variable among genotypes. The sugar contents are similar, but the acidity and pH levels seemed to shape the taste of green beans. Resistant starch content of green beans can additionally be included in future breeding studies to understand its effect on the taste and yield characteristics.
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Florez, Koechlin Renzo, Avila Linda Geraldine Laura, Chavez Marco Alonso Montano, Beltran María Fe Raffo, and De Andrea Rafaella Nunzia Sueyras. "Keto Bites: Zucchini Chips." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/651769.
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Actualmente, el mercado de snacks en el Perú mueve $150 millones al año. Un pequeño segmento de este mercado se ve representado por los snacks saludables, que se encuentran en rápido crecimiento en estos últimos años. Según un estudio realizado por la consultora AiniaForward, el 50% de los consumidores asegura que ha aumentado su consumo de snacks saludables debido a una creciente preocupación por su salud, incremento en la oferta de productos de este tipo, mayor conveniencia y cambios en los hábitos consumo. Sin embargo, casi el 60% de los consumidores consultados declara que mejoraría los snacks actuales potenciando, sobre todo, el factor natural.
Dado este contexto, es oportuno señalar nuestro objetivo con este proyecto que es precisamente, atender a las necesidades del mercado de productos saludables. Nuestra propuesta de negocio se enfoca en el desarrollo y lanzamiento de un snack saludable al mercado limeño a través de eco tiendas, eco ferias y medios digitales. Nuestro producto se elabora en base de zucchini deshidratado que es bajo en carbohidratos y calorías, que brinda las propiedades de una dieta cetogénica, con la inmediatez de consumo y conveniencia de un snack. Una dieta cetogénica es efectiva para la pérdida rápida de peso, y que incluso tiene un efectivo positivo para las personas que padecen de diabetes ya que ayuda con la reducción de la insulina.
Se estima que el tamaño de mercado para Keto Bites es de 69518 habitantes, lo que representa un tamaño de mercado de s/. 63’623,040. Finalmente, se estima que durante los 3 años del proyecto se alcanzarán ventas por S/.756,623. Se tendrá valor financiero de S/.95,887 soles y con un retorno de la inversión en menos de 1 año.Currently, the snack market in Peru moves $150 million annually. A small segment in this market is represented by healthy snacks, which are growing rapidly in recent years. According to a study by the consulting firm AiniaForward, 50% of consumers say that their consumption of healthy snacks has increased due to a growing concern for their health, increased offer of products of this type, greater convenience and changes in habits consumption. However, almost 60% of the consumers consulted declare that they would improve upon the current snacks, promoting, above all, the natural factor. Given this context, it is appropriate to point out our objective with this project, which is precisely to meet the needs of the market for healthy products. Our business proposal focuses on the development and launch of healthy snacks to the Lima market through eco stores, eco fairs and digital media. Our product is made out of dehydrated zucchini, low in carbohydrates and calories that provide the properties of a ketogenic diet, with the immediacy of consumption and convenience of a snack. A ketogenic diet is effective for rapid weight loss, and it even has a positive effective for people suffering from diabetes as it helps with insulin reduction. It is estimated that the market size for Keto Bites is 69,518 inhabitants, which represents a market size of s/. 63’623,040. Finally, the sales estimates over the three year of operation is S/. 756,623. It will have a financial value of S/.95,887 and a return on investment in less than 1 years.
Trabajo de investigación
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DI, SANTI GIANCARLO. "La Fabbrica dello zucchero nella terra del tamburo." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/365.
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Questa ricerca tratta della fine del mondo, una fine del mondo che si avvia con l’arrivo dei bianchi. L’impatto dell’invasione va ben oltre gli aspetti politici ed economici legati al dominio e alla sopraffazione coloniali, investendo anche la sfera dei rapporti sociali, influenzando vigorosamente i rapporti e gli equilibri con le altre etnie locali e inducendo una rielaborazione complessiva della civiltà Turka.
La tesi si articola in tre capitoli. Il primo capitolo è dedicato alla trascrizione dei colloqui che costituiscono la base documentaria di partenza.
Il secondo capitolo analizza e indaga la cultura tradizionale che nell’impianto di questa ricerca risulta in crisi.
Il terzo capitolo si sofferma sul mondo attuale del villaggio. Vi si descrive l’incontro-confronto tra cultura tradizionale e processo di modernizzazione.
Si è poi ritenuto indispensabile per l’articolazione stessa della tesi procedere ad una breve introduzione storica basata su fonti di archivio locali e sulla scarsissima bibliografia. Questa breve introduzione storica ha la funzione di contestualizzare i problemi in riferimento a diversi ambiti geografici, territoriali ed economici che si sovrappongono. Mentre la breve premessa metodologica vuole essere un piccolo tributo al carattere multidisciplinare del Dottorato e della tesi.
Nella tesi sono dunque i problemi legati al processo di modernizzazione a rappresentare, in alcuni casi esplicitamente in altri casi meno, il filo conduttore che mette insieme il vasto “repertorio” dei dati raccolti sul campo.This thesis is about the "End of the World" begun with the colonization of Burkina Faso by white-western civilization. The impact of colonization was not only political and economical, instead it strongly influenced the sphere of social relations and affected the balance with the other ethnic groups. This produced a new elaboration of the whole Turka civilization. The thesis is divided in three chapters: the first chapter contains the transcription of the interviews, the main documental base of the research; the second chapter analyzes the crisis of the traditional culture; the third chapter focuses on the present world of the village, describing the encounter and confrontation between traditional culture and modernity. We thought it was indispensable to write a historical introduction in order to give a solid background to the ethnograpic approach and link it to geographical, political and economic problems already existing in the area. A short methodologic foreword intends to give account to the multidisciplinarity of the PhD program.
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Turrini, Stefano. "Cotone, zucchero, alfalfa. Il grande progetto tra sviluppo e "sradicamento" territoriale." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3427303.
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Lungo tutto il ventesimo secolo, i tentativi dello stato sudanese di rafforzare la propria sovranità sono stati raggiunti attraverso l'impianto di grandi progetti agricoli nelle zone asciutte del Paese, attraversate dal Nilo e dai suoi tributari. Al momento dell'istituzione dei progetti, le aree rurali coinvolte, caratterizzate da attività nomadico-pastorali e di agricoltura pluviale hanno perso la loro complessità socio-ambientale, divenendo spazi semplificati, come richiesto dalla pianificazione monocolturale. L'esempio della Gezira, una monocoltura di cotone imposta dai britannici, chiarisce come lo stato abbia potuto consolidare il proprio controllo sul territorio cancellando le precedenti dinamiche locali ed imponendone di nuove, funzionali all'esercizio del suo potere. Nel periodo post-coloniale, lo stato sudanese è stato capace di rafforzare il proprio controllo sul territorio continuando a realizzare grandi progetti agricoli, grazie al sostanziale sostegno finanziario dei Paesi del Golfo: il progetto della Kenana Sugar Company rappresenta l'esempio più importante di questa fase. Al contrario, oggi lo stato è impegnato in un'opera di denazionalizzazione del territorio. Esso agisce come un mediatore che offre le risorse nazionali (terra e acqua) ad investitori stranieri: i progetti presenti nel Sudan settentrionale e centrale, diretti alla produzione di foraggio, manifestano questa recente tendenza.Throughout the twentieth century, the attempts of the Sudanese state to strengthen its sovereignty were achieved through the establishment of large-scale agricultural projects in the drylands of the Country, which are located along the Nile and its tributaries. At the time of the establishment of the projects, these areas characterised by agropastoral activities lost their socioenvironmental complexity, becoming simplified spaces as dictated by planned agriculture. The case of Gezira, a cotton monoculture imposed by the British, clarify how the state has been able to consolidate its territorial control by deleting previous local dynamics and setting up new ones, functional to the exercise of its power. In the post-colonial era, the Sudanese state was able to reinforce its control on the territory by prosecuting in the implementation of agricultural projects, thanks to the substantial financial support from the Gulf countries: the project of the Kenana Sugar Company is the most important example in this phase. On the contrary, today, the state is engaged in a process of territorial denationalization. It acts as a company that offers national resources (land and water) to non-national authorities: the projects in northern and central Sudan, aimed at the production of fodder, are the spatial manifestation of this recent trend.
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Cesari, Giulia. "Potenziale applicativo di lieviti ad uso enologico isolati da fermentazioni spontanee." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.
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La mia tesi si è incentrata sull'analisi e la caratterizzazione dei principali caratteri convenzionali e non di 8 ceppi di lievito isolati da vinificazioni spontanee di mostro lambrusco e sangiovese: quattro starmerelle bacillaris e quattro saccharomyces cerevisiae, relazionandone le differenze e valutando la possibilità di utilizzarli insieme durante fermentazioni scalari o sostituendo i cerevisiae con le starmerelle per non standardizzare troppo il prodotto.
I ceppi selezionati , sono stati identificati mediante tecniche molecolari e caratterizzati secondo i protocolli oiv per le cinetiche di fermentazione in mosto sintetico a 15°C e 25°C valutando: l'attività beta glucosidasica, la capacità di produrre idrogeno solforato. Inoltre i vini sintetici ottenuti con i ceppi studiati sono stati caratterizzati per il contenuto in glicerolo, il profilo in molecole volatili e le analisi enologiche di base.
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Langrock, Roland [Verfasser], Walter [Akademischer Betreuer] Zucchini, Iain L. [Akademischer Betreuer] Macdonald, and Tatyana [Akademischer Betreuer] Krivobokova. "On some special-purpose hidden Markov models / Roland Langrock. Gutachter: Walter Zucchini ; Iain L. MacDonald ; Tatyana Krivobokova. Betreuer: Walter Zucchini." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1043666923/34.
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Landau, Katja [Verfasser], Walter Akademischer Betreuer] Zucchini, Stephan [Akademischer Betreuer] Klasen, and Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] [Kneib. "Messung der Vulnerabilität der Armut - Eine statistische Analyse mit deutschen Paneldaten / Katja Landau. Gutachter: Walter Zucchini ; Stephan Klasen ; Thomas Kneib. Betreuer: Walter Zucchini." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2012. http://d-nb.info/104473647X/34.
Full textBooks on the topic "Zuccheri"
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Novati, Maria Maddalena, and Marina Vaccarini. Marino Zuccheri & Friends. Milan]: Die Schachtel, 2018.
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Life's little zucchini cookbook: 101 zucchini recipes. Marquette, Mich: Avery Color Studios, 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Zuccheri"
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MacDonnell, Joseph F. "Zucchi, Nicollo." In Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers, 2430–31. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9917-7_1532.
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Szabados, László, Cirilo Flórez Miguel, Fabrizio Bònoli, Roy H. Garstang, Roser Puig, Anne J. Kox, Martin Solc, et al. "Zucchi, Nicollo." In The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers, 1268. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_1532.
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Sastry, K. Subramanya, Bikash Mandal, John Hammond, S. W. Scott, and R. W. Briddon. "Cucurbita pepo (Summer squash, Zucchini, Vegetable marrow)." In Encyclopedia of Plant Viruses and Viroids, 741–67. New Delhi: Springer India, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3912-3_276.
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Peter, Gary, William Rottmann, Takahide Sato, Pung-Ling Huang, Paul Oeller, Julie Keller, Jean Murphy, and Athanasios Theologis. "ACC Synthase Genes in Zucchini and Tomato." In Plant Molecular Biology 2, 737–46. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3304-7_73.
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Neumann, G., A. Hülster, and H. Marschner. "Identifizierung PCDD/PCDF-Mobilisierender Verbindungen in Wurzelexsudaten von Zucchini." In Rhizosphärenprozesse, Umweltstreß und Ökosystemstabilität, 167–75. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-83429-4_20.
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Lecoq, H., and D. E. Purcifull. "Biological variability of potyviruses, an example: zucchini yellow mosaic virus." In Potyvirus Taxonomy, 229–34. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6920-9_22.
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Stephenson, A. G., J. A. Winsor, and C. D. Schlichting. "Evidence for Non-Random Fertilization in the Common Zucchini, Cucurbita pepo." In Sexual Reproduction in Higher Plants, 333–38. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73271-3_53.
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Stephenson, A. G., J. A. Winsor, and L. E. Davis. "Effects of Pollen Load Size on Fruit Maturation and Sporophyte Quality in Zucchini." In Biotechnology and Ecology of Pollen, 429–34. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8622-3_69.
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Messerschmidt, A., M. Bolognesi, A. Finazzi-Agrò, and R. Ladenstein. "State of X-Ray Structure Determination of Ascorbate Oxidase from Green Zucchini Squash." In Crystallography in Molecular Biology, 413–16. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5272-3_38.
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Yu, Q., F. Baluška, D. Volkmann, and H. Goldbach. "Rapid responses of cytoskeleton to short-term boron deprivation in maize and zucchini root apices." In Plant Nutrition, 158–59. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47624-x_76.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Zuccheri"
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Alkhatib, Rami, Tarek El Bobo, Afif Swaidan, Jad Al Soussi, Mohamad O. Diab, and Nassim Khaled. "Design of Robotic Manipulator to Hollow Out Zucchini." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-24389.
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Abstract Robotics entered the food industry starting from packaging to cooking. Zucchini is an important dish in the Middle Eastern kitchen. The eventual challenge of hollowing out Zucchini is to avoid poking its bottom with the corer. This paper introduces a novel robotic mechanism for hollowing out zucchini tasks precisely and efficiently. The mobility of the robot arm ensured a smooth hollowing while the corer is put in motion. Moreover, frames are assigned to the tip of the corer, holder, zucchini and camera to avoid stabbing the zucchini bottom. Accordingly, the special Euclidean group of the homogenous transformation matrices derived between different links are discussed in the context of their properties. The kinematic analysis is based on Mozzi-Chasles’ theorem rather than using the traditional Denavit Hartenberg convention for better task-oriented planning of hollowing out zucchini mechanism. Results indicate a promising mechanism that is well designed, simple and easy to build, maintained and most importantly to perform the required task. This paper forms an important block in building the whole automated system to hollow out Zucchini.
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Terres, Hilario, Sandra Chavez, Raymundo Lopez, Arturo Lizardi, and Araceli Lara. "Evaluation of Heating Process of Apple, Eggplant, Zucchini and Potato by Means of Their Thermal Properties." In ASME 2016 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2016 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2016-7140.
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In this work, the heating process for apple, eggplant, zucchini and potato by means of evaluation of their thermal properties and the Biot number determined in experimental form is presented. The heating process is carried out using a solar cooker box-type as heating device. The thermal experimental properties determined are conductivity (k), density (D), specific heat (C), diffusivity (Dif) and the Biot number (Bi) for each product evaluated. In the experimentation, temperatures for center and surface in each product and water were measured in controlled conditions. For those measures, a device Compact Fieldpoint and thermocouples placed in the points studied were used. By using correlations with temperature as function, k, D and C were calculated, while by using equations in transitory state for the products modeled as sphere and cylinder was possible to estimate the Biot number after calculation of the heat transfer coefficient for each case. Results indicate the higher value for k, C and Dif correspond to zucchini (0.65 W/m °C, 4084.5 J/kg °C, 1.5 × 10−7 m2), while higher value for D correspond to potato (1197.5 kg/m3). The lowest values for k and C were obtained for potato (0.59 W/m °C, 3658.3 J/kg °C) while lowest values for D and Dif, correspond to zucchini (998.2 kg/m3) and potato (1.45 × 10−7 m2/s) respectively. The maximum and minimum values for Bi corresponded to potato (21.4) and zucchini (0.41) in respective way. The results obtained are very useful in applications for solar energy devices, where estimates for properties are very important to generate new results, for example, numerical simulations. Also, results could be used to evaluate the cooking power in solar cookers when the study object is oriented in that direction.
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McFarland, Mike. "Melittia cucurbitae(squash vine borer) attraction to zucchini as a trap crop." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.115082.
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Korobov, V. A., D. O. Morozov, and V. V. Bukreev. "STRESS REACTION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS ON CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PESTICIDES." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS. DSTU-PRINT, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.1.164-167.
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A comparative assessment of the stress reactions of potato, soybean, corn, barley, table beet, sunflower, cucumber, tomato, zucchini, pumpkin on the use of chemical and biological pesticides in field experiments was carried out. It was found that soy, barley and table beet showed a strong stress response to chemical pesticides.Biological pesticides separately and in combination with chemical plant protection products caused mild and moderate stress in the studied cultures.A close correlation was revealed between plant stress from chemical pesticides and changes in crop productivity.
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Zim, Jamaa, Amlal Aitikkou, Moulay Hicham EL Omari, Soumia EL Malahi, Khalid Azim, Abdelaziz Hirich, Abdelaziz Nilahyane, and Ali Oumouloud. "A New Organic Amendment Based on Insect Frass for Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) Cultivation." In LAFOBA2. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016028.
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Bracci, Alessandro, Luca Baldini, Nicoletta Roberto, Elisa Adirosi, Mario Montopoli, Claudio Scarchilli, Paolo Grigioni, Virginia Ciardini, Vincenzo Levizzani, and Federico Porcu. "Evidence of sublimation in the vertical profiles of radar reflectivity and its impact on snowfall estimation at the ground at Mario Zucchelli Antarctic Station." In 2022 3rd URSI Atlantic and Asia Pacific Radio Science Meeting (AT-AP-RASC). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/at-ap-rasc54737.2022.9814266.
Full textReports on the topic "Zuccheri"
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Fresquez, P. R., M. A. Mullen, L. Jr Naranjo, and D. R. Armstrong. Radionuclide concentrations in pinto beans, sweet corn, and zucchini squash grown in Los Alamos Canyon at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/471427.
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Pell, Eva J., Sarah M. Assmann, Amnon Schwartz, and Hava Steinberger. Ozone Altered Stomatal/Guard Cell Function: Whole Plant and Single Cell Analysis. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573082.bard.
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Original objectives (revisions from original proposal are highlighted) 1. Elucidate the direct effects O3 and H2O2 on guard cell function, utilizing assays of stomatal response in isolated epidermal peels and whole cell gas exchange. 2. Determine the mechanistic basis of O3 and H2O2 effects on the plasma membrane through application of the electrophysiological technique of patch clamping to isolated guard cells. 3. Determine the relative sensitivity of Israeli cultivars of economically important crops to O3 and determine whether differential leaf conductance responses to O3 can explain relative sensitivity to the air pollutant: transfer of technological expertise to Israel. Background to the topic For a long time O3 has been known to reduce gas exchange in plants; it has however been unclear if O3 can affect the stomatal complex directly. Ion channels are essential in stomatal regulation, but O3 has never before been shown to affect these directly. Major conclusions, solution, achievements 1. Ozone inhibits light-induced stomatal opening in epidermal peels isolated from Vicia faba, Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum in V. faba plants this leads to reduced assimilation without a direct effect on the photosynthetic apparatus. Stomatal opening is more sensitive to O3 than stomatal closure. 2. Ozone causes inhibition of inward K+ channels (involved in stomatal opening) while no detectable effect is observed o the outward K+ channels (stomatal closure). 3. Hydrogen peroxide inhibits stomatal opening and induces stomatal closure in epidermal peels isolated from Vicia faba. 4. Hydrogen peroxide enhances stomatal closure by increasing K+ efflux from guard cells via outward rectifying K+ channels. 5. Based on epidermal peel experiments we have indirectly shown that Ca2+ may play a role in the guard cell response to O3. However, direct measurement of the guard cell [Ca2+]cyt did not show a response to O3. 6. Three Israeli cultivars of zucchini, Clarita, Yarden and Bareqet, were shown to be relatively sensitive to O3 (0.12 ml1-1 ). 7. Two environmentally important Israeli pine species are adversely affected by O3, even at 0.050 ml1-1 , a level frequently exceeded under local tropospheric conditions. P. brutia may be better equipped than P. halepensis to tolerate O3 stress. 8. Ozone directly affects pigment biosynthesis in pine seedlings, as well as the metabolism of O5 precursors, thus affecting the allocation of resources among various metabolic pathways. 9. Ozone induces activity of antioxidant enzymes, and of ascorbate content i the mesophyll and epidermis cells of Commelina communis L. Implications, both scientific and agricultural We have improved the understanding of how O3 and H2O2 do affect guard cell and stomatal function. We have shown that economical important Israeli species like zucchini and pine are relatively sensitive to O3.
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Whitham, Steven A., Amit Gal-On, and Victor Gaba. Post-transcriptional Regulation of Host Genes Involved with Symptom Expression in Potyviral Infections. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7593391.bard.
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Understanding how RNA viruses cause disease symptoms in their hosts is expected to provide information that can be exploited to enhance modern agriculture. The helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro) protein of potyviruses has been implicated in symptom development. Previously, we demonstrated that symptom expression is associated with binding of duplex small-interfering-RNA (duplex-siRNA) to a highly conserved FRNK amino acid motif in the HC-Pro of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV). This binding activity also alters host microRNA (miRNA) profiles. In Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), which infects the model plant Arabidopsis, mutation of the FRNK motif to FINK was lethal providing further indication of the importance of this motif to HC-Pro function. In this continuation project, our goal was to further investigate how ZYMV and TuMV cause the mis-expression of genes in cucurbits and Arabidopsis, respectively, and to correlate altered gene expression with disease symptoms. Objective 1 was to examine the roles of aromatic and positively charged residues F164RNH and K215RLF adjacent to FR180NK in small RNA binding. Objective 2 was to determine the target genes of the miRNAs which change during HC-Pro expression in infected tissues and transgenic cucumber. Objective 3 was to characterize RNA silencing mechanisms underlying differential expression of host genes. Objective 4 was to analyze the function of miRNA target genes and differentially expressed genes in potyvirus-infected tissues. We found that the charged K/R amino acid residues in the FKNH and KRLF motifs are essential for virus viability. Replacement of K to I in FKNH disrupted duplex-siRNA binding and virus infectivity, while in KRLF mutants duplex-siRNA binding was maintained and virus infectivity was limited: symptomless following a recovery phenomenon. These findings expanded the duplex-siRNA binding activity of HC-Pro to include the adjacent FRNK and FRNH sites. ZYMV causes many squash miRNAs to hyper-accumulate such as miR166, miR390, mir168, and many others. Screening of mir target genes showed that only INCURVATA-4 and PHAVOLUTA were significantly upregulated following ZYMVFRNK infection. Supporting this finding, we found similar developmental symptoms in transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing P1-HC-Pro of a range of potyviruses to those observed in miR166 mutants. We characterized increased transcription of AGO1 in response to infection with both ZYMV strains. Differences in viral siRNA profiles and accumulation between mild and severe virus infections were characterized by Illumina sequencing, probably due to the differences in HC-Pro binding activity. We determined that the TuMV FINK mutant could accumulate and cause symptoms in dcl2 dcl4 or dcl2 dcl3 dcl4 mutants similar to TuMV FRNK in wild type Arabidopsis plants. These dcl mutant plants are defective in antiviral defenses, and the results show that factors other than HC-ProFRNK motif can induce symptoms in virus-infected plants. As a result of this work, we have a better understanding of the FRNK and FKNH amino acid motifs of HC-Pro and their contributions to the duplex-siRNA binding functions. We have identified plant genes that potentially contribute to infectivity and symptoms of virus infected plants when they are mis-expressed during potyviral infections. The results establish that there are multiple underlying molecular mechanisms that lead viral pathogenicity, some dependent on HC-Pro. The potential benefits include the development of novel strategies for controlling diseases caused by viruses, methods to ensure stable expression of transgenes in genetically improved crops, and improved potyvirus vectors for expression of proteins or peptides in plants.
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Whitham, Steven A., Amit Gal-On, and Tzahi Arazi. Functional analysis of virus and host components that mediate potyvirus-induced diseases. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7591732.bard.
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The mechanisms underlying the development of symptoms in response to virus infection remain to be discovered in plants. Insight into symptoms induced by potyviruses comes from evidence implicating the potyviral HC-Pro protein in symptom development. In particular, recent studies link the development of symptoms in infected plants to HC-Pro's ability to interfere with small RNA metabolism and function in plant hosts. Moreover, mutation of the highly conserved FRNK amino acid motif to FINK in the HC-Pro of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) converts a severe strain into an asymptomatic strain, but does not affect virus accumulation in cucurbit hosts. The ability of this FINK mutation to uncouple symptoms from virus accumulation creates a unique opportunity to study symptom etiology, which is usually confounded by simultaneous attenuation of both symptoms and virus accumulation. Our goal was to determine how mutations in the conserved FRNK motif affect host responses to potyvirus infection in cucurbits and Arabidopsis thaliana. Our first objective was to define those amino acids in the FRNK motif that are required for symptoms by mutating the FRNK motif in ZYMV and Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). Symptom expression and accumulation of resulting mutant viruses in cucurbits and Arabidopsis was determined. Our second objective was to identify plant genes associated with virus disease symptoms by profiling gene expression in cucurbits and Arabidopsis in response to mutant and wild type ZYMV and TuMV, respectively. Genes from the two host species that are differentially expressed led us to focus on a subset of genes that are expected to be involved in symptom expression. Our third objective was to determine the functions of small RNA species in response to mutant and wild type HC-Pro protein expression by monitoring the accumulation of small RNAs and their targets in Arabidopsis and cucurbit plants infected with wild type and mutant TuMV and ZYMV, respectively. We have found that the maintenance of the charge of the amino acids in the FRNK motif of HC-Pro is required for symptom expression. Reduced charge (FRNA, FRNL) lessen virus symptoms, and maintain the suppression of RNA silencing. The FRNK motif is involved in binding of small RNA species including microRNAs (miRNA) and short interfering RNAs (siRNA). This binding activity mediated by the FRNK motif has a role in protecting the viral genome from degradation by the host RNA silencing system. However, it also provides a mechanism by which the FRNK motif participates in inducing the symptoms of viral infection. Small RNA species, such as miRNA and siRNA, can regulate the functions of plant genes that affect plant growth and development. Thus, this binding activity suggests a mechanism by which ZYMVHC-Pro can interfere with plant development resulting in disease symptoms. Because the host genes regulated by small RNAs are known, we have identified candidate host genes that are expected to play a role in symptoms when their regulation is disrupted during viral infections. As a result of this work, we have a better understanding of the FRNK amino acid motif of HC-Pro and its contribution to the functions of HC-Pro, and we have identified plant genes that potentially contribute to symptoms of virus infected plants when their expression becomes misregulated during potyviral infections. The results set the stage to establish the roles of specific host genes in viral pathogenicity. The potential benefits include the development of novel strategies for controlling diseases caused by viruses, methods to ensure stable expression of transgenes in genetically improved crops, and improved potyvirus vectors for expression of proteins or peptides in plants.
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Grumet, Rebecca, and Benjamin Raccah. Identification of Potyviral Domains Controlling Systemic Infection, Host Range and Aphid Transmission. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7695842.bard.
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Potyviruses form one of the largest and most economically important groups of plant viruses. Individual potyviruses and their isolates vary in symptom expression, host range, and ability to overcome host resistance genes. Understanding factors influencing these biological characteristics is of agricultural importance for epidemiology and deployment of resistance strategies. Cucurbit crops are subject to severe losses by several potyviruses including the highly aggressive and variable zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV). In this project we sought to investigate protein domains in ZYMV that influence systemic infection and host range. Particular emphasis was on coat protein (CP), because of known functions in both cell to cell and long distance movement, and helper component-protease (HC-Pro), which has been implicated to play a role in symptom development and long distance movement. These two genes are also essential for aphid mediated transmission, and domains that influence disease development may also influence transmissibility. The objectives of the approved BARD project were to test roles of specific domains in the CP and HC-Pro by making sequence alterations or switches between different isolates and viruses, and testing for infectivity, host range, and aphid transmissibility. These objectives were largely achieved as described below. Finally, we also initiated new research to identify host factors interacting with potyviral proteins and demonstrated interaction between the ZYMV RNA dependent RNA polymerase and host poly-(A)-binding protein (Wang et al., in press). The focus of the CP studies (MSU) was to investigate the role of the highly variable amino terminus (NT) in host range determination and systemic infection. Hybrid ZYMV infectious clones were produced by substituting the CP-NT of ZYMV with either the CP-NT from watermelon mosaic virus (overlapping, but broader host range) or tobacco etch virus (TEV) (non- overlapping host range) (Grumet et al., 2000; Ullah ct al., in prep). Although both hybrid viruses initially established systemic infection, indicating that even the non-cucurbit adapted TEV CP-NT could facilitate long distance transport in cucurbits, after approximately 4-6, the plants inoculated with the TEV-CPNT hybrid exhibited a distinct recovery of reduced symptoms, virus titer, and virus specific protection against secondary infection. These results suggest that the plant recognizes the presence of the TEV CP-NT, which has not been adapted to infection of cucurbits, and initiates defense responses. The CP-NT also appears to play a role in naturally occurring resistance conferred by the zym locus in the cucumber line 'Dina-1'. Patterns of virus accumulation indicated that expression of resistance is developmentally controlled and is due to a block in virus movement. Switches between the core and NT domains of ZYMV-NAA (does not cause veinal chlorosis on 'Dina-1'), and ZYMV-Ct (causes veinal chlorosis), indicated that the resistance response likely involves interaction with the CP-NT (Ullah and Grumet, submitted). At the Volcani Center the main thrust was to identify domains in the HC-Pro that affect symptom expression or aphid transmissibility. From the data reported in the first and second year report and in the attached publications (Peng et al. 1998; Kadouri et al. 1998; Raccah et al. 2000: it was shown that: 1. The mutation from PTK to PAK resulted in milder symptoms of the virus on squash, 2. Two mutations, PAK and ATK, resulted in total loss of helper activity, 3. It was established for the first time that the PTK domain is involved in binding of the HC-Pro to the potyvirus particle, and 4. Some of these experiments required greater amount of HC-Pro, therefore a simpler and more efficient purification method was developed based on Ni2+ resin.