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Journal articles on the topic 'Zygota'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

Deushi, Ryouya, Erika Toda, Shizuka Koshimizu, Kentaro Yano, and Takashi Okamoto. "Effect of Paternal Genome Excess on the Developmental and Gene Expression Profiles of Polyspermic Zygotes in Rice." Plants 10, no. 2 (2021): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10020255.

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Polyploid zygotes with a paternal gamete/genome excess exhibit arrested development, whereas polyploid zygotes with a maternal excess develop normally. These observations indicate that paternal and maternal genomes synergistically influence zygote development via distinct functions. In this study, to clarify how paternal genome excess affects zygotic development, the developmental and gene expression profiles of polyspermic rice zygotes were analyzed. The results indicated that polyspermic zygotes were mostly arrested at the one-cell stage after karyogamy had completed. Through comparison of t

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2

Vještica, Aleksandar, Melvin Bérard, Gaowen Liu, Laura Merlini, Pedro Junior Nkosi, and Sophie G. Martin. "Cell cycle-dependent and independent mating blocks ensure fungal zygote survival and ploidy maintenance." PLOS Biology 19, no. 1 (2021): e3001067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001067.

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To ensure genome stability, sexually reproducing organisms require that mating brings together exactly 2 haploid gametes and that meiosis occurs only in diploid zygotes. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, fertilization triggers the Mei3-Pat1-Mei2 signaling cascade, which represses subsequent mating and initiates meiosis. Here, we establish a degron system to specifically degrade proteins postfusion and demonstrate that mating blocks not only safeguard zygote ploidy but also prevent lysis caused by aberrant fusion attempts. Using long-term imaging and flow-cytometry approaches, we

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3

Grabarek, Joanna, and Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz. "Progression of mouse oocytes from metaphase I to metaphase II is inhibited by fusion with G2 cells." Zygote 8, no. 2 (2000): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199400000927.

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We show that in contrast to metaphase II oocytes, metaphase I oocytes cannot be activated by fusion with the zygote. Fusion of metaphase I oocytes with G2 zygotes was followed by premature chromosome condensation, with 60% of the hybrids becoming arrested at metaphase I, the remainder progressing and arresting at metaphase II. Hybrids of metaphase I oocytes and M-phase zygotes underwent accelerated maturation, but all arrested at metaphase II. In both cases the arrest could be overcome by treatment with the parthenogenetic activators ethanol and cycloheximide. We discuss these findings in rela

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4

Ou-Yang, Huan, Shinn-Chih Wu, Li-Ying Sung, et al. "STAT3 Is an Upstream Regulator of Granzyme G in the Maternal-To-Zygotic Transition of Mouse Embryos." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 1 (2021): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010460.

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The maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT), which controls maternal signaling to synthesize zygotic gene products, promotes the preimplantation development of mouse zygotes to the two-cell stage. Our previous study reported that mouse granzyme g (Gzmg), a serine-type protease, is required for the MZT. In this study, we further identified the maternal factors that regulate the Gzmg promoter activity in the zygote to the two-cell stage of mouse embryos. A full-length Gzmg promoter from mouse genomic DNA, FL-pGzmg (−1696~+28 nt), was cloned, and four deletion constructs of this Gzmg promoter, Δ1-pG

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5

Ntostis, Panagiotis, Deborah Carter, David Iles, John Huntriss, Maria Tzetis, and David Miller. "Potential sperm contributions to the murine zygote predicted by in silico analysis." Reproduction 154, no. 6 (2017): 777–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-17-0097.

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Paternal contributions to the zygote are thought to extend beyond delivery of the genome and paternal RNAs have been linked to epigenetic transgenerational inheritance in different species. In addition, sperm–egg fusion activates several downstream processes that contribute to zygote formation, including PLC zeta-mediated egg activation and maternal RNA clearance. Since a third of the preimplantation developmental period in the mouse occurs prior to the first cleavage stage, there is ample time for paternal RNAs or their encoded proteins potentially to interact and participate in early zygotic

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6

Strome, S. "Fluorescence visualization of the distribution of microfilaments in gonads and early embryos of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans." Journal of Cell Biology 103, no. 6 (1986): 2241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.103.6.2241.

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Several intracellular motility events in the Caenorhabditis elegans zygote (pseudocleavage, the asymmetric meeting of the pronuclei, the segregation of germ line-specific granules, and the generation of an asymmetric spindle) appear to depend on microfilaments (MFs). To investigate how MFs participate in these manifestations of zygotic asymmetry, the distribution of MFs in oocytes and early embryos was examined, using both antibodies to actin and the F-actin-specific probe rhodamine-phalloidin. In early-stage zygotes, MFs are found in a uniform cortical meshwork of fine fibers and dots or foci

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7

Ohnishi, Yukinosuke, Iwao Kokubu, Tetsu Kinoshita, and Takashi Okamoto. "Sperm Entry into the Egg Cell Induces the Progression of Karyogamy in Rice Zygotes." Plant and Cell Physiology 60, no. 8 (2019): 1656–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcz077.

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Abstract Karyogamy is a prerequisite event for plant embryogenesis, in which dynamic changes in nuclear architecture and the establishment of appropriate gene expression patterns must occur. However, the precise role of the male and female gametes in the progression of karyogamy still remains elusive. Here, we show that the sperm cell possesses the unique property to drive steady and swift nuclear fusion. When we fertilized egg cells with sperm cells in vitro, the immediate fusion of the male and female nuclei in the zygote progressed. This rapid nuclear fusion did not occur when two egg cells

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8

Azpiroz, R., and R. A. Butow. "Patterns of mitochondrial sorting in yeast zygotes." Molecular Biology of the Cell 4, no. 1 (1993): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.4.1.21.

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Inheritance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is usually biparental. Pedigree studies of zygotic first buds indicate limited mixing of wild-type (p+) parental mtDNAs: end buds are frequently homoplasmic for one parental mtDNA, while heteroplasmic and recombinant progeny usually arise from medial buds. In crosses involving certain petites, however, mitochondrial inheritance can be uniparental. In this study we show that mitochondrial sorting can be influenced by the parental mtDNAs and have identified intermediates in the process. In crosses where mtDNA mixing is limited

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9

Bloomfield, Gareth. "Sex and macrocyst formation in Dictyostelium." International Journal of Developmental Biology 63, no. 8-9-10 (2019): 439–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.190183gb.

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Sex in Dictyostelia involves a remarkable form of cannibalism in which zygotes attract large numbers of surrounding amoebae and then ingest them. Before they are consumed, the attracted amoebae help the zygote by synthesising an outer wall around the aggregate that traps them inside and helps to protect the mature developed zygotic structure, the macrocyst. Competition between cells vying to contribute genetically to zygotes and through to the next generation seems likely to have promoted the evolution of several unusual features of dictyostelid sex: individual species often have more than two

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10

Altamirano, María, Antonio Flores-Moya, Ralph Kuhlenkamp, and Félix L. Figueroa. "Stage-dependent sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation in zygotes of the brown alga Fucus serratus." Zygote 11, no. 2 (2003): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199403002132.

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Sensitivity to ultraviolet (UV) radiation (UV-A, λ = 315-400 nm; plus UV-B, λ = 280-315 nm) of zygotes of the brown alga Fucus serratus L. (Phaeophyta) has been assessed through effects on growth of developing germlings. Different stages of development were distinguished by considering 5 h periods of time after fertilisation. Both the stage of the zygote and the UV radiation condition significantly affected growth of developing germlings. The negative response of growth rate of early stages of the zygotes to UV radiation seemed to be caused by UV-B rather than UV-A radiation, as the lowest rel

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11

Cartwright, Emily L., and Susan E. Lott. "Evolved Differences in cis and trans Regulation Between the Maternal and Zygotic mRNA Complements in the Drosophila Embryo." Genetics 216, no. 3 (2020): 805–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.120.303626.

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How gene expression can evolve depends on the mechanisms driving gene expression. Gene expression is controlled in different ways in different developmental stages; here we ask whether different developmental stages show different patterns of regulatory evolution. To explore the mode of regulatory evolution, we used the early stages of embryonic development controlled by two different genomes, that of the mother and that of the zygote. During embryogenesis in all animals, initial developmental processes are driven entirely by maternally provided gene products deposited into the oocyte. The zyg

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Kempisty, Bartosz, Paweł Antosik, Dorota Bukowska, et al. "Analysis of selected transcript levels in porcine spermatozoa, oocytes, zygotes and two-cell stage embryos." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 20, no. 4 (2008): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd07211.

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It has been suggested that spermatozoa can deliver mRNAs to the oocyte during fertilisation. Using reverse transcription and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis (RQ-PCR), we evaluated the presence of clusterin (CLU), protamine 2 (PRM2), calmegin (CLGN), cAMP-response element modulator protein (CREM), methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), linker histone 1 (H1), protamine 1 (PRM1), TATA box-binding protein associated factor 1 (TAF1) and TATA box-binding protein (TBP) in porcine mature oocytes, zygotes and two-cell stage embryos. Spermatozoa isolated from semen samples of boars conta

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13

Torres-Padilla, Maria Elena, та Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz. "Role of TIF1α as a modulator of embryonic transcription in the mouse zygote". Journal of Cell Biology 174, № 3 (2006): 329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200603146.

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The first events of the development of any embryo are under maternal control until the zygotic genome becomes activated. In the mouse embryo, the major wave of transcription activation occurs at the 2-cell stage, but transcription starts already at the zygote (1-cell) stage. Very little is known about the molecules involved in this process. We show that the transcription intermediary factor 1 α (TIF1α) is involved in modulating gene expression during the first wave of transcription activation. At the onset of genome activation, TIF1α translocates from the cytoplasm into the pronuclei to sites

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14

Trounson, Alan O., Juan J. Tarín, and Henry Sathananthan. "Origin and ploidy of multipronuclear zygotes." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 11, no. 5 (1999): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd99057.

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Recently, several authors have proposed strategies for correction of triploidy based on the removal of the extra pronucleus at the zygote stage. In the present bioassay, the following were analysed: (1) the different factors that can induce the formation of multipronuclear zygotes in mammals; (2) the different morphological patterns established according to the number of pronuclei and polar bodies that can be observed at the zygote stage and used to distinguish the origin of multipronuclear zygotes; and (3) the pattern of chromosomal segregation during the first mitotic division and ploidy sta

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15

Nicoli, Alessia, Francesco Capodanno, Barbara Valli, et al. "Impact of insemination technique, semen quality and oocyte cryopreservation on pronuclear morphology of zygotes derived from sibling oocytes." Zygote 18, no. 1 (2009): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199409005516.

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SummaryPronuclear morphology seems to be an important predictive value of zygote development and integrity. In this study we want to evaluate the effect of insemination technique, male factor and oocyte cryopreservation on pronuclear morphology of zygotes derived from sibling oocytes in our Centre of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy. Subjects (n = 190) were submitted to IVF cycles with non-frozen and frozen sibling oocytes. Morphological evaluations were assessed using zygote pronuclear morphology (pronuclei, nucle

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16

Zamora, Raquel Blanes, Rebeca Vaca Sánchez, Jonay González Pérez, Rubí Rodríguez Díaz, Delia Báez Quintana, and José C. Alberto Bethencourt. "Human zygote morphological indicators of higher rate of arrest at the first cleavage stage." Zygote 19, no. 4 (2010): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199410000407.

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SummaryA little studied aspect of developmental arrest (DA) in ART is zygote arrest (ZA). Etiologically, blockage at the first cleavage stage includes molecular and chromosomal anomalies, some of which manifest morphologically. Given considerations on embryo culture, transfer and cryopreservation, optimal zygote selection is very important. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether zygote morphological features were indicators of increased ZA. In this study we performed a prospective, observational study of 2105 zygotes obtained from consecutive patients who were undergoing IVF/ICSI treat

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Fernández-Díez, C., S. González-Rojo, J. Montfort, et al. "Inhibition of zygotic DNA repair: transcriptome analysis of the offspring in trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)." REPRODUCTION 149, no. 1 (2015): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-14-0382.

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Zygotic repair of the paternal genome is a key event after fertilization. Spermatozoa accumulate DNA strand breaks during spermatogenesis and can suffer additional damage by different factors, including cryopreservation. Fertilization with DNA-damaged spermatozoa (DDS) is considered to promote implantation failures and abortions, but also long-term effects on the progeny that could be related with a defective repair. Base excision repair (BER) pathway is considered the most active in zygotic DNA repair, but healthy oocytes contain enzymes for all repairing pathways. In this study, the effects

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18

Hou, J., T. H. Lei, L. Liu, X. H. Cui, X. R. An, and Y. F. Chen. "DNA methylation patterns in in vitro-fertilised goat zygotes." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 17, no. 8 (2005): 809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd05075.

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Recent studies have shown that zygote demethylation patterns in mammals are variable among species. However, the methylation patterns of goat zygotes have not yet been reported on. In the present study, using immunofluorescence staining with an antibody against 5-methylcytosine, the methylation patterns of in vitro-derived goat zygotes were studied. The results indicate that goat zygotes do not undergo active global demethylation during pronuclei development, which is similar to the situation in ovine, but not in murine or bovine zygotes. This is believed to be the first report regarding methy

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Kimata, Yusuke, Takehide Kato, Takumi Higaki, et al. "Polar vacuolar distribution is essential for accurate asymmetric division ofArabidopsiszygotes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 6 (2019): 2338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1814160116.

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In most flowering plants, the asymmetric cell division of the zygote is the initial step in establishing the apical–basal axis of the mature plant. The zygote is polarized, possessing the nucleus at the apical tip and large vacuoles at the basal end. Despite their known polar localization, whether the positioning of the vacuoles and the nucleus is coordinated and what the role of the vacuole is in the asymmetric zygotic division remain elusive. In the present study, we utilized a live-cell imaging system to visualize the dynamics of vacuoles during the entire process of zygote polarization inA

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Fulka, Josef Jr, Michal Benc, Pasqualino Loi, Alena Langerova, and Helena Fulka. "Function of atypical mammalian oocyte/zygote nucleoli and its implications for reproductive biology and medicine." International Journal of Developmental Biology 63, no. 3-4-5 (2019): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.180329jf.

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Mammalian oocytes/zygotes contain atypical nucleoli that are composed exclusively of a dense fibrillar material. It has been commonly accepted that these nucleoli serve as a repository of components that are used later on, as the embryo develops, for the construction of typical tripartite nucleoli. Indeed, when nucleoli were removed from immature oocytes (enucleolation) and these oocytes were then matured, fertilized or parthenogenetically activated, development of the produced embryos ceased after one or two cleavages with no detectable nucleoli in nuclei. This indicated that zygotic nucleoli

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Ruggeri, Elena, Keith F. DeLuca, Cesare Galli, et al. "Use of Confocal Microscopy to Evaluate Equine Zygote Development After Sperm Injection of Oocytes Matured In Vivo or In Vitro." Microscopy and Microanalysis 23, no. 6 (2017): 1197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927617012740.

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AbstractConfocal microscopy was used to image stages of equine zygote development, at timed intervals, after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) of oocytes that were matured in vivo or in vitro. After fixation for 4, 6, 8, 12, or 16 h after ICSI, zygotes were incubated with α/β tubulin antibodies and human anticentromere antibody (CREST/ACA), washed, incubated in secondary antibodies, conjugated to either Alexa 488 or Alexa 647, and incubated with 561-Phalloidin and Hoechst 33258. An Olympus IX81 spinning disk confocal microscope was used for imaging. Data were analyzed using χ2 and Fisher

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Xiong, Xian-rong, Li-jun Wang, Yong-sheng Wang, Song Hua, Xiang-dong Zi, and Yong Zhang. "Different preferences of IVF and SCNT bovine embryos for culture media." Zygote 22, no. 1 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199412000184.

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SummaryThe preference of fertilized (IVF) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) presumptive zygotes for different media when cultured in vitro to the blastocyst stage was evaluated in this study. The experiment comprised two zygote production methods (IVF and SCNT) × two culture media (mSOF and G1.5/G2.5) factorial design in which culture droplets that contained approximate 30 presumptive zygotes formed the experimental plots for the assessment of cleavage and blastocyst development. There were 15 to 20 replicates (culture droplets) per treatment combination. Sub-samples 30 to 41 of the bla

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Benc, Michal, Josef Jr Fulka, František Strejček, et al. "Enucleolation and nucleolus transfer in mammalian oocytes and zygotes." International Journal of Developmental Biology 63, no. 3-4-5 (2019): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.190002mb.

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The oocyte GV/GVs (germinal vesicle/germinal vesicles) and zygot PN/PNs (pronucleus/pronuclei) of some mammals contain clearly visible nucleoli which exhibit an atypical morphological structure. These nucleoli (NCLs) can be relatively easily manipulated, i.e. removed from GVs/PNs or eventually transferred into another oocyte/zygote. Thus, with the help of micromanipulation techniques it was possible to uncover the real function(s) they play in processes of oocyte maturation and early embryonic development. The purpose of our review is to describe briefly the micromanipulation techniques that c

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Sadowy, Sasha, Giles Tomkin, Santiago Munné, Toni Ferrara-Congedo, and Jacques Cohen. "Impaired development of zygotes with uneven pronuclear size." Zygote 6, no. 2 (1998): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199498000057.

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The correlation between human zygote morphology and chromosomal anomalies after cleavage has not been well characterised. Commonly observed morphological qualities at the zygote stage have provided little insight into further development, and therefore selection for cryopreservation or transfer appears to be less specific than that at later stages of preimplantation development. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the relationship between aberrant pronuclear morphology and chromosomal anomalies after cleavage. Monospermic zygotes exhibiting two pronuclei where diameters differed by at lea

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Cheng, Rui, Xiaoman Zheng, Yingmei Wang, et al. "Genome-wide analysis of alternative splicing differences between oocyte and zygote†." Biology of Reproduction 102, no. 5 (2020): 999–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioaa004.

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Abstract Alternative splicing (AS) of mRNA precursors allows the synthesis of multiple mRNAs from a single primary transcript, significantly expanding the information content and regulatory possibilities of higher eukaryotic genomes. During mammalian development, AS drives certain decisive changes in different physiological processes. As development progresses, the maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT) will trigger two processes: elimination of a subset of maternal mRNA and transcription of the zygote genome begins. Recent high-throughput technological advancements have facilitated genome-wide

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Kimata, Yusuke, Takumi Higaki, Tomokazu Kawashima, et al. "Cytoskeleton dynamics control the first asymmetric cell division in Arabidopsis zygote." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 49 (2016): 14157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1613979113.

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The asymmetric cell division of the zygote is the initial and crucial developmental step in most multicellular organisms. In flowering plants, whether zygote polarity is inherited from the preexisting organization in the egg cell or reestablished after fertilization has remained elusive. How dynamically the intracellular organization is generated during zygote polarization is also unknown. Here, we used a live-cell imaging system with Arabidopsis zygotes to visualize the dynamics of the major elements of the cytoskeleton, microtubules (MTs), and actin filaments (F-actins), during the entire pr

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Koester, M., A. Mohammadi-Sangcheshmeh, M. Montag, et al. "Evaluation of bovine zona pellucida characteristics in polarized light as a prognostic marker for embryonic developmental potential." REPRODUCTION 141, no. 6 (2011): 779–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-10-0471.

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It has previously been demonstrated that zona pellucida imaging of human oocytes using polarized light microscopy is a clinically applicable method for the noninvasive assessment of oocyte quality. This study was designed to investigate whether zona pellucida characteristics of bovine oocytes and zygotes in polarized light may similarly serve as a useful marker for developmental competence in bovine reproductive biotechnologies. Zona birefringence intensity parameters of 2862 oocytes/zygotes were objectively evaluated with an automatic analysis system and correlated with oocyte/zygote quality.

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Okamoto, Koji, Philip S. Perlman, and Ronald A. Butow. "The Sorting of Mitochondrial DNA and Mitochondrial Proteins in Zygotes: Preferential Transmission of Mitochondrial DNA to the Medial Bud." Journal of Cell Biology 142, no. 3 (1998): 613–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.142.3.613.

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Green fluorescent protein (GFP) was used to tag proteins of the mitochondrial matrix, inner, and outer membranes to examine their sorting patterns relative to mtDNA in zygotes of synchronously mated yeast cells in ρ+ × ρ0 crosses. When transiently expressed in one of the haploid parents, each of the marker proteins distributes throughout the fused mitochondrial reticulum of the zygote before equilibration of mtDNA, although the membrane markers equilibrate slower than the matrix marker. A GFP-tagged form of Abf2p, a mtDNA binding protein required for faithful transmission of ρ+ mtDNA in vegeta

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Dresselhaus, Thomas, and Gerd Jürgens. "Comparative Embryogenesis in Angiosperms: Activation and Patterning of Embryonic Cell Lineages." Annual Review of Plant Biology 72, no. 1 (2021): 641–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-082520-094112.

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Following fertilization in flowering plants (angiosperms), egg and sperm cells unite to form the zygote, which generates an entire new organism through a process called embryogenesis. In this review, we provide a comparative perspective on early zygotic embryogenesis in flowering plants by using the Poaceae maize and rice as monocot grass and crop models as well as Arabidopsis as a eudicot model of the Brassicaceae family. Beginning with the activation of the egg cell, we summarize and discuss the process of maternal-to-zygotic transition in plants, also taking recent work on parthenogenesis a

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Kodyleva, T. A., A. O. Kirillova, E. A. Tyschik, et al. "The efficacy of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated induction of the CCR5delta32 mutation in the human embryo." Bulletin of Russian State Medical University, no. (4)2018 (October 16, 2018): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24075/brsmu.2018.052.

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The editing of the CCR5 gene in the CD4+ T cell genome is an effective way of preventing HIV-1 proliferation. Very similar strategies can be used to protect the fetus of an HIV-infected female showing a weak response to antiretroviral therapy. Inducing the “natural” CCR5delta32 mutation in a zygote may guard the fetus against HIV infection both in utero and at birth. In this study, we optimize the CRISPR-Cas9 system to induce a homozygous 32-nt deletion similar to the naturally occurring CCR5delta32 allele in the human zygote at the S-phase. Edits were done in the abnormal tripronuclear zygote

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Zhu, Yan, Ya-Hong Jiang, Ya-Ping He, et al. "Knockdown of regulator of G-protein signalling 2 (Rgs2) leads to abnormal early mouse embryo development in vitro." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 27, no. 3 (2015): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd13269.

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Regulator of G-protein signalling 2 (Rgs2) is involved in G-protein-mediated signalling by negatively regulating the activity of the G-protein α-subunit. In the present study, the expression patterns of Rgs2 in mouse ovarian tissues and early embryos were determined by semiquantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescent analyses. Rgs2 expression was observed in the ovarian tissues of adult female mice, with an almost equal expression levels during different stages of the oestrous cycle. Rgs2 was abundant in the cytoplasm, membrane, nucle

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Du, ZF, and RG Wales. "Some effects of genotype and composition of the culture medium on the development of mouse zygotes in vitro." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 5, no. 4 (1993): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9930405.

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The effects of EDTA and the presence of glucose and glutamine in CZB medium on the development of mouse zygotes of different genotype were investigated. Although 30-80% of zygotes (depending on the cross) passed the 2-cell stage in EDTA-free medium, the addition of a low concentration of EDTA was necessary in these experiments to obtain blastocysts in culture. In reciprocal crosses between outbred (Qs), inbred (DBA/2) and hybrid (B10D2F1) stock, there was evidence of a strong influence of the maternal genome on zygote development, with those from B10D2F1 females performing best irrespective of

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Zeng, Tie-Bo, Li Han, Nicholas Pierce, Gerd P. Pfeifer, and Piroska E. Szabó. "EHMT2 and SETDB1 protect the maternal pronucleus from 5mC oxidation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 22 (2019): 10834–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1819946116.

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Genome-wide DNA “demethylation” in the zygote involves global TET3-mediated oxidation of 5‐methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC) in the paternal pronucleus. Asymmetrically enriched histone H3K9 methylation in the maternal pronucleus was suggested to protect the underlying DNA from 5mC conversion. We hypothesized that an H3K9 methyltransferase enzyme, either EHMT2 or SETDB1, must be expressed in the oocyte to specify the asymmetry of 5mC oxidation. To test these possibilities, we genetically deleted the catalytic domain of

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Reik, W., I. Romer, S. C. Barton, M. A. Surani, S. K. Howlett, and J. Klose. "Adult phenotype in the mouse can be affected by epigenetic events in the early embryo." Development 119, no. 3 (1993): 933–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.119.3.933.

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Major epigenetic modifications apparently occur during early development in the mouse. The factors that induce such modifications are complex and may involve the various components of a zygote. We have started to explore whether changes in the nucleocytoplasmic composition brought about by micromanipulation can induce phenotypic effects through epigenetic modifications. Nucleocytoplasmic hybrids were therefore prepared by transplanting a female pronucleus into a recipient egg from a different genotype. As a result, the maternal genome was of a different genetic background as compared with the

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Tosti, E. "Gap junctional units are functionally expressed before first cleavage in the early ascidian embryo." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 272, no. 5 (1997): C1445—C1449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1997.272.5.c1445.

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Manually apposed ascidian zygotes established electrical communication within 50 min of fertilization and before cytokinesis. Junctional conductance between zygotes was 14.5 +/- 2.9 nS (n = 7), similar to that previously reported for ascidian two-cell-stage blastomeres, suggesting that zygotes and blastomeres express an equivalent number of gap junctional half-channels. Because puromycin at 400 microM does not inhibit the functional expression of these half-channels, they appear to be of maternal origin and their activation does not require protein synthesis. Loading zygotes with 500 mM ethyle

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Rengaraj, Deivendran, Sohyoung Won, Jong Won Han, DongAhn Yoo, Heebal Kim, and Jae Yong Han. "Whole-Transcriptome Sequencing-Based Analysis of DAZL and Its Interacting Genes during Germ Cells Specification and Zygotic Genome Activation in Chickens." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21 (2020): 8170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218170.

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The deleted in azoospermia like (DAZL) is required for germ cells development and maintenance. In chickens, the mRNA and protein of DAZL, a representative maternally inherited germ plasm factor, are detected in the germ plasm of oocyte, zygote, and all stages of the intrauterine embryos. However, it is still insufficient to explain the origin and specification process of chicken germ cells, because the stage at which the zygotic transcription of DAZL occurs and the stage at which the maternal DAZL RNA/protein clears have not yet been fully identified. Moreover, a comprehensive understanding of

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Pendina, Anna A., Mikhail I. Krapivin, Olga A. Efimova, et al. "Telomere Length in Metaphase Chromosomes of Human Triploid Zygotes." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11 (2021): 5579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115579.

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The human lifespan is strongly influenced by telomere length (TL) which is defined in a zygote—when two highly specialised haploid cells form a new diploid organism. Although TL is a variable parameter, it fluctuates in a limited range. We aimed to establish the determining factors of TL in chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin in human triploid zygotes. Using Q-FISH, we examined TL in the metaphase chromosomes of 28 human triploid zygotes obtained from 22 couples. The chromosomes’ parental origin was identified immunocytochemically through weak DNA methylation and strong hydroxymethylat

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Shin, S. W., N. Shimizu, M. Tokoro, et al. "Mouse zygote-specific proteasome assembly chaperone important for maternal-to-zygotic transition." Biology Open 2, no. 2 (2012): 170–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/bio.20123020.

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Yang, Rong-Cai. "Analysis of Multilocus Zygotic Associations." Genetics 161, no. 1 (2002): 435–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/161.1.435.

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Abstract While nonrandom associations between zygotes at different loci (zygotic associations) frequently occur in Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium populations, statistical analysis of such associations has received little attention. In this article, we describe the joint distributions of zygotes at multiple loci, which are completely characterized by heterozygosities at individual loci and various multilocus zygotic associations. These zygotic associations are defined in the same fashion as the usual multilocus linkage (gametic) disequilibria on the basis of gametic and allelic frequencies. The

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Baldan, B., J. Girard-Bascou, F. A. Wollman, and J. Olive. "Evidence for thylakoid membrane fusion during zygote formation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii." Journal of Cell Biology 114, no. 5 (1991): 905–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.114.5.905.

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To understand whether fusions of thylakoid membranes from the parental chloroplasts occurred during zygote formation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, we performed an ultrastructural analysis of the zygotes produced by crossing mutants lacking photosystem I or II protein complexes, in the absence of de novo chloroplast protein synthesis. Thylakoid membranes from each parent could be distinguished on thin sections due to their organization in "supergrana" in mutants lacking photosystem I centers, by freeze-fracturing due to the absence of most of the exoplasmic-face (EF) particles in mutants lackin

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Gręda, Pawel, Jolanta Karasiewicz, and Jacek A. Modliński. "Mouse zygotes as recipients in embryo cloning." Reproduction 132, no. 5 (2006): 741–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.01204.

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Zygotes have not been recognized as nuclear recipients since enucleated zygotes receiving nuclei from beyond two-cell stage embryos are not able to form blastocysts. In the present study, a new technique of zygote enucleation is presented, which consists in selectively removing the nuclear membrane with genetic material of pronuclei, but leaving other pronuclear components in the cytoplasm. With selective enucleation it is possible – after transfer of eight-cell stage nuclei – to obtain 70.5 and 7.8% of preimplantation and full-term development respectively. Origin of cloned mice from introduc

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Seguin, D. G., and J. M. Baltz. "Cell volume regulation by the mouse zygote: mechanism of recovery from a volume increase." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 272, no. 6 (1997): C1854—C1861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1997.272.6.c1854.

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Mouse zygotes regulate their volumes after cell swelling. This regulatory volume decrease (RVD) is rapid and complete. RVD in zygotes was inhibited by K+ or Cl- channel blockers, indicating the participation of such channels in volume recovery. The channels are separate entities, as indicated by the ability of the cation ionophore gramicidin to restore RVD when K+ channels are blocked but not when Cl- channels are blocked. Intracellular Ca2+ concentration increased with cell swelling. Nevertheless, RVD occurred normally in zygotes loaded with the Ca2+ chelator, 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,

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Melloy, Patricia, Shu Shen, Erin White, J. Richard McIntosh, and Mark D. Rose. "Nuclear fusion during yeast mating occurs by a three-step pathway." Journal of Cell Biology 179, no. 4 (2007): 659–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200706151.

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In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mating culminates in nuclear fusion to produce a diploid zygote. Two models for nuclear fusion have been proposed: a one-step model in which the outer and inner nuclear membranes and the spindle pole bodies (SPBs) fuse simultaneously and a three-step model in which the three events occur separately. To differentiate between these models, we used electron tomography and time-lapse light microscopy of early stage wild-type zygotes. We observe two distinct SPBs in ∼80% of zygotes that contain fused nuclei, whereas we only see fused or partially fused SPBs in zygotes i

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Audic, Yann, Christina Anderson, Robert Bhatty, and Rebecca S. Hartley. "Zygotic Regulation of Maternal Cyclin A1 and B2 mRNAs." Molecular and Cellular Biology 21, no. 5 (2001): 1662–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.21.5.1662-1671.2001.

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ABSTRACT At the midblastula transition, the Xenopus laevis embryonic cell cycle is remodeled from rapid alternations between S and M phases to become the complex adult cell cycle. Cell cycle remodeling occurs after zygotic transcription initiates and is accompanied by terminal downregulation of maternal cyclins A1 and B2. We report here that the disappearance of both cyclin A1 and B2 proteins is preceded by the rapid deadenylation of their mRNAs. A specific mechanism triggers this deadenylation. This mechanism depends upon discrete regions of the 3′ untranslated regions and requires zygotic tr

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Hamm, Danielle C., and Melissa M. Harrison. "Regulatory principles governing the maternal-to-zygotic transition: insights from Drosophila melanogaster." Open Biology 8, no. 12 (2018): 180183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.180183.

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The onset of metazoan development requires that two terminally differentiated germ cells, a sperm and an oocyte, become reprogrammed to the totipotent embryo, which can subsequently give rise to all the cell types of the adult organism. In nearly all animals, maternal gene products regulate the initial events of embryogenesis while the zygotic genome remains transcriptionally silent. Developmental control is then passed from mother to zygote through a process known as the maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT). The MZT comprises an intimately connected set of molecular events that mediate degrad

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Kim, Kwang Young, Stephen J. O'Leary, and David J. Garbary. "Artificial hybridization between Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus (Phaeophyceae) from Nova Scotia, Canada." Canadian Journal of Botany 75, no. 7 (1997): 1133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-124.

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Reciprocal crosses between male and female gametes of Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) LeJolis and Fucus vesiculosus L. were made from plants collected at Tor Bay, Nova Scotia. Crosses within each species were viable and resulted in normal zygote development. Hybrids occurred in low frequency in the cultures (ca. 1–5%) and developed either an initial rhizoid or underwent one or two internal divisions. Hybrid zygotes did not develop further. More developing embryos were observed in crosses when F. vesiculosus provided the eggs, and these zygotes developed longer rhizoids. Maximum development was to thr

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Hill, William G., Hamza A. Babiker, Lisa C. Ranford-Cartwright, and David Walliker. "Estimation of inbreeding coefficients from genotypic data on multiple alleles, and application to estimation of clonality in malaria parasites." Genetical Research 65, no. 1 (1995): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300033000.

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SummaryMethods for estimating probability of identity by descent (f) are derived for data on numbers of genotypes at single loci and at pairs of loci with many alleles at each locus. The methods are general, but are specifically applied to data on genotype frequencies in zygotes of the malaria parasite sampled from its mosquito host in order to find the extent of outcrossing in the parasite and the degree of clonality in populations. It is assumed that zygotes are the outcome either of gametes of the same clone, in which they are identical at all loci, or are products of two random, unrelated

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Tan, Hui-Ning, Ying Liu, Hong-Lu Diao, and Zeng-Ming Yang. "Cyclooxygenases and prostaglandin E synthases in preimplantation mouse embryos." Zygote 13, no. 2 (2005): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199405003187.

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Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is shown to be essential for female reproduction. Cyclooxygenase (COX) is a rate-limiting enzyme in prostaglandin synthesis from arachidonic acid and exists in two isoforms: COX-1 and COX-2. Prostaglandin E synthase (PGES) is a terminal prostanoid synthase and can catalyse the isomerization of the COX product PGH2 to PGE2, including microsomal PGES-1 (mPGES-1), cytosolic PGES (cPGES) and mPGES-2. This study examined the protein expression of COX-1, COX-2, mPGES-1, cPGES and mPGES-2 in preimplantation mouse embryos by immunohistochemistry. Embryos at different stages col

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Li, Y., X. L. Jin, and C. O'Neill. "338. METHYL BINDING DOMAIN PROTEIN (MBD1) IN THE NUCLEUS OF THE MOUSE ZYGOTE." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 22, no. 9 (2010): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srb10abs338.

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MBD1 is one of five proteins which bind methylated DNA and regulate gene transcription. The binding of these proteins, particularly MBD1, is commonly used as a proxy measurement of global CpG methylation. Since methylation is reported to be highly dynamic during the first cell-cycle, with reported asymmetric global demethylation of the paternal and maternal genomes by the time of syngamy, we were interested to assess the pattern of staining of the MBD1 during this stage of development. A specific antibody to MBD1 was shown by Western analysis to detect in zygotes a protein of predicted mass. U

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Smith, Rowena, Sue J. Pickering, Anna Kopakaki, K. J. Thong, Richard A. Anderson, and Chih-Jen Lin. "HIRA contributes to zygote formation in mice and is implicated in human 1PN zygote phenotype." Reproduction 161, no. 6 (2021): 697–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-20-0636.

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Elucidating the mechanisms underpinning fertilisation is essential to optimising IVF procedures. One of the critical steps involves paternal chromatin reprogramming, in which compacted sperm chromatin packed by protamines is removed by oocyte factors and new histones, including histone H3.3, are incorporated. HIRA is the main H3.3 chaperone governing this protamine-to-histone exchange. Failure of this step results in abnormally fertilised zygotes containing only one pronucleus (1PN), in contrast to normal two-pronuclei (2PN) zygotes. 1PN zygotes are frequently observed in IVF treatments, but t

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