Academic literature on the topic '控制行為'

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese在這篇文章中，作者主要論述了在給兒童作遺傳檢測問題上，父母與醫生誰更有決定榷。她認為，父母應該更有理由判定遺傳檢測對於他們的孩子是否有好處。而且他們在作選擇時，可以適當考慮其利益（除了孩子利益之外）。然而，醫生認為，遺傳檢測會對孩子為生極危險時，他們可以拒絕執行父母對於該孩子進行檢測的要求。對於一系列案例的討論將說明在此問題上如何平衡父母與醫生對此問題的控制。對父母要求檢測攜帶者的狀況和對遲發疾病的遺傳傾向，通常有理由加以拒絕。作者通過討論為甚麼隨著孩子年齡的增長而逐漸遵從他們的意見是適當的這一問題而對她的分析做出了總結。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 20 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

提要本文旨在探討若呈現隱喻映射原則，顯示展現詞彙之相關理據，藉此提升二語學習者之隱喻意識於詞彙學習，此輔助方式對於其戰爭類商業詞語學習及記憶留存之效應為何？我們以「商場如戰場」（BUSINESS IS WAR）映射原則為主題，選取十個常見高頻戰爭類相關之商業隱喻詞語為內容，調查了 31 名日籍中級以上之華語學習者。實驗組接受隱喻映射圖指導，透過連結「來源域（戰爭）」與「目標域（商業）」之對應關係，學習相關隱喻詞彙，控制組則以一般詞解和例句學習詞語，其後進行即時後測、及一週後之延時後測。結果發現：(1) 實驗組即時後測之整體詞彙學習成效明顯優於控制組（M=8.34 vs. 7.57, t(29)=2.07, p=0.024），此情況同樣見於延時後測（M=8.53 vs. 7.50, t(29)=2.24, p=0.017）； (2) 即時後測中，實驗組文意理解表現顯著較佳（M=7.19 vs. 6.40, t(29)=1.87, p=0.036）；(3)實驗組於即時後測的隱喻動詞整體表現較好，兩組達顯著差異（M=5.00 vs. 4.30, t(29)=2.76, p=0.01），而未曾教授之隱喻名詞表現則相約。

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Wii Fit balance training or Pilates-based training intervention for 10-weeks on blood pressure levels and the postural control system in older elderly. Method: Sixty older subjects volunteered to participate in a Wii-Fit exercise group (n=18), Pilates-based training group (n=22), and control group (n=20). The Wii-Fit and Pilates-based groups have training intervention program 3 times per week for 10 weeks. Postural control capacity and resting blood pressure were measured before and after training program. Results: The results showed that there were no significantly changes on blood pressure and MAP data neither after in the Wii-Fit training nor in the Pilates-based training. The Sensory Organization Test (SOT) composite scores tend to increase after Wii-Fit and Pilates-based training intervention. Conclusion: The results illustrated that balance exercise intervention change the postural control, but there are no effects on resting blood pressure. 目的：本研究目的在探討進行10週以Wii-Fit電子平衡遊戲訓練或是皮拉提斯平衡訓練模式對老年人血壓調控以及姿勢控制能 力之影響。方法：共有60位受試者完成試驗 (Wii-Fit組18人、皮拉提斯組22人、控制組20人)，其中Wii-Fit組與皮拉提斯組需進行 為期10週、每週3次之平衡模式訓練，控制組則不做任何訓練介入，在10週前後所有受試者皆需進行血壓檢測，並以感覺統合測 試進行平衡能力之評估；結果：在10週平衡運動介入前後，三組受試者的血壓(收縮壓、舒張壓)以及平均動脈壓都沒有顯著性差 異；在平衡能力結果上，Wii-Fit組與皮拉提斯組內比較其平衡能力有提升的趨勢，其中Wii-Fit組的平衡能力得分量又高於皮拉提斯組。結論：本研究顯示單純平衡訓練對老年人的血壓狀況並不影響，但卻可以提升其身體姿勢性的平衡能力。

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.東漢時代的張仲景是中醫歷史最重要的醫家之一，被稱之為中國的希波克拉底。其名著《傷寒雜病論》成為中華醫學最重要的經典。在該書的序言中，張仲景系統闡述了其醫學倫理思想和行醫原則。認為醫師行醫的前提是實踐對自我與族群生命的熱愛；行醫的橋樑是用人類理性去發現健康與疾病的規律及控制的手段；行醫的準則是對醫術的認真與創新的態度。就其醫學倫理思想而言，張仲景醫學倫理的基本框架與中國傳統的儒家思想相吻合，反映了醫儒同道的精神。其思想對宋代以後“醫學儒化”的風尚具有一定的影響。作者認為，張仲景醫學倫理學亦對構建當代中國生命倫理學的構建具有啟發意義。Zhang Zongjing (150-219), known as the Chinese Hippocrates, was one of the most eminent physicians in China during the Han Dynasty. In the Shanghailun, a famous treatise on cold pathogenic diseases, Zhang not only described past medicinal discoveries but provided regulations for contemporary medical practice. The Shanghailun is thus an important text for scholars of the history of traditional Chinese medicine. The treatise was privately transmitted with no public acknowledgment until the Jin Dynasty (265-420), when it was re-edited and rearranged. The treatise received more attention and became increasingly popular during the Song Dynasty, when a Confucian basis for medical practice was endorsed by the government. Zhang has since been regarded as a sage of Chinese medicine. The Shanghailun also became part of the compulsory curriculum at China’s Imperial Medical Academy. Zhang has a special status in the history of Chinese medicine due to his efforts to create an orthodox system of medical practice in line with the Confucian (Ru) tradition.In this paper, Zhang Zongjing’s major ideas on medical ethics and practice are explored. The author illustrates the critical role played by Zhang’s approach to medicine in the later Confucianization of medicine during the Song Dynasty, which in turn created the ideal of the traditional Confucian physician. The author also compares the ethical views of Zhang Zongjing with those of Sun Simiao (541-682), another key figure in the history of traditional Chinese medicine, who combined Confucian ethics with the moral teachings of Daoism and Buddhism.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 237 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese. This study investigated the effects of antrodia camphorata (AC) supplementation on anti-fatigue effects after a single bout of exhaustive exercise in rats. Thirty-two rats were randomly divided into four groups: control (C, n=8); C with antrodia camphorata supplementation (A, n=8); exhaustive exercise (E, n=8); exhaustive exercise with AC supplementation (AE, n=8). Rats in groups A and AE received a 0.2 c.c. (kg/wt/day) AC supplementation for two weeks. Rats in groups E and AE performed an exhaustive running test on a treadmill at a final speed of 30m/min, 10% grade, at approximately 70-­75% VO2max. Blood samples of each rat were collected. The concentrations of glucose, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), uric acid, creatinine, and creatine kinase (CK) in blood were examined. The results showed a significant increase in exhaustive exercise time of AE group (78.79±9.09 min) compared with E group (67.77±9.22 min). The activities of CK, LDH, and blood creatinine concentration significantly increased in exercised rats (1227.40±553.24 U/I, 2108.32±513.99 U/I, 0.76±0.19 mg/ dl) compared with control group rats (358.98±125.53 U/I, 956.89±597.13 U/I, 0.5±0.15 mg/dl) and AE group rats (774.13±203.38 U/I, 1300.93±513.99 U/I, 0.5±0.05 mg/dl). The glucose in the plasma significantly decreased in E group rats (133.88±61.84 mg/dl) compared with C group rats (209.63±69.13 mg/dl) and AE group rats(188.88±60.32 mg/dl). The results indicate that AC supplementation could decrease CK, LDH activities. It may help for anti-fatigue effects. 本研究的目的在探討，樟芝補充劑對老鼠經單次衰竭運動後對抗疲勞作用的影響，三十二隻老鼠隨機分配為以下四組：控制組(C, n=8) 、樟芝組(A, n=8，補充樟芝，沒有運動)、運動組(E, n=8)、樟芝運動組(AE, n=8，補充樟芝，有運動)，補充樟芝組(A & AE)的老鼠，每天補充每公斤體重0.2毫升的樟芝補充劑，持續兩週，衰竭運動組(E & AE)的老鼠需在鼠用跑步機上進行衰竭運動，運動強度約70~75%最大攝氧量，最終跑步機速度為30公尺/分鐘，坡度為10%。收集老鼠血液樣本，測量血糖、乳酸去氫酶、尿酸、肌酸酐、肌酸激酶。研究結果顯示AE組運動衰竭時間(78.79±9.09 min)顯著比E組(67.77±9.22 min)長。運動組(E)的肌酸激酶活性、乳酸去氫酶活性、肌酸酐(1227.40±553.24 U/I, 2108.32±513.99 U/I, 0.76±0.19 mg/dl)顯著比控制組(C)(358.98± 125.53 U/I, 956.89±597.13 U/I, 0.5±0.15 mg/dl)及樟芝運動組(AE)高(774.13±203.38 U/I, 1300.93±513.99 U/ I, 0.5±0.05 mg/dl)。運動組(E)血糖濃度(133.88±61.84 mg/dl)顯著比控制組(209.63±69.13 mg/dl)及樟芝運動組(188.88±60.32 mg/dl)低。研究結果表示樟芝補充能夠降低肌酸激酶活性及乳酸去氫酶活性，有助於抗疲勞的效用。

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.衛生保健制度改革之艱難，主要在於要在諸多因素發展勢頭的相互硑撞中維持衛生保健工作的良性發展。衛生保健改革目標的設定，應當着眼於現實，但又必須顧及長遠。為此，它應當是首先有利於為更多的人群提供最基本的保健服務，同時又 能有力地控制保健費用的增長，有利於控制疾病的發生。只着眼於開源或節流，或者只強調衛生服務組織自身的營運，都可能使衛生保健產生更多的麻煩。多方位的雙層或多層的體制是使衞生保健工作適應各方需要的理想構思，它包含多種雙層或多種多層的內涵。在衛生資源有限的情況下，配給是保證為更多的人群提供保健的有效措施，救援則是其重要的補充。現行的醫療服務體系與為最廣大的人群提供基本的醫療保健服務不適應，也與抑制醫療費用上漲的要求不適應，必需有較大力度的改革。衛生保健改革的選擇，必須是道德的，同時又是理性而現實的。Health care costs soar and become unbearable everywhere in the world. This is not only a problem faced by developed Western countries. It is also a difficult issue for the third world countries such as China. China's health care system needs reform. On the one hand, a great number of people have not been covered by any basic health insurance. On the other hand, however, critical care medicine in high-technology hospitals in urban areas consumes tremendous public health care resources for a very small group of patients. This essay argues that China should appropriately establish multiple goals for its health care reform, based on ethical and reasonable deliberations on China's actual health care situation.First, rationing is crucial in containing health care costs. Public health care resources are limited. It is impossible to satisfy all medical needs for all people at all times. This is especially the case for mainland China, where public resources that can be invested in medical care are scarce. An appropriate goal of China's health care reform should be to provide basic, not luxury, health care for the people. Some luxury medical procedures must be left to individuals for purchase through their own resources.Second, a basic level of health care must be ensured to most people, even if it is impossible to ensure to everyone. It is important for everyone to understand that providing the best care for everyone is practically impossible. The best a government can do is to provide some level of basic care. However, the goal here must be the basic health of all or most people, rather than total care for a small group of people.Third, an appropriate pattern of China's health care should be prevention-oriented and ordinary-treatment-oriented, rather than high-technology-medicine-oriented. Since the early 1980s, many hospitals have relied on high-technology medicine to deal with diseases and to earn more income for themselves at the same time. But high-technology medicine is not panacea, though it is extremely costly. Inexpensive medical prevention is often more effective than high-technology medical procedures.Finally, a rule of rescue should be established in society. Society ought to provide some help for those who need special expensive medical care (such as organ transplantation) and are not able to afford it. The rule of rescue guides our efforts in this direction. Society should organize and establish special foundations to help people in this regard.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 21 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

本文针对疫情背景下的生鲜电商宅经济发展、营销策略与顾客满意度进行研究，以人格特质和生活型态为控制变项，进行相关分析和因果关系验证。透通过结构方程模式发现，人格特质直接影响生活型态及对不同营销策略、物流服务、平台环境的接受程度；但人格特质不直接影响顾客满意度，而是通过对不同营销策略与平台环境的接受程度间接影响顾客满意度。通过问卷调查后的追踪数据，发现因此疫情发生后，生鲜电商的宅经济，比疫情发生前更为发展。本文認為针对开放性、严谨性、外向性、友善性和情绪稳定性五种人格特质的顾客，应该有不同的营销策略：对开放性、外向性、友善性和情绪稳定性人格特质，采用的营销策略应该强调价格较低；对严谨性人格特质，采用的营销策略则应该强调质量较好。

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.從現代生命倫理觀研究的現實出發，解析老子關於生命倫理觀的思想精髓及其現代意蘊，對於理解與認識現今社會發展中人與自然、人與社會和人與人之間關係所存在的問題，對於促進社會中人自由而全面的發展，都具有重要的價值和意義。從中國傳統思想文化出發，依託社會發展的現實，從倫理學角度對生命的解讀就不能僅僅局限於醫學領域，而應該是在社會這一更為寬泛的領域中進行研究。老子的思想深刻地揭示了自然、人以及社會存在和發展的內在規律，他的思想閃耀著獨特的人性的、智慧的光芒。在其博大深遠的思想之中顯現若現代意義的關於生命倫理觀的意蘊，其基本思想是：人的存在和發展必須是基於對自然和社會發展本質規律（“道”）的深入認識以及積極能動地尊重和適應﹔人的生命價值的實現和生命尊嚴的獲得必須是基於人與自然和社會良好的互動關係中得以實現的。人與外在因素互動過程中， 基本上形成了人與自然、人與社會和人與人之間三個層次的關係。在人與自然的關係中， 老子認為天之道也即是人之法，自然法則也應是人的行為規範， 應把對自然法則的認識上升到人類行為價值的高度。人對自我生命的愛護、尊重與保全，是以尊重與遵循自然之道為前提的，人的生命的存在與發展必須與自然保持和諧統一。在人與人的關係中， 老子首先認為在對待他人的利益方面，應該做到以寬厚仁慈的心態待人接物，成人之美，與人為善。其次，老子強調的是個體對自我心態和行為的約束。再者，在對待與他人的矛盾方面，老子認為“夫唯不爭，故天下莫能與之爭”。在分析社會與人的關係中，老子首先認為國家政策的實施，應該是循序漸進的，必須考慮到普通人的承受能力。其次老子認為社會和政府必須協調、平衡人與人之間的各種差距，政策的制定與實施應盡可能關照到最大多數人的利益。再者老子認為社會中人與人利益的不均衡，必將致使社會存在風險。老子的思想對於我們今天從倫理的角度認識人生命的尊嚴、權利與價值，對於理解人以及社會的和諧發展都具有重要的現實意義和價值。第一、隨著經濟的快速發展，人類對自然環境的破壞也日漸加劇。人類存在和發展的權利與自然是平等的，不能以犧牲生態環境、犧牲人生命存在和發展的價值去發展經濟，因為社會的可持續發展依存於人類與自然的和諧統一。第二、目前社會發展存在諸多方面的不均衡狀態。政府有責任縮小包括經濟、醫療和教育等方面的差距，使得公眾在各種資源的佔有上盡可能地趨向均衡狀態，使公眾擁有相對平等的生存權、發展權、生命健康權和接受教育的權利等，以維護其生命的尊嚴和促進其生命價值的實現。第三、在醫學活動中，其正實踐“預防為主”的方針，有效控制和消除引發疾病的各種自然和社會的因素，激發人自身的潛能，順應生命存在與發展的自然和社會的內在規律，引導公眾崇尚並踐行健康、文明、科學的生活方式，在“預防為主”科學理念的引領下積極維護人的生命健康權。第四、個體人文素質的提高是社會文明發展的重要標誌，它能夠促進人與人之間關係的協調，能夠喚醒和增強個體關注與維護他人生命的尊嚴、權利、價值。重視優良傳統道德文化在社會中的作用與價值，以制度化的方式加強優秀傳統道德文化的教育和實踐，培養公眾的人文主義精神。以社會現實為基礎，從生命倫理觀的角度出發對老子思想的研究，必然能夠加深對人以及生命的尊嚴、權利、價值的維護與實現的理解，促進人與自然、社會的和諧發展，促進人自由而全面的發展。This paper attempts to show that Laozi's thought covers a sense of bioethics and carries profound moral implications for contemporary society. His basic thought includes: Human existence and development must be based on the essential rule of nature (dao); a thorough understanding of dao can improve human adaptation; and human value and dignity must be realized based on natural and good social relations and interactions.In natural relations, Laozi thought that the dao of nature is also the rule of person; that is, natural rule should also be a person's behavior standards. Human existence and development must maintain a harmonious unification with nature. In personal relations, Laozi thought that one should treat other people generously and beneficially, helping others do well. At the same time, Laozi emphasized that one must control and restrict one's desires and passions. As he put it, "if you do not compete with anyone else, nobody will defeat you."Laozi’s thought has good ethical implications for today. First, along with fast economical development, humans should pay attention to the preservation of the natural environment. Society’s sustainable development depends on a harmonious human unification with nature. Second, government should have a responsibility to maintain harmonious relations among different classes and areas of human persons. Third, in medical activity, preventive medicine, rather than aggressive procedures, should be taken as the main medicine. Finally, seriously research into Laozi’s thought for the sake of bioethical studies can significantly deepen our understanding of humans, nature and development. DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 73 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.現代基因技術改善了人類控制以及治癒疾病的能力，但同時，它也開始威脅人類的自由以及獨立性。解決這一問題，是應用倫理學的責任。現代西方關於人的尊嚴的觀念處理這樣一類問題。一方面，這些觀念把人看成是獨立自由的個體，從而強調人的尊嚴。但是，現代基因技術給種族歧視提供了新的理由。現代基因技術不再是對生命進化“外部”框架條件的控制，而是有目的地改變生命體的“內部”形成機制，從而給優生學提供新的支持。這不但威脅到人的獨立性，而且更深地威脅人的尊嚴！ 如果人可以被區分為“設計者”以及“被設計者”，那麼假設“所有人生來平等”的原則就被摧毀了。另一方面，現代西方觀念視人為唯一具有創造性的生物。人可以有目的地改造世界，而其他生物則作不到 。這一觀點使那些認為科學技術能改善世界的人熱烈支持基因優生學。最終，這一行為將導致大災難。古代中國關於人的尊嚴的觀念給解決這一問題開出了一條新路。中國古人更重視通過道德修養去凸現人的尊嚴。這是一條有別於西方征服自然的路。中國思想強調人與自然的和諧，天人合一，這一思想將有助於解決現代基因技術帶來的問題。我們最終必須明白，我們應該用涵養道德的方式去維護人的尊嚴，而不該僭取“上帝”和自然的權力。Modern genetic technology improves the human ability to control and cure illnesses. But at the same time, it threatens the independence and freedom of humanity. So it is the duty of applied ethics to overcome this problem.The modem Western idea of human dignity cannot deal with the problem. On one side, the modem Western idea regards mankind as independent and free individuals. It emphasizes the dignity of man. However, modem genetic technology provides new reasons to raise the bar. Modern genetic technology gives new support to eugenics, which enables mankind not only to control the evolution of living beings from the outside, but also to change them from the inside. It threatens deeply not only the independence, but also the dignity of man. If people are distinguished between “designer” and “designed”, the principle which assumes that all people should be equal will be destroyed.On the other side, the modem Western idea regards man as the only one species that has initiative. Man can have the intention to change the world, but other beings cannot. This point makes those who accept the idea that science and technology can improve the world support eugenics. This will lead to disaster.The ancient Chinese idea of human dignity presents a new way to deal with this problem. The ancient Chinese put more energy into their own cultivation of an ideological morality which expresses their dignity. This way is different from the Western way of conquering nature. The Chinese idea emphasizes the harmony between humanity and nature, and the idea that humans and nature become one, which will help humans overcome problems caused by modem genetic technology. We must understand that we should display dignity through our cultivation of an ideological morality, rather than appropriating power of God and nature.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 38 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese. The current study examined the effects of dietary nitrates consumption on endurance performance of recreational athletes in Singapore. The consumption of dietary nitrates has been shown to reduce whole body oxygen cost of submaximal exercise and enhance tolerance to high intensity exercise. Beetroot, which is concentrated in dietary nitrates, is a popular natural food that has been associated with enhancement of endurance performance. Majority of studies on the effects of beetroot consumption on endurance performance have been carried out using 500ml of beetroot juice. To make the juice more palatable, and hence encourage consumption by the young athletes, this study used 250ml of beetroot juice, mixed with 250ml of apple and orange juice. 23 subjects (10 males and 13 females aged between 12 and 24) were recruited for the study. Subjects performed the Multi-stage Fitness Test (MST) on two separate days after consuming 500ml of Apple and Orange (AO, Control Group) juice or Apple, Beetroot and Orange (ABO, Experimental Group) juice. The VO2 max obtained from both tests were compared using a Paired Sample t-test. Paired Sampled t-test (t = -0.08, p < 0.05) showed that there was no significant difference between the VO2 max of the experiment group and the VO2 max of the control group. Results of the present study suggests that 250ml of beetroot juice combined with 250ml of apple and orange juice did not result in significant differences in endurance performance. 本文旨在探討膳食補充硝酸鹽如何影響新加坡休閒運動員的耐力運動表現。過去研究顯示在日常飲食內攝取膳食硝酸鹽， 可以降低亞極量運動的氧價，並增強對激烈運動的耐受力。由於甜菜根高含硝酸鹽，眾人深信食用甜菜根是能提升耐力運動的 表現。多數研究在實驗內利用500毫升的甜菜根汁來探測它對耐力表現。為了鼓勵年輕運動員飲用甜菜根汁，本研究混合了250 毫升的甜菜汁及250毫升的蘋果和橙汁。23名12歲至24歲的休閒運動員(10名男性與13名女性)參與本研究。實驗在分別兩天喝 了500毫升蘋果與橙汁(控制組)或500毫升蘋果，橙與紅甜菜根汁(實驗組)之後，進行了多階段體能測試(Multi-stage Fitness Test 短稱 MST)。實驗採用相似樣本T鑒定法比較從這兩次MST測試到的最大攝氧量。相似樣本T鑒定(t=-0.08, p<0.05)顯 示控制組與實驗組的VO2 max之間沒有顯著的差異。因此，本研究顯示250毫升甜菜根加入250毫升蘋果和橙混合汁對耐力運動 表現沒有顯著的影響。本文旨在探討膳食補充硝酸鹽如何影響新加坡休閒運動員的耐力運動表現。過去研究顯示在日常飲食內攝取膳食硝酸鹽， 可以降低亞極量運動的氧價，並增強對激烈運動的耐受力。由於甜菜根高含硝酸鹽，眾人深信食用甜菜根是能提升耐力運動的 表現。多數研究在實驗內利用500毫升的甜菜根汁來探測它對耐力表現。為了鼓勵年輕運動員飲用甜菜根汁，本研究混合了250 毫升的甜菜汁及250毫升的蘋果和橙汁。23名12歲至24歲的休閒運動員(10名男性與13名女性)參與本研究。實驗在分別兩天喝 了500毫升蘋果與橙汁(控制組）或500毫升蘋果，橙與紅甜菜根汁(實驗組)之後，進行了多階段體能測試(Multi-stage Fitness Test 短稱 MST)。實驗採用相似樣本T鑒定法比較從這兩次MST測試到的最大攝氧量相似樣本T鑒定(t=-0.08, p<0.05)顯示控制組與實驗組的VO2 max之間沒有顯著的差異。因此，本研究顯示250毫升甜菜根加入250毫升蘋果和橙混合汁對耐力運動表現沒有顯著的影響。

碩士
國立臺灣大學
土木工程學研究所
91
Abstract Ratchetting behavior is one of the main notorious factors endangering the safety of structures under cyclic loading. Generally speaking, ratchetting can be found under cyclic loading of non-zero mean stress. However, some experiments showed that even under cyclic loading of zero mean stress, ratchetting in the direction of tension can still be found. This paper analyzed the phenomena of ratchetting under nominal-stress-controlled cyclic loading and true-stress-controlled cyclic loading of zero mean stress. The results show that ratchetting in the direction of tension can be found in true-stress-controlled experiments as well as in nominal-stress-controlled experiments. In other words, even eliminating the difference of stress produced by the change of cross-section, ratchetting in the direction of tension can still be found. The results of analysis also show that the ratchetting in the direction of tension as mentioned above was caused by the asymmetry of hardening between tension and compression, the hardening of compression being larger than the hardening of tension and hence the tensile strain being larger than the compressive strain in each cycle. As the cyclic contributions accumulated, the ratchetting in the direction of tension gradually developed. Furthermore, the difference of controlled path would also affect the asymmetry of hardening between tension and compression. If the controlled path started in the compression direction, the asymmetry of hardening between tension and compression would be more apparent than that of the controlled path starting in the direction of tension; therefore, ratchetting is more apparent. For cyclic hardening materials, e.g. Al 7075, the phenomenon of ratchetting in the direction of tension was shadowed in the first few cycles. Once the cyclic hardening effect phased out, ratchetting manifested itself. In order to complete true-stress-controlled experiments, we also tried different constitutive laws to find out the theoretical value of radial strain, and checked its accuracy by extensometer.

碩士
國立中正大學
會計資訊與法律數位學習碩士在職專班
104
Internal control is a process of management to ensure the protection of property, increase the reliability of accounting information, improve the efficiency of operating, and effectively rearch anticipated goals thorugh various coordinated measures. In late 1950s, the government allowed interested individuals to start private schools, with the aim of nurturing human resources. And yet some people with malign intentions took advantage of the opportunity of starting private schools to cover their illegal activities. The Ministry of Education therefore forcefully pushed private schools on constructing internal control measures. This research focuses on internal control measures of schools and seeks to investigate the possible proper tools to alleviate the malpractice and corruption of school governing. Based on the perspective of financial accounting, this research studies the possible ways to help private schools strengthen their financial condition and make sure that private schools will be governed by rules and institutions. Through interviewing accounting staffs of private schools regarding the obstables they encountered when implementing accounting regulations, this research proposes a series of solid internal control measures, which can prevent illegal activites from emerging when fully enforced. This research indicates that internal control measure are harder to be implemented in unconventional schools. Facing the trend of decreasing birth rates, the government has to come up with new policies as there is no such thing as a unified rule that can be applied to all contingencies. Through the construction and implementation of effective internal control procedures and measures, all school personnel would abide by the clear-defined rules. Accounting staffs can then serve their duties following well-specified rules. Through examining on a regular basis and making the implementation process transparent, the realization of mutual inspection will be entirely possible and the probability of the emergence of illegal acitivites will be greatly lowered.