Дисертації з теми "Alternative sources of nutrients"
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1
Kubisová, Petra. "Příprava přírodních doplňků stravy pro dětskou výživu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-449743.
Анотація:
The presented diploma thesis is focused on complex characterization of chosen superfoods and subsequent composition of supplement suitable for children´s nutrition. Different kinds of superfoods were chosen for analyses, such as: barley grass (Hordeum vulgare), wheat grass (Triticum aestivum), moringa (Moringa oleifera), matcha tea (Camellia sinensis), microalgae chlorella (Chlorella pyrenoidosa), spirulina (Arthrospira platensis), flax seeds (Linum usitatissimum) and sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum). The theoretical part is focused on children´s nutrition issue and the most common food allergies and intolerances. Also, children food products legislation and characterization of chosen samples are included in theoretical part. Main macronutrients, such as saccharides, lipids and proteins, were analysed in the very beginning of experimental part. Fibre, fructan and -glucan, which have a high impact on intestinal microbiome and whole process of digestion, were analysed as well. However, barley grass was the best evaluated sample by containing 205,5 mg/g of insoluble fibre; 152,57 mg/g of fructans and 18,76 mg/g of -glucans. Finally, for complex nutritional profile, also samples pigments were analysed. Spectrophotometry, HPLC chromatography, gas chromatography and other analytical techniques were performed for experiments.
2
Hobson, Lynsey. "Alternative sources of osteoprogenitor cells." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275006.
3
LeFrak, James T. (James Tucker) 1973. "Alternative sources of construction financing." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/47559.
Анотація:
Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1998."January 1998."
Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-89).
by James T. LeFrak.
M.S.
4
Muskolus, Andreas. "Anthropogenic plant nutrients as fertiliser." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Landwirtschaftlich-Gärtnerische Fakultät, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15774.
Анотація:
Nachhaltige Landbewirtschaftung impliziert ausgeglichene Pflanzennährstoffflüsse ohne die Abhängigkeit von Düngern aus nicht erneuerbaren Quellen. Stickstoff, Phosphor und Kalium aus der menschlichen Nahrung werden in Mitteleuropa im Allgemeinen in Schwemmkanalisationen gesammelt und dabei mit Schadstoffen vermengt. Neuartige stoffstromtrennende Sanitärsysteme ermöglichen die Bereitstellung von Humanurin und Fäkalien zur Verwendung als Düngemittel. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden praxisrelevante Aspekte der Verwendung von Düngemitteln anthropogener Herkunft untersucht. Die in Gefäß- und Feldversuchen in Berlin Dahlem ermittelte Ertragswirkung zeigte, dass Urin in dieser Hinsicht äquivalenten Mineraldüngern grundsätzlich gleichwertig ist. Bei sehr hohen Konzentrationen kam es abhängig von der Pflanzenart zu Depressionseffekten, welche vermutlich auf den Salz- und Ammoniumgehalt von Urin zurückzuführen sind. Unter Freilandbedingungen traten diese Effekte nicht auf. Bodenbiologische Auswirkungen von Düngerapplikationen sind entscheidend für die Abschätzung ihrer langfristigen Bodenfruchtbarkeitserhaltung. Sowohl in Labor-versuchen als auch im Freiland zeigten sich Regenwürmer durch menschlichen Urin aus Trenntoiletten deutlich beeinträchtigt. Die Ursache der Schädigung konnte nicht geklärt werden. Von einer langfristigen bodenfruchtbarkeitsreduzierenden Beein-trächtigung wird jedoch nicht ausgegangen. Mikrobielle Enzymaktivitäten im Boden wurden im Freiland durch Urinapplikation nicht beeinflusst. Für die Praxis wird empfohlen Urin während der Ausbringung einzuarbeiten, da die Tiere dann weniger mit der Flüssigkeit in Kontakt kommen. Da es ein umweltpolitisches Ziel ist, die Ammoniakemissionen der Landwirtschaft zu minimieren, wurden diese nach der Urinausbringung im Freiland gemessen. Auf Grund der sehr geringen Trockensubstanzgehalte von Humanurin emittierte deutlich weniger NH3 als üblicherweise nach Ausbringung von Schweine- oder Rindergülle. Verbraucherumfragen bestätigten eine hohe Bereitschaft pflanzliche Nahrung, welche mit Urin als Dünger erzeugt wurde, zu kaufen und zu verzehren. Praktizierende Landwirte reagierten dagegen deutlich reservierter. Die Ausbringung von Urin aus Trenntoiletten kann im Sinne einer nachhaltigen Landwirtschaft grundsätzlich empfohlen werden. Es besteht aber weiterer Forschungsbedarf.Sustainable agriculture implies balanced nutrient flows and independence from fertiliser made from non renewable resources. In Europe, plant nutrients excreted by humans are commonly collected in water borne sewage systems and thus mixed with potentially harmful substances. Novel segregating sanitation techniques can collect separated urine and faeces in a form which enables their use as fertiliser. In the presented thesis selected aspects concerning the use of anthropogenic plant nutrients relevant to farming were investigated. Pot and field experiments indicated that equal yields can be gained if urine instead of mineral fertiliser is applied. Very high concentrations of urine led to reduced growth, presumably caused by the presence of ammonium or salt. However, this was not found under field conditions. Soil biological effects caused by the application of a fertiliser must be considered when assessing its long term contribution to soil fertility. Laboratory experiments as well as field investigations showed that human urine application severely affects earthworms, however, the harmful components were not identified. The results suggest that the effect is of short term only. Soil microbial enzyme activities were not influenced by urine fertiliser. For farming practice it is recommended to inject or incorporate urine to prevent earthworms from coming into direct contact with the infiltrating fertiliser. Gaseous ammonia loss was measured after urine application on fields as reducing harmful emissions from agriculture is a goal of European environmental policy. Because of the very low Dry Matter contents of urine, far less ammonia was emitted to the atmosphere than usually occurs after application of cattle or pig slurry. A consumer acceptance study showed a general high public willingness to accept urine as fertiliser even if used on crops for food production. The reaction of farmers was mainly reserved as a result of the present legal regulations in Germany. Within the context of sustainable agriculture the use of human urine as fertiliser can be recommended. Further research is necessary, especially concerning any effects resulting from residues of pharmaceutical substances contained in human excreta.
5
Isenberg, William. "Sources and Fates of Nutrients in the Tidal, Freshwater James River." VCU Scholars Compass, 2012. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2686.
Анотація:
Tidal freshwater reaches of estuaries may play an important role in mitigating nutrient fluxes from watersheds to the coastal zone due to their location at the interface between riverine and estuarine systems. We developed annual N and P budgets for the tidal, freshwater James River over 4 calendar years (2007-2010) taking into account riverine inputs at the Fall Line, local points sources (including CSO events), ungagued inputs, riverine outputs, and tidal exchange. The tidal freshwater James River experiences high areal loading rates of TN (383 mg/m2/d) and TP (70 mg/m2/d) due to the combined effects of large watershed area and local point source discharges. On an annual basis, riverine sources dominated TN and TP inputs (59% and 84%, respectively), whereas during low discharge summer months (May-Oct) point sources were more important. Proportional retention of TP inputs (59±7%) was greater than TN retention (27±4%) with annual absolute retention being 1,800±350 kg TP/d, and 5,900±2,700 kg TN/d. Proportional retention of TN and dissolved inorganic fractions of N and P was highest during the low discharge summer months due to reduced loading rates and increased residence times and biotic activity. TP retention was greatest during high discharge winter months (Nov-Apr) when loading rates were highest. High retention during this period of low biotic activity suggests that trapping of riverine derived particulate-bound P via sedimentation was an important mechanism of P retention. Understanding this seasonal variation in nutrient inputs and retention can help to inform management decisions regarding reducing nutrient inputs to the Chesapeake Bay and improving local water quality.
6
Qiu, Jun. "Corporate financial decisions : alternative sources and uses." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2015. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26102.
7
Dannemiller, Amy Beth. "Most common sources of specific nutrients in adolescents by current weight status." Connect to resource, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/32080.
8
Aló, Raquel Moreira. "Effects of alternative-food sources on operant behavior." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2008. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5810.
Анотація:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2008.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 68 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 66-68).
9
Ignatovski, Stefan. "Sources of Financial Education and Use of Alternative Financial Services." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6794.
Анотація:
As the lending practices of the alternative financial services (AFS) industry harm many consumers and consumers' access and use of traditional credit are restricted, the use of AFS is a growing concern. The financial education of consumers determines their financial behavior, which may be inadequate to make effective financial decisions regarding high-cost borrowings. The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine if and to what extent the sources of financial education is related to the use and frequency of use of AFSs among U.S. consumers. The theory of planned behavior and the transtheoretical model of change shaped the theoretical framework for this study. An explanatory correlational design was used to analyze archival data collected by the FINRA Investor Education Foundation for their 2015 National Financial Capability Study. Binary logistic and negative binomial regression analyses indicated that exposure to formal financial education did not contribute to reduced use and lower frequency of use of AFSs but, instead, contributed to the exact opposite. Only parental financial education was found to contribute to reduced use and lower frequency of use of AFSs. One-way ANOVA analyses indicated that all forms of financial education contributed to increased perceived financial knowledge. This study may lead to positive social change by informing policymakers about the necessary steps to remedy the problem of continuous AFS usage and serving as a foundation for future studies that should consider other factors beyond formal financial education that could influence the use and frequency of use of AFSs.
10
Adams, Zachry Clay Adams James F. "Comparison of broiler litter, broiler litter ash with reagent grade materials as sources of plant nutrients." Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2005%20Fall/Thesis/ADAMS_ZACHRY_50.pdf.
11
Al-Sadhan, F. A. O. "An evaluation of alternative sources for in vivo X-ray fluorescence." Thesis, Swansea University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.635712.
Анотація:
This thesis describes the application of X-ray fluorescence to the detection of heavy metals in the body. Platinum is a heavy metal of importance in medicine, particularly in oncology, in the form of anti-cancer drugs. These are used against several human tumours including neck and head, ovarian cervical and testicular cancer. Even though successfully and widely used, platinum has undesirable toxic side effects including nephrotoxocity, nausea, vomiting and neurotoxicity. Information about the concentration of the drug in the tumour could be of use in establishing dose-response relationships and in adjusting a patient's subsequent doses of the drug to achieve maximum therapeutic effect. A system for the in vivo measurement of platinum in patients treated with chemotherapy has been developed, based on a Tc-99m annular source in back-scattering geometry. The collimator to skin distance was determined for optimum dosimetry and detection limit, and the effect of overlying tissue and tumour volume measured. The dosimetry, detection limit, performance, availability and cost were compared with those of a system based on a Co-57 'point' source in 90°-scattering geometry. The amount of adsorbed dose to the patient was predicted using a mathematical model (Target) and the results showed good agreement with both a newly-written BASIC program and values measured using thermoluminescence dosimetry. Two computer programs were tested and used for the analysis of the spectra obtained from the patients. Fifteen measurements of platinum in head and neck tumours were performed in seven patients. The results showed that the new system has several advantages compared with the previous one.
12
Cheng, J. "Interactions between nitrogen fixation and alternative sources of nitrogen in Gloeothece." Thesis, Swansea University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.636244.
Анотація:
When grown under constant illumination, Gloeothece ATCC 27152, a unicellular cyanobacterium, can use nitrate, nitrite, dinitrogen or ammonium as the sole N-source for growth. The uptake systems for nitrate and nitrite were fully active and ammonium-repressible in N2-fixing cultures. Nitrite uptake was mediated via two pH-dependent systems: passive diffusion of HNO2 and active transport of nitrite. Nitrate uptake was highly light-dependent. Ammonium was also transported by passive diffusion of ammonia and active uptake of ammonium, depending on the pH of the medium. Ammonium inhibited nitrate uptake almost completely, but inhibited nitrite uptake only partially. The true inhibitor was a product of ammonium assimilation, possibly glutamine, rather than ammonium itself, since L-methionine-DL-sulphoximine, an inhibitor of glutamine synthetase blocked GS activity very quickly and decreased the inhibitory effect of ammonium. On the other hand, the inhibitory effect of nitrite on ammonium uptake was stronger than that of nitrate. Nitrate and nitrite competitively inhibited each other's assimilation, occurring at the uptake stage. This suggested that nitrate and nitrite were transported by a common transporter in Gloeothece. The rates of nitrate and nitrite uptake were similar, but the uptake of ammonium was much faster than that of either nitrate of nitrite. In contrast to the uptake systems, systems of nitrate and nitrite reductions were substrate-inducible. Ammonium, either generated intracellularly or supplied exogenously, was assimilated via the GS-GOGAT pathway. Nitrite and ammonium inhibited N2 fixation rapidly. Nitrate inhibited N2 fixation less rapidly and less extensively, and often temporarily stimulated nitrogenase activity. The inhibitory effects of nitrate and ammonium could be prevented by L-methionine-DL-sulphoximine, suggesting that the true inhibitor of N2 fixation was an assimilatory product of ammonium rather than ammonium or nitrate itself.
13
Islam, M. D. S. "Alternative methods and sources for measuring vaccination coverage in rural Bangladesh." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.604967.
Анотація:
Mothers (n=758) with children aged between 1-2 years from all eight rural unions of Kaliganj sub-district were surveyed. Only 51% of mothers possessed a vaccination card for the index child and 53% of children had a vaccination record in a health worker's register while 34% had both documentary sources. The more well-off, literate and Hindu families were more likely to have documentary evidence of their child's vaccinations. Comparison between health workers' records and vaccination cards showed very high consistency (over 98%) for BCG, lower for DPT and Polio (both about 80%) and lowest for Measles (69%). When all four vaccines were combined, 60% of health workers' records were consistent with the vaccination card, 33% showed over-reporting and 8% under-reporting. Comparison of mothers' recall and health workers' records indicated a very similar pattern to that found for vaccination cards except for greater under-reporting for DPT, Polio and Measles (range 14-24%). Heterogeneity in consistency/inconsistency was associated with union, ownership and recall period. Possession of either a vaccination card or of a health worker's record was associated with higher recalled vaccination histories on the basis of mother's recall. Inclusion of health workers' records in addition to vaccination card and mothers' recall history significantly improved percentage coverage. Use of all three sources increased vaccination coverage for Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus by 9%, for Polio by 10% and for Measles by 17% compared with the current Bangladeshi method. Dropout rates were 23% between first and third (last) dose of the Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus vaccine and between first and last dose of the Polio vaccine while the dropout rate between first and last vaccination was 42%. The major reasons for non- or partial-immunisation were lack of awareness of the need for immunisation, fear of side effects and inability of parents to take their child to the vaccination centre.
14
Lyles, Carl Thomas. "Investigation of regenerative and alternative energy sources for electrified passenger vehicles." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/54260.
Анотація:
The electrification of passenger vehicles has been a step towards the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by automobiles; however, in the United States many plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) must still be plugged in to a grid that is heavily reliant on the burning of fossil fuels to charge. The goal of this thesis is to investigate how to develop a system capable of fully charging a PHEV using only alternative and/or regenerative energy sources.
In developing such a system, various alternative and regenerative energy sources were investigated with the intent of reaching a specified daily energy goal; sufficient to charge a PHEV. These energy sources were evaluated based upon criteria such as novelty, ability to reach desired daily energy goal, applicability to BEV/PHEV, etc. The primary technological categories considered include but are not limited to regenerative and solar technologies. The evaluation of technologies indicated that a major opportunity lies in solar technologies, and in particular concentrated photovoltaics.
Design alternatives for a concentrated photovoltaic system capable of reaching the desired energy goal are described. The design alternatives utilize Fresnel lenses as a means of concentrating a large area of sunlight onto an array of photovoltaics affixed to a vehicle. Various tracking mechanisms for the concentrating systems have been outlined to meet given design criteria. 3-D ray tracing algorithms have been developed to determine the path of the tracking mechanisms depending upon the time of year and on the geographic location. The same algorithms have been used in conjunction with typical meteorological year data to determine the expected output of the concentrating systems based upon the solar resource and solar angles at a specific place and time.
The findings suggest that a concentrated photovoltaic system designed specifically for charging an electrified vehicle may generate sufficient energy over the course of a day to power a typical driver’s trips. However, for such a concentrating system to be commercially feasible there are still many design challenges to be overcome. Design limitations and implications for further research are discussed.
15
Islam, Rumana. "Optimization of direct bioconversion of cellulose into biofuels: medium improvement, scale-up and use of alternative nutrients." Biomass and Bioenergy, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/22173.
Анотація:
Despite the long-term economic and environmental benefits of cellulosic biofuel production, low rates of cellulose utilization and products syntheses are major techno-economical barriers to the commercialization. Optimized medium composition and low-cost nutrient source could greatly enhance the feasibility of large-scale biofuels synthesis by direct cellulose fermentation using a consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) approach. This study developed an improved growth medium for Clostridium thermocellum, an excellent cadidate for CBP that utilizes cellulose to produce ethanol, hydrogen, and other value-added biochemicals. An experimental design to determine the importance of nutrient components and concentrations on H2 and ethanol production from cellulose by C. thermocellum initially considered seven growth nutrients. Three most significant components - α-cellulose, yeast extract, and magnesium chloride were investigated in detail for their influence on rates and yields of H2 and ethanol production during cellulose fermentation by C. thermocellum. To explore individual and interactive effects of these nutrients on ethanol and hydrogen (H2) production, a central composite face-centered design and the response surface methodology was applied to predict optimum nutrient compositions for H2 and ethanol production. Experimental verification of predicted optima produced about 3-fold and 4-fold more H2 and ethanol respectively compared with the reference medium. These small-scale results were successfully verified in large-volume (7L), atmospheric cultures. Irrespective of culture conditions, relative improvement in rates and productivities of H2 and ethanol in optimized medium compared with reference medium were consistent with small-volume cultures. Various ethanol distillery co-products were tested for their potentials to replace expensive medium ingredients. Medium prepared with these co-products show excellent ability to suppport cell-growth and production of ethanol and H2 at concentrations equivalent to those generated from the reagent grade medium. Utilization of these low-cost nutrient sources to replace expensive reagent ingredients may potentially contribute to the viability of both grain-based ethanol and cellulosic biofuels. With medium optimization, scale-up and use of low-cost nutrient sources, this study represents one of the very few systematic research approaches to improve direct bioconversion of cellulosic biomass into biofuels.
16
Misner, Scottie. "Dietary Fiber." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146440.
Анотація:
2 pp.Even dietary fiber is not considered a nutrient, health professionals agree that most Americans don't get nearly enough in their diet. So, why is fiber important? what does fiber do? This article answers the questions regarding diet fiber by providing information on the practical aspects of fiber in the diet as well as food sources and their dietary fiber content.
17
Misner, Scottie, Evelyn Whitmer, and Traci Armstrong Florian. "Dietary Fiber." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/298146.
18
Chen, Ying 1975 Dec 19. "Sources and fate of atmospheric nutrients over the remote oceans and their role on controlling marine diazotrophic microorganisms." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/1967.
Анотація:
Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2004.Thesis research directed by: Marine-Estuarine-Environmental Sciences. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
19
Mohseni-Bandpi, Anoushiravan. "Nitrate removal from groundwater using a rotating biological contactor with alternative carbon sources." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307931.
20
SILVA, RAFAEL IGREJAS DA. "ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES: A REAL OPTION VALUATION OF COGENERATION WITH SUGARCANE TRASH BIOMASS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2012. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=20244@1.
Анотація:
PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROAs opções de geração de energia no Brasil de forma sustentável estão fortemente relacionadas às fontes de energia alternativa, em especial a biomassa. Neste estudo é analisada a viabilidade econômico-financeira de um projeto de recolhimento da palha da cana de açúcar em uma usina no Brasil que tem a flexibilidade de expandir a venda de energia, ao investir na utilização da palha como insumo na cogeração. O preço da energia elétrica é modelado como um processo geométrico de reversão à média e é aplicada a teoria de opções reais para determinar o valor das flexibilidades gerenciais. Uma vez que a decisão de recolhimento da palha é tomada, a empresa tem a opção de investir na produção de briquetes, e a partir daí, realizar o switch entre o fluxo de caixa da energia e o fluxo de caixa de briquetes. O modelo é então resolvido utilizando uma árvore binomial recombinante não censurada de reversão à média. Os resultados indicam que a flexibilidade de escolher entre a venda de energia e a venda de briquetes agrega 9,7 milhões de reais, ou 38 por cento ao valor do projeto determinístico de 25,6 milhões de reais, o que é significativo, considerando que a cogeração não é a atividade principal da usina de cana. Assim, o recolhimento da palha da cana pode ainda incentivar projetos de retrofit em usinas que de outra forma poderiam não se mostrar viáveis.
Options for sustainable power generation at competitive prices in Brazil are strongly related to alternative energy sources, in particular, sugar cane biomass. In this study we analyze a cane trash recovery project for a sugarcane mill in Brazil that has the option to expand sales of surplus bioelectricity by introducing the sugarcane trash as feedstock for cogeneration. We model electricity prices as a geometric mean reverting process, and apply the real options approach to determine the value of this managerial flexibility. Once the decision to recover the cane trash has been made, the firm has the option to invest in briquetting production, that will allow it to switch between energy and briquette sales depending on the relative prices of energy and briquettes. The model is then solved using a non censored binomial mean reverting lattice. The results indicate that the flexibility to choose between energy and briquette production adds 9.7 million of reais in value, or 38 per cent to the project value of 25.6 million of reais, which is significant, considering cogeneration is not the core business of the sugarcane mill. This indicates that recovery of cane trash, which is currently wasted in the field, may represent a significant source of value for further development of bioelectricity cogeneration or briquetting production, when retrofitting older sugarcane mills.
21
Mbahinzireki, Godfrey B. "Tilapia, Oreochromis sp. (L.) : sex reversal and performance on alternative sources of protein /." The Ohio State University, 1999. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1302101825.
22
DeMarco, Jonathan R. "Cyanobacterial Blooms in Chautauqua Lake, NY: Nutrient Sources and Toxin Analyses." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1625052848648708.
23
Schmitz, Anthony. "Effect of oil prices on returns to alternative energy investments." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/31843.
Анотація:
Thesis (M. S.)--Economics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010.Committee Chair: Vivek Ghosal; Committee Member: Byung-Cheol Kim; Committee Member: Chun-Yu Ho; Committee Member: Tibor Besedes. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
24
Diaz, Maurin François. "The Viability and Desirability of Alternative Energy Sources Exploring the Controversy over Nuclear Power." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/129182.
Анотація:
Esta tesis doctoral proporciona un giro alternativo en dos temas relacionados: la energética de las sociedades humanas (el enfoque), y el uso de la energía nuclear para producir electricidad (el tema). En primer lugar, en relación a los aspectos teóricos, proporciona procedimientos alternativos basados en una nueva formulación de la energética para generar un análisis eficaz de la energética de las sociedades humanas. En segundo lugar, en relación con la aplicación práctica, se realiza una evaluación integrada de la energía nuclear sobre la base de una representación alternativa del "sistema de la energía nuclear" con el objetivo de garantizar la calidad de la evaluación de la energía nuclear, tanto en el lado descriptivo como en el lado normativo.
De este modo, el presente trabajo tiene la intención de mejorar la calidad de las discusiones científicas sobre los problemas de suministro de energía, y al mismo tiempo, comprender mejor los problemas sistémicos asociados con el uso a gran escala de la energía nuclear.
En los últimos años, el renovado interés de la comunidad científica sobre los problemas de suministro de energía se convierte en una desesperada búsqueda de fuentes alternativas de energía. Sin embargo, la realización de la valoración crítica del potencial de las fuentes de energía alternativas para alimentar a las sociedades modernas requiere gestionar los problemas sistémicos del análisis convencional de la energía, de una vez por todas.
En primer lugar, al confrontarse a las transformaciones de la energía de los sistemas vivos, como las sociedades humanas, requiere la adopción de un enfoque de "pensamiento complejo de los sistemas" debido a la inevitable coexistencia de múltiples dimensiones relevantes y múltiples escalas pertinentes. Esta “inconmensurabilidad técnica” en la parte descriptiva implica el abandono del uso de las simplificaciones excesivas del reduccionismo que consisten en protocolos de generación de números basados en la adopción de solo una escala y una dimensión a la vez.
En segundo lugar, al deliberar sobre cuestiones de sostenibilidad hay una obvia existencia de diferentes actores sociales - diferentes narradores potenciales – que expresan sus opiniones no equivalentes, pero legítimas, sobre una misma cuestión basadas en sus valores, creencias y objetivos. Este problema de “inconmensurabilidad social” en la parte normativa es particularmente evidente cuando se considera el caso de la energía nuclear en la discusión sobre las fuentes alternativas de energía. De hecho, uno encuentra fácilmente percepciones diferentes - e incluso contrarias - sobre la viabilidad y conveniencia de esta tecnología, un hecho que está en el origen de su controversia sistémica. Esta situación refleja la imposibilidad de generar una percepción compartida entre los actores sociales sobre el uso de esta tecnología como una fuente de energía alternativa viable y deseable. El caso de la energía nuclear proporciona un muy buen ejemplo de por qué las fuentes de energía alternativas no pueden ser tomadas como algo viable y deseable "por defecto". De hecho, esta tesis indica que sólo podemos deliberar acerca de la viabilidad y conveniencia de fuentes alternativas de energía a través de una "evaluación integrada participativa", lo que obliga a revisar el papel de los científicos cuando se utiliza la ciencia para la gobernabilidad.
Palabras claves: Ciencia interdisciplinaria, Ciencia para la gobernabilidad, Contabilidad de energía, Energética compleja, Energía nuclear, Evaluación integrada multi-escala, Evaluación de la sostenibilidad, Fuentes alternativas de energía, Metabolismo de las sociedades, Problemas de suministro de energía, Sistemas de suministro de electricidadThis doctoral dissertation provides an alternative take on two related topics: the energetics of human societies (the approach), and the use of nuclear energy to make electricity (the issue). First, in relation with theoretical aspects, it provides alternative procedures based on a new formulation of energetics to generate effective analysis of the energetics of human societies. Second, in relation with practical application, it performs an integrated assessment of nuclear power based on an alternative representation of the “nuclear energy system” aimed at guaranteeing the quality of the assessment of nuclear power both on descriptive and normative sides. By doing so, the present work intends to improve the quality of the scientific discussions over energy-supply issues, and at the same time, to better understand the systemic problems associated with the large-scale deployment of nuclear power. In recent years the revived interest from the scientific community over energy-supply issues was turned into a desperate search for alternative energy sources. Yet, performing the critical appraisal of the potentiality of alternative energy sources to power modern societies requires first handling the systemic problems of conventional energy analysis once and for all. First, dealing with the energy transformations of living systems such as human societies requires adopting a ‘complex systems thinking’ approach due to the unavoidable co-existence of multiple relevant dimensions and multiple relevant scales. This “technical incommensurability” on the descriptive side implies abandoning the use of the excessive simplifications of reductionism consisting in protocols generating numbers based on the adoption of one scale and one dimension at the time. Second, when deliberating over sustainability issues there is an obvious existence of different social actors – different potential story tellers – expressing non-equivalent but legitimate perceptions of the same issue based on their values, beliefs and goals. This problem of “social incommensurability” on the normative side is particularly evident when considering the case of nuclear power in the discussion over alternative energy sources. In fact, one easily finds contrasting – and even opposite – perceptions over the viability and desirability of this technology, a fact which is at the origin of its systemic controversy. This situation reflects the impossibility to generate a shared perception between social actors over the use of this technology as a viable and desirable alternative energy source. The case of nuclear power provides a very good example why alternative energy sources cannot be taken as desirable and viable “by default”. In fact, this dissertation indicates that we can only deliberate about the viability and desirability of alternative energy sources by means of “participatory integrated assessment”, which forces revisiting the role of the scientist when using science for governance
25
Mohamed, Ruba Ali Ibrahim. "In vitro methods using alternative sources of inocula to estimate degradation of ruminant feeds." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.420009.
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Migiro, Stephen Oseko. "Small and medium scale manufacturing enterprises in Kenya:a perspective on alternative sources of financing." Thesis, University of Zululand, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10530/1170.
Анотація:
A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Administration & Law in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Commerce in Management at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2005.Small and medium-scale enterprises (SMEs) form the majority of the enterprises in the Kenyan economy. They employ a large share of the labour force. The sector is perceived as an alternative employer. Recent studies show that SMEs are at least as important as large firms in the creation of gross and net new jobs. Notwithstanding their importance, most SMEs are unable to exploit the increased market opportunities due to a number of constraints. This is because of either low productivity, incapacity to face competition from imports or in export markets, constraints to adapt new technologies and or a lack of finance. Financing of the sectors' activities is always cited as one of the problems facing the sector. The literature review on SME's access to bank finance indicates that most SME operators have limited access to bank finance. SME access to the formal financial sector is constrained by high risks and transaction costs associated with commercial lending. To develop them and maintain their contribution, initiatives are required to enable them grow and flourish. The aim of this study was to provide a perspective on use of alternative finance by SMEs in Kenya. The study focused on three manufacturing sub-sectors, namely: Textile and Garment, Furniture and Wood products and Metal and Metal products. To achieve this aim, the study sought to identify factors influencing the financing structure of SMEs such as enterprise demographic factors, investigate alternative methods or models of SME financing; identify factors which limit SMEs access to credit from the formal financial market, main sources of SMEs finance, and suggest and recommend measures to improve SMEs finance in Kenya. The study employed survey research design methodology in which combinations of research methods were used. These included questionnaire survey, observation; face to-face interviews and literature review. Various enterprise finance theories making up the meta-theoretical framework used in the study and empirical studies of small enterprises' capital structure are discussed as aprelude to the empirical study. Empirical data was collected from 380 respondents in order to answer research questions and to test various hypotheses concerning the determinants of capital structure of the enterprises in the study. The aspects of capital structure covered in the analyses were alternative sources of finance [long-term and short-termj and the demographic characteristics of the SME operators and their enterprises. Quantitative data from the survey was analyzed with the application of microfit software and descriptive statistics. Content analysis was applied to qualitative data from open-ended questions and structured interview schedule on key informants. The findings indicates that the SME manufacturing activity is male dominated; majority of the manufacturing SME operators fell in the 30-49 age categories; had secondary education; do not to have any formal training in business management; have not changed accounts from one bank to the other; and majority of the enterprises in the survey are sole proprietorships. Further, empirical results indicate that interest rate and collateral requirement are the major factors influencing choice of finance. The overall results show that personal savings is used as the main source of enterprise financing. Specifically, there was general agreement amongst the operators that bank finance is least used and that alternative finance is least used and poorly understood or not understood at all. In addition, there was a very insignificant level of computer literacy among the SME operators in the study. The study notes that SME financing in Kenya; and in particular the use of alternative finance needs to be addressed. It is recommended that a Small Business policy division be established by the government of Kenya, responsible for promoting small business policy; establishment of a business portal to not only harmonise, but also facilitate provision of online support services to the maximum number of financial and other services; establishment of a central data bank on national business activities including those of small and medium-scale enterprises. The system to maintain comprehensive and objective data sets relating to the financing of SMEs, particularly on demand for and supply of financing; promote inter-firm linkages and provide information on availability of alternative sources of finance. The study further suggests a hybrid structure of SME financing between the micro-finance institutions (MFIs) and the formal financial institutions. The model suggests an introduction of micro and small business finance windows in commercial banks, developing linkages between micro financial institutions and commercial banks. In addition, the study proposes the establishment of a national SMEs development bank that will act as a revolving fund to boost the development of SMEs. The proposed bank to be linked to municipal/city council SMEs revolving funds. This will ensure that there is an all round concerted effort at stimulating and monitoring SME activities. The strategy will help allocate limited national resources to target industrial activities that will jump-start the industrial process, using both local and foreign resources. It is further recommended that longitudinal studies be considered to meet data needs in the SME sector. Such studies will help identify real financing gaps among other gaps in the sector for the application of intervention measures. In conclusion, the study makes a distinct contribution to the theory and practice of financial management, specifically alternative financing in the small and medium-size organizations, not only in Kenya but for other countries in Africa as well. The study also presents a basis for educational, developmetal and training parameters, which enlightened institutions can implement in formal training programmes. Finally, organisations that facilitate the financing of small and medium-size businesses are encouraged to maintain comprehensive and objective data sets relating specifically to the financing of SME's.
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Britain-Renecke, Cézanne. "Potential alternative sources of funding South Africa's land redistribution programme in its agricultural sector." University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3048.
28
Parsons, Robert Lee. "Financial costs and economic tradeoffs of alternative manure management policies on dairy and dairy/poultry farms in Rockingham County, Virginia." Diss., This resource online, 1995. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08272007-163607/.
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Dessirier, Benoît, and Safeyeh Soltani. "Dynamics of internal nutrient sources in the Baltic Sea - A comparative modelling study of the Gulf of Finland." Thesis, KTH, Vattenvårdsteknik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-96110.
Анотація:
For decades the Baltic Sea has been subject to eutrophication due to heavy anthropogenic nutrient loads on the aquatic ecosystem. Quantitative projections of its effects require an understanding of its driving mechanisms, i.e., the hydrodynamics that are responsible for the physical transport and mixing and the biogeochemical nutrients pathways within the algal ecosystem and between the particulate and dissolved phases in the water and in the sediments. A simple basin-scale hydrodynamic framework is set for the Gulf of Finland to test different descriptions of the biogeochemical transformations and determine the most robust modelling strategy. A recently developed criterion to determine the occurrence of anoxic events, based on the amount of fresh carbon detritus in the sediments is implemented in comparison with the classical criterion based on the oxygen concentration in the bottom water. Time-averaging of the hydrodynamics over larger than daily intervals is proved to hinder the capture of rapid mixing events jeopardizing irremediably the water quality simulation. The new carbon based criterion for anoxia shows a better dynamic response and is less sensitive to the model’s internal parameters. An internal source in the sediments correlated to the amount of fresh detritus, to represent the release of iron-bound phosphorus is confirmed as a versatile modelling assumption.
30
Ozen, Arda. "Role Of Hydrology, Nutrients And Fish Predation In Determining The Ecology Of A System Of Shallow Lakes." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607600/index.pdf.
Анотація:
In this study, the hydrology and physical, chemical and biological variables of a shallow lake system including the Lakes Mogan and Eymir between 1997-2005 were evaluated.
In Lake Eymir, a biomanipulation study was conducted between August, 1998 &ndashDecember, 1999. Upon biomanipulation, Lake Eymir shifted to clearwater state with submerged vegetation domination during 2000-2003. However, in 2004, the lake shifted back to algae-dominated turbid state since the buffer mechanisms provided by submerged plants were absent. In the summer of 2005, fish kills were observed due to algal bloom. However, due to increasing hydraulic residence time in the lake, internal processes became more important for nutrients. Lake Mogan faces seasonal and interannual water level fluctuations. During the low water levels experienced in 2001 and 2005, which coincided with the high hydraulic residence times, the in-lake phosphorus amount was controlled by internal processes rather than external loading. Moreover, results revealed that hydrology and submerged plants were important in the ecology of Lake Mogan. Furthermore, the relationship between the phytoplankton, zooplankton and the environment in Lakes Eymir and Mogan, which was predicted via Canonical Corresponding Analysis, revealed that nutrients and water transparency were both important for plankton communities. Both the top-down and bottom up effects were valid in Lake Eymir, while only the bottom-up effect and submerged plants were important for Lake Mogan. Finally, the present study provided a good example for the submerged plant dominated clearwater state triggered by biomanipulation, and the impact of hydrology on the ecology of shallow lakes.
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Gervais, Michael Jude. "Traditional News Sources and Mobile Media| Will the Millennial Generation's Use of Alternative News Sources Change How Journalism Is Taught in Higher Education?" Thesis, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10618188.
Анотація:
There are currently five sources on news and information in the United States. The Internet is slowly taking over as the number one source of news and information for students who are currently attending college. With the popularity of social media, the Millennial generation college student is turning away from the traditional news media. One of the primary challenges for educational leaders in journalism courses is to understand what types of news today’s generation finds favorable, why are they so attracted to the non-traditional news sources, and what changes can be implemented into the classrooms.
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Cherry, Phillip Warren. "A projection of motor fuel tax revenue and analysis of alternative revenue sources in Georgia." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/43679.
Анотація:
Transportation funding is critical to maintaining the assets that provide mobility for the movement of Georgia's people and goods. Currently, most of Georgia's transportation revenue is provided by the motor fuel tax. Inflation and recent increases in fuel economy have decreased fuel tax revenue in Georgia and weakened the Georgia Department of Transportation's (GDOT)'s ability to maintain and expand its transportation network.
This thesis synthesizes factors from literature that affect motor fuel tax revenue. These include demographic, economic, technological, and environmental forces that influence travel behavior and vehicle fuel economy.
A model was then created that incorporated these factors to model GDOT's 2009 fuel tax revenue and then project revenue in 2020 and 2030. The model uses an input/output structure that segments the fleet into personal, freight, and transit categories. User inputs, historical data, and projections are linked via relationships and feedback loops to project travel and fuel tax revenue forward. Because a near-infinite number of scenarios exist, conservative and aggressive scenarios were created for 2020 and 2030 scenarios that output revenue on an absolute, per-mile, and per-capita basis for comparison with more recent revenues.
The model outputs predict marginal declines in revenue by 2020 and significant declines by 2030. In response to these declines, the thesis evaluates methods of increasing transportation revenue. These methods include increasing the fuel tax, incorporating a VMT-fee, and widespread tolling measures. After evaluation, a policy recommendation is provided for how to best implement revenue strategies.
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Holcomb, Lucille Smith Hines Edward R. "Perceptions of midwestern chief student financial aid officers concerning nongovernmental alternative sources of financial aid." Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 1985. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p8608950.
Анотація:
Thesis (Ed. D.)--Illinois State University, 1985.Title from title page screen, viewed July 1, 2005. Dissertation Committee: Edward R. Hines (chair), Kenneth Strand, Mary Ann Lynn, Neal Gamsky, Vernon Pohlmann. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 110-116) and abstract. Also available in print.
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Sullivan, Katherine B. "Replacement of fish meal by alternative protein sources in diets for juvenile black sea bass." View electronic thesis, 2008. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2008-3/sullivank/katherinesullivan.pdf.
35
Dlamini, Letsiwe Thulisile Sibongile. "Investigating alternative funding sources for community equity ownership in renewable energy projects in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13637.
Анотація:
Includes bibliographical references.The combined effect of a number of factors has forced the Government of South Africa to launch and seek to expand the renewable energy sector through the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (REI4P). Such elements include environmental issues, especially climate change; the need to diversify energy sources in order for the country to be energy secure; and the developmental potential that investment in a new industry, in this instance the renewable energy industry, can bring in terms of job creation, economic growth and the exploitation of abundant natural resources. In addition to the REI4P, the Government has also been compelled to seek to expand energy supply in the country, in general, due to the energy crisis, which in turn, is closely associated with a population that is growing at a pace that is much faster than the rate at which energy can be readily supplied. Community Equity Ownership (CEO) or local community ownership is a unique feature of the REI4P that has recently come under close scrutiny due to its requirement for project companies to offer a minimum of 2.5% to 5% shares of their companies to local communities residing within a 50km radius of their renewable energy plants, in an effort to contribute toward their socio-economic development; the challenges presented by community trusts; and the subsequent resistance towards the notion of local community ownership by REI4P project companies. It is the subject of this research because it is still a critical and integral component of the REI4P and challenges associated with its financing have, in the past, jeopardised the accomplishment of the very goals for which it was constituted. The value of Social License to Operate (SLO) is that it can lay the foundation for positive relations to prevail between communities and Independent Power Producers (IPPs) in the pursuit of a viable renewable energy industry and increased energy supply in South Africa. To this end, the study demonstrates that whilst CEO is obligated in the REI4P, it also constitutes SLO because if communities own shares in REI4P projects, they are more likely to cooperate with them. Thus, the CEO, Socio-Economic Development (SED) and Enterprise Development (ED) requirements of the REI4P essentially constitute the SLO ‘building blocks’ for the Programme. Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) have been at the forefront of funding local community ownership, although other financial institutions, including commercial banks xiv have started financing it as well, while requiring guarantees and security from communities, which can offer neither. The continued implementation of the REI4P, as well as the launch of the Baseload IPP Programme and the Medium Term Risk Mitigation Project, will ultimately increase the total number of IPP Programmes in the country and will likely intensify the demand for finances to fund CEO. In view of this, where will the funding for this key aspect of the current and proposed IPP Programmes come from? This study sought to identify alternative funding options for CEO in order to ensure its continuity in both the REI4P and the proposed IPP Programmes. An exploratory research design was pursued for the study in view of data limitations arising from the infancy of the renewable energy sector in South Africa. Moreover, a questionnaire survey was undertaken and a purposive sampling technique was used to interrogate a select group of financial institutions and REI4P Independent Power Producers (IPPs), with a view to determine what their experiences have been in relation to funding CEO, as well as to identify alternative funding options for it, going forward. In this regard, a sample size of 15 was taken out of a combined total of 72 financial institutions and IPPs. Thematic content analysis was subsequently performed to process the data. The main risk associated with financing CEO that was identified by stakeholders has to do with a lack of security in lending to disadvantaged communities because they often have no collateral and can offer no guarantees that demonstrate their capacity to repay debts. Furthermore, the establishment of a Grant Scheme for funding CEO, on the one hand, and a Guarantee and Incentive Programme, on the other, wherein Government stands in as guarantor for communities as they borrow funds to facilitate CEO; were found to be potentially instrumental in widening the pool of funding for CEO. Increased vendor support and more ‘preferential’ loan terms and ‘softer’ loans from DFIs were also identified as critical in the endeavour to increase the funding sources for CEO. Although the use of the Government Pension Fund to warehouse shares on behalf of communities and utilising communal land as equity both hold some promise; they require further research. It is, therefore, concluded that there is potential for alternative funding options for community equity ownership in the REI4P. The study also found that, based on the experiences of survey respondents, there are inadequate sources of finance for CEO, in light of the increasing pressure on available financial opportunities. To this end, the delineation between the xv potential for funding local community shareholding in REI4P projects and actual access to funding is fundamental.
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Kim, Yoo Yong. "Selenium metabolism and toxicity of inorganic and organic Selenium sources and levels on growth, reproduction and other mineral nutrients in Swine." Connect to resource, 1999. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1228150866.
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Jämting, Hanna. "Sustainable Energy : Implications of Charcoal Use in Babati Households & Possibilities to Use Alternative Energy Sources." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Life Sciences, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-2160.
Анотація:
This thesis investigates social impacts of charcoal use in households in the Tanzanian town Babati. In Tanzania a majority of the population use charcoal and firewood as their main energy source. A part from the environmental problems connected to charcoal use; there are also considerable social impacts on women’s daily lives. Cooking and collection of wood fuel are time-consuming and restricts the possibilities for women to work and study. The thesis includes an investigation on how the Tanzanian government tackles problems connected to charcoal use, social as well as environmental. The result shows that the Tanzanian government is working with charcoal related problems to some extent but as previous studies shows there are still more that can be done. The main efforts made concentrate on information campaigns and promotion of more energy efficient equipments. One important problem is however that wood fuel is the cheapest available energy source and hence the incentives to start using other, more sustainable, energy sources are very small. The thesis also investigates possibilities for Babati households to substitute charcoal use with renewable energy sources available in the town. The result shows that the possibilities to use renewable energy currently are very limited and mainly affordable to richer households.
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Wetzel, William C. "Overcoming interferences in plasma source mass spectrometry alternative ionization sources, novel correction methods, and new instrumentation /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3223057.
Анотація:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Chemistry, 2006."Title from dissertation home page (viewed June 28, 2007)." Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-06, Section: B, page: 3109. Adviser: Gary M. Hieftje.
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Du, Preez David H. "Alternative sources of finance for sustainable development in South Africa with specific reference to carbon trading." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6557.
Анотація:
Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The world has been engaged in a global ‘development project’ since the late 1940s. This process gained new momentum with the end of colonialism and the emergence of newly independent countries, all of them plagued with high levels of poverty. Traditional models of economic growth based on industrialization and import-substitution did not deliver the expected results to reduce poverty, especially in Africa. New ways of engaging with development emerged; in particular the basic needs approach in the 1970s and later the human development approach. Independently a new environmental movement surfaced in the 1960s, responding to the rallying call of global environmental destruction as a result of economic activities. For the first time a global language on the limitations nature presents to development emerged. The ‘movement’ received particular traction with the emergence of global climate disruption as the single largest global environmental issue. ‘Human needs’, represented by the anthropocentrists, and ‘environmental limitations’, represented by environmentalists were merged in an uncomfortable union to give birth to the notion of sustainable development. Yet, as a result of a large variety of perspectives, no agreement has been reached on what sustainable development means or should achieve. There is agreement though that developmental needs and environmental challenges are both urgent. An important unanswered question is how the world will pay for sustainable development interventions. Some interesting ideas on alternative sources of development finance has been around for a while, yet has not found practical application. Carbon finance, an innovative new source of funding, is an exception. This exploratory research was conducted by reviewing existing relevant literature using the inductive logic technique. It was initiated as a result of specific experiences leading the researcher to some general ‘truths’. The findings revealed that carbon markets, which are primarily focussed on reducing carbon emissions and which in itself makes a positive contribution to sustainability, has over the last few years successfully leveraged billions of dollars for investment in sustainable development projects globally. Some of these have the added advantage of co-benefits for the poor. Its role is set to expand as a source of development finance. South Africa has the potential to earn large amounts from carbon trading, assisting the country to move to a more sustainable development trajectory. The findings concluded that realising this potential will require a more focussed approach, especially from the South African Government.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die wêreld is sedert die 1940s besig met ‘n grootskaalse ‘ontwikkelingsprojek’. Die proses het nuwe momentum gekry teen die einde van die koloniale tydperk. Die nuut onafhanklike state het almal gebuk gegaan onder hoë vlakke van armoede. Tradisionele modelle van ekonomiese groei gebasseer op industrialisasie en invoer vervanging, het nie die verwagte resultate in terme van armoede verligting - veral in Afrika - gehad nie. Nuwe benaderings tot ontwikkeling - spesifiek die ‘basiese behoeftesbenadering’ in die 1970s en later die menslike ontwikkelingsbenadering – is ontwikkel met die hoop dat dit beter resultate sal lewer om armoede hok te slaan. Terselfdertyd het ‘n nuwe omgewingsbeweging in die 1960s ontstaan, in reaksie op die vernietig van die natuur deur die mens se ekonomiese aktiwiteite. Die gevolg was dat daar ‘n internasionale taal onstaan het wat die beperkinge wat die natuur op ontwikkeling plaas kon verwoord. Dit het veral momentum gekry met die bewuswording dat aardverwarming die wêreld se grootste omgewingsuitdaging bied. Mense se behoeftes soos verwoord deur antroposentriste, en omgewingsbeperkings soos verwoord deur omgewingskundiges, het bymekaargekom om die nuwe konsep van volhoubare ontwikkeling te vorm. As gevolg van ‘n groot verskeidenheid van interpretasies is daar geen ooreenstemming oor wat volhoubare ontwikkeling beteken of behoort te bereik nie. Waaroor daar wel ooreenstemming is, is die feit dat die wêreld se behoefte aan ontwikkeling sowel as die omgewingsuitdagings beide dringend is. ‘n Belangrike vraag wat niemand nog kon beantwoord nie, is hoe die wêreld gaan betaal vir volhoubare ontwikkelingsprojekte. Alhoewel daar ‘n paar kreatiewe idees vir alternatiewe bronne van ontwikkelingsfinansiering die rondte doen, het nog nie een daarvan praktiese beslag gekry nie. Die enigste vindingryke nuwe bron van ontwikkelingsfinansiering wat wel geïmplimenteer is, is koolstof finansiering. Dié ondersoekende navorsing is gedoen deur middel van ‘n literatuur studie van bestaande relevante materiaal, deur gebruik te maak van die induktiewe logika tegniek. Die studie is geïnisieer as gevolg van spesifieke ondervindings wat die navorser gelei het na algemene ‘waarhede’. Bevindinge uit die studie het aangedui dat koolstof markte, wat primêr ten doel het om die vrystel van aardverwarmingsgasse te beperk en dus opsigself ‘n positiewe bydrae tot volhoubaarheid lewer, oor die laaste paar jaar daarin geslaag het om miljarde dollars beskikbaar te maak vir volhoubare ontwikkelingsprojekte wêreldwyd. Sommige hiervan het die voordeel dat dit arm gemeenskappe bevoordeel. Die rol van die koolstofmarkte gaan in die toekoms toeneem. Suid Afrika het die potensiaal om groot bedrae te verdien uit koolstof finansiering, wat die land behoort te help om op ‘n meer volhoubare ontwikkelingspad voort te gaan. Die bevindinge sluit af deur aan te dui dat die realisering van dié potensiaal ‘n baie meer gefokusde benadering deur veral die Suid Afrikaanse Regering gaan vereis.
40
Verma, Suruchi. "Comparative Analysis of Wind, Solar and Landfill Gases as Alternative Sources of Energy for Electricity Generation." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2010. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1262.
Анотація:
The document reviews the current and projected electricity demand until the year 2030 along with the fuel mix. Several projections based on different agencies were studied in order to understand the trend of fuel mix projected to be used. Clearly, the fuel mix being used or projected is unsustainable. Depletion of fossil fuels, increasing demand and environmental impacts are some of the factors that emphasize the use of Alternative Sources of Electricity. Three of the upcoming Alternative Sources - Solar, Wind and Landfill Gases - are discussed and compared in the document. Based on the comparison, Landfill Gas projects seem to be very favorable, despite the higher costs related with such projects, several advantages over the other two Alternative Sources are discussed in the document. The several advantages of Landfill Gas projects, such as emissions reduction, better power quality, reduction in transmission losses, and several others are discussed in the document
41
Bui, Thi Thanh Xuan. "The effects of financing constraints on firms' use of trade credit and other alternative financing sources." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1G015/document.
Анотація:
Cette thèse se compose de quatre essais portant sur les effets des contraintes de financement sur l'utilisation du crédit commercial (TC) et d'autres sources alternatives de financement des entreprises. Dans le premier essai, nous étudions les effets des contraintes sur l'emprunt bancaire (BL) sur l'utilisation du TC par les entreprises vietnamiennes. Nous étudions plus particulièrement l’effet de la taille sur le choix entre les deux types de financement. Nous constatons que les grandes entreprises lorsqu’elles sont rationnées sur les BL comptent plus sur le TC que les petites et moyennes entreprises (PME). En particulier, nous constatons que les grandes entreprises dont la demande de crédit a été refusée utilisent plus de TC tandis que les PME dans la même situation en utilisent moins. Dans le deuxième essai, nous étudions les effets des contraintes sur les BL sur l’utilisation du TC en fonction de la taille et de l'âge des entreprises ainsi que du développement institutionnel des différents pays. Nos résultats suggèrent que le TC et le BL ont tendance à être des substituts pour les entreprises les plus grandes, les plus âgés et lesquelles situées dans les pays développés (développement institutionnel plus fort). En revanche, le TC et le BL sont complémentaires pour les entreprises les plus jeunes, les plus petites et lesquelles situées dans les pays en développement (développement institutionnel faible). Ce résultat est particulièrement net dans le cas où la demande de crédit est refusée. Dans notre troisième essai, nous étudions les effets des contraintes sur les BL sur l'utilisation de six sources alternatives de financement par les PME dans le monde entier. Les formes de financement étudiées sont: le TC, le crédit-bail, les cartes de crédit, la finance informelle, les fonds provenant de la famille et des amis et les capitaux propres. Nos résultats suggèrent généralement que les PME rationnées par les banques ont tendance à compter davantage sur les fonds de la famille et des amis et sur les prêts des usuriers. Nous trouvons aussi qu'elles utilisent les modes de financement alternatifs plutôt pour financer le fonds de roulement que pour financer de nouveaux investissements. Dans le dernier essai, à partir d’un échantillon d'entreprises non financières du S&P 500, nous examinons l'interaction entre l'utilisation du papier commercial (CP), des lignes de crédit bancaire (CL) et du TC sur la période 2003 à 2014. Nos résultats suggèrent que les entreprises avec le risque de refinancement le plus élevé empruntent plus sous la forme de CL et de TC que sous la forme de CP. Cet effet est plus fort pour les CL. Nous constatons également que plus le niveau d'asymétrie d’information est fort, plus les entreprises utilisent les CL et le TC par rapport à CP. En revanche, plus les problèmes d'aléa moral sont graves, plus les entreprises favorisent les CP par rapport aux CL et TCThis thesis consists of four essays investigating the effects of financing constraints on firms' use of trade credit (TC) and other alternative financing sources. In the first essay, we investigate the effects of bank loan (BL) constraints on the use of TC by Vietnamese firms across size. We find that bank-constrained large firms rely on TC more than bank-constrained Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs). Particularly, we find that denied large firms use more TC whereas denied SMEs use less of it. In the second essay, we study the effects of BL constraints on firm's use of TC across size, age and institutional development by using an international sample. Our results suggest that TC and BL tend to be substitutes for larger, older firms and those in developed countries with stronger institutional development; and complements for smaller, younger firms and those in developing countries with weaker institutional development, especially when constraints relate to credit denial. In our third essay, we investigate the effects of BL constraints on the use of six alternative financing sources by SMEs worldwide, i.e. TC, leasing, credit cards, informal finance, sources from family and friends and equity. Our results generally suggest that bank-constrained SMEs tend to rely more on sources from family and friends and those from money lenders. We also find that they use alternative financing to finance working capital requirement to a greater extent as compared to new investments. In the last essay, by using a sample of nonfinancial S&P 500 firms, we examine the interplay between the use of commercial paper (CP), bank credit lines (CL) and TC for the period 2003-2014. Our results suggest that firms with higher rollover risk borrow more from CL and TC relative to CP with a stronger effect for CL. We also find that higher level of asymmetric information is associated with more usage of CL and TC relative to CP while more severe moral hazard problems are associated with more usage of CP relative to CL and TC
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Luczynski, Estanislau. "O uso do carvão vegetal nos Pólos Guseiros: implicações sociais, ambientais e econômicas." Universidade de São Paulo, 1995. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/86/86131/tde-19032012-104800/.
Анотація:
Este trabalho aborda diversas implicações de ordem tecnológica, ambiental e social relacionados ao uso de carvão vegetal nos pólos guseiros. Através de coleta de dados em publicações técnicas, visitas a centros de tecnologia guseira e entrevistas com especialistas da área, foram levantadas as informações que serviram de base à elaboração deste trabalho. A análise e interpretação dos resultados obtidos mostram que a manutenção da produção de ferro-gusa depende do contínuo fornecimento de carvão vegetal, como termo-redutor de boa capacidade calorífica, preço baixo e fácil acesso. Todavia, nas condições atuais, o suprimento de carvão vegetal à indústria está relacionado à exploração intensiva de florestas nativas e uma correspondente falta de áreas reflorestadas capazes de suprir a demanda de lenha para carvoejamento. Além do carvão vegetal, outros insumos também podem ser usados na redução do minério de ferro: o gás natural (na produção integrada de aço) o carvão de coco de babaçu, o carvão vegetal de espécies nativas da Amazônia e mesmo o carvão mineral. Estes insumos, entretanto, apresentam problemas ainda não totalmente quantificados, como suprimento, tecnologia adequada de uso e custos de exploração. O uso intensivo de carvão vegetal se baseia na existência de uma rede de carvoejadores e fornos, que operam num ritmo de trabalho intenso (às vezes cerca de quinze horas por dia), baixa remuneração por madeira carvoejada (meio dólar por metro cúbico de carvão vegetal) e falta de seguridade social. De modo geral, os produtos de gusa pouco consideram o uso de carvão de florestas plantadas, pois admitem que um carvão de maior custo, constituir-se-ia em ameaça à própria continuação da produção de ferro-gusa.The aim of this work is to discuss implications technological, environmentally and social limitations of the pig-iron´s production using charcoal. Through technical papers, technical visits to research centers and interview with experts, a data basis was collected to produce this work. The analysis of data showed that: the continuity of pig-iron making depends on continuos supply of charcoal, at low cost, with good heat capacity, and with easy acess. However, under current conditions, the charcoal supply to industry is depending of a intensive exploration of native forest. At the same time, there is a lack of land suitablefor reforestation to provide wood to renewable charcoal making. Nevertheless, there are several resources that can be used to reduce the iron ore: charcoal of babassu coconut, charcoal of native amazonic trees, natural gas (integrated plants) and even coal. Some of them are candidates to replace the charcoal, but further technological, infrastructural and economic developments are still required. The intensive utilization of charcoal by siderurgy is based in a network of kilns and charcoal makers working under extreme conditions (indeed, some work fifteen hours per day), they have no social security and extremely low wages (some receive only half a dollar per cubic metre of charcoal). In general, pig-iron´s makers do not consider the use of charcoal from forested wood, because its higher cost may challenge the viability of pig-iron production.
43
Machado, Fernando Tavora Heitmann Ferreira. "A Utilização do Ônibus a Gás Natural Comprimido na Frota de Ônibus Urbanos como Alternativa para a Redução da Poluição Atmosférica na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo\"." Universidade de São Paulo, 1996. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/86/86131/tde-18012012-140048/.
Анотація:
A RMSP (Região Metropolitana de São Paulo) tem a maior concentração de habitantes e constitui o pior caso de poluição atmosférica em todas as Regiões Metropolitanas do Brasil. Muitas medidas foram pensadas para a redução deste grave problema, causado principalmente pela frota de veículos. Este trabalho objetivou analisar o ônibus a gás natural como alternativa para a redução da poluição atmosférica de origem veicular na RMSP. O estudo estimou benefícios econômicos e ambientais decorrentes da substituição da atual frota de ônibus urbanos movidos a óleo diesel por uma nova frota de ônibus a óleo diesel, obedecendo aos limites de emissões do PROCONVE para I996, ou por uma nova frota de ônibus a gás natural. Esta comparação considerou: . Fatores de emissões de poluentes atmosféricos; . O estado da arte do PROCONVE (Programa Nacional de Controle de Poluição por Veículos Automotores); . Estimativa do \"ganho ambiental obtido através da adoção do gás natural como combustível da frota de ônibus urbanos da RMSP; . A estimativa do período de retorno dos investimentos realizados para as duas alternativas, baseada em dados operacionais da atual frota a diesel da RMSP; . Os pontos de vista dos agentes econômicos envolvidos nas atividades relacionadas ao gás natural veicular. Governos Federal, Estaduais e Municipais, proprietários de frotas de ônibus urbanos, distribuidores do gás natural, passageiros; . A disponibilidade de gás natural para suprir a frota a gás na RMSP; . A capacidade de resposta da indústria automobilística à demanda gerada pela substituição considerada; . A estimativa dos impactos da substituição considerada na Balança Comercial do Brasil; . A redução estimada da emissão de poluentes na RMSP, assim como uma estimativa de seu benefício monetário. O estudo concluiu que o ônibus a gás é ambientalmente desejável no âmbito da RMSP. Entretanto há necessidade de políticas bem definidas para garantir a sua viabilidade econômica.The RMSP (Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area) has the largest concentration of inhabitants and is the worst case of air pollution in all Metropolitan Areas of Brazil. Many measures have been thought to reduce this major problem, that is mostly caused by its vehicle eet. This work\'s purpose was the analysis of the natural gas propelled bus as alternative for the reduction of vehicular air pollution within RMSP. The study estimated economical and environmental benefits due to the substitution of the present diesel oil propelled convencional bus fleet of the RMSP by a new diesel oil propelled eet, according the PROCONVE emission limits for I996, and by a natural gas propelled eet. This comparison has considered: . Air pollutants emmission factors; . The \"state of art\" of PROCONVE (National Program for the Control of the Pollution Originated by Automotive Vehicles); . Estimative of the environmental gain obtained trough the adoption of natural gas as the fuel of the urban bus fleet within RMSP; . Estimated investments return period for both alternatives, based on operational data of the present diesel oil conventional bus eet of the RMSP. . The points of view of the economic agents involved in the activities related to natural gas for vehicles: Federal, State and City Governments, urban bus fleet owners, natural gas distributors, passengers; . The availability of natural gas to supply an urban gas propelled bus eet within RMSP; . The capability of the automotive industry to respond to the new demand generated by the considered substitution; . Estimated redution of pollutants emimission by vehicles within RMSP; . Estimative of the impacts of the considered substitution in Brazil\'s Trade Balance; . Estimated redution of pollutants emission within RMSP. as well as an estimative of its monetary benefit. The study concluded that the adoption of natural gas propelled bus in the urban bus fleet of RMSP is environmentally desirable within RMSP. However, there\'s a need of well defined politics in order to grant its economical viability.
44
Almança, Reinaldo Alves. "Avaliação do use da vinhaça da cana-de-açúcar na geragão de energia elétrica (Estudo de caso)." Universidade de São Paulo, 1994. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/86/86131/tde-19012012-180037/.
Анотація:
A vinhaça da cana-de-açúcar constitui-se no principal resíduo líquido gerado pelo setor sucro-alcooleiro e, face aos enormes volumes produzidos , os problemas decorrentes de seu armazenamento e disposição o final passaram a constituir nos últimos tempos num grande desafio a técnicos envolvidos com essa questão. Este estudo tem por objetivo apresentar uma alternativa de aproveitamento desse resíduo, Aquelas tradicionalmente conhecidas no meio alcooleiro, por .intermédio do tratamento e transformação da vinhaça em biogás e sua utilização na geração de eletricidade. Para tanto, adotou-se a tecnologia de digestão anaeróbia de alta eficiência através de digestores de fluxo ascendente para a produção de biogás e, uma vez purificado, o aproveitamento desse gás em motores e turbinas adequadas a esse tipo de combustíve1, conforme a literatura consultada. No sentido de avaliar a viabilidade prática deste trabalho, optou-se pela elaboração de um estudo de caso, no qual foi dimensionada uma destilaria hipotética de \'cerca de 150.000 litros de álcool/dia, gerando um volume de cerca de 1.800.000 litros de vinhaça/dia. Por meio desta simulação, foram analisados os aspéctos técnicos e econômicos envolvidos, possibilitando assim, uma apreciação crítica e realista do estudo proposto.The vinasse of sugar-cane represents the main liquid residue produced by the sugar-alcohol sector and, in view of the enormous volumes produced, the problems related to its storage and final disposal came to pose a great challenge to the technical people involved in this matter these last few years. This study aims to present an alternative for the exploitation of this residue, to these traditionally employed in the alcohol production industry, based on the treatment and transformation of vinasse to biogas, and its subsequent utilization in eletric generation. In this context the technology of high efficiency anaerobic digestion using up-flow anaerobic digestors for biogas production was adapted. Once purified, the biogas produced can be utilized in engines and turbines specially adapted for this fuel, as evinced in the literature consulted. With a view to evaluate the pratical feasibility of this work, the elaboration of a case study was selected, in which a hypothetical distillery with a capacity of about 150.000 litres of alcohol/day, would generate a volume of about 1.800.000 litres of vinasse/day. By means of this simulation, the technical and economic aspects involved were analyzed, thus making possible a critical and realistic appreciation of the study proposed.
45
Kazasi, Anna. "Evaluation of gasoline-denatured ethanol as a carbon source for wastewater denitrification." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76940.
Анотація:
Methanol (MeOH) is a common external carbon source for wastewater denitrification, because of its low cost and low sludge yield. Ethanol (EtOH), on the other hand, is more expensive, but yields higher denitrification rates. This study introduces gasoline-denatured ethanol (dEtOH), which is now being produced in large quantities for the production of E10 gasoline, as an alternative carbon source. The gasoline added, as the denaturant, is known as "straight-run" gasoline; a lower grade material that contains mostly aliphatic compounds, but lacks the components that normally boost the octane rating, such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX). Herein are presented the results of using dEtOH, EtOH (95.5% ethanol-4.5% water) and MeOH for denitrification in lab-scale, sequencing batch reactors (SBRs). We also focused on the quantification of BTEX present in dEtOH solution and the inhibition potential of these compounds on both nitrification and denitrification. BTEX content in the dEtOH solution had low and consistent concentration. Ethylbenzene and o-xylene were not detected in the reactor. The removal rates of benzene, toluene and m-xylene were 3.1°1.4, 3.4°1.9 and 0.6°0.4 ?g/L·h, respectively. BTEX were not detected in the effluent and did not inhibit nitrification and denitrification. The denaturant did not affect biomass production or the settling properties of the sludge. The yield (COD/NOx-N) and denitrification rates of dEtOH were similar to those of EtOH and higher than those of MeOH. The cost of dEtOH ($0.91//lb NO??-N removed) is slightly higher than that of methanol ($0.74/lb NO??-N removed). Using dEtOH as an external carbon source is, therefore, very promising and utilities will have to decide if it is worth paying a little extra to take advantage of dEtOH's benefits.Master of Science
46
Graham, Tabitha. "INVESTIGATION OF MEDIA INGREDIENTS AND WATER SOURCES FOR ALGAE CO2 CAPTURE AT DIFFERENT SCALES TO DEMONSTRATE THE CORRELATIONS BETWEEN LAB-SCALE AND LARGE-SCALE GROWTH." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/bae_etds/16.
Анотація:
As energy use increases globally the environmental burdens increase alike. Many accusations have been made that carbon dioxide is a culprit of climate change. The University of Kentucky and Duke Energy Power have partnered to test carbon capture technology in a large scale project. To this end, the objective of this thesis is to investigate potential water media sources and nutrient sources at different volume scales for algae cultivation to help create a more environmentally viable and economically feasible solution. This work will conduct a life cycle assessment of water media sources and the effects of the inputs and outputs needed for each medium. The up-scaling objective of the research is to identify which parameters vary as a result of up-scaling and how to maintain a culture at the large scale that is standardized to the lab scale culture.
47
Mora, Alvarez David Fernando [Verfasser]. "Large scale integration of renewable energy sources for power generation in Colombia : a sensible alternative to conventional energy sources ; Scenario 2010 - 2050 / David Fernando Mora Alvarez." Flensburg : Zentrale Hochschulbibliothek Flensburg, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1031299599/34.
48
Mhibik, Oussama. "Développement des sources lasers solides continues, visibles et stabilisées en fréquence : une alternative aux lasers à colorants." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00656426.
Анотація:
Le traitement de l'information quantique, en particulier celui utilisant les centres colorés du diamant et la manipulation cohérente des ions de terre rare incorporés dans des matrices solides (Pr3+, Eu3+) et la spectroscopie à ultra-haute résolution, nécessitent des sources accordables ayant une faible largeur de raie. Or, dans la gamme rouge-orange (570-635 nm) où les diodes lasers font défaut et les lasers solides restent très peu développés, les lasers à colorants sont actuellement les seules sources de rayonnement cohérent disponibles. En revanche, ce type de laser est assez complexe et difficile à stabiliser au niveau du kHz à cause des bruits à haute fréquence générés par le jet de colorant.Pour répondre aux besoins des expériences citées ci-dessus, cette thèse vise à proposer une alternative "tout solide" aux lasers à colorants en explorant différentes possibilités pour la construction d'une source stable émettant dans l'orange-rouge. Dans ce but, nous avons proposé deux solutions:1. La première consiste à développer des oscillateurs paramétriques optiques. Dans cette voie, nous avons développé un OPO simplement résonant à doublage de fréquence intra-cavité et stabilisé en frequence au niveau du kHz.2. La deuxième consiste en un laser à base de fluorures dopés au Pr3+pompé par diode.
49
Yiannou, Angelos. "Alternative water sources for urban consumers – A novel technology for the City of Cape Town urban resident." Master's thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31336.
Анотація:
South Africa is classified as being the 30th driest country in the world and is regarded as a water scarce country. However, for the urban residents of the City of Cape Town, the ability to reduce their municipal water consumption through initiatives, other than simply using less water, is limited. Hence, there is a need for affordable, simple and compact technical solutions which allow urban populations residing in high density developments to make use of alternative sources of water, specifically greywater, to reduce their municipal water demand. Existing commercial technologies were considered, together with the socio-economic and technical constraints of an illustrative middle-income urban household in the City of Cape Town (CoCT). It was found that each commercial technology considered satisfied some, but not all, constraints characteristic of the household. For instance, the treatment device may produce treated water of a high quality. However, it may not be financially feasible for the consumer. Of the commercial technologies considered, there is no single commercial technology which can offer a complete solution within the socio-economic and technical constraints of the household. For this reason, the opportunity exists to produce an innovative technical solution. The proposed greywater treatment device consists of four cylindrical chambers in a vertical arrangement. Raw greywater enters the top chamber and treated greywater is extracted from the bottom chamber forming the base. The treatment processes undergone as the greywater flows through the treatment device include, in the following order, pre-filtration, biological treatment (Activated Sludge), clarification, filtration and disinfection. The process is driven by a combination of gravity and electrical energy. The proposed design is constructed using readily available materials and components. It is modular in its construction, allowing for easy maintenance, assembly and an increase in design flexibility. Evaluating the design against the same evaluation criteria stipulated for the existing commercial technologies showed that the proposed design may be an appropriate solution for the illustrative middle-income household within the City of Cape Town and is a novel technical solution.
50
Westphal, Maximillian. "Investigation of low energy, alternative X-ray sources and their interactions with multi-Z materials for theranostics." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1571133365330023.