Книги з теми "ARN activateur"
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1
Martorell, Francisco. How do earnings change when reservists are activated?: A reconciliation of estimates derived from survey and administrative data. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corp., 2008.
2
Trambakoulos, Dimitra Mimi. Cardiovascular effects of activated coagulation FXII, "new pressor protein" (NPP), are associated with potent adrenal medullary catecholamine release. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1999.
3
Bashin, Yuriy, Gennadiy Grinev, and Yuliya Dremova. Economics of the information society. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1039916.
Анотація:
The textbook presents modern ideas about the development and formation of the economy of the information society. Scientific concepts of transformation of the modern post-industrial society into an information society based on information and communication technologies and knowledge are highlighted. The basic concepts of technological processes of the information society, as well as definitions and dynamics of development of information resources, products and services in the economy of the information society, and a number of other topical issues are presented. The structure of the manual helps to identify the main aspects of the studied socio-economic processes, organize and specify the educational process. Questions for self-control and tasks are offered to activate the assimilation of the material. Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. It is intended for students of higher educational institutions studying in the field of training 38.03.05 "Business Informatics".
4
Beninger, Richard J. Dopamine as the dependent variable. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824091.003.0005.
Анотація:
Dopamine as the dependent variable discusses how postmortem biochemistry, intracerebral microdialysis, electrophysiological recording, in vivo electrochemistry, and positron emission tomography studies provide compelling evidence that dopaminergic neurons are activated by primary rewarding stimuli including food and water and by numerous conditioned incentives, including money. Early in training, primary rewarding stimuli activate dopaminergic neurons. When a cue is reliably paired with a primary rewarding stimulus over trials, the dopamine response begins to be seen upon presentation of the cue and eventually is not seen upon presentation of the primary rewarding stimulus when it follows the cue. These conditioned cues acquire the ability to act as rewarding stimuli that can produce incentive learning. If conditioned incentive stimuli are repeatedly presented in the absence of primary incentive stimuli, they gradually lose their ability to elicit approach and other responses and to act as rewarding stimuli by producing incentive learning in their own right.
5
Sullivan, Mark D. Advancing from Activated Patient to Autonomous Patient. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780195386585.003.0008.
Анотація:
Patient action in chronic disease care may not be best understood as “behavior.” Healthy patients do not just emit healthy behaviors but act as agents in their own lives. Bandura revolutionized health psychology through his “agentic” approach that emphasized patient confidence or self-efficacy. Now, the personal importance of behavior change is elicited using techniques like motivational interviewing. These and other approaches that include personal goals and identity shift our focus from behavior to action. Health action includes not just management of a disease separate from the self, but self-transformation. Achieving lasting change in health actions requires attention to the autonomous quality of patient motivation. Self-determination theory offers a useful theory of intrinsic motivation and an understanding of the process of internalization of motivation. This helps us understand the promise of shared decision-making and its difference from informed consent. Ultimately, patient empowerment must be understood as fostering patient autonomy.
6
Beninger, Richard J. Dopamine and the elements of incentive learning. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824091.003.0003.
Анотація:
Dopamine and the elements of incentive learning explains how, in lever pressing for food tasks, incentive learning produces a gradient of attractiveness of environment stimuli: during magazine training, food activates dopaminergic neurons and the click and food cup become conditioned incentive stimuli, acquiring the ability to elicit approach and other responses; during lever-press training, the click activates dopaminergic neurons and the lever and lever-related stimuli become conditioned incentive stimuli. In conditioned place preference, amphetamine enhances dopaminergic neurotransmission and stimuli paired with amphetamine become conditioned incentive stimuli. In conditioned activity experiments, test-box stimuli paired with a dopamine-enhancer, e.g., cocaine, produce greater activity revealing incentive learning. In conditioned avoidance, the offset of an aversive warning stimulus putatively activates dopaminergic neurons leading safety-related stimuli to become conditioned incentive stimuli. If trained animals are treated with a dopamine receptor blocker, the initially intact ability of conditioned incentive stimuli to control responding declines over trials.
7
De Souza, Jonathan. Sounding Actions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190271114.003.0003.
Анотація:
When a musical instrument converts energy into sound, it makes aspects of the player’s action audible. This chapter analyzes this action-sound coupling in various instruments, drawing on ecological acoustics, organology, and cybernetics. It introduces a distinction between two aspects of sound production—“activation” and “control”—either of which may come from the player or the instrument. Pipe organs, for example, are activated by nonhuman power sources, though the pitches are controlled by the organist. Barrel organs, by contrast, are activated by human energy, but the pitches are preprogrammed. Instrumental sound production also involves distinctive combinations of sonic, visual, and tactile feedback. Moreover, by adapting Merleau-Ponty’s work on the body schema, this theory of action-sound coupling accounts for the feeling, often reported by performers, that an instrument is an extension of the body.
8
Kleihues, Paul, Elisabeth Rushing, and Hiroko Ohgaki. The 2016 revision of the WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199651870.003.0001.
Анотація:
The revised fourth edition of the WHO classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System, published in 2016, comprises several newly recognized tumour entities, and a significant restructuring of the classification, mainly based on genetic profiling. Glioblastomas are now classified into two major types. Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-wildtype glioblastoma (primary glioblastoma IDH-wildtype) develops rapidly de novo without a recognizable precursor lesion. IDH-mutant glioblastoma (secondary glioblastoma IDH-mutant) develops more slowly through malignant progression from diffuse or anaplastic astrocytoma. Medulloblastomas are now defined by combining histological patterns (classic, desmoplastic/nodular, extensive nodularity, anaplastic) and genetic hallmarks (WNT-activated; SHH-activated, TP53-mutant; SHH-activated, TP53-wildtype; non-WNT/non-SHH). Other newly recognized tumour entities include diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27M-mutant; ependymoma, RELA fusion-positive; and embryonal tumour with multilayered rosettes. The new classification is a significant step forward and will facilitate the development of novel targeted therapies of brain tumours.
9
Grom, Alexei A., and Athimalaipet V. Ramanan. Macrophage activation syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0168.
Анотація:
Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a life-threatening condition caused by excessive activation and proliferation of T lymphocytes and haemophagocytic macrophages. Although MAS has been reported in association with almost any rheumatic disease, it is by far most common in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Flares of the underlying disease or infection are most common triggers of MAS. The pathognomonic feature of MAS is typically found in bone marrow: numerous, well-differentiated macrophagic histiocytes phagocytosing normal haematopoietic elements. The expansion of these histiocytes leads to a massive systemic inflammatory reaction associated with three cardinal clinical features: severe cytopenias, liver dysfunction, and coagulopathy consistent with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Clinically, MAS is strikingly similar to the autosomal recessive disorders collectively known as familial haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHLH). FHLH has been associated with various genetic defects affecting the cytolytic pathway. Cytolytic function is profoundly depressed in MAS patients as well, and this abnormality is caused by both genetic and acquired factors. Studies in animals suggest that uncontrolled expansion of activated CD8+ T lymphocytes secreting cytokines that activate macrophages is central to the pathophysiology of haemophagocytic syndromes. Consistent with this view, the combination of steroids and ciclosporin, an immunosuppressant that preferentially inhibits T lymphocytes, is an effective treatment for the majority of MAS patients. Patients in whom MAS remains active despite this treatment present a serious challenge and require more aggressive immunosuppression. However, in MAS triggered by infection, the optimal level of immunosuppression is difficult to determine. As a result, reported mortality rates reach 20%.
10
Beninger, Richard J. Life's rewards. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824091.001.0001.
Анотація:
Life’s Rewards: Linking Dopamine, Incentive Learning, Schizophrenia, and the Mind explains how increased brain dopamine produces reward-related incentive learning, the acquisition by neutral stimuli of increased ability to elicit approach and other responses. Dopamine decreases may produce inverse incentive learning, the loss by stimuli of the ability to elicit approach and other responses. Incentive learning is gradually lost when dopamine receptors are blocked. The brain has multiple memory systems defined as “declarative” and “non-declarative;” incentive learning produces one form of non-declarative memory. People with schizophrenia have hyperdopaminergia, possibly producing excessive incentive learning. Delusions may rely on declarative memory to interpret the world as it appears with excessive incentive learning. Parkinson’s disease, associated with dopamine loss, may involve a loss of incentive learning and increased inverse incentive learning. Drugs of abuse activate dopaminergic neurotransmission, leading to incentive learning about drug-associated stimuli. After withdrawal symptoms have been alleviated by detoxification treatment, drug-associated conditioned incentive stimuli will retain their ability to elicit responses until they are repeatedly experienced in the absence of primary drug rewards. Incentive learning may involve the action of dopamine at dendritic spines of striatal medium spiny neurons that have recently had glutamatergic input from assemblies of cortical neurons activated by environmental and proprioceptive stimuli. Glutamate initiates a wave of phosphorylation normally followed by a wave of phosphatase activity. If dopaminergic neurons fire, stimulation of D1 receptors prolongs the wave of phosphorylation, allowing glutamate synaptic strengthening. Activity in dopaminergic neurons in humans appears to affect mental experience.
11
Henriksen, Niels Engholm, and Flemming Yssing Hansen. Static Solvent Effects, Transition-State Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805014.003.0010.
Анотація:
This chapter discusses static solvent effects on the rate constant for chemical reactions in solution. It starts with a brief discussion of the thermodynamic formulation of transition-state theory. The static equilibrium structure of the solvent will modify the potential energy surface for the chemical reaction. This effect is analyzed within the framework of transition-state theory. The rate constant is expressed in terms of the potential of mean force at the activated complex. Various definitions of this potential and their relations to n-particle- and pair-distribution functions are considered. The potential of mean force may, for example, be defined such that the gradient of the potential gives the average force on an atom in the activated complex, Boltzmann averaged over all configurations of the solvent. It concludes with a discussion of a relation between the rate constants in the gas phase and in solution.
12
Roberts, Darren M. Decontamination and enhanced elimination of poisons. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0316.
Анотація:
Decontamination and enhanced elimination are treatments that may be administered to patients with acute poisoning. They should not be used routinely in any patient, but initiated on a case-by-case basis after consideration of the type of poison, amount and time since exposure, anticipated clinical benefit, and other factors. Decontamination aims to decrease the severity and potential duration of poisoning. Activated charcoal is the most common form used and should be administered within 1–2 hours of poison ingestion. Enhanced elimination aims to decrease the duration and other consequences of poisoning. It is most commonly used for in severe poisoning with an agent that has a long elimination half-life. Elimination of a poison can be enhanced with extracorporeal therapies, multiple doses of activated charcoal, sodium polystyrene sulphate, and urinary alkalinization, although data support their use in selected cases only. To maximize poison clearance by haemodialysis or haemofiltration, the prescribed regimen may differ to that used for renal replacement therapy.
13
Montgomery, Erwin B. Controlling the Flow of Electrical Charges. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259600.003.0004.
Анотація:
In depolarization to effect neuronal activations,, electrical charges are delivered to the neuron to affect the electrical potential across the neuronal membrane to subsequently affect voltage-gated ionic conductance channels. The orientation of the field of electrical charges to the neuronal membrane is critical. Electrical charges flow from the negative contact to the positive contact. The negative electrostatic charge “pushes” negative charges onto the outer surface of the neuron, which results in depolarization of the neuronal membrane. Neurons near the positive contact will not have negative electrical charges deposited on the outer surface, will not be depolarized, and thus, are not activated. Likewise, neurons whose membranes are oriented parallel to the lines of electrical forces that move electrical charges will not receive the electrical charges and, consequently, will not be activated. The electronics of the DBS systems are designed to control the electrostatic forces so as to control the activations of the nervous system to generate benefit and avoid adverse effects.
14
Hodgkiss, Andrew. Psychiatric consequences of cancer treatments: conventional chemotherapy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759911.003.0006.
Анотація:
The psychiatric consequences of a range of conventional chemotherapy agents are reviewed. Anti-folates can cause frank demyelination (methotrexate-induced leucoencephalopathy) or more subtle cognitive impairment. The latter is attributed to reduced hippocampal neurogenesis due to the excitotoxic effects of homocysteine. Low mood, due to reduced availability of SAM, is also found during anti-folate chemotherapy. Ifosfamide-induced encephalopathy is described. Depression and encephalopathies are found with mitotic spindle poisons. Procarbazine is considered as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Finally, the developing appreciation of the mixed neuropsychiatric actions of bexarotene, an RXR activator, is reviewed.
15
Winner, Ellen. Emotions in the Art Museum. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190863357.003.0006.
Анотація:
This chapter addresses the topic of emotional responses to visual art. There is far less philosophizing about emotional responses to visual art than to music, and there are fewer studies from psychologists about this as well. Existing studies suggest that people have weaker emotional reactions to paintings than to music. Nonetheless, the visual arts (like all arts) can move us strongly, and there is fascinating evidence about the areas of the brain activated when paintings move us—areas that are related to introspection. The chapter concludes with reflection on why it is that people seem to be more willing to report feeling specific emotions in response to music than to the visual arts.
16
Eekelaar, John. Rights. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814085.003.0002.
Анотація:
This chapter examines the concept of rights, which it proposes are best seen as a complex amalgam comprising a claim of entitlement to an end-state necessary to protect an interest which has sufficient weight to activate action to achieve it. A distinction is drawn between a strong and weak sense of rights. Examples are given of how rights claims have been used through political and judicial processes to limit or redistribute power. Particular attention is given to the nature of human rights and children’s rights, and their place in personal law. The role of judicially protected rights within democracies is defended.
17
Sabharwal, Nikant, Parthiban Arumugam, and Andrew Kelion. The gamma camera. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759942.003.0003.
Анотація:
Nuclear cardiology imaging is traditionally performed on an Anger gamma camera. Its key component is a large, flat, circular or rectangular sodium iodide crystal, activated by non-radioactive thallium (NaI(Tl)). The side of the crystal facing the patient is covered with a lead collimator, while the side away from the patient is viewed by an array of photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). This chapter provides detail on the gamma camera, including information on crystals and collimators, PMTs, and electronics. Important measures of gamma camera performance parameters and quality control are covered in detail, and a section on dedicated solid-state cardiac gamma cameras is included.
18
Stern, Eva-Marie, and Shelley Wall. The Visible Curriculum. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190849900.003.0005.
Анотація:
The visible curriculum is a term for engagement with the visual arts in medical education. The purposes of having medical trainees view and respond to artworks have been framed in various ways: to sharpen technical abilities, to foster cognitive and interpersonal skills, and to promote personal growth. Art-making, as an embodied practice, activates skills essential to medical care which go beyond words and beyond cognitive work. This chapter summarizes current visual teaching/learning modalities used in medical training, considers the importance of art-making in addition to art observation, suggests differences in approach between undergraduate and residency training, and offers some practical examples of visual arts-based sessions for training and reflection.
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Sabharwal, Nikant, Chee Yee Loong, and Andrew Kelion. The gamma camera. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199206445.003.0003.
Анотація:
Crystals and collimators 32Photomultiplier tubes and electronics 34Gamma camera performance parameters and quality control (1) 36Gamma camera performance parameters and quality control (2) 38Nuclear cardiology imaging is performed on an Anger gamma camera. Its key component is a large flat circular or rectangular sodium iodide crystal, activated by non-radioactive thallium (NaI(Tl)). The side of the crystal facing the patient is covered with a lead collimator, whilst the side away from the patient is viewed by an array of photomultiplier tubes (PMTs)....
20
Hogh-Olesen, Henrik. Art and the Brain’s Reward System. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190927929.003.0008.
Анотація:
Chapter 7 takes the investigation of the aesthetic impulse into the human brain to understand, first, why only we—and not our closest relatives among the primates—express ourselves aesthetically; and second, how the brain reacts when presented with aesthetic material. Brain scans are less useful when you are interested in the Why of aesthetic behavior rather than the How. Nevertheless, some brain studies have been ground-breaking, and neuroaesthetics offers a pivotal argument for the key function of the aesthetic impulse in human lives; it shows us that the brain’s reward circuit is activated when we are presented with aesthetic objects and stimuli. For why reward a perception or an activity that is evolutionarily useless and worthless in relation to human existence?
21
Berger, Tobias. The Village Courts in Bangladesh. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807865.003.0003.
Анотація:
This chapter embeds contemporary translations of ‘the rule of law’ in their historical trajectory. It reveals how the introduction of village courts by the colonial administration at the dawn of the twentieth century and current efforts by international donor agencies to activate these village courts follow strikingly similar logics. The village courts are therefore neither an exclusively global imposition nor an ostensibly local institution; instead, they have emerged in complex processes of translation in which the global and the local have become inseparably intertwined. Having reconstructed this historical trajectory, the chapter also provides a brief overview of Bangladesh’s recent political history and maps the country’s contemporary legal landscape.
22
Loraine, Sievers, and Daws Sam. Ch.8 Subsidiary Bodies. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199685295.003.0008.
Анотація:
This chapter explores the subsidiary organs of the Security Council, which commonly refer to the Council's sanctions committees, counter-terrorism committees, and working groups. Another interpretation includes peacekeeping operations, tribunals, commissions, special representatives, good offices missions, an ombudsperson, sanctions monitoring groups, and other individuals or groups requested to perform specified tasks. A subsidiary organ of the Security Council (also known as a subsidiary body) can conduct its operations at UN Headquarters or in the field. Some subsidiary organs have been given tasks of short duration, whereas others have a long-term existence, and still others are activated only when there is work to be done. Some subsidiary bodies, such as sanctions committees, are composed of representatives of some or all members of the Council, whereas others, such as tribunals, may have an entirely separate composition.
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Grant, Sophie. Sirtfood Diet: The Ultimate Step-By-step Guide to Lose Weight and Burn Fat and Activate Your Metabolism with Delicious Recipes That Are Quick and Easy To... Independently Published, 2020.
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Garrison, Irene Peirano. The Tomb of Virgil between Text, Memory, and Site. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826477.003.0014.
Анотація:
This chapter explores the earliest traditions clustering around Virgil’s tomb. Its geographical location on the Via Puteolana, identified in the ancient lives, activates not only literary memories of the Aeneid (the landscape of Aeneas’ landfall and descent into the underworld), but also memories associated with the landscape itself in other sources. The chapter also investigates how the physical space of the tomb functioned as an early site of poetic succession: the land was acquired by the poet Silius Italicus, whose veneration of the tomb and claim to Virgil’s literary inheritance is taken up by Martial and Pliny the Younger. These accounts and traditions are examined within the context of the ancient topos of the neglected and rediscovered grave.
25
Lorenzano, Svetlana, and Danilo Toni. Acute treatment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722366.003.0014.
Анотація:
Young adults may benefit from intravenous thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator and the treatment is safe. Several important outcome predictors have been identified and can be used for an optimal selection of eligible patients. Intravenous thrombolysis should not be denied a priori in patients with stroke due to craniocervical artery dissection or illicit drug use, or young menstruating/pregnant women. It is recommended to discuss treatment risks and benefits and decisions should be made on an individual basis. Young patients may benefit from endovascular treatment despite larger infarcts. In case of malignant middle cerebral artery infarction, decompressive hemicraniectomy should be considered. Due to under-representation of young patients in past randomized controlled trials, analyses from these trials and prospective studies on this age group are needed.
26
Siever, Larry. Clinical Phenomenology of Borderline Personality Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199997510.003.0004.
Анотація:
This chapter takes an in-depth look at the clinical phenomenology of borderline personality disorder (BPD); the core, essential dimensions that are widely recognized as part of this personality disorder; and will essentially examine what an individual with BPD looks like. Although research on mental illness is moving toward a more neurobiological approach to understanding illness, as we learn more about the brain and the ways in which it affects us, clinicians must maintain awareness of clinical phenomenology. The importance of learning the biological components of mental illness cannot be underscored enough, but as we learn what parts of the brain are activated during various mental activities, we need to be able to understand patients’ clinical manifestations of a disorder and the ways in which it directly affects their lives and the lives of those around them.
27
O’Neal, M. Angela. A Pregnant Woman with Aphasia and Right-Sided Weakness. Edited by Angela O’Neal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190609917.003.0016.
Анотація:
This chapter discusses the evaluation and management of acute ischemic stroke in pregnancy. Stroke in pregnancy is rare, but is a significant cause of morbidity. The etiologies of stroke in pregnancy are diverse. The most common causes in hospital-based studies are cardioembolic or related to eclampsia. The use of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV tPA) as well as intra-arterial clot retrieval in stroke have been validated by multiple trials. Small case series support the safety of both therapies in pregnancy. Therefore, the management of stroke in pregnancy should be based on the mechanism and severity of the stroke, not on obstetrical issues.
28
Rogers, Holly. “Betwixt and Between” Worlds. Edited by John Richardson, Claudia Gorbman, and Carol Vernallis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199733866.013.0001.
Анотація:
This article appears in theOxford Handbook of New Audiovisual Aestheticsedited by John Richardson, Claudia Gorbman, and Carol Vernallis. Video art can be highly intermedial. Image and sound are recorded and projected simultaneously, so the user can create live, audiovisual work. This chapter argues that the audience engagement encouraged by video art has changed significantly since it became commercially available. Early video works involved interactivity, intermediality, and the closed-circuit feed. They were often part of multimedia events rather than appearing on their own; therefore the early years of video work can be placed within a temporal, historical liminality. More recent pieces form a coherent body of work. Often shown on flat screens in darkened rooms, they offer predetermined audiovisual narratives that immerse visitors, placing them within a spatial liminality between the video world and the gallery space. Although context is vital to both styles, the activation of space and the audiovisual relationships within it are articulated and activated very differently.
29
Devlin, Hugh, and Rebecca Craven. The respiratory system. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759782.003.0008.
Анотація:
The respiratory system in relation to dentistry is the topic of this chapter. Gaseous exchange in the lungs is mainly controlled by central chemoreceptors sensing a change in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid. These receptors then activate a respiratory response which returns the blood and cerebrospinal fluid pH to normal. Localized airway obstruction, obstructive sleep apnoea, and lung disease can cause hypoxaemia (a low arterial oxygen oncentration) and hypercapnia (a raised carbon dioxide concentration in the blood). We emphasize the specific dental issues in patients with asthma, i.e. the dry mouth when taking β2-adrenergic agonists and the management of an acute asthmatic attack. Specific points of relevance to the dentist are summarized in sections throughout the chapter.
30
Henriksen, Niels Engholm, and Flemming Yssing Hansen. Bimolecular Reactions, Transition-State Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805014.003.0006.
Анотація:
This chapter discusses an approximate approach—transition-state theory—to the calculation of rate constants for bimolecular reactions. A reaction coordinate is identified from a normal-mode coordinate analysis of the activated complex, that is, the supermolecule on the saddle-point of the potential energy surface. Motion along this coordinate is treated by classical mechanics and recrossings of the saddle point from the product to the reactant side are neglected, leading to the result of conventional transition-state theory expressed in terms of relevant partition functions. Various alternative derivations are presented. Corrections that incorporate quantum mechanical tunnelling along the reaction coordinate are described. Tunnelling through an Eckart barrier is discussed and the approximate Wigner tunnelling correction factor is derived in the limit of a small degree of tunnelling. It concludes with applications of transition-state theory to, for example, the F + H2 reaction, and comparisons with results based on quasi-classical mechanics as well as exact quantum mechanics.
31
Hydén, Lars-Christer, and Mattias Forsblad. Collaborative Remembering in Dementia: A Focus on Joint Activities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198737865.003.0025.
Анотація:
In this chapter we consider collaborative remembering and joint activates in everyday life in the case of people living with dementia. First, we review past research of practices that scaffolds the participation of persons with dementia in everyday chores under different stages of dementia diseases. We do so by suggesting three analytical types of scaffolding: when the scaffolding practices (i) frame the activity, (ii) guide actions, or (iii) are part of repair activities. Second, we review two aspects of collaborative remembering that are especially important in the case of dementia: training of scaffolding practices, and the sustaining and presentation of identities through collaborative storytelling. Finally, theoretical and methodological tendencies of the research field are summarized and future research needs are formulated.
32
Aminoff, Michael J. The Organization of the Nervous System. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190614966.003.0008.
Анотація:
Bell came up with a number of original concepts concerning the organization and operation of the nervous system in health and disease. The focus of Bell’s 1811 book was the brain, not the nerve roots. Bell suggested that parts of the brain differ in function; peripheral nerves are composed of nerve fibers with different functions; nerves conduct only in one direction; sense organs are specialized to receive only one form of sensory stimulus; and perception depends on the part of the brain activated. In later publications, he described a sixth (muscle or proprioceptive) sense and the circle of the nerves subserving it; movement and reciprocal innervation; and the long thoracic nerve (Bell’s nerve).
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Mast, Christof, Friederike Möller, Moritz Kreysing, Severin Schink, Benedikt Obermayer, Ulrich Gerland, and Dieter Braun. Toward living nanomachines. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0039.
Анотація:
How does inanimate matter become transformed into animate matter? Living systems evolve by replication and selection at the molecular level and this chapter considers how to establish a synthetic, minimal system that can support molecular evolution and thus life. Molecular evolution cannot be explained by starting with high concentrations of activated chemicals that react toward their chemical equilibrium; persistent non-equilibria are required to maintain continuous reactivity and we especially consider thermal gradients as an early driving force for Darwinian molecular evolution. The temperature difference across water-filled compartments implements a laminar fluid convection with periodic temperature oscillations that allow for the melting and replication of DNA. Simultaneously, dissolved molecules are moved along the thermal gradient by an effect called thermophoresis. The combined result is an efficient molecule trap that exponentially favors long over short DNA and thus maintains complexity. Future experiments will reveal how thermal gradients could actively drive the Darwinian process of replication and selection.
34
Kahn, S. Lowell. Directional AngioJet Thrombectomy with Guide Catheter Helical Spin Technique. Edited by S. Lowell Kahn, Bulent Arslan, and Abdulrahman Masrani. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199986071.003.0037.
Анотація:
The presence of thrombus in the central veins is associated with a higher risk of development post-thrombotic syndrome. The AngioJet Solent Proxi (90 cm) and Omni (120 cm) catheters are commonly used peripheral thrombectomy devices indicated for acute arterial and venous thrombus removal. Both catheters are 6 Fr sheath/8 Fr guide catheter compatible, and both offer the Power Pulse feature, allowing the direct infusion of tissue plasminogen activator into the thrombus. The catheters are indicated for use in vessels greater than 3 mm, with an optimal vessel range between 6 and 20 mm. Their use in the removal of iliac vein and inferior vena cava thrombus is frequent. Although the system is purported to provide effective thrombectomy capabilities in larger vessels, incomplete thrombus removal is common with larger vessels. This chapter proposes a simple modification in the standard use of the AngioJet Solent Proxi and Omni catheters.
35
Burri, Susanne. What Is the Moral Problem with Killer Robots? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190495657.003.0009.
Анотація:
An autonomous weapon system (AWS) is a weapons system that, “once activated, can select and engage targets without further intervention by a human operator” (US Department of Defense directive 3000.09, November 21, 2012). Militaries around the world are investing substantial amounts of money and effort into the development of AWS. But the technology has its vocal opponents, too. This chapter argues against the idea that a targeting decision made by an AWS is always morally flawed simply because it is a targeting decision made by an AWS. It scrutinizes four arguments in favor of this idea and argues that none of them is convincing. It also presents an argument in favor of developing autonomous weapons technology further. The aim of this chapter is to dispel one worry about AWS, to keep this worry from drawing attention away from the genuinely important issues that AWS give rise to.
36
Hawker, Gillian, Anne Lyddiatt, Linda Li, Dawn Stacey, Susan Jaglal, Sarah Munce, and Esther Waugh. Patient information strategies for decision-making and management of osteoarthritis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0021.
Анотація:
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic, disabling disease that warrants care that aligns with the principles of ‘chronic disease management’. Central to the success of chronic disease management is the ‘informed, activated patient’. Patient information strategies, including the use of patient decision aids, are essential to enabling patients with OA to self-manage their disease and engage in informed, shared decision-making. Such strategies are best delivered by a multidisciplinary team of healthcare providers and adapted to the characteristics, preferences, and values of the individual OA patient. Patients actively involved in their own disease management, that is, ‘self-management’, including shared goal-setting and decision-making about treatment interventions, are, on average, more adherent to treatment recommendations, have enhanced self-efficacy and, ultimately, experience better health outcomes.
37
Prout, Jeremy, Tanya Jones, and Daniel Martin. Core topics in intensive care medicine. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199609956.003.0020.
Анотація:
This chapter on aspects of intensive care for FRCA commences with the recognition of the critically ill patient, use of early warning scores, outreach teams and the systematic assessment of the acutely ill patient. Sepsis has been a recent focus area for healthcare systems; the definition of sepsis, pathophysiological processes leading to organ dysfunction and management including early goal-directed therapy, supportive techniques and the role of specific therapies such as steroids and activated protein C are included. Acute lung injury and respiratory distress syndrome with management and specific ventilatory strategies are described. Important aspects of providing sedation and analgesia on intensive care are explained as well as the complex ethical aspects of this speciality with regards to consent and end-of-life decisions
38
Britell, Patrick E., and Charles M. Andrews. Serotonin Toxicity. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0094.
Анотація:
Serotonin toxicity is a potentially life-threatening and severe illness that results from excess serotonin activity. It can be due to prescription medications, drug interactions, and sometimes intentional poisonings. This illness is often iatrogenic and can be predicted by the amount of excess serotonin (5-HT) that activates serotonin receptors both centrally and peripherally. Serotonin toxicity produces a large range of symptoms and varies in cases from mild to severe and even lethal. This chapter reviews the mechanism of development of this illness, symptoms and criteria for diagnosis, appropriate assessment of the patient in the clinical setting, and an outline for timely treatment.
39
Mason, Peggy. The Neuron at Rest. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190237493.003.0009.
Анотація:
Neuronal membrane potential depends on the distribution of ions across the plasma membrane and the permeability of the membrane to those ions afforded by transmembrane proteins. Ions cannot pass through a lipid bilayer but enter or exit neurons through ion channels. When activated by voltage or a ligand, ion channels open to form a pore through which selective ions can pass. The ion channels that support a resting membrane potential are critical to setting a cell’s excitability. From the distribution of an ionic species, the Nernst potential can be used to predict the steady-state potential for that one ion. Neurons are permeable to potassium, sodium, and chloride ions at rest. The Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation takes into consideration the influence of multiple ionic species and can be used to predict neuronal membrane potential. Finally, how synaptic inputs affect neurons through synaptic currents and changes in membrane resistance is described.
40
Cohn, Stephan, and P. Allan Klock. Operating Room Fires and Electrical Safety. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199366149.003.0018.
Анотація:
Understanding electrical systems and fire safety protocols in the operating room is fundamental to patient and staff safety. Modern operating rooms are designed to reduce the risk of electrical hazards. Line isolation transformers were developed in the era of explosive anesthetics to reduce the risk of sparks and macro-shock. Isolated electrical supplies are still used in operating rooms because they allow surgery to continue while the line isolation alarm is activated and the source of the fault is investigated and deactivated. Ground fault circuit breaker interrupters may also be used in operating rooms, but if a fault is detected, they will deactivate the electrical circuit, which may be disruptive to surgical or anesthetic care. Micro-shock occurs when a small amount of current is delivered directly to the myocardium via an indwelling catheter or pacing wire. Operating room fires, though relatively rare, can cause devastating patient injury but are largely preventable.
41
Simonet, Miguel. The Phonetics and Phonology of Bilingualism. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935345.013.72.
Анотація:
This chapter provides a selective overview of recent research on the phonetics and phonology of bilingualism. The central idea put forth in the chapter is that, in bilingualism and second-language learning, cross-language categories are involved in complex interactions that can take many forms, including assimilations and dissimilations. The sound categories of the two languages of a bilingual seem to coexist in a common representational network and appear to be activated simultaneously in the processing of speech in real time, but some degree of specificity is attested. The chapter then goes on to explore some of the characteristics of cross-language sound interactions, including the fact that these interactions are pliable and appear to be mediated by the structure of the lexicon.
42
Slimp, Jefferson C. Neurophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199341016.003.0003.
Анотація:
Any discussion of the pathomechanisms and treatments of MS benefits from an understanding of the physiology of the neuronal membrane and the action potential. Neurons and glia, are important for signal propagation, synaptic function, and neural development. The neuronal cell membrane, maintains different ionic environments inside and outside the cell, separating charge across the membrane and facilitating electrical excitability. Ion channels allow flow of sodium, potassium, and calcium ions across the membrane at selected times. At rest, potassium ion efflux across the membrane establishes the nerve membrane resting potential. When activated by a voltage change to threshold, sodium influx generates an action potential, or a sudden alteration in membrane potentials, that can be conducted along an axon. The myelin sheaths around an axon, increase the speed of conduction and conserve energy. The pathology of MS disrupts the myelin structures, disturbs conduction, and leads to neurodegeneration. Ion channels have been the target of investigation for both restoration of conduction and neuroprotection.
43
Gorman, Jack M. Making Connections. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190850128.003.0006.
Анотація:
Although some functions, like speech and vision, can be linked to single, specific locations in the brain, complex emotions and behaviors usually involve complex interactions among brain regions. As our brains mature, these connections are shaped by our lived experiences. Scientists in basic neuroscience laboratories have traced the pathways and networks necessary for the acquisition, expression, and extinction of one emotion: fear. Brain imaging studies have shown that these same connected brain regions are activated by fear and anxiety in humans. The “fear network” includes the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex. Abnormalities in activity and strength of connections in the fear network are present in children and adults with anxiety disorders and depression. Brain networks that are necessary for other emotions and behaviors have been identified, so that today we look to how our brains are connected to understand our actions and emotions.
44
Levi, Marcel, and Tom van der Poll. Coagulation and the endothelium in acute injury in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0307.
Анотація:
Vascular endothelial cells play a pivotal mediatory role in many responses to systemic inflammation, including the cross-talk between coagulation and inflammation in sepsis. Endothelial cells respond to the cytokines expressed and released by activated leukocytes, but can also release cytokines themselves. Furthermore, endothelial cells are able to express adhesion molecules and growth factors that may not only promote the inflammatory response further, but also affect a myriad of downstream responses. It has recently become clear that, in addition to these mostly indirect effects of the endothelium, injured endothelial cells directly interfere with platelet-vessel wall interactions, neutrophil entrapment through formation of extracellular nets, and activation of inflammation and coagulation mediated by microparticles. The role of the glycocalyx as an important interface between the endothelium and regulation of coagulation in inflammatory states has also gained a lot of recent attention.
45
Hohmann, Andrea G. Control of pain initiation by endogenous cannabinoids. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0033.
Анотація:
The landmark paper discussed in this chapter, published by Calignano et al. in 1998, focuses on the control of pain initiation by endogenous cannabinoids. In the paper, analgesic lipid mediators are shown to be present in peripheral paw tissue where they control the ability of pain signals to ascend to the central nervous system (CNS). Anandamide acts through a peripheral mechanism to suppress inflammatory pain via cannabinoid type 1 receptors. Palmitoylethanolamine, subsequently identified as an endogenous ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α, produces peripheral antinociceptive effects via a mechanism similar to that for the cannabinoid type 2 receptor. These lipids do not serve redundant functions and, in combination, produce synergistic antinociceptive effects. These observations suggested that drug-development efforts targeting peripheral control of pain may elucidate improved pharmacotherapies that lack the unwanted CNS side effects of current treatments.
46
Kidd, Ian James. Is Scientism Epistemically Vicious? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190462758.003.0007.
Анотація:
This chapter offers a virtue epistemological framework for making sense of the common complaint that scientism is arrogant, dogmatic, or otherwise epistemically vicious. After characterizing scientism in terms of stances, it argues that their components can include epistemically vicious dispositions, with the consequence that an agent who adopts such stances can be led to manifest epistemic vices. The main focus of the chapter is the vice of closed-mindedness, but the idea that arrogance and dogmatism are “cooperative vices” is also considered: vices liable to be activated by closed-mindedness. The chapter concludes that determining whether or not any given stance is vicious will require sensitivity to the ontology of that stance and the psychology of the agents who adopt them. This would be contributing to our understanding both of scientism and of epistemically virtuous and vicious characters or psychologies.
47
Dejus, Sanda. Rokasgrāmata notekūdeņu dūņu apsaimniekotājiem. RTU Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/9789934227127.
Анотація:
In terms of biological wastewater treatment processes used for the treatment of municipal wastewater excess activated sludge is inevitably generated, which needs to be removed from the wastewater treatment process and must be properly processed, recycled, and disposed of. The handbook provides information on wastewater and sewage sludge management techniques, treatment and recycling technologies, various possible alternative solutions to ensure the high quality, economic and environmentally friendly management of it. The handbook is developed on the basis of the technical solutions and economic calculations included in the national planning document “Sewage Sludge Management Strategy in Latvia” (project), resulting from an analysis of the existing situation in terms of the project “Implementation of River Basin Management Plans of Latvian towards good surface water status” (LIFE18 IPE/LV/000014 - LIFE GOODWATER IP) that are included in the deliverables of the project.
48
Cellek, Selim. Mechanism of penile erection. Edited by David John Ralph. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0101.
Анотація:
Sexual stimuli (tactile, visual, olfactory, and imaginative) are processed and integrated in the central nervous system which then activates certain autonomic and somatic pathways within the peripheral nervous system. This coordinated activation of the central and peripheral nervous systems leads to penile erection which is actually a result of relaxation of vascular and cavernosal smooth muscle in the penis. In the flaccid (detumescent) penis, the smooth muscle tone is heightened. Penile erection (tumescence) requires a decrease in the smooth muscle tone. The tone of the penile smooth muscle therefore is the main determinant of erectile function. In this chapter, the current information on the control of erectile function by this central-peripheral-smooth muscle axis will be reviewed.
49
Zilliox, Lindsay, and James W. Russell. Diabetic and Prediabetic Neuropathy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0115.
Анотація:
Impaired glucose regulation (IGR) constitutes a spectrum of impaired glucose and metabolic regulation that can result in neuropathy. Several different pathways of injury in the diabetic peripheral nervous system that include metabolic dysregulation induced by metabolic syndrome induce oxidative stress, failure of nitric oxide regulation, and dysfunction of certain key signaling pathways. Oxidative stress can directly injure both dorsal route ganglion neurons and axons. Modulation of the nitric oxide system may have detrimental effects on endothelial function and neuronal survival. Reactive oxidative species can alter mitochondrial function, protein and DNA structure, interfere with signaling pathways, and deplete antioxidant defenses. Advanced glycelation end (AGE) products and formation of ROS are activated by and in turn regulate key signal transduction pathways.
50
McKitrick, Jennifer. Manifestations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717805.003.0005.
Анотація:
Manifestations are events which are effects of dispositions being activated. Events often involve something acquiring a property. According to dispositional monism or pandispositionalism, all properties are dispositions. If all properties were dispositions, then all manifestations would involve something acquiring a disposition. Whether this leads to a vicious regress is unclear. However, pandispositionalism may render nearly all properties unobservable. Another issue about manifestations involves the question of whether dispositions are all single-track or whether some of them are multi-track. Some philosophers argue that each type of disposition has one type of manifestation. However, the events that occur when a disposition manifests vary according to the circumstances. This motivates some philosophers to say that manifestations are not effects but are instead contributions to effects. But it is not clear what kind of entity a contribution is, or if it is needed. Consequently, dispositions are extremely numerous or massively multi-track.