Artigos de revistas: "Exogenous shock"

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Mai, Jan-Frederik, Steffen Schenk e Matthias Scherer. "Exchangeable exogenous shock models". Bernoulli 22, n.º 2 (maio de 2016): 1278–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3150/14-bej693.

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Schweizer, Lars, e Andreas Nienhaus. "True exogenous shock or just a scapegoat". Journal of Strategy and Management 11, n.º 2 (21 de maio de 2018): 203–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsma-03-2017-0022.

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Purpose Sensemaking models generally lack an objective determinant to distinguish between CEO fault and changes in systematic risk caused by exogenous negative shocks like a banking crisis. The interdisciplinary approach of this paper combines attribution theory with econometric time series analyses to provide an objective measure of exogeneity and persistence of a negative shock to an organization. The purpose of this paper is to address the exploratory research question, of how scapegoating by managers can be avoided by the use of an objective and empirical measurement and if the recent financial crisis can be seen as an exogenous shock to manufacturing firms. Design/methodology/approach By testing for stationarity with a structural break with an econometric time series analysis, the model helps to reduce agency costs during organizational crisis by effectively determining crisis causation and avoid scapegoating by managers. Findings By combining the sensemaking models of Haleblian and Rajagopalan (2006), Staw (1980), and Weick (1988), an integrated model of sensemaking in performance crises under the specific context of simultaneously occurring external crises is provided. By applying the authors approach the results suggest that the financial crisis of 2008/2009 has true exogenous adverse effects on US manufacturing firms. Originality/value The interdisciplinary approach encourages the integration of econometric time series analysis as an objective determinant in sense making models.

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Zahller, Kimberly A., Vicky Arnold e Robin W. Roberts. "Using CSR Disclosure Quality to Develop Social Resilience to Exogenous Shocks: A Test of Investor Perceptions". Behavioral Research in Accounting 27, n.º 2 (1 de março de 2015): 155–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/bria-51118.

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ABSTRACT Our overarching purpose is to propose and test a theory of social resilience to exogenous shocks. The theory posits that high-quality corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure promotes the perception of organizational legitimacy, creating social resilience to exogenous shocks (external events outside management control). Using a path model and data from 100 experienced, nonprofessional investors, we examine whether the quality of a corporation's voluntary CSR disclosure increases its perceived organizational legitimacy and if increases in perceived legitimacy help insulate that organization from negative investor reactions following an exogenous shock. The results provide strong support for the model and show that when CSR disclosures are higher quality, investors perceive organizational legitimacy to be higher, inferring that organizations should emphasize quantifiable, consistent, and comparable reporting. Further, the results indicate that higher levels of perceived organizational legitimacy are associated with greater levels of organizational resilience to an intra-industry exogenous shock.

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Oliver, Juan A., e Donald W. Landry. "Endogenous and exogenous vasopressin in shock". Current Opinion in Critical Care 13, n.º 4 (agosto de 2007): 376–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mcc.0b013e3282435e16.

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Kuroda, Koji, e Jun-ichi Maskawa. "Exogenous shock and multifractal random walk". Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review 16, n.º 1 (22 de novembro de 2018): 213–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40844-018-0106-9.

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Ukemenam, Angela Ifeanyi, Babatunde Opadeji, Tuwe Soro Garbobiya e Augustine Ujunwa. "Macroeconomic Effects of Exogenous Oil Price Shock in Nigeria: Persistent or Transitory". International Journal of Economics and Finance 10, n.º 11 (20 de outubro de 2018): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v10n11p28.

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This paper examines the macroeconomic effects of exogenous oil price shock in Nigeria. The paper additionally investigates the symmetric effects of oil price shock and the persistence and/or transitory nature of the shock. To achieve these objectives, the Generalised autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH), Component generalised autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (CGARCH) and Exponential generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (EGARCH) were employed to estimate the various equations. The results showed that oil price volatility has significant positive effect on exchange rate, foreign external reserves, government revenue, and capital importation. The results also revealed symmetric and persistent effect of oil shock in Nigeria. Based on the results, the paper made recommendations for ameliorating and/or insulating Nigeria from the vulnerabilities of oil price shocks.

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Li, Ji, Wei Sun, Wanxing Jiang, He Yang e Ludan Zhang. "How the Nature of Exogenous Shocks and Crises Impact Company Performance?" International Journal of Risk and Contingency Management 6, n.º 4 (outubro de 2017): 40–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijrcm.2017100103.

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The authors develop an empirical study based on Event System Theory (Morgeson, Mitchell & Liu, 2015), which allows a clearer consideration of specific nature of each exogenous shock and crisis, such as its criticality and geographical proximity. More importantly, they highlight the importance of considering industry characteristics when studying how exogenous shocks and crises may impact both accounting and stock-market performances of companies. Finally, when testing the impacts of economic or political shocks respectively, the authors also take into account the effect of company resources. After analyzing data from companies listed in the New York Stock Exchange, they gain interesting insights: (1) Exogenous shocks and crises with high event criticality are more likely to impact company performance. (2) Exogenous shocks and crises with high event proximity are more likely to impact company performance. (3) Exogenous shocks and crises impact in different directions on a company's accounting performance and stock market performance. Finally, (4) Exogenous shocks and crises make salient the relationship between a firm's resources and its performance, while the relationship is contingent on industry characteristics (i.e., industrial-regulative mechanisms).

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Peek, Joe, e Eric S. Rosengren. "Collateral Damage: Effects of the Japanese Bank Crisis on Real Activity in the United States". American Economic Review 90, n.º 1 (1 de março de 2000): 30–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.1.30.

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The Japanese banking crisis provides a natural experiment to test whether a loan supply shock can affect real economic activity. Because the shock was external to U.S. credit markets, yet connected through the Japanese bank penetration of U.S. markets, this event allows us to identify an exogenous loan supply shock and ultimately link that shock to construction activity in U.S. commercial real estate markets. We exploit the variation across geographically distinct commercial real estate markets to establish conclusively that loan supply shocks emanating from Japan had real effects on economic activity in the United States. (JEL E44, F36)

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Guadalupe-Lanas, Jorge, Jorge Cruz-Cárdenas, Patricio Arévalo-Chávez e Andrés Palacio-Fierro. "Does the political regime favor economic growth?" International Journal of Development Issues 17, n.º 3 (3 de setembro de 2018): 384–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-04-2018-0055.

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Purpose This study aims to analyze the influence of political regime on economic growth. Design/methodology/approach The methodology was based on an inter-period comparison of the evolution of macroeconomic fundamentals in three different political regimes in Ecuador, a South American country. Findings The results showed that what determines the evolution of macroeconomic fundamentals is not the political regime that oversees it, but the size of a positive exogenous shock on the price of raw materials, which, by providing higher incomes, considerably increases the level of investment and net exports. However, the political regime does affect the distribution of income in sectors such as health and education. Originality/value As far as the authors know, this may be the first paper to explore the importance of a positive exogenous shock on a political regime for the case of primary-exporting Latin American economies, which are price takers subject to exogenous shocks.

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Bakker, Jan David, Christopher Parsons e Ferdinand Rauch. "Migration and Urbanization in Post-Apartheid South Africa". World Bank Economic Review 34, n.º 2 (30 de julho de 2019): 509–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhy030.

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Abstract Although Africa has experienced rapid urbanization in recent decades, little is known about the process of urbanization across the continent. This paper exploits a natural experiment, the abolition of South African pass laws, to explore how exogenous population shocks affect the spatial distribution of economic activity. Under apartheid, black South Africans were severely restricted in their choice of location, and many were forced to live in homelands. Following the abolition of apartheid they were free to migrate. Given a migration cost in distance, a town nearer to the homelands will receive a larger inflow of people than a more distant town following the removal of mobility restrictions. Drawing upon this exogenous variation, this study examines the effect of migration on urbanization in South Africa. While it is found that on average there is no endogenous adjustment of population location to a positive population shock, there is heterogeneity in the results. Cities that start off larger do grow endogenously in the wake of a migration shock, while rural areas that start off small do not respond in the same way. This heterogeneity indicates that population shocks lead to an increase in urban relative to rural populations. Overall, the evidence suggests that exogenous migration shocks can foster urbanization in the medium run.

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Ono, Shigeki. "Spillovers of US Conventional and Unconventional Monetary Policies to Russian Financial Markets". International Journal of Economics and Finance 10, n.º 2 (3 de janeiro de 2018): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v10n2p14.

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This paper investigates the spillovers of US conventional and unconventional monetary policies to Russian financial markets using VAR-X models. Impulse responses to an exogenous Federal Funds rate shock are assessed for all the endogenous variables. The empirical results show that both conventional and unconventional tightening monetary policy shocks decrease stock prices whereas an easing monetary policy shock does not increase stock prices. Moreover, the results suggest that an unconventional tightening monetary policy shock increases Russian interest rates and decreases oil prices, implying reduced liquidity in international financial markets.

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Cabrales, Pedro, Amy G. Tsai e Marcos Intaglietta. "Exogenous nitric oxide induces protection during hemorrhagic shock". Resuscitation 80, n.º 6 (junho de 2009): 707–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2009.03.001.

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Ikeda, Yuichi, Hideaki Aoyama, Hiroshi Iyetomi, Yoshi Fujiwara, Wataru Souma e Taisei Kaizoji. "Response of firm agent network to exogenous shock". Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 382, n.º 1 (agosto de 2007): 138–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2007.02.016.

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Bereskin, Frederick L., e David C. Cicero. "CEO compensation contagion: Evidence from an exogenous shock". Journal of Financial Economics 107, n.º 2 (fevereiro de 2013): 477–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2012.09.005.

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Scherer, Matthias, e Henrik Sloot. "Exogenous shock models: analytical characterization and probabilistic construction". Metrika 82, n.º 8 (2 de maio de 2019): 931–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00184-019-00715-8.

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Kustanova, G. A., A. N. Murashev, I. V. Guzhova, B. A. Margulis, I. R. Prokhorenko, S. V. Grachev e M. B. Evgen’ev. "Protective effect of exogenous 70-kDa heat shock protein during endotoxic shock (sepsis)". Doklady Biological Sciences 411, n.º 1 (dezembro de 2006): 504–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0012496606060238.

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Kubler, Felix, e Karl Schmedders. "RECURSIVE EQUILIBRIA IN ECONOMIES WITH INCOMPLETE MARKETS". Macroeconomic Dynamics 6, n.º 2 (abril de 2002): 284–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136510050203105x.

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We examine minimal sufficient state spaces for equilibria in a Lucas asset pricing model with heterogeneous agents and incomplete markets. It is clear that even if all fundamentals of the economy follow a first-order Markov process, equilibrium prices and allocations generally will depend not only on the current exogenous shock but also on the distribution of wealth among the heterogeneous agents. The main contribution of this paper is to give an example of an infinite-horizon economy with Markovian fundamentals, where the joint process of equilibrium asset holdings and exogenous shocks does not constitute a sufficient state space either.

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Peters, Andrew, Yevgeniy Brailovsky, Vladimir Lakhter e Paul R. Forfia. "Vasopressin-induced hyponatremia in a patient with pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure treated for septic shock". Case Reports in Internal Medicine 5, n.º 3 (18 de julho de 2018): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/crim.v5n3p36.

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We report a case of a 55-year-old woman who developed hyponatremia after the initiation of exogenous vasopressin to treat vasodilatory shock. Discontinuation of exogenous vasopressin therapy, without any other changes in medical therapy or the patient’s condition, led to a rapid correction in the serum sodium level along with a marked increase in urine output. Increased free water retention due to exogenous vasopressin administration may have contributed to hyponatremia in this patient. This case illustrates the potential for vasopressin to have potent and unintended renal and electrolyte effects in patients treated for vasodilatory shock.

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Nachuraju, Parimala, Adam J. Friedman, Joel M. Friedman e Pedro Cabrales. "Exogenous nitric oxide prevents cardiovascular collapse during hemorrhagic shock". Resuscitation 82, n.º 5 (maio de 2011): 607–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.12.025.

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Corbo, Leonardo, Luca Pirolo e Vasco Rodrigues. "Business model adaptation in response to an exogenous shock". International Journal of Engineering Business Management 10 (janeiro de 2018): 184797901877274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1847979018772742.

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Salazar, Miguel, Bee Bee Hu, Joyce Vazquez, Ruth L. Wintz e Joseph Varon. "Exogenous Vasopressin-Induced Hyponatremia in Patients With Vasodilatory Shock". Journal of Intensive Care Medicine 30, n.º 5 (7 de outubro de 2013): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885066613507410.

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Rovira, I., G. Fita, A. López, E. Carrero, S. Herrero e MA Nalda. "Endogenous and exogenous nitric oxide in experimental septic shock". Intensive Care Medicine 22, S1 (janeiro de 1996): S19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01921193.

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Shobande, Olatunji Abdul, e Oladimeji Tomiwa Shodipe. "New Keynesian Liquidity Trap and Conventional Fiscal Stance: An Estimated DSGE Model". Economics and Business 33, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2019): 152–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eb-2019-0011.

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Abstract The study investigates the effect of New Keynesian liquidity trap on fiscal stance in the United States, United Kingdom and Japan economies. We developed our DSGE model in the context of an optimal and persistent interactive fiscal policy, which allows us to track the transmission channel through which shocks are distributed among real economic variables. The evidence suggests that zero lower bound mitigates the ability of monetary policy to absorb the effect of exogenous shock on the macroeconomic variables while expansionary fiscal policy was able to absorb the shock persistence transmitted from the nominal interest rate.

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Semenkova, L. N., E. I. Dudich, E. A. Gorbatova e M. Gaestel. "Enhance of the alpha-fetoprotein mediated cytotoxicity by heat shock and exogenous heat shock proteins". Immunology Letters 56 (maio de 1997): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-2478(97)86532-7.

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Semenkova, L. "Enhance of the alpha-fetoprotein mediated cytotoxicity by heat shock and exogenous heat shock proteins". Immunology Letters 56, n.º 1-3 (maio de 1997): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-2478(97)88372-1.

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ZHANG, J.-N., F.-M. ZHANG, W.-S. MA e T. FORRESTER. "Protective effect of exogenous fructose-1,6-diphosphate in cardiogenic shock". Cardiovascular Research 22, n.º 12 (1 de dezembro de 1988): 927–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cvr/22.12.927.

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Antonova, O. Yu, M. M. Yurinskaya, S. Yu Funikov, M. B. Evgen’ev e M. G. Vinokurov. "Exogenous heat shock protein HSP70 modulates lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage activation". Doklady Biological Sciences 452, n.º 1 (setembro de 2013): 320–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0012496613050141.

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Marin-Vinader, Laura, Chanseok Shin, Carla Onnekink, James L. Manley e Nicolette H. Lubsen. "Hsp27 Enhances Recovery of Splicing as well as Rephosphorylation of SRp38 after Heat Shock". Molecular Biology of the Cell 17, n.º 2 (fevereiro de 2006): 886–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e05-07-0596.

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A heat stress causes a rapid inhibition of splicing. Exogenous expression of Hsp27 did not prevent that inhibition but enhanced the recovery of splicing afterward. Another small heat shock protein, αB-crystallin, had no effect. Hsp27, but not αB-crystallin, also hastened rephosphorylation of SRp38—dephosphorylated a potent inhibitor of splicing—after a heat shock, although it did not prevent dephosphorylation by a heat shock. The effect of Hsp27 on rephosphorylation of SRp38 required phosphorylatable Hsp27. A Hsp90 client protein was required for the effect of Hsp27 on recovery of spicing and on rephosphorylation of SRp38. Raising the Hsp70 level by either a pre-heat shock or by exogenous expression had no effect on either dephosphorylation of SRp38 during heat shock or rephosphorylation after heat shock. The phosphatase inhibitor calyculin A prevented dephosphorylation of SRp38 during a heat shock and caused complete rephosphorylation of SRp38 after a heat shock, indicating that cells recovering from a heat shock are not deficient in kinase activity. Together our data show that the activity of Hsp27 in restoring splicing is not due to a general thermoprotective effect of Hsp27, but that Hsp27 is an active participant in the (de)phosphorylation cascade controlling the activity of the splicing regulator SRp38.

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Landsberger, N., e A. P. Wolffe. "Role of chromatin and Xenopus laevis heat shock transcription factor in regulation of transcription from the X. laevis hsp70 promoter in vivo." Molecular and Cellular Biology 15, n.º 11 (novembro de 1995): 6013–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.15.11.6013.

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Xenopus laevis oocytes activate transcription from the Xenopus hsp70 promoter within a chromatin template in response to heat shock. Expression of exogenous Xenopus heat shock transcription factor 1 (XHSF1) causes the activation of the wild-type hsp70 promoter within chromatin. XHSF1 activates transcription at normal growth temperatures (18 degrees C), but heat shock (34 degrees C) facilitates transcriptional activation. Titration of chromatin in vivo leads to constitutive transcription from the wild-type hsp70 promoter. The Y box elements within the hsp70 promoter facilitate transcription in the presence or absence of chromatin. The presence of the Y box elements prevents the assembly of canonical nucleosomal arrays over the promoter and facilitates transcription. In a mutant hsp70 promoter lacking Y boxes, exogenous XHSF1 activates transcription from a chromatin template much more efficiently under heat shock conditions. Activation of transcription from the mutant promoter by exogenous XHSF1 correlates with the disappearance of a canonical nucleosomal array over the promoter. Chromatin structure on a mutant hsp70 promoter lacking Y boxes can restrict XHSF1 access; however, on both mutant and wild-type promoters, chromatin assembly can also restrict the function of the basal transcriptional machinery. We suggest that chromatin assembly has a physiological role in establishing a transcriptionally repressed state on the Xenopus hsp70 promoter in vivo.

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Oliveira, Rossimar Laura, e Eduardo Kazuo Kayo. "O setor como determinante da estrutura de capital: evidências após as alterações das alíquotas do IPI no Brasil". Brazilian Review of Finance 17, n.º 1 (15 de outubro de 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12660/rbfin.v17n1.2019.77643.

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This paper is an empirical investigation that uses IPI benefits (tax benefit) offered by the Brazilian government as an exogenous shock in the relationship between firm and industry leverage. We used data from Brazilian companies between 2007 and 2015. The econometric model used was diff-in-diff-in-diff. The results show a direct relationship between the mean industry leverage and the firm’s leverage. The same remains for the treatment group after inclusion of exogenous shock of IPI reduction in the model. These results are aligned with studies that consider the industry as the principal influencing aspect of the firm's capital structure.

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Armstead, William M., e James G. Hecker. "Heat shock protein modulation of KATPand KCachannel cerebrovasodilation after brain injury". American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 289, n.º 3 (setembro de 2005): H1184—H1190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00276.2005.

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Fluid percussion brain injury (FPI) impairs pial artery dilation to activators of the ATP-sensitive (KATP) and calcium-activated (KCa) K+channels. This study investigated the role of heat shock protein (HSP) in the modulation of K+channel-induced pial artery dilation after FPI in newborn pigs equipped with a closed cranial window. Under nonbrain injury conditions, topical coadministration of exogenous HSP-27 (1 μg/ml) blunted dilation to cromakalim, CGRP, and NS-1619 (10−8and 10−6M; cromakalim and CGRP are KATPagonists and NS-1619 is a KCaagonist). In contrast, coadministration of exogenous HSP-70 (1 μg/ml) potentiated dilation to cromakalim, CGRP, and NS-1619. FPI increased the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentration of HSP-27 from 0.051 ± 0.012 to 0.113 ± 0.035 ng/ml but decreased the CSF concentration of HSP-70 from 50.42 ± 8.96 to 30.9 ± 9.9 ng/ml at 1 h postinsult. Pretreatment with topical exogenous HSP-70 (1 μg/ml) before FPI fully blocked injury-induced impairment of cromakalim and CGRP dilation and partially blocked injury-induced impairment of dilation to NS-1619. These data indicate that HSP-27 and HSP-70 contribute to modulation of K+channel-induced pial artery dilation. These data suggest that HSP-70 is an endogenous protectant of which its actions may be unmasked and/or potentiated with exogenous administration before brain injury.

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Morgan, Todd, Sergey Anokhin, Laurel Ofstein e Wesley Friske. "SME response to major exogenous shocks: The bright and dark sides of business model pivoting". International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship 38, n.º 5 (27 de junho de 2020): 369–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266242620936590.

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Within this short commentary, we explore the notion of pivoting; following major exogenous shocks, firms often contemplate business model pivoting where they change product or service offerings to capitalise on emerging opportunities. We assess the potential bright and dark sides of pivoting for new and existing firms in regard to quality of opportunities, fit with current capabilities and potential costs. The extant literature suggests that two forms of opportunities exist, arbitrage and innovation. We discern that post-shock, new firms may be better positioned to pursue arbitrage opportunities, whereas existing firms should target innovation. Existing firms may have more complications when pursuing arbitrage due to resource embeddedness and stakeholder obligations, and have a greater ability to innovate with an established resource base. Conversely, new firms can capitalise on arbitrage due to lack of embeddedness, as arbitrage requires a significant investment in opportunity selection. In addition, we offer suggestions for future research in regard to the current pandemic and more broadly, exogenous shocks.

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Ellis, Jesse, Leonardo Madureira e Shane Underwood. "The Causal Effects of Proximity on Investment: Evidence from Flight Introductions". Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 55, n.º 6 (9 de agosto de 2019): 1978–2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022109019000565.

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We use the introduction of direct flights as an exogenous shock to the travel time between mutual funds and firms to estimate the causal effects of proximity on fund investment decisions and performance. We find that a fund invests significantly more in firms that become more proximate following the introduction of direct flights and that these more proximate investments exhibit superior performance. Our findings are robust to including a variety of fixed effects and potential confounders such as firm-level shocks, fund-level shocks, and time trends. Collectively, our results indicate that proximity enhances investors’ ability to acquire value-relevant information about firms.

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Ge, Qi, Brad R. Humphreys e Kun Zhou. "Are Fair Weather Fans Affected by Weather? Rainfall, Habit Formation, and Live Game Attendance". Journal of Sports Economics 21, n.º 3 (20 de novembro de 2019): 304–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002519885427.

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We analyze habit formation in sports attendance utilizing rainfall as an unexpected, transitory shock to attendance costs. Using attendance data from Major League Baseball (MLB) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration weather data, we analyze the impact of variation in game day weather conditions on current and future MLB attendance. The empirical strategy permits identification of both the formation and persistence of habit from exogenous weather shocks. Past adverse weather shocks increase future attendance by about 200 fans per game. This contributes to the literature developing empirical evidence of habit formation in the field and provides policy implications for optimal ticket-pricing strategies.

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Lanza, Andrea, e Giusy Simone. "The Impact of an Exogenous Shock on Strategic Human Capital Configuration". Academy of Management Proceedings 2016, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2016): 11947. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2016.11947abstract.

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Smith, P. J. S., K. Hammar e M. Tytell. "Effects of Exogenous Heat Shock Protein (hsp70) on Neuronal Calcium Flux". Biological Bulletin 189, n.º 2 (outubro de 1995): 209–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/bblv189n2p209.

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Matsumoto, Michiaki, Paul C. Dimayuga, Charles Wang, Jonathan Kirzner, Miha Cercek, Juliana Yano, Kuang-Yuh Chyu, Prediman K. Shah e Bojan Cercek. "Exogenous heat shock protein-70 inhibits cigarette smoke-induced intimal thickening". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 295, n.º 4 (outubro de 2008): R1320—R1327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00624.2007.

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Cigarette smoke is associated with increased carotid intimal thickening or stroke. Preliminary work showed that exposure to smoke resulted in a 4.5-fold reduction of heat shock protein-70 (HSP70) expression in spleens of mice using gene microarray analysis. In the current study, we investigated the role of extracellular HSP70 in carotid intimal thickening of mice exposed to cigarette smoke. Intimal thickening was induced by placement of a cuff around the right carotid artery of mice. Cuff injury resulted in increased HSP70 mRNA expression in carotid arteries that persisted for 21 days. Cigarette smoke exposure decreased arterial HSP70 expression and significantly increased intimal thickening compared with mice exposed to air. Treatment of mice exposed to cigarette smoke with intravenous recombinant HSP70 attenuated intimal thickening through reduced phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) expression in the arterial wall. In vitro experiments with rat aortic smooth muscle cells confirmed that recombinant HSP70 decreases pERK and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression in cells exposed to cigarette smoke extract and H2O2. Our study suggests that decreased expression of arterial HSP70 is an important mechanism by which exposure to cigarette smoke augments intimal thickening. The effects of recombinant HSP70 suggest a role for extracellular HSP70.

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Yee, Christine A., Aaron Legler, Michael Davies, Julia Prentice e Steven Pizer. "Priority access to health care: Evidence from an exogenous policy shock". Health Economics 29, n.º 3 (30 de janeiro de 2020): 306–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hec.3982.

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Negulyaev, Yuri A., Elena A. Vedernikova, Alexander V. Kinev e Alexey P. Voronin. "Exogenous heat shock protein hsp70 activates potassium channels in U937 cells". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 1282, n.º 1 (junho de 1996): 156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-2736(96)00055-7.

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Araújo, Tanya, Sofia Terlica, Samuel Eleutério e Francisco Louçã. "Does Evidence Challenge the Dsge Model?" International Journal of Entrepreneurial Knowledge 2, n.º 2 (1 de dezembro de 2014): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijek-2015-0002.

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ABSTRACT DSGE are for a time the favorite models in the simulation of monetary policies at the central banks. Two of its basic assumptions are discussed in this paper: (a) the absence of endogenous nonlinearities and the exogenous nature of shocks and (b) the persistence of or the return to equilibrium after a shock, or the absence of dynamics. Our analysis of complex financial markets, using historical data of S&P500, suggests otherwise that financial regimes endogenously change and that equilibrium is an artifact.

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Cajner, Tomaz, John Coglianese e Joshua Montes. "The Long-Lived Cyclicality of the Labor Force Participation Rate". Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2021, n.º 044 (30 de julho de 2021): 1–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/feds.2021.047.

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How cyclical is the U.S. labor force participation rate (LFPR)? We examine its response to exogenous state-level business cycle shocks, finding that the LFPR is highly cyclical, but with a significantly longer-lived response than the unemployment rate. The LFPR declines after a negative shock for about four years—well beyond when the unemployment rate has begun to recover—and takes about eight years to fully recover after the shock. The decline and recovery of the LFPR is largely driven by individuals with home and family responsibilities, as well as by younger individuals spending time in school. Our main specifications measure cyclicality from the response of the age-adjusted LFPR, and we show that it is problematic to use the unadjusted LFPR when estimating cyclicality because local shocks spur changes in the population of high-LFPR age groups through migration. LFPR cyclicality varies across groups, with larger and longer-lived responses.

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Zhao, Chen, Akinori Hashiguchi, Kensuke Kondoh, Wenlin Du, Jun-ichi Hata e Taketo Yamada. "Exogenous Expression of Heat Shock Protein 90kDa Retards the Cell Cycle and Impairs the Heat Shock Response". Experimental Cell Research 275, n.º 2 (maio de 2002): 200–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/excr.2002.5501.

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Kustanova, G. A., M. B. Evgen’ev, V. L. Karpov, B. A. Margulis, I. R. Prokhorenko, S. V. Grachev e A. N. Murashev. "Effect of 70 kDa exogenous heat shock protein on biochemical parameters of wistar rats in endotoxic shock". Doklady Biological Sciences 415, n.º 1 (agosto de 2007): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0012496607040011.

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Barsky, Robert B., e Lutz Kilian. "Oil and the Macroeconomy Since the 1970s". Journal of Economic Perspectives 18, n.º 4 (1 de novembro de 2004): 115–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/0895330042632708.

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Increases in oil prices have been held responsible for recessions, periods of excessive inflation, reduced productivity and lower economic growth. In this paper, we review the arguments supporting such views. First, we highlight some of the conceptual difficulties in assigning a central role to oil price shocks in explaining macroeconomic fluctuations, and we trace how the arguments of proponents of the oil view have evolved in response to these difficulties. Second, we challenge the notion that at least the major oil price movements can be viewed as exogenous with respect to the US macroeconomy. We examine critically the evidence that has led many economists to ascribe a central role to exogenous political events in modeling the oil market, and we provide arguments in favor of ‘reverse causality’ from macroeconomic variables to oil prices. Third, although none of the more recent oil price shocks has been associated with stagflation in the US economy, a major reason for the continued popularity of the oil shock hypothesis has been the perception that only oil price shocks are able to explain the US stagflation of the 1970s. We show that this is not the case.

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Khazaei, Majid, e Babak Barmaki. "Role of Exogenous Nitric Oxide Donor in Treatment of Decompensated Hemorrhagic Shock in Normotensive and Hypertensive Rats". Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/365195.

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Introduction. In this study, we investigated the role of exogenous NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), on hemodynamic responses and survival rate during decompensated hemorrhagic shock in normotensive and hypertensive rat.Methods. Male wistar rats were divided into normotensive and hypertensive groups (n=12each). Then, the animals were subjected to decompensated hemorrhagic shock by withdrawing blood until the mean arterial pressure (MAP) reached to 40 mmHg. After the shock period, the animals were randomly assigned to SNP-treated (0.5 mg/kg) and control groups (n=6each). MAP and heart rate (HR) were monitored throughout the experiment and 60 min after the administration of drug. Serum NO concentrations were measured. The survival rate was counted during next 72 h.Results. Infusion of SNP caused no significant changes in MAP and HR in normotensive and hypertensive animals. Hemorrhagic shock increased serum NO concentration and SNP administration reduced serum NO concentration in either normotensive or hypertensive groups. Survival counts during 72 h after experiment did not improve by SNP administration, and there were no significant differences between normotensive and hypertensive groups.Conclusion. SNP administration cannot improve hemodynamic responses and survival count during decompensated hemorrhagic shock in normotensive and hypertensive animals.

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Smith, Chris M. "Exogenous Shocks, the Criminal Elite, and Increasing Gender Inequality in Chicago Organized Crime". American Sociological Review 85, n.º 5 (24 de agosto de 2020): 895–923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122420948510.

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Criminal organizations, like legitimate organizations, adapt to shifts in markets, competition, regulations, and enforcement. Exogenous shocks can be consequential moments of power consolidation, resource hoarding, and inequality amplification in legitimate organizations, but especially in criminal organizations. This research examines how the exogenous shock of the U.S. prohibition of the production, transportation, and sale of alcohol in 1920 restructured power and inequality in Chicago organized crime. I analyze a unique relational database on organized crime from the early 1900s via a criminal network that tripled in size and centralized during Prohibition. Before Prohibition, Chicago organized crime was small, decentralized, and somewhat inclusive of women at the margins. However, during Prohibition, the organized crime network grew, consolidated the organizational elites, and left out the most vulnerable participants from the most profitable opportunities. This historical case illuminates how profits and organizational restructuring outside of (or in response to) regulatory environments can displace people at the margins.

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Jung, Yongseung, Soyoung Kim e Doo Yong Yang. "Capital Control and Monetary Policy in Asian Emerging Market Economies". Asian Economic Papers 17, n.º 2 (junho de 2018): 111–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00613.

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This paper explores two policy options in emerging market economies (EMEs) to cope with volatile capital flows due to external monetary policy shocks; capital control policy and choice of exchange rate regime. Both tools reinforce each other when a foreign exchange risk premium shock hits the economy. A contractionary U.S. monetary policy shock has significant real effects in EMEs. Conventional wisdom tells us that a free floating exchange rate with inflation targeting is better when a country faces foreign shocks. However, we show that a flexible exchange rate with less capital controls is not the best option in EMEs based on vector autoregression analysis. Moreover, we set up a small open economy new Keynesian model with real wage and price rigidities. It shows that the small economy with labor market frictions is more vulnerable to exogenous shocks such as a foreign exchange rate shock under a fixed exchange rate regime than under a flexible exchange regime. We show that maintaining price stability is not desirable when there are substantial frictions in the labor market and the intratemporal elasticity of substitution is high. Finally, the model shows that the welfare cost difference between a policy of maintaining purchasing power and a policy aimed at price stability reverses as the intratemporal elasticity of substitution between home and foreign goods increases.

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Malul, Miki, Mosi Rosenboim, Tal Shavit e Shlomo Yedidia Tarba. "The Role of Employment Protection during an Exogenous Shock to an Economy". Global Economy Journal 11, n.º 2 (junho de 2011): 1850225. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1713.

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This paper explores the role of employment protection when powerful external crises reduce demand for products. We first present a theoretical framework that shows that employment protection has a U-shaped effect on abnormal unemployment during a negative exogenous shock to an economy. Using data from the 33 OECD countries, we analyze how the level of employment protection affected the stability of unemployment rates during the recent global economic crisis. The results suggest that countries with an intermediate level of employment protection will have more stable unemployment rates during a world crisis. The policy implication of our paper is that countries should seek a medium level of employment protection that may act as an automatic stabilizer of the economy on the macro level.

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Juravich, Matthew, e Brian M. Mills. "Exogenous Policy Shock and Logic Centrality Shift: NBA Policy and NCAA Outcomes". Journal of Sport Management 31, n.º 5 (1 de setembro de 2017): 452–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2016-0335.

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This study integrates the literature on organizational fields and logics of action with the sport management and economics literature by investigating the impact of an exogenous shock on talent distribution in the field of National Collegiate Athletic Association Division 1 men’s basketball. We examine data related to human resource entry and exit through the lens of the National Basketball Association’s one-and-done rule and its subsequent impact on competitive balance among National Collegiate Athletic Association Division 1 men’s basketball programs. Hypotheses are tested in relation to pre- and postshock talent dispersion and competitive balance employing an interdisciplinary econometric approach to evaluate management-driven outcomes. Broadly, we find improvements in balance and a broader distribution of player talent among schools comprising larger conferences, whereas smaller conferences experienced reductions or no changes in balance. Implications are discussed and future directions for integrated institutional theory and sport management research are suggested.

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Kakimura, Jun-Ichi, Yoshihisa Kitamura, Kazuyuki Takata, Masaaki Umeki, Sanae Suzuki, Keiichi Shibagaki, Takashi Taniguchi et al. "Microglial activation and amyloid‐β clearance induced by exogenous heat‐shock proteins". FASEB Journal 16, n.º 6 (25 de fevereiro de 2002): 601–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fj.01-0530fje.

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