Academic literature on the topic '行為抑制'

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.緩解癌痛是終末期癌症患者安寧療護的重要目標之一。世界衛生組織提出，嗎啡等鴉片類藥物被列為癌症止痛和安寧療護的首選或必備藥物。而談起嗎啡時，人們常常聯想到毒品。尤其在中國這樣一個深受兩次鴉片戰爭影響的國家，人們畏懼嗎啡，並更加謹慎地使用嗎啡。在臨床上，嗎啡的確能夠有效地緩解患者臨終前因癌症引起的疼痛，但不合理地使用也會引起患者的呼吸抑制，導致其死亡。那麼，臨床上到底應該如何正確地使用嗎啡？嗎啡的使用有哪些制度上的支援？嗎啡被當作主動安樂死的一種手段又是否能夠得到儒家倫理學上的辯護？筆者認為，無論在臨床中，還是在制定嗎啡的相關法律法規中，都應將嗎啡的兩種作用：合理劑量的鎮痛作用和加大劑量的主動安樂死作用嚴格的區分開來。用嗎啡安樂死的行為違背了儒家的孝道、弘毅美德以及儒家生命觀和仁愛的思想。本文將通過探究嗎啡的歷史、臨床使用、政策和儒家倫理四個方面，對嗎啡的使用進行具體的研究和分析。Pain control is one of the most important goals of end-of-life care for cancer patients in the terminal phase. The World Health Organization recommends that morphine be considered optimal and even indispensable as a means of relieving pain and providing palliative care. However, people often associate this opioid with illicit drugs, particularly in the context of Chinese culture, due to its close association with the two Anglo–Chinese Opium Wars of the mid-19th century. In clinical settings, morphine is usually the preferred treatment for moderate or severe cancer-related pain. However, excessive morphine use may result in respiratory depression and death. Exploring morphine’s history and clinical usage, relevant policies, and Confucian ethics, this essay shows that a clear distinction must be made between relieving pain and performing active euthanasia in cases of morphine use in current Chinese palliative care and bioethics. The essay offers an approach based on Confucian ethics to analyze how euthanasia via morphine use violates the principles of filial piety (xiao) and humaneness (ren), two virtues emphasized in Confucian tradition.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 432 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese對使用人類基因轉移技術治療健康問題與使用該技術增強或改善正常人遺傳特性加以區分已成為討論基因治療倫理學的標準。一些人對這一區分的規範力提出質疑，認為這忽視了如何在醫學上合法使用人類基因轉移技術預防疾病。例如，用基因工程增強免疫功能，改進DNA修復功能或增添細胞受體獲得和處理膽固醇的功能。一些批評者認為。如果疾病預防是醫學的正當目標，使用基因轉移技術增強人類健康維護能力將有助於實現這一目標。然而，“治療／增強”的區分法不能對合法的基因治療進行界定。我論證在基因治療的預防與增強（以及在基因治療醫學方面的正確使用與基因治療非醫學方面的使用）之間能夠劃一條線，但只有你願意接受以下兩種老式的主張：1）一些健康問題最好被理解為體現在生物系統中的各種過程或部分的實體，至少具備了像受抑制的功能一樣的本體論客觀性與理論意義。2）合法的預防性基因保健應該限於努力保護人的不受更強有力的病理實體的侵襲，而不是改變他們的身體以逃避社會的不公正。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 15 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.衛生保健制度改革之艱難，主要在於要在諸多因素發展勢頭的相互硑撞中維持衛生保健工作的良性發展。衛生保健改革目標的設定，應當着眼於現實，但又必須顧及長遠。為此，它應當是首先有利於為更多的人群提供最基本的保健服務，同時又 能有力地控制保健費用的增長，有利於控制疾病的發生。只着眼於開源或節流，或者只強調衛生服務組織自身的營運，都可能使衛生保健產生更多的麻煩。多方位的雙層或多層的體制是使衞生保健工作適應各方需要的理想構思，它包含多種雙層或多種多層的內涵。在衛生資源有限的情況下，配給是保證為更多的人群提供保健的有效措施，救援則是其重要的補充。現行的醫療服務體系與為最廣大的人群提供基本的醫療保健服務不適應，也與抑制醫療費用上漲的要求不適應，必需有較大力度的改革。衛生保健改革的選擇，必須是道德的，同時又是理性而現實的。Health care costs soar and become unbearable everywhere in the world. This is not only a problem faced by developed Western countries. It is also a difficult issue for the third world countries such as China. China's health care system needs reform. On the one hand, a great number of people have not been covered by any basic health insurance. On the other hand, however, critical care medicine in high-technology hospitals in urban areas consumes tremendous public health care resources for a very small group of patients. This essay argues that China should appropriately establish multiple goals for its health care reform, based on ethical and reasonable deliberations on China's actual health care situation.First, rationing is crucial in containing health care costs. Public health care resources are limited. It is impossible to satisfy all medical needs for all people at all times. This is especially the case for mainland China, where public resources that can be invested in medical care are scarce. An appropriate goal of China's health care reform should be to provide basic, not luxury, health care for the people. Some luxury medical procedures must be left to individuals for purchase through their own resources.Second, a basic level of health care must be ensured to most people, even if it is impossible to ensure to everyone. It is important for everyone to understand that providing the best care for everyone is practically impossible. The best a government can do is to provide some level of basic care. However, the goal here must be the basic health of all or most people, rather than total care for a small group of people.Third, an appropriate pattern of China's health care should be prevention-oriented and ordinary-treatment-oriented, rather than high-technology-medicine-oriented. Since the early 1980s, many hospitals have relied on high-technology medicine to deal with diseases and to earn more income for themselves at the same time. But high-technology medicine is not panacea, though it is extremely costly. Inexpensive medical prevention is often more effective than high-technology medical procedures.Finally, a rule of rescue should be established in society. Society ought to provide some help for those who need special expensive medical care (such as organ transplantation) and are not able to afford it. The rule of rescue guides our efforts in this direction. Society should organize and establish special foundations to help people in this regard.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 21 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

金融科技時代來臨後，給予非金融機構得以進入金融服務市場之空間。金融科技當欠缺細部之監理規則時，明顯存在著不確定性及適用上之灰色地帶。此時若有不肖業者打著金融科技之旗幟，以金融創新之名行監理套利之實，傷害金融秩序，國家必須負起金融監理之責任。面對企圖透過多重架構來謀求套利可能、屢次規避法規且忽視公司治理之業者，金融主管機關的確應以審慎監理之視角，處以行政處分等金融監理手段以收管理之效；但從管制謙抑性之觀點，監理機關更應思考如何以公私協力、自主規制及軟法治理之行政法理思維，再塑經濟管制，與業者共同建構金融監理生態圈之合作治理體系。<br />

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
體育學系
101
The purpose of this study was two-fold: 1. To explore the prediction of goal orientation, perceived ability, and the interaction on self-handicapping. 2. To explore the prediction of goal orientation, Behavioral Inhibition / Behavioral Approach System, and the interaction on self-handicapping. The participants were 274 collegiate athletes (male = 126, female = 148), the average years was 20.74 ± 1.90 years old; they were asked to fill sport goal orientation scale, perceived competence scale, behavioral inhibition and behavioral approach scale, and exercise self-handicapping scale. The data was analyzed by Pearson correlation and multiple hierarchical regression. The results showed that: 1. There was no interaction between goal orientation and perceived competence to predict self-handicapping. The task orientation negatively predicted the self-handicapping; ego orientation positively predicted the self-handicapping. 2. There was no interaction between goal orientation and behavioral inhibition / behavioral approach system to predict self-handicapping. The behavioral approach system negatively predicted the self-handicapping. Based on the results of current study, the implications and applications were also proposed.

碩士
國立清華大學
工程與系統科學系
90
Incidents of intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) and irradiation-assisted stress corrosion cracking (IASCC) of stainless steel components in the primary coolant circuits of boiling water reactors (BWRs) are occurring with increasing frequency as the power reactors age. In the past decade, the HWC technique has been widely adopted as a measure for mitigating IGSCC and IASCC in BWR vessel internal components. However, this technique is not without problems. Along with the application of HWC is a shortcoming of exerting a high man-REM cost on the operator due to elevated radiation fields. Furthermore, it is not at all clear that HWC is effective in protecting some components against IGSCC, particularly for protecting in-vessel components that are exposed to high gamma and neutron fields. Therefore, new technologies, such as inhibitive coatings, were brought into consideration to enhance the effectiveness of HWC . In this study, an experiment will be conducted to investigate the effects of inhibitive coating with TiO2, ZrO2, and ZrO(NO3)2 by chemical immersion at 150℃on Type 304 SS. Measurements of electrochemical corrosion potential (ECP) and slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) tests in simulated BWR circulation loop to investigate the effects of inhibitive coating with zirconium oxide and with a compound containing zirconium oxide on Type 304 . Test results showed that the treated SS specimens exhibited lower ECP than the pre-oxidized specimen, and the specimens exhibited lower ECP in higher than in lower hydrogen consumption. Increasing hydrogen concentration and treating IPC both can reduce ECP. In the SSRT test results, all tested specimens showed less IGSCC in higher hydrogen concentration, and had the longer elongation and fracture time. In the same water chemistry environments, pre-oxidized one had less IGSCC, the lowest elongation and the shortest fracture time. The results indicated that IPC did prolong the crack initial times to get longer fracture times, larger maximum fracture stress, and less second cracks. That can provide protection against IGSCC.

碩士
國立清華大學
工程與系統科學系
89
Abstract Incidents of intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) and irradiation-assisted stress corrosion cracking (IASCC) of stainless steel components in the primary coolant circuits of boiling water reactors (BWRs) are occurring with increasing frequency as the power reactors age. In the past decade, the hydrogen water chemistry (HWC) technique has been widely studied as a measure for mitigating IGSCC and IASCC in BWR vessel internal components. However, this technique is not without problems. In general, at a feedwater hydrogen concentration higher than 0.6 ppm, the radioactive Nitrogen-16 content in the main steam line is very likely to increase and the resulting radiation fields exert a high man-REM cost on the operator. Furthermore, it is not at all clear that HWC is effective in protecting some components against IGSCC and IASCC in terms of electrochemical corrosion potential (ECP) reduction, particularly for protecting near-core components. Therefore, new technologies, such as inhibitive coatings, were brought into consideration to enhance the effectiveness of HWC in the aspects of lower hydrogen consumption and more effective ECP reduction. In the current study, surfaces of pre-oxidized Type 304 stainless steels (SS) were treated with various chemical compounds of TiO2, ZrO2, and ZrO(NO3)2 by chemical immersion at different temperatures. Electrochemical potentiodynamic polarization, ECP measurement, and slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) test were conducted to characterize the corrosion properties of the treated and untreated stainless steels. Test results showed that the treated SS specimens exhibited lower open circuit potentials, corrosion densities, and passive current densities than the untreated（pre-oxidized only）specimens. The ECPs of the treated and untreated specimens at 288 oC could vary by more than 200 mV at different dissolved oxygen concentrations, and the pre-oxidized specimen did not exhibit the highest ECP. According to the SSRT test results, all tested specimens showed severe IGSCC, but the pre-oxidized one had the lowest elongation and the shortest fracture time.