Статті в журналах: "Bioenergetics"

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Bowden, Pye. "Including the body in psychotherapy." Ata: Journal of Psychotherapy Aotearoa New Zealand 7, no. 1 (July 30, 2001): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.9791/ajpanz.2001.06.

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This paper describes the development of Bioenergetic Analysis, one of the more recent psychotherapies to arrive in New Zealand. Bioenergetics opens up psychoanalytic theory and practice to include all aspects of the self: the mind, the body, emotion, energy and relationship. In doing so it provides a holistic psychotherapy for the twenty-first century. The paper describes Bioenergetic's beginnings with Wilhelm Reich, a contemporary of Freud, and its establishment by Alexander Lowen. It critiques Bioenergetic's association with the 'cathartic' approach of the 1960s and describes how Bioenergetics is integrating Reich's and Lowen's work with current thinking about the therapeutic relationship.

2

Patón, Mauricio, and Jorge Rodríguez. "Integration of bioenergetics in the ADM1 and its impact on model predictions." Water Science and Technology 80, no. 2 (July 15, 2019): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.279.

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Abstract In this work, the integration of dynamic bioenergetic calculations in the IWA Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 (ADM1) is presented. The impact of bioenergetics on kinetics was addressed via two different approaches: a thermodynamic-based inhibition function and variable microbial growth yields based on dynamic Gibbs free energy calculations. The dynamic bioenergetic calculations indicate that the standard ADM1 predicts positive reaction rates under thermodynamically unfeasible conditions. The dissolved hydrogen inhibition approach used in ADM1 is, however, deemed as adequate, offering the trade-off of not requiring dynamic bioenergetics computation despite the need of hydrogen inhibition parameters. Simulations of the model with bioenergetics showed the low amount of energy available in butyrate and propionate oxidation, suggesting that microbial growth on these substrates must be very limited or occur via alternative mechanisms rather than dissolved hydrogen.

3

Sandage, Mary J., and Audrey G. Smith. "Muscle Bioenergetic Considerations for Intrinsic Laryngeal Skeletal Muscle Physiology." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 60, no. 5 (May 24, 2017): 1254–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2016_jslhr-s-16-0192.

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PurposeIntrinsic laryngeal skeletal muscle bioenergetics, the means by which muscles produce fuel for muscle metabolism, is an understudied aspect of laryngeal physiology with direct implications for voice habilitation and rehabilitation. The purpose of this review is to describe bioenergetic pathways identified in limb skeletal muscle and introduce bioenergetic physiology as a necessary parameter for theoretical models of laryngeal skeletal muscle function.MethodA comprehensive review of the human intrinsic laryngeal skeletal muscle physiology literature was conducted. Findings regarding intrinsic laryngeal muscle fiber complement and muscle metabolism in human models are summarized and exercise physiology methodology is applied to identify probable bioenergetic pathways used for voice function.ResultsIntrinsic laryngeal skeletal muscle fibers described in human models support the fast, high-intensity physiological requirements of these muscles for biological functions of airway protection. Inclusion of muscle bioenergetic constructs in theoretical modeling of voice training, detraining, fatigue, and voice loading have been limited.ConclusionsMuscle bioenergetics, a key component for muscle training, detraining, and fatigue models in exercise science, is a little-considered aspect of intrinsic laryngeal skeletal muscle physiology. Partnered with knowledge of occupation-specific voice requirements, application of bioenergetics may inform novel considerations for voice habilitation and rehabilitation.

4

Coven, Arnold B. "The Bioenergetic Approach to Rehabilitation Counseling." Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling 16, no. 2 (June 1, 1985): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0047-2220.16.2.6.

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The current focus on assisting the severely disabled confronts rehabilitation counselors with the demand of being more effective behavioral change agents. This article suggests that counselors try out Bioenergetics, a mindbody counseling approach. An overview of Bioenergetics theory is presented with examples of how it can be applied to the impaired. Guidelines for using Bioenergetic techniques are identified along with the necessary precautions.

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Strope, Taylor A., Cole J. Birky, and Heather M. Wilkins. "The Role of Bioenergetics in Neurodegeneration." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 16 (August 16, 2022): 9212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169212.

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Bioenergetic and mitochondrial dysfunction are common hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. Decades of research describe how genetic and environmental factors initiate changes in mitochondria and bioenergetics across Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Mitochondria control many cellular processes, including proteostasis, inflammation, and cell survival/death. These cellular processes and pathologies are common across neurodegenerative diseases. Evidence suggests that mitochondria and bioenergetic disruption may drive pathological changes, placing mitochondria as an upstream causative factor in neurodegenerative disease onset and progression. Here, we discuss evidence of mitochondrial and bioenergetic dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases and address how mitochondria can drive common pathological features of these diseases.

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Hill, Bradford G., Gloria A. Benavides, Jack R. Lancaster, Scott Ballinger, Lou Dell’Italia, Jianhua Zhang, and Victor M. Darley-Usmar. "Integration of cellular bioenergetics with mitochondrial quality control and autophagy." Biological Chemistry 393, no. 12 (December 1, 2012): 1485–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2012-0198.

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Abstract Bioenergetic dysfunction is emerging as a cornerstone for establishing a framework for understanding the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer and neurodegeneration. Recent advances in cellular bioenergetics have shown that many cells maintain a substantial bioenergetic reserve capacity, which is a prospective index of ‘healthy’ mitochondrial populations. The bioenergetics of the cell are likely regulated by energy requirements and substrate availability. Additionally, the overall quality of the mitochondrial population and the relative abundance of mitochondria in cells and tissues also impinge on overall bioenergetic capacity and resistance to stress. Because mitochondria are susceptible to damage mediated by reactive oxygen/nitrogen and lipid species, maintaining a ‘healthy’ population of mitochondria through quality control mechanisms appears to be essential for cell survival under conditions of pathological stress. Accumulating evidence suggest that mitophagy is particularly important for preventing amplification of initial oxidative insults, which otherwise would further impair the respiratory chain or promote mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The processes underlying the regulation of mitophagy depend on several factors, including the integrity of mtDNA, electron transport chain activity, and the interaction and regulation of the autophagic machinery. The integration and interpretation of cellular bioenergetics in the context of mitochondrial quality control and genetics is the theme of this review.

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Chacko, Balu K., Philip A. Kramer, Saranya Ravi, Gloria A. Benavides, Tanecia Mitchell, Brian P. Dranka, David Ferrick, et al. "The Bioenergetic Health Index: a new concept in mitochondrial translational research." Clinical Science 127, no. 6 (May 29, 2014): 367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20140101.

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Bioenergetics has become central to our understanding of pathological mechanisms, the development of new therapeutic strategies and as a biomarker for disease progression in neurodegeneration, diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular disease. A key concept is that the mitochondrion can act as the ‘canary in the coal mine’ by serving as an early warning of bioenergetic crisis in patient populations. We propose that new clinical tests to monitor changes in bioenergetics in patient populations are needed to take advantage of the early and sensitive ability of bioenergetics to determine severity and progression in complex and multifactorial diseases. With the recent development of high-throughput assays to measure cellular energetic function in the small number of cells that can be isolated from human blood these clinical tests are now feasible. We have shown that the sequential addition of well-characterized inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation allows a bioenergetic profile to be measured in cells isolated from normal or pathological samples. From these data we propose that a single value–the Bioenergetic Health Index (BHI)–can be calculated to represent the patient's composite mitochondrial profile for a selected cell type. In the present Hypothesis paper, we discuss how BHI could serve as a dynamic index of bioenergetic health and how it can be measured in platelets and leucocytes. We propose that, ultimately, BHI has the potential to be a new biomarker for assessing patient health with both prognostic and diagnostic value.

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Schroeter, Vincentia. "Integrating Regulation Therapy and Bioenergetic Analysis." Clinical Journal of the International Institute for Bioenergetic Analysis 24, no. 1 (March 2014): 105–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30820/0743-4804-2014-24-105.

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Attachment theorists have recently become more interested in how bodily-based processes and interventions can contribute to their interest in the emotional regulation of arousal levels. A review of current concepts and techniques in integrative regulation therapy, including their value for Bioenergetics, will be examined. The literature of recent writings on attachment within Bioenergetics will be provided, along with a clinical vignette utilizing both approaches. The paper proposes that the Bioenergetic community answer the call to promote a somatic-energetic approach to the larger psychotherapeutic world.

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Lehrer, H. Matthew, Lauren Chu, Martica Hall, and Kyle Murdock. "009 Self-Reported Sleep Efficiency and Duration are Associated with Systemic Bioenergetic Function in Community-Dwelling Adults." Sleep 44, Supplement_2 (May 1, 2021): A4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab072.008.

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Abstract Introduction Sleep is important for aging, health, and disease, but its cellular role in these outcomes is poorly understood. Basic research suggests that disturbed and insufficient sleep impair mitochondrial bioenergetics, which is involved in numerous aging-related chronic conditions. However, the relationship between sleep and bioenergetics has not been examined in humans. We examined associations of self-reported sleep with systemic bioenergetic function in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of community-dwelling adults. Methods N = 43 adults (79% female) ages 48–70 (M = 61.63, SD = 5.99) completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) from which key components of sleep (satisfaction, alertness, timing, efficiency, and duration) were calculated. Participants provided blood samples from which PBMCs were isolated and measured for bioenergetics using extracellular flux analysis. Associations of sleep components with bioenergetic parameters, including the Bioenergetic Health Index (BHI), were examined. Results In bivariate analyses, lower sleep efficiency was associated with lower maximal respiration, spare capacity, and BHI (ps < 0.05). Longer sleep duration was associated with lower BHI (p < 0.01) and later sleep timing was associated with higher basal respiration, ATP-linked respiration, maximal respiration, spare capacity, and non-mitochondrial respiration (ps < 0.05). After adjustment for age, sex, and body mass index, lower sleep efficiency (β = 0.52, p < 0.01) and longer sleep duration (β = -0.43, p < 0.01) were associated with lower BHI. Conclusion Self-reported indices of sleep efficiency and duration are related to systemic bioenergetic function in humans, suggesting a possible cellular pathway linking sleep to health. Support (if any) T32HL082610

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Acin-Perez, Rebeca, Cristiane Benincá, Byourak Shabane, Orian S. Shirihai, and Linsey Stiles. "Utilization of Human Samples for Assessment of Mitochondrial Bioenergetics: Gold Standards, Limitations, and Future Perspectives." Life 11, no. 9 (September 10, 2021): 949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11090949.

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Mitochondrial bioenergetic function is a central component of cellular metabolism in health and disease. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is critical for maintaining energetic homeostasis, and impairment of mitochondrial function underlies the development and progression of metabolic diseases and aging. However, measurement of mitochondrial bioenergetic function can be challenging in human samples due to limitations in the size of the collected sample. Furthermore, the collection of samples from human cohorts is often spread over multiple days and locations, which makes immediate sample processing and bioenergetics analysis challenging. Therefore, sample selection and choice of tests should be carefully considered. Basic research, clinical trials, and mitochondrial disease diagnosis rely primarily on skeletal muscle samples. However, obtaining skeletal muscle biopsies requires an appropriate clinical setting and specialized personnel, making skeletal muscle a less suitable tissue for certain research studies. Circulating white blood cells and platelets offer a promising primary tissue alternative to biopsies for the study of mitochondrial bioenergetics. Recent advances in frozen respirometry protocols combined with the utilization of minimally invasive and non-invasive samples may provide promise for future mitochondrial research studies in humans. Here we review the human samples commonly used for the measurement of mitochondrial bioenergetics with a focus on the advantages and limitations of each sample.

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Castillo, Rodrigo L., Emilio A. Herrera, Alejandro Gonzalez-Candia, Marjorie Reyes-Farias, Nicole de la Jara, Juan Pedro Peña, and Catalina Carrasco-Pozo. "Quercetin Prevents Diastolic Dysfunction Induced by a High-Cholesterol Diet: Role of Oxidative Stress and Bioenergetics in Hyperglycemic Rats." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2018 (2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7239123.

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Alterations in cardiac energy metabolism play a key role in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Hypercholesterolemia associated with bioenergetic impairment and oxidative stress has not been well characterized in the cardiac function under glycemic control deficiency conditions. This work aimed to determine the cardioprotective effects of quercetin (QUE) against the damage induced by a high-cholesterol (HC) diet in hyperglycemic rats, addressing intracellular antioxidant mechanisms and bioenergetics. Quercetin reduced HC-induced alterations in the lipid profile and glycemia in rats. In addition, QUE attenuated cardiac diastolic dysfunction (increased E:A ratio), prevented cardiac cholesterol accumulation, and reduced the increase in HC-induced myocyte density. Moreover, QUE reduced HC-induced oxidative stress by preventing the decrease in GSH/GSSG ratio, Nrf2 nuclear translocation, HO-1 expression, and antioxidant enzymatic activity. Quercetin also counteracted HC-induced bioenergetic impairment, preventing a reduction in ATP levels and alterations in PGC-1α, UCP2, and PPARγ expression. In conclusion, the mechanisms that support the cardioprotective effect of QUE in rats with HC might be mediated by the upregulation of antioxidant mechanisms and improved bioenergetics on the heart. Targeting bioenergetics with QUE can be used as a pharmacological approach to modulate structural and functional changes of the heart under hypercholesterolemic and hyperglycemic conditions.

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Cha, Yong-Mei, Petras P. Dzeja, Margaret M. Redfield, Win K. Shen, and Andre Terzic. "Bioenergetic protection of failing atrial and ventricular myocardium by vasopeptidase inhibitor omapatrilat." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 290, no. 4 (April 2006): H1686—H1692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00384.2005.

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Deficient bioenergetic signaling contributes to myocardial dysfunction and electrical instability in both atrial and ventricular cardiac chambers. Yet, approaches capable to prevent metabolic distress are only partially established. Here, in a canine model of tachycardia-induced congestive heart failure, we compared atrial and ventricular bioenergetics and tested the efficacy of metabolic rescue with the vasopeptidase inhibitor omapatrilat. Despite intrinsic differences in energy metabolism, failing atria and ventricles demonstrated profound bioenergetic deficiency with reduced ATP and creatine phosphate levels and compromised adenylate kinase and creatine kinase catalysis. Depressed phosphotransfer enzyme activities correlated with reduced tissue ATP levels, whereas creatine phosphate inversely related with atrial and ventricular load. Chronic treatment with omapatrilat maintained myocardial ATP, the high-energy currency, and protected adenylate and creatine kinase phosphotransfer capacity. Omapatrilat-induced bioenergetic protection was associated with maintained atrial and ventricular structural integrity, albeit without full recovery of the creatine phosphate pool. Thus therapy with omapatrilat demonstrates the benefit in protecting phosphotransfer enzyme activities and in preventing impairment of atrial and ventricular bioenergetics in heart failure.

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Augsburger, Fiona, Elisa B. Randi, Mathieu Jendly, Kelly Ascencao, Nahzli Dilek, and Csaba Szabo. "Role of 3-Mercaptopyruvate Sulfurtransferase in the Regulation of Proliferation, Migration, and Bioenergetics in Murine Colon Cancer Cells." Biomolecules 10, no. 3 (March 13, 2020): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10030447.

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3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST) has emerged as one of the significant sources of biologically active sulfur species in various mammalian cells. The current study was designed to investigate the functional role of 3-MST’s catalytic activity in the murine colon cancer cell line CT26. The novel pharmacological 3-MST inhibitor HMPSNE was used to assess cancer cell proliferation, migration and bioenergetics in vitro. Methods included measurements of cell viability (MTT and LDH assays), cell proliferation and in vitro wound healing (IncuCyte) and cellular bioenergetics (Seahorse extracellular flux analysis). 3-MST expression was detected by Western blotting; H2S production was measured by the fluorescent dye AzMC. The results show that CT26 cells express 3-MST protein and mRNA, as well as several enzymes involved in H2S degradation (TST, ETHE1). Pharmacological inhibition of 3-MST concentration-dependently suppressed H2S production and, at 100 and 300 µM, attenuated CT26 proliferation and migration. HMPSNE exerted a bell-shaped effect on several cellular bioenergetic parameters related to oxidative phosphorylation, while other bioenergetic parameters were either unaffected or inhibited at the highest concentration of the inhibitor tested (300 µM). In contrast to 3-MST, the expression of CBS (another H2S producing enzyme which has been previously implicated in the regulation of various biological parameters in other tumor cells) was not detectable in CT26 cells and pharmacological inhibition of CBS exerted no significant effects on CT26 proliferation or bioenergetics. In summary, 3-MST catalytic activity significantly contributes to the regulation of cellular proliferation, migration and bioenergetics in CT26 murine colon cancer cells. The current studies identify 3-MST as the principal source of biologically active H2S in this cell line.

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Affourtit, Charles, Ben Alberts, Jonathan Barlow, Jane E. Carré та Anthony G. Wynne. "Control of pancreatic β-cell bioenergetics". Biochemical Society Transactions 46, № 3 (17 квітня 2018): 555–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20170505.

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The canonical model of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) by pancreatic β-cells predicts a glucose-induced rise in the cytosolic ATP/ADP ratio. Such bioenergetic sensitivity to metabolic fuel is unusual as it implies that ATP flux is governed, to a significant extent, by ATP supply, while it is predominantly demand-driven in other cell types. Metabolic control is generally shared between different processes, but potential control of ATP consumption over β-cell bioenergetics has been largely ignored to date. The present paper offers a brief overview of experimental evidence that demonstrates ATP flux control by glucose-fuelled oxidative phosphorylation. Based on old and new data, it is argued that ATP supply does not hold exclusive control over ATP flux, but shares it with ATP demand, and that the distribution of control is flexible. Quantification of the bioenergetic control distribution will be important from basic and clinical perspectives, but precise measurement of the cytosolic ATP/ADP ratio is complicated by adenine nucleotide compartmentalisation. Metabolic control analysis of β-cell bioenergetics will likely clarify the mechanisms by which glucose and fatty acids amplify and potentiate GSIS, respectively. Moreover, such analysis may offer hints as to how ATP flux control shifts from ATP supply to ATP demand during the development of type 2 diabetes, and why prolonged sulfonylurea treatment causes β-cell deterioration.

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Kovác, Ladislav. "Bioenergetics." Communicative & Integrative Biology 1, no. 1 (July 2008): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cib.1.1.6670.

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Baum, Emanuel, and Sandra M. Sterner. "Bioenergetics." Psychotherapy Patient 4, no. 2 (December 13, 1988): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j358v04n02_12.

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Osorio, Teresa, Ernest R. Scoma, Daniel H. Shain, Diana S. Melissaratos, Lindsey M. Riggs, Vedangi Hambardikar, and Maria E. Solesio. "The Glacier Ice Worm, Mesenchytraeus solifugus, Elevates Mitochondrial Inorganic Polyphosphate (PolyP) Levels in Response to Stress." Biology 11, no. 12 (December 6, 2022): 1771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11121771.

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The inorganic polymer, polyphosphate (polyP), is present in all organisms examined to date with putative functions ranging from the maintenance of bioenergetics to stress resilience and protein homeostasis. Bioenergetics in the glacier-obligate, segmented worm, Mesenchytraeus solifugus, is characterized by a paradoxical increase in intracellular ATP levels as temperatures decline. We show here that steady-state, mitochondrial polyP levels vary among species of Annelida, but were elevated only in M. solifugus in response to thermal stress. In contrast, polyP levels decreased with temperature in the mesophilic worm, Enchytraeus crypticus. These results identify fundamentally different bioenergetic strategies between closely related annelid worms, and suggest that I worm mitochondria maintain ATP and polyP in a dynamic equilibrium.

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Keane, Kevin N., Emily K. Calton, Vinicius F. Cruzat, Mario J. Soares, and Philip Newsholme. "The impact of cryopreservation on human peripheral blood leucocyte bioenergetics." Clinical Science 128, no. 10 (March 10, 2015): 723–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20140725.

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Circulating immune cells are considered a source for biomarkers in health and disease, since they are exposed to nutritional, metabolic and immunological stimuli in the vasculature. Cryopreservation of leucocytes is routinely used for long-term storage and determination of phenotypic/functional changes at a later date. Exploring the role of bioenergetics and mitochondrial (dys)function in leucocytes is often examined by using freshly isolated cells. The aim of the pilot study described herein was to assess leucocyte bioenergetics in cryopreserved cells. Leucocytes were isolated from whole blood, counted and frozen in liquid nitrogen (LN2) for a period of 3 months. Cells were thawed at regular intervals and bioenergetic analysis performed using the Seahorse XFe96 flux analyser. Cryogenic storage reduced cell viability by 20%, but cell bioenergetic responses were largely intact for up to 1 month storage in LN2. However, after 1 month storage, mitochondrial function was impaired as reflected by decreasing basal respiration, ATP production, maximum (MAX) respiration, reserve capacity and coupling efficiency. Conversely, glycolytic activity was increased after 1 month, most notably the enhanced glycolytic response to 25 mM glucose without any change in glycolytic capacity. Finally, calculation of bioenergetic health index (BHI) demonstrated that this potential diagnostic parameter was sensitive to cryopreservation. The present study has demonstrated for the first time that cryopreservation of primary immune cells modified their metabolism in a time-dependent fashion, indicated by attenuated aerobic respiration and enhanced glycolytic activity. Taken together, we recommend caution in the interpretation of bioenergetic responses or BHI in cryopreserved samples.

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Mahapatra, Gargi, Zhengrong Gao, James Bateman, Jenny L. Gonzalez-Armenta, Allison Amick, Ramon Casanova, Suzanne Craft, and Anthony J. A. Molina. "Systemic Bioenergetic Capacity Changes with Cognitive Status and Insulin Sensitivity in Older Adults." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.2423.

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Abstract Systemic mitochondrial dysfunction is reported with AD progression, suggesting that peripheral blood cells may be used to investigate systemic mitochondrial alterations related to cognitive decline. We aimed to identify bioenergetic signatures associated with AD-related dementia and differences in insulin sensitivity associated with AD risk. We analyzed mitochondrial bioenergetics in peripheral blood cells collected from 365 older adults with varying cognitive status (normal, mild cognitive impairment, and AD) and insulin sensitivity. Normoglycemic individuals exhibited lower maximal bioenergetic capacity with AD (PBMCs: 239.6 pmol·min−1, p = 0.02; Platelets: 151.7 pmol·min−1, p = 0.06) compared to normal cognition (PBMCs: 271.5 pmol·min−1; Platelets: 171.7 pmol·min−1). Individuals with impaired insulin sensitivity exhibited lower maximal bioenergetic capacity in platelets with AD (171.6 pmol·min−1, p = 0.008) compared to normal cognition (210.6 pmol.min−1). Participants with impaired insulin sensitivity also exhibited unique bioenergetic profiles exemplified by overall higher levels of mitochondrial respiration, indicating that comorbidities such as diabetes can significantly influence bioenergetic capacity. We observed strong positive associations between maximal respiration in normoglycemic individuals with cognitive function, as measured by Modified Preclinical Alzheimer’s Cognitive Composite (mPACC5) (p = 0.06), and fatty acid oxidation in individuals with impaired insulin sensitivity with cortical thickness (p = 0.05). This study demonstrates that circulating cells may provide a cost-effective and minimally invasive way to monitor systemic bioenergetic changes associated with AD risk, progression, and insulin sensitivity. These findings also suggest that blood-based bioenergetics are related to key features of AD development and progression and should be further developed as a potential biomarker.

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Riddle, Ryan C., and Thomas L. Clemens. "Bone Cell Bioenergetics and Skeletal Energy Homeostasis." Physiological Reviews 97, no. 2 (April 2017): 667–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00022.2016.

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The rising incidence of metabolic diseases worldwide has prompted renewed interest in the study of intermediary metabolism and cellular bioenergetics. The application of modern biochemical methods for quantitating fuel substrate metabolism with advanced mouse genetic approaches has greatly increased understanding of the mechanisms that integrate energy metabolism in the whole organism. Examination of the intermediary metabolism of skeletal cells has been sparked by a series of unanticipated observations in genetically modified mice that suggest the existence of novel endocrine pathways through which bone cells communicate their energy status to other centers of metabolic control. The recognition of this expanded role of the skeleton has in turn led to new lines of inquiry directed at defining the fuel requirements and bioenergetic properties of bone cells. This article provides a comprehensive review of historical and contemporary studies on the metabolic properties of bone cells and the mechanisms that control energy substrate utilization and bioenergetics. Special attention is devoted to identifying gaps in our current understanding of this new area of skeletal biology that will require additional research to better define the physiological significance of skeletal cell bioenergetics in human health and disease.

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Kerr, S. R., and L. M. Dickie. "Bioenergetics of O+ Atlantic Herring (Clupea harengus harengus)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42, S1 (December 19, 1985): s105—s110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f85-266.

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On the basis of the limited published information on herring bioenergetics, together with general considerations from other species, we propose a preliminary bioenergetic model for Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus harengus). Application of the model to published data for five larval cohorts from each of two years shows that temperature and body size interact with the apparent availability of suitable prey to result in quite different metabolic environments that support relatively uniform growth.

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Cardenuto, Léia M. "Creativity and Grounding in a Liquid World." Clinical Journal of the International Institute for Bioenergetic Analysis 24, no. 1 (March 2014): 85–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.30820/0743-4804-2014-24-85.

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After more than 14 years dwelling with the challenges of a Social Clinic in Focused Bioenergetics we intend to share our experience with the bioenergetic therapists community. In all those years we have learned much about the difficulties of establishing a line of work suitable to use the bioenergetic approach with troubled people in troubled social environments, in particular those outside of our consumer society. We had to rely more on a progressive approach than on a regressive one in order to bring the analytical process to a successful outcome, consistent with the focused bioenergetics method we adopted. In this process we did not abandon our psychoanalytic-based approach, but humbly adapted our understanding to terms that could be agreed between therapists and clients, establishing what we call the symbolic universe sharing. We were very moved by the theme chosen for the present conference, «The grounded body as a safe place in difficult times”, and felt we should attend. This is the first time a conference addressed exactly our difficulty. The new concepts that were developed during this process will be presented.

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González-Casacuberta, Ingrid, Dolores Vilas, Claustre Pont-Sunyer, Ester Tobías, Judith Cantó-Santos, Laura Valls-Roca, Francesc Josep García-García, et al. "Neuronal induction and bioenergetics characterization of human forearm adipose stem cells from Parkinson’s disease patients and healthy controls." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (March 15, 2022): e0265256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265256.

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Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease, are heterogeneous disorders with a multifactorial nature involving impaired bioenergetics. Stem-regenerative medicine and bioenergetics have been proposed as promising therapeutic targets in the neurologic field. The rationale of the present study was to assess the potential of human-derived adipose stem cells (hASCs) to transdifferentiate into neuronal-like cells (NhASCs and neurospheres) and explore the hASC bioenergetic profile. hASC neuronal transdifferentiation was performed through neurobasal media and differentiation factor exposure. High resolution respirometry was assessed. Increased MAP-2 neuronal marker protein expression upon neuronal induction (p<0.05 undifferentiated hASCs vs. 28–36 days of differentiation) and increased bIII-tubulin neuronal marker protein expression upon neuronal induction (p<0.05 undifferentiated hASCs vs. 6-28-36 days of differentiation) were found. The bioenergetic profile was detectable through high-resolution respirometry approaches in hASCs but did not lead to differential oxidative capacity rates in healthy or clinically diagnosed PD-hASCs. We confirmed the capability of transdifferentiation to the neuronal-like profile of hASCs derived from the forearms of human subjects and characterized the bioenergetic profile. Suboptimal maximal respiratory capacity trends in PD were found. Neuronal induction leading to positive neuronal protein expression markers is a relevant issue that encourages the suitability of NhASC models in neurodegeneration.

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Davies, Karen M., and Bertram Daum. "Role of cryo-ET in membrane bioenergetics research." Biochemical Society Transactions 41, no. 5 (September 23, 2013): 1227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20130029.

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To truly understand bioenergetic processes such as ATP synthesis, membrane-bound substrate transport or flagellar rotation, systems need to be analysed in a cellular context. Cryo-ET (cryo-electron tomography) is an essential part of this process, as it is currently the only technique which can directly determine the spatial organization of proteins at the level of both the cell and the individual protein complexes. The need to assess bioenergetic processes at a cellular level is becoming more and more apparent with the increasing interest in mitochondrial diseases. In recent years, cryo-ET has contributed significantly to our understanding of the molecular organization of mitochondria and chloroplasts. The present mini-review first describes the technique of cryo-ET and then discusses its role in membrane bioenergetics specifically in chloroplasts and mitochondrial research.

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Adekunbi, Daniel, Cun Li, Peter Nathanielsz, and Adam Salmon. "SEX DIFFERENCES IN MITOCHONDRIAL RESILIENCE: EVIDENCE FROM BABOON HEPATOCYTES." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2928.

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Abstract Events that occur in utero set the trajectory for later-life diseases and longevity. Compelling data exist for interactions between developmental programming and aging, but the underlying mechanisms are not clearly defined. Fetal exposure to glucocorticoids (GC) is associated with alteration in hepatic enzymes and metabolic function in later life. We previously reported increased hepatic lipid accumulation and obese phenotype in middle-age male baboons exposed to GC as fetuses. The mitochondria play significant roles in cellular processes including stress responses and possibly a nexus between developmental programming and aging. The present study investigated the long-term effects of in utero GC exposure on mitochondrial bioenergetics using hepatocytes derived from aging baboons (16–18 years, average lifespan 21 years). Mitochondrial bioenergetics of both left and right lobe liver hepatocytes were examined as well as potential sex differences in mitochondrial function. Cell viability following isolation was similar among sexes and liver lobes but hepatocytes from males were highly energetic compared to females. Significant bioenergetic differences were observed in hepatocytes isolated from female baboons’ left and right liver lobes, with higher basal, maximal, and ATP-linked respiration in left lobe hepatocytes compared to the right lobe. These lobe-specific bioenergetic differences were absent in males. Interestingly, H2O2-induced oxidative stress significantly modified male baboon hepatocyte bioenergetics but females were unaffected, suggesting mitochondrial resilience in females compared to males. These data demonstrate that early life exposure to GC elicits a sex-specific effect on mitochondrial function. These mitochondrial differences might drive differences in cell senescence between males and females.

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Serbulea, Vlad, Clint M. Upchurch, Michael S. Schappe, Paxton Voigt, Dory E. DeWeese, Bimal N. Desai, Akshaya K. Meher, and Norbert Leitinger. "Macrophage phenotype and bioenergetics are controlled by oxidized phospholipids identified in lean and obese adipose tissue." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 27 (June 11, 2018): E6254—E6263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1800544115.

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Adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) adapt their metabolic phenotype either to maintain lean tissue homeostasis or drive inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity. However, the factors in the adipose tissue microenvironment that control ATM phenotypic polarization and bioenergetics remain unknown. We have recently shown that oxidized phospholipids (OxPL) uniquely regulate gene expression and cellular metabolism in Mox macrophages, but the presence of the Mox phenotype in adipose tissue has not been reported. Here we show, using extracellular flux analysis, that ATMs isolated from lean mice are metabolically inhibited. We identify a unique population of CX3CR1neg/F4/80low ATMs that resemble the Mox (Txnrd1+HO1+) phenotype to be the predominant ATM phenotype in lean adipose tissue. In contrast, ATMs isolated from obese mice had characteristics typical of the M1/M2 (CD11c+CD206+) phenotype with highly activated bioenergetics. Quantifying individual OxPL species in the stromal vascular fraction of murine adipose tissue, using targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, revealed that high fat diet-induced adipose tissue expansion led to a disproportional increase in full-length over truncated OxPL species. In vitro studies showed that macrophages respond to truncated OxPL species by suppressing bioenergetics and up-regulating antioxidant programs, mimicking the Mox phenotype of ATMs isolated from lean mice. Conversely, full-length OxPL species induce proinflammatory gene expression and an activated bioenergetic profile that mimics ATMs isolated from obese mice. Together, these data identify a redox-regulatory Mox macrophage phenotype to be predominant in lean adipose tissue and demonstrate that individual OxPL species that accumulate in adipose tissue instruct ATMs to adapt their phenotype and bioenergetic profile to either maintain redox homeostasis or to promote inflammation.

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Romano, Patrizia. "Espressione artistica, bioenergetica e counselling a mediazione corporea: un'esperienza con i musicisti." GROUNDING, no. 2 (July 2009): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/gro2008-002009.

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- The aim of our article is to outline the "professional figure" of a musician as an interpreter of classical music, and the main problems that this profession can create at a psychophysical level. We would also like to illustrate some ways of intervention through bioenergetics in order to avoid the so called "professional illnesses" and to favour and strengthen a full, rewarding and efficient artistic expression. The author's experience is to demonstrate how body awareness can fully help to transform the relationship between a musician and his music, which is often exclusively aimed at a successful performance, thus provoking an enormous amount of tension and stress. In conclusion, the above mentioned work of conquering body awareness could help to build a way of playing which could harmoniously integrate body, thoughts and emotions.Key words Musician, bioenergetics, counseling, awarenessParole chiave Musicista, bioenergetica, counselling, consapevolezza

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Thompson, C. H., G. J. Kemp, B. Rajagopalan, and G. K. Radda. "Metabolic Abnormalities in Skeletal Muscle after Myocardial Infarction in the Rat." Clinical Science 87, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): 403–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0870403.

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1. The effect of experimental myocardial infarction on exercise and recovery of rat skeletal muscle was studied using 31P n.m.r. 4 weeks post-operatively. 2. Myocardial infarction (12 ± 3% of left ventricular volume), insufficient to produce haemodynamic manifestations of heart failure, was without significant effect on exercise bioenergetics of skeletal muscle. 3. Citrate synthase activity was reduced by 17% in the infarcted animals and there was a marked slowing of the rate of phosphocreatine recovery after infarction (half-time 0.7 ± 0.1 min to 1.6 ± 0.2 min) in the absence of evidence of left ventricular failure or hypertrophy. 4. The study of recovery bioenergetics could provide a more sensitive measure of mitochondrial function than exercise, where no bioenergetic abnormality was detected. 5. Myocardial infarction can produce evidence of mitochondrial abnormality in skeletal muscle in the absence of haemodynamic compromise.

29

Schroeter, Vincentia. "Borderline Character Structure Revisited." Clinical Journal of the International Institute for Bioenergetic Analysis 19, no. 1 (March 2009): 31–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30820/0743-4804-2009-19-31.

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Review and revision of borderline character type etiology and dynamics from bioenergetic point of view. Exploring revisions and offering new theories related to body-type, age, major blocks, and continuum on developmental phases chart from object relations schema. Included are views from prevailing theories in psychology and within bioenergetics as well as from a current scientific study. Treatment aspects are discussed and relational interventions included.

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Apelinsky, D. V. "Transport bioenergetics." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 9, no. 1-1 (January 10, 2015): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-67185.

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The article discusses the problem of finding alternative energy supply for the transport. The paper substantiates the ecological and economic feasibility of transfer of vehicles power plants to be powered by biomass made fuel. Experimental studies were conducted for methods of rational use of some biological energy carriers as partial substitutes for petroleum-based fuels.

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BROWN, BERNARD S. "Brighter bioenergetics!" Biochemical Society Transactions 19, no. 4 (November 1, 1991): 400S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst019400s.

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de Grey, Aubrey D. N. J. "Bioenergetics 3." Mitochondrion 2, no. 3 (December 2002): 211–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1567-7249(02)00071-5.

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Nicholls, David. "Membrane bioenergetics." FEBS Letters 244, no. 2 (February 27, 1989): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(89)80591-5.

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Takeuchi, Toshio. "Fish bioenergetics." Aquaculture 133, no. 2 (June 1995): 173–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(95)90056-x.

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35

Brand, Martin. "Bioenergetics 2." Trends in Biochemical Sciences 18, no. 5 (May 1993): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0968-0004(93)90113-2.

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36

Berg, Hermann. "Bioenergetics 2." Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics 34, no. 1 (June 1994): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0302-4598(94)80015-4.

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37

Wootton, R. J. "Fish bioenergetics." Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 5, no. 3 (September 1995): 389–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00043016.

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Tyrrell, Daniel J., Manish S. Bharadwaj, Matthew J. Jorgensen, Thomas C. Register, Carol Shively, Rachel N. Andrews, Bryan Neth, et al. "Blood-Based Bioenergetic Profiling Reflects Differences in Brain Bioenergetics and Metabolism." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7317251.

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Blood-based bioenergetic profiling provides a minimally invasive assessment of mitochondrial health shown to be related to key features of aging. Previous studies show that blood cells recapitulate mitochondrial alterations in the central nervous system under pathological conditions, including the development of Alzheimer’s disease. In this study of nonhuman primates, we focus on mitochondrial function and bioenergetic capacity assessed by the respirometric profiling of monocytes, platelets, and frontal cortex mitochondria. Our data indicate that differences in the maximal respiratory capacity of brain mitochondria are reflected by CD14+ monocyte maximal respiratory capacity and platelet and monocyte bioenergetic health index. A subset of nonhuman primates also underwent [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) imaging to assess brain glucose metabolism. Our results indicate that platelet respiratory capacity positively correlates to measures of glucose metabolism in multiple brain regions. Altogether, the results of this study provide early evidence that blood-based bioenergetic profiling is related to brain mitochondrial metabolism. While these measures cannot substitute for direct measures of brain metabolism, provided by measures such as FDG-PET, they may have utility as a metabolic biomarker and screening tool to identify individuals exhibiting systemic bioenergetic decline who may therefore be at risk for the development of neurodegenerative diseases.

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Hutfles, Lewis J., Heather M. Wilkins, Scott J. Koppel, Ian W. Weidling, J. Eva Selfridge, Eephie Tan, John P. Thyfault, et al. "A bioenergetics systems evaluation of ketogenic diet liver effects." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 42, no. 9 (September 2017): 955–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2017-0068.

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Ketogenic diets induce hepatocyte fatty acid oxidation and ketone body production. To further evaluate how ketogenic diets affect hepatocyte bioenergetic infrastructure, we analyzed livers from C57Bl/6J male mice maintained for 1 month on a ketogenic or standard chow diet. Compared with the standard diet, the ketogenic diet increased cytosolic and mitochondrial protein acetylation and also altered protein succinylation patterns. SIRT3 protein decreased while SIRT5 protein increased, and gluconeogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and mitochondrial biogenesis pathway proteins were variably and likely strategically altered. The pattern of changes observed can be used to inform a broader systems overview of how ketogenic diets affect liver bioenergetics.

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Nicholls, David G., and Samantha L. Budd. "Mitochondria and Neuronal Survival." Physiological Reviews 80, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 315–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.2000.80.1.315.

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Mitochondria play a central role in the survival and death of neurons. The detailed bioenergetic mechanisms by which isolated mitochondria generate ATP, sequester Ca2+, generate reactive oxygen species, and undergo Ca2+-dependent permeabilization of their inner membrane are currently being applied to the function of mitochondria in situ within neurons under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Here we review the functional bioenergetics of isolated mitochondria, with emphasis on the chemiosmotic proton circuit and the application (and occasional misapplication) of these principles to intact neurons. Mitochondria play an integral role in both necrotic and apoptotic neuronal cell death, and the bioenergetic principles underlying current studies are reviewed.

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Armstrong, Jane A., Nicole J. Cash, Yulin Ouyang, Jack C. Morton, Michael Chvanov, Diane Latawiec, Muhammad Awais, Alexei V. Tepikin, Robert Sutton, and David N. Criddle. "Oxidative stress alters mitochondrial bioenergetics and modifies pancreatic cell death independently of cyclophilin D, resulting in an apoptosis-to-necrosis shift." Journal of Biological Chemistry 293, no. 21 (April 6, 2018): 8032–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra118.003200.

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Mitochondrial dysfunction lies at the core of acute pancreatitis (AP). Diverse AP stimuli induce Ca2+-dependent formation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP), a solute channel modulated by cyclophilin D (CypD), the formation of which causes ATP depletion and necrosis. Oxidative stress reportedly triggers MPTP formation and is elevated in clinical AP, but how reactive oxygen species influence cell death is unclear. Here, we assessed potential MPTP involvement in oxidant-induced effects on pancreatic acinar cell bioenergetics and fate. H2O2 application promoted acinar cell apoptosis at low concentrations (1–10 μm), whereas higher levels (0.5–1 mm) elicited rapid necrosis. H2O2 also decreased the mitochondrial NADH/FAD+ redox ratio and ΔΨm in a concentration-dependent manner (10 μm to 1 mm H2O2), with maximal effects at 500 μm H2O2. H2O2 decreased the basal O2 consumption rate of acinar cells, with no alteration of ATP turnover at <50 μm H2O2. However, higher H2O2 levels (≥50 μm) diminished spare respiratory capacity and ATP turnover, and bioenergetic collapse, ATP depletion, and cell death ensued. Menadione exerted detrimental bioenergetic effects similar to those of H2O2, which were inhibited by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. Oxidant-induced bioenergetic changes, loss of ΔΨm, and cell death were not ameliorated by genetic deletion of CypD or by its acute inhibition with cyclosporine A. These results indicate that oxidative stress alters mitochondrial bioenergetics and modifies pancreatic acinar cell death. A shift from apoptosis to necrosis appears to be associated with decreased mitochondrial spare respiratory capacity and ATP production, effects that are independent of CypD-sensitive MPTP formation.

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Lambert, A. J., and B. J. Merry. "Effect of caloric restriction on mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and bioenergetics: reversal by insulin." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 286, no. 1 (January 2004): R71—R79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00341.2003.

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To gain insight into the antiaging mechanisms of caloric restriction (CR), mitochondria from liver tissue of male Brown Norway rats were used to study the effects of CR and insulin on mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and bioenergetics. As assessed by hydrogen peroxide measurement, CR resulted in a decrease in the production rate of reactive oxygen species. This decrease was attributed to a decrease in protonmotive force in mitochondria from the CR animals. The decrease in protonmotive force resulted from an increase in proton leak activity and a concomitant decrease in substrate oxidation activity. Each of these effects of CR was reversed by subjecting CR animals to 2 wk of insulin treatment. To achieve continuous and stable insulin delivery, animals were placed under temporary halothane anesthesia and miniosmotic pumps were implanted subcutaneously. To gain further insight into how CR and insulin exerted its effects on mitochondrial bioenergetics, the effects of CR and insulin were quantified using modular metabolic control analysis. This analysis revealed that the effects of CR were transmitted through different reaction branches of the bioenergetic system, and insulin reversed the effects of CR by acting through the same branches. These results provide a plausible mechanism by which mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production is lowered by CR and a complete description of the effects of CR on mitochondrial bioenergetics. They also indicate that these changes may be due to lowered insulin concentrations and altered insulin signaling in the CR animal.

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Skulachev, Vladimir P. "Bioenergetics: the evolution of molecular mechanisms and the development of bioenergetic concepts." Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 65, no. 4 (1994): 271–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00872213.

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44

Cockburn, Garry. "«Seeing what is so simply present”." Clinical Journal of the International Institute for Bioenergetic Analysis 23, no. 1 (February 2013): 75–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.30820/0743-4804-2013-23-75.

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Lowen’s ability to see the body was preternatural. His ability «to see what is so simply present” and to explain the whole personality in terms of the body has been an inspiration for all. Like Lowen, gifted first generation Bioenergetic therapists have generously passed on their knowledge to us. As time passes, so does the opportunity to learn from those who were personally influenced by Lowen. This raises issues of how new students of Bioenergetics can learn and keep the tradition alive. This article discusses these issues and provides a structured way of helping students learn some of the basic skills in becoming a Bioenergetic therapist. This approach draws on the training and therapeutic experiences of the author who was privileged to be trained by many of the first generation Bioenergetic therapists. A Workbook is attached to the article, which operationalizes some of the basic skills involved in becoming a Bioenergetic therapist and helps students «to see what is so simply present”.

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Mancini, Annamaria, Daniela Vitucci, Giuseppe Labruna, Stefania Orrù, and Pasqualina Buono. "Effects of Different Types of Chronic Training on Bioenergetic Profile and Reactive Oxygen Species Production in LHCN-M2 Human Myoblast Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 14 (July 6, 2022): 7491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147491.

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Human skeletal muscle contains three different types of fibers, each with a different metabolism. Exercise differently contributes to differentiation and metabolism in human myoblast cells. The aims of the present study were to investigate the effects of different types of chronic training on the human LHCN-M2 myoblast cell bioenergetic profile during differentiation in real time and on the ROS overproduction consequent to H2O2 injury. We demonstrated that exercise differently affects the myoblast bioenergetics: aerobic exercise induced the most efficient glycolytic and oxidative capacity and proton leak reduction compared to untrained or anaerobic trained sera-treated cells. Similarly, ROS overproduction after H2O2 stress was lower in cells treated with differently trained sera compared to untrained sera, indicating a cytoprotective effect of training on the reduction of oxidative stress, and thus the promotion of longevity. In conclusion, for the first time, this study has provided knowledge regarding the modifications induced by different types of chronic training on human myoblast cell bioenergetics during the differentiation process in real time, and on ROS overproduction due to stress, with positive implications in terms of longevity.

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Kanor, Susan. "Bioenergetics Going Forward." Clinical Journal of the International Institute for Bioenergetic Analysis 32, no. 1 (March 2022): 57–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30820/0743-4804-2022-32-57.

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Given the cultural, political, environmental and health challenges we face in 2021, we have become even more deeply aware of our own prejudices and fears. In the bioenergetic community we are called upon to respond— within ourselves, with our clients and with society at large. Bioenergetic Analysis gives us a unique and important perspective to be used as we move forward in this decade. This article asks us to consider the call to become more aware and to expand our work to include those who do not have privilege. We can look to the social clinics in Brazil as a model for reaching out beyond our middle-class private practice work.

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Magnuson, Ann. "Heterocyst Thylakoid Bioenergetics." Life 9, no. 1 (January 25, 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life9010013.

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Heterocysts are specialized cells that differentiate in the filaments of heterocystous cyanobacteria. Their role is to maintain a microoxic environment for the nitrogenase enzyme during diazotrophic growth. The lack of photosynthetic water oxidation in the heterocyst puts special constraints on the energetics for nitrogen fixation, and the electron transport pathways of heterocyst thylakoids are slightly different from those in vegetative cells. During recent years, there has been a growing interest in utilizing heterocysts as cell factories for the production of fuels and other chemical commodities. Optimization of these production systems requires some consideration of the bioenergetics behind nitrogen fixation. In this overview, we emphasize the role of photosynthetic electron transport in providing ATP and reductants to the nitrogenase enzyme, and provide some examples where heterocysts have been used as production facilities.

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Senkbeil, Edward. "Bioenergetics of glycolysis." Journal of Chemical Education 69, no. 5 (May 1992): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed069p412.

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49

Bligh, Philip. "Teaching molecular bioenergetics." Biochemical Education 15, no. 3 (July 1987): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0307-4412(87)90045-8.

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50

Chernyak, B. V., O. Yu Pletjushkina, D. S. Izyumov, K. G. Lyamzaev, and A. V. Avetisyan. "Bioenergetics and death." Biochemistry (Moscow) 70, no. 2 (February 2005): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10541-005-0106-3.

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