Дисертації з теми "Association statistique"
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Thiesse, Jean-Marc. "Codage vidéo flexible par association d'un décodeur intelligent et d'un encodeur basé optimisation débit-distorsion." Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE4058.
This Ph. D. Thesis deals with the improvement of video compression efficiency. Both conventional and breakthrough approaches are investigated in order to propose efficient methods for Intra and Inter coding dedicated to next generations video coding standards. Two tools are studied for the conventional approach. First, syntax elements are cleverly transmitted using a data hiding based method which allows embedding indices into the luminance and chrominance residuals in an optimal way, rate-distortion wise. Secondly, the large motion redundancies are exploited to improve the motion vectors coding. After a statistical analysis of the previously used vectors, an accurate forecast is performed to favor some vector residuals during a last step which modifies the original residual distribution. 90% of the coded vectors are efficiently forecasted by this method which helps to significantly reduce their coding cost. The breakthrough approach comes from the observation of the H. 264/AVC standard and its successor HEVC which are based on a predictive scheme with multiple coding choices, consequently future improvements shall improve texture by extensively using the competition between many coding modes. However, such schemes are bounded by the cost generated by the signaling flags and therefore it is required to transfer some decisions to the decoder side. A framework based on the determination of encoding parameters at both encoder and decoder side is consequently proposed and applied to Intra prediction modes on the one hand, and to the emerging theory of compressed sensing on the other hand. Promising results are reported and confirm the potential of such an innovative solution
Dehman, Alia. "Spatial clustering of linkage disequilibrium blocks for genome-wide association studies." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLE013/document.
With recent development of high-throughput genotyping technologies, the usage of Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) has become widespread in genetic research. By screening large portions of the genome, these studies aim to characterize genetic factors involved in the development of complex genetic diseases. GWAS are also based on the existence of statistical dependencies, called Linkage Disequilibrium (LD) usually observed between nearby loci on DNA. LD is defined as the non-random association of alleles at different loci on the same chromosome or on different chromosomes in a population. This biological feature is of fundamental importance in association studies as it provides a fine location of unobserved causal mutations using adjacent genetic markers. Nevertheless, the complex block structure induced by LD as well as the large volume of genetic data arekey issues that have arisen with GWA studies. The contributions presented in this manuscript are in twofold, both methodological and algorithmic. On the methodological part, we propose a three-step approach that explicitly takes advantage of the grouping structure induced by LD in order to identify common variants which may have been missed by single marker analyses. In thefirst step, we perform a hierarchical clustering of SNPs with anadjacency constraint using LD as a similarity measure. In the second step, we apply a model selection approach to the obtained hierarchy in order to define LD blocks. Finally, we perform Group Lasso regression on the inferred LD blocks. The efficiency of the proposed approach is investigated compared to state-of-the art regression methods on simulated, semi-simulated and real GWAS data. On the algorithmic part, we focus on the spatially-constrained hierarchical clustering algorithm whose quadratic time complexity is not adapted to the high-dimensionality of GWAS data. We then present, in this manuscript, an efficient implementation of such an algorithm in the general context of anysimilarity measure. By introducing a user-parameter $h$ and using the min-heap structure, we obtain a sub-quadratic time complexity of the adjacency-constrained hierarchical clustering algorithm, as well as a linear space complexity in thenumber of items to be clustered. The interest of this novel algorithm is illustrated in GWAS applications
Jacquin, Laval. "Optimisation des méthodes statistiques d'analyse de la variabilité des caractères à l'aide d'informations génomiques." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014INPT0073/document.
The advent of high-throughput genotyping nowadays allows better exploitation of the association phenomenon, called linkage disequilibrium (LD), between alleles of different loci on the genome. In this context, the usefulness of some models to fine map quantitative trait locus (QTL) is questioned. The aims of this work were to discriminate between models routinely used for QTL mapping and to provide enlightenment on the best way to exploit LD, when using haplotypes, in order to optimize haplotype-based models. We show that single-marker linkage models, developed twenty years ago, have little interest today with the advent of high-throughput genotyping. In this context, we show that single-marker association models are more advantageous than single-marker linkage models, especially for QTL with a small or moderate effect on the phenotype. The statistical powers and robustness of these models have been studied both theoretically and by simulations, in order to validate the comparison of single-marker association models with single-marker linkage models. However, single-marker models are less efficient than haplotype-based models for making better use of LD in fine mapping of QTL. Mathematical properties related to the multiallelic LD captured by haplotype-based models have been shown, and studied, by the use of a matrix distance defined between two loci on the genome. This distance has been expressed algebraically as a function of the multiallelic LD coefficients. The mathematical properties related to this function show that it is difficult to exploit well multiallelic LD, for a high-throughput genotyping, if one takes into account the partial and total similarity between haplotypes instead of the total similarity only. Studies on real and simulated data illustrate these properties and show a correlation above 0.9 between a statistic based on the matrix distance and mapping results. Hence a new method, based on the matrix distance, which helps to discriminate between models used for mapping is proposed
Chah, Said. "Nouvelles techniques de codage d'association et de classification." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066097.
Guedj, Mickael. "Méthodes Statistiques pour l'Analyse de Données Génétiques d'Association à Grande Echelle." Phd thesis, Université d'Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00169411.
Après une description introductive des principales problématiques liées aux études d'association à grande échelle, nous abordons plus particulièrement les approches simple-marqueur avec une étude de puissance des principaux tests d'association, ainsi que de leur combinaisons. Nous considérons ensuite l'utilisation d'approches multi-marqueurs avec le développement d'une méthode d'analyse fondée à partir de la statistique du Score Local. Celle-ci permet d'identifier des associations statistiques à partir de régions génomiques complètes, et non plus des marqueurs pris individuellement. Il s'agit d'une méthode simple, rapide et flexible pour laquelle nous évaluons les performances sur des données d'association à grande échelle simulées et réelles. Enfin ce travail traite également du problème du test-multiple, lié aux nombre de tests à réaliser lors de l'analyse de données génétiques ou génomiques haut-débit. La méthode que nous proposons à partir du Score Local prend en compte ce problème. Nous évoquons par ailleurs l'estimation du Local False Discovery Rate à travers un simple modèle de mélange gaussien.
L'ensemble des méthodes décrites dans ce manuscrit ont été implémentées à travers trois logiciels disponibles sur le site du laboratoire Statistique et Génome : fueatest, LHiSA et kerfdr.
Slim, Lotfi. "Detection of epistasis in genome wide association studies with machine learning methods for therapeutic target identification." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02895919.
By offering an unprecedented picture of the human genome, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been expected to fully explain the genetic background of complex diseases. So far, the results have been mitigated to say the least. This, among other things, can be partially attributed to the adopted statistical methodology, which does not often take into account interaction between genetic variants, or epistasis. The detection of epistasis through statistical models presents several challenges for which we develop in this thesis a pair of adequate tools. The first tool, epiGWAS, uses causal inference to detect epistatic interactions between a target SNP and the rest of the genome. The second tool, kernelPSI, instead uses kernel methods to model epistasis between nearby single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). It also leverages post-selection inference to jointly perform SNP-level selection and gene-level significance testing. The developed tools are -- to the best of our knowledge -- the first to extend powerful statistical learning frameworks such as causal inference and nonlinear post-selection inference to GWAS. In addition to the methodological contributions, a special emphasis was placed on biological interpretation to validate our findings in multiple sclerosis and body-mass index variations
Ndour, Cheikh. "Modélisation statistique de la mortalité maternelle et néonatale pour l'aide à la planification et à la gestion des services de santé en Afrique Sub-Saharienne." Phd thesis, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00996996.
Ferrani, Yacine. "Sur l'estimation non paramétrique de la densité et du mode dans les modèles de données incomplètes et associées." Thesis, Littoral, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DUNK0370/document.
This thesis deals with the study of asymptotic properties of e kernel (Parzen-Rosenblatt) density estimate under associated and censored model. In this setting, we first recall with details the existing results, studied in both i.i.d. and strong mixing condition (α-mixing) cases. Under mild standard conditions, it is established that the strong uniform almost sure convergence rate, is optimal. In the part dedicated to the results of this thesis, two main and original stated results are presented : the first result concerns the strong uniform consistency rate of the studied estimator under association hypothesis. The main tool having permitted to achieve the optimal speed, is the adaptation of the Theorem due to Doukhan and Neumann (2007), in studying the term of fluctuations (random part) of the gap between the considered estimator and the studied parameter (density). As an application, the almost sure convergence of the kernel mode estimator is established. The stated results have been accepted for publication in Communications in Statistics-Theory & Methods ; The second result establishes the asymptotic normality of the estimator studied under the same model and then, constitute an extension to the censored case, the result stated by Roussas (2000). This result is submitted for publication
AUBRY, PHILIPPE. "Le traitement des variables régionalisées en écologie : apports de la géomatique et de la géostatistique." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003736.
Saint, Pierre Aude. "Méthodes d'analyse génétique de traits quantitatifs corrélés : application à l'étude de la densité minérale osseuse." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00633981.
Cugny, Pierre. "Associations paleontologiques et paleoenvironnements : analyse quantitative des facies dans diverses formations cretacees des marges neotethysiennes et atlantique." Toulouse 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987TOU30162.
Vaumourin, Elise. "Modélisation statistique des associations et des interactions entre des parasites transmis par des vecteurs, à partir de données issues d'études transversales." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF22489/document.
Multiparasitism and specifically statistical associations among parasites, have a strong influence on the ecology of parasites. This influence reinforced when parasites interact and thus modify their effect on hosts. However, the identification of associations and interactions between parasites is complex at the population level. Our aim was to model multi-parasite associations and interactions, in particular for parasites of medical, veterinary or agricultural importance. We first present a review of the literature on the different causes and consequences of multiparasitism and the methods and tools available to better understand the phenomena that generate them. In a second step we worked on the detection of multi-parasite associations. We developed a new approach « association screening » to statistically test the presence of multi-parasite associations on a global scale. We used this method to identify associations and to reveal precisely associated parasites in different host populations. Then, we focused on the study of interactions between parasites. We developed a model to identify the interactions between two vector-borne and persistent parasites in a host, using data from cross-sectional studies. One way to increase our capacity to detect parasite interactions in populations is the taking into account common risk factors. Taking into account interactions increases diagnosis, treatments and prevention of infectious diseases
Johnson, Randall. "Modeling of linkage disequilibrium in whole genome genetic association studies." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2015CNAM0963/document.
GWAS is an essential tool for disease gene discovery, but has severe problems of statistical power when it is impractical to genetically sample tens of thousands of subjects. The results presented here—a novel, effective correction for local ancestral population LD allowing use of dense markers in MALD using the ALDsuite and the demonstration that the simpleM method provides an optimum Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons in GWAS, reiterate the value of PCA for capturing the essential part of the complexity of high- dimensional systems. PCA is already standard for correcting for population substructure in GWAS; my results point to it’s broader applicability as a general strategy for dealing with the high dimensionality of genomic association data
Girard, Stéphane. "Construction et apprentissage statistique de modèles auto-associatifs non-linéaires : application à l'identification d'objets déformables en radiographie." Paris, CNAM, 1996. http://biblioweb.u-cergy.fr/theses/96CERG0015.pdf.
Guinot, Florent. "Statistical learning for omics association and interaction studies based on blockwise feature compression." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLE029/document.
Since the last decade, the rapid advances in genotyping technologies have changed the way genes involved in mendelian disorders and complex diseases are mapped, moving from candidate genes approaches to linkage disequilibrium mapping. In this context, Genome-Wide Associations Studies (GWAS) aim at identifying genetic markers implied in the expression of complex disease and occuring at different frequencies between unrelated samples of affected individuals and unaffected controls. These studies exploit the fact that it is easier to establish, from the general population, large cohorts of affected individuals sharing a genetic risk factor for a complex disease than within individual families, as is the case with traditional linkage analysis.From a statistical point of view, the standard approach in GWAS is based on hypothesis testing, with affected individuals being tested against healthy individuals at one or more markers. However, classical testing schemes are subject to false positives, that is markers that are falsely identified as significant. One way around this problem is to apply a correction on the p-values obtained from the tests, increasing in return the risk of missing true associations that have only a small effect on the phenotype, which is usually the case in GWAS.Although GWAS have been successful in the identification of genetic variants associated with complex multifactorial diseases (Crohn's disease, diabetes I and II, coronary artery disease,…) only a small proportion of the phenotypic variations expected from classical family studies have been explained .This missing heritability may have multiple causes amongst the following: strong correlations between genetic variants, population structure, epistasis (gene by gene interactions), disease associated with rare variants,…The main objectives of this thesis are thus to develop new methodologies that can face part of the limitations mentioned above. More specifically we developed two new approaches: the first one is a block-wise approach for GWAS analysis which leverages the correlation structure among the genomic variants to reduce the number of statistical hypotheses to be tested, while in the second we focus on the detection of interactions between groups of metagenomic and genetic markers to better understand the complex relationship between environment and genome in the expression of a given phenotype
Laporte, Fabien. "Développement de méthodes statistiques pour l'identification de gènes d'intérêt en présence d'apparentement et de dominance, application à la génétique du maïs." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS066.
The detection of genes is a first step to understand the impact of the genetic information of individuals on their phenotypes. During my PhD, I studied statistical methods to perform genome-wide association studies, with maize hybrids as an application case. Firstly, I studied the inference of relatedness coefficients between individuals from biallelic marker data. This estimation is based on a parametric mixture model. I studied the identifiability of this model in the generic case but also in the specific case of mating design where observed individuals are obtained by crossing lines, a representative case of classical mating design in plant genetics. Then I studied inference of variance component mixed model parameters and particularly the performance of algorithms to test effects of numerous markers. I compared existing programs and I optimized a Min-Max algorithm. Relevance of developed methods had been illustrated for the detection of QTLs through a genome-wide association analysis in a maize hybrids panel
Bouaziz, Matthieu. "Statistical methods to account for different sources of bias in Genome-Wide association studies." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EVRY0023/document.
Genome-Wide association studies have become powerful tools to detect genetic variants associated with diseases. This PhD thesis focuses on several key aspects of the new computational and methodological problematics that have arisen with such research. The results of Genome-Wide association studies have been questioned, in part because of the bias induced by population stratification. Many stratégies are available to account for population stratification scenarios are highlighted in order to propose pratical guidelines to account for population stratification. We then focus on the inference of population structure that has many applications for genetic research. We have developed and present in this manuscript a new clustering algoritm called Spectral Hierarchical clustering for the Inference of Population Structure (SHIPS). This algorithm in the field to propose a comparison of their performances. Finally, the issue of multiple-testing in Genome-Wide association studies is discussed on several levels. We propose a review of the multiple-testing corrections and discuss their validity for different study settings. We then focus on deriving gene-wise interpretation of the findings that corresponds to multiple-stategy to obtain valid gene-disease association measures
Debreuve, Eric. "Mesures de similarité statistiques et estimateurs par k plus proches voisins : une association pour gérer des descripteurs de haute dimension en traitement d'images et de vidéos." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00457710.
Leffondré, Karen. "Association entre une durée de survie et une variable catégorielle ordonnée." Paris 11, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA11T024.
Olivares, Romero Javier. "Modélisation hiérarchique bayésienne des amas stellaires jeunes." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAY071/document.
The origin and evolution of stellar populations is one of the greatest challenges in modern astrophysics. It is known that the majority of the stars has its origin in stellar clusters (Carpenter 2000; Porras et al. 2003; Lada & Lada 2003). However, only less than one tenth of these clusters remains bounded after the first few hundred million years (Lada & Lada 2003). Ergo, the understanding of the origin and evolution of stars demands meticulous analyses of stellar clusters in these crucial ages.The project Dynamical Analysis of Nearby Clusters (DANCe, Bouy et al. 2013), from which the present work is part of, provides the scientific framework for the analysis of Nearby Young Clusters (NYC) in the solar neighbourhood (< 500 pc). The DANCe carefully designed observations of the well known Pleiades cluster provide the perfect case study for the development and testing of statistical tools aiming at the analysis of the early phases of cluster evolution.The statistical tool developed here is a probabilistic intelligent system that performs Bayesian inference for the parameters governing the probability density functions (PDFs) of the cluster population (PDFCP). It has been benchmarked with the Pleiades photometric and astrometric data of the DANCe survey. As any Bayesian framework, it requires the setting up of priors. To avoid the subjectivity of these, the intelligent system establish them using the Bayesian Hierarchical Model (BHM) approach. In it, the parameters of prior distributions, which are also inferred from the data, are drawn from other distributions in a hierarchical way.In this BHM intelligent system, the true values of the PDFCP are specified by stochastic and deterministic relations representing the state of knowledge of the NYC. To perform the parametric inference, the likelihood of the data, given these true values, accounts for the properties of the data set, especially its heteroscedasticity and missing value objects. By properly accounting for these properties, the intelligent system: i) Increases the size of the data set, with respect to previous studies working exclusively on fully observed objects, and ii) Avoids biases associated to fully observed data sets, and restrictions to low-uncertainty objects (sigma-clipping procedures).The BHM returns the posterior PDFs of the parameters in the PDFCPs, particularly of the spatial, proper motions and luminosity distributions. In the BHM each object in the data set contributes to the PDFs of the parameters proportionally to its likelihood. Thus, the PDFCPs are free of biases resulting from typical high membership probability selections (sampling bias).As a by-product, the BHM also gives the PDFs of the cluster membership probability for each object in the data set. These PDFs together with an optimal probability classification threshold, which is obtained from synthetic data sets, allow the classification of objects into cluster and field populations. This by-product classifier shows excellent results when applied on synthetic data sets (with an area under the ROC curve of 0.99). From the analysis of synthetic data sets, the expected value of the contamination rate for the PDFCPs is 5.8 ± 0.2%.The following are the most important astrophysical results of the BHM applied tothe Pleiades cluster. First, used as a classifier, it finds ∼ 200 new candidate members, representing 10% new discoveries. Nevertheless, it shows outstanding agreement (99.6% of the 105 objects in the data set) with previous results from the literature. Second, the derived present day system mass distribution (PDSMD) is in general agreement with the previous results of Bouy et al. (2015).Thus, by better modelling the data set and eliminating unnecessary restrictions to it, the new intelligent system, developed and tested in the present work, represents the state of the art for the statistical analysis of NYC populations
Elfassihi, Latifa. "Modèles d'analyse simultanée et conditionnelle pour évaluer les associations entre les haplotypes des gènes de susceptibilité et les traits des maladies complexes : Application aux gènes candidats de l'ostéoporose." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27404/27404.pdf.
Loucoubar, Cheikh. "Statistical genetic analysis of infectious disease (malaria) phenotypes from a longitudinal study in a population with significant familial relationships." Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00685104.
Doumenge, Charles. "Contribution à l'étude des structures de populations d'arbres des forêts d'Afrique centrale (exemples du Gabon, Cameroun et Congo)." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20285.
Reynier, Philippe. "Etude phyto-écologique, pédologique et statistique de stations sur schistes lustrés en Haute-Ubaye et régions avoisinantes aux étages alpin et subalpin supérieur d'adret." Grenoble 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988GRE10010.
Rolland, Thierry. "Adaptation des méthodes d'échantillonnage et d'analyse en rivières méditerranéennes du Sud-est de la France : étude de l'hétérogénéité spatio-temporelle de l'épilithon et de la dérive algale." Aix-Marseille 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX30071.
Jarry, Vincent. "Etude pluridisciplinaire en écologie lagunaire (étang de Thau, France) : stratégie d'échantillonnage et organisation spatiale du phytoplancton." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20204.
Miret, Roig Núria. "COSMIC-DANCE : A comprehensive census of nearby star forming regions." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0327.
Understanding how stars form is one of the fundamental questions which astronomy aims to answer. Currently, it is well accepted that the majority of stars form in groups and that their predominant mechanism of formation is the core-collapse. However, several mechanisms have been suggested to explain the formation of substellar objects, and their contribution is still under debate. The main goal of this thesis is to determine the initial mass function, the mass distribution of stars at birth time, in different associations and star-forming regions. The mass function constitutes a fundamental observational parameter to constrain stellar and substellar formation theories since different formation mechanisms predict different fraction of stellar and substellar objects. We used the Gaia Data Release 2 catalogue together with ground-based observations from the COSMIC-DANCe project to look for high probability members via a probabilistic model of the distribution of the observable quantities in both the cluster and background populations. We applied this method to the 30 Myr open cluster IC 4665 and the 1 - 10 Myr star-forming region Upper Scorpius (USC) and r Ophiuchi (r Oph). We found very rich populations of substellar objects which largely exceed the numbers predicted by core-collapse models. In USC, where our sensitivity is best, we found a large number of free-floating planets and we suggest that ejection from planetary systems must have a similar contribution than core-collapse in their formation. The age is a fundamental parameter to study the formation and evolution of stars and is essential to accurately convert luminosities to masses. For that, we also presented a strategy to study the dynamical traceback age of young local associations through an orbital traceback analysis. We applied this method to determine the age of the b Pictoris moving group and in the future, we plan to apply it to other regions such as USC. The members we identified with the membership analysis are excellent targets for follow-up studies such as a search for discs, exoplanets, characterisation of brown dwarfs and free-floating planets. I this thesis, we presented a search for discs hosted by members of IC 4665 and we found six excellent candidates to be imaged with ALMA or the JWST. The tools we developed, are ready to be used in other regions such as USC and r Oph, where we expect to find a larger number of disc-host stars
Soufi, Ziad. "Mauvaises herbes des vergers en Syrie maritime." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20217.
Caye, Kévin. "Méthodes de factorisation matricielle pour la génomique des populations et les tests d'association." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAS046/document.
We present statistical methods based on matrix factorization problems. A first method allows efficient inference of population structure from genetic data and including geographic proximity information. A second method corrects the association studies for confounding factors. We present in this manuscript the models, as well as the theoretical aspects of the inference algorithms. Moreover, using numerical simulations, we compare the performance of our methods with those of existing methods. Finally, we use our methods on real biological data. Our methods have been implemented and distributed as R packages: tess3r and lfmm
Lavorel, Sandra. "Structure spatiale, perturbations, et dynamique de la coexistence des espèces végétales : de l'expérimentation à la modélisation : l'exemple de friches méditerranéennes." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20006.
Lohier, Théophile. "Analyse temporelle de la dynamique de communautés végétales à l'aide de modèles individus-centrés." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22683/document.
Plant communities are complex systems in which multiple species differing by their functional attributes interact with their environment and with each other. Because of the number and the diversity of these interactions the mechanisms that drive the dynamics of theses communities are still poorly understood. Modelling approaches enable to link in a mechanistic fashion the process driving individual plant or population dynamics to the resulting community dynamics. This PhD thesis aims at developing such approaches and to use them to investigate the mechanisms underlying community dynamics. We therefore developed two modelling approaches. The first one is based on a stochastic modelling framework allowing to link the population dynamics to the community dynamics whilst taking account of intra- and interspecific interactions as well as environmental and demographic variations. This approach is easily applicable to real systems and enables to describe the properties of plant population through a small number of demographic parameters. However our work suggests that there is no simple relationship between these parameters and plant functional traits, while they are known to drive their response to extrinsic factors. The second approach has been developed to overcome this limitation and rely on the individual-based model Nemossos that explicitly describes the link between plant functioning and community dynamics. In order to ensure that Nemossos has a large application potential, a strong emphasis has been placed on the tradeoff between realism and parametrization cost. Nemossos has then been successfully parameterized from trait values found in the literature, its realism has been demonstrated and it has been used to investigate the importance of temporal environmental variability for the coexistence of functionally differing species. The complementarity of the two approaches allows us to explore various fundamental questions of community ecology including the impact of competitive interactions on community dynamics, the effect of environmental filtering on their functional composition, or the mechanisms favoring the coexistence of plant species. In this work, the two approaches have been used separately but their coupling might offer interesting perspectives such as the investigation of the relationships between plant functioning and population dynamics. Moreover each of the approaches might be used to run various simulation experiments likely to improve our understanding of mechanisms underlying community dynamics