Добірка наукової літератури з теми "By-Product valorization"

The aim of this study is to review the innovative techniques based on bioprocessing, thermal or physical treatments which have been proposed during the last few decades to convert rice bran into a valuable food ingredient. Rice bran (Oryza sativa) is the main by-product of rice grain processing. It is produced in large quantities worldwide and it contains a high amount of valuable nutrients and bioactive compounds with significant health-related properties. Despite that, its application in food industry is still scarce because of its sensitivity to oxidation processes, instability and poor technological suitability. Furthermore, the health-related effects of pretreated rice bran are also presented in this review, considering the up-to-date literature focused on both in vivo and in vitro studies. Moreover, in relation to this aspect, a brief description of rice bran arabinoxylans is provided. Finally, the application of rice bran in the food industry and the main technology aspects are concisely summarized.

The by-products of the winemaking process can represent chances for the development of new products. This study focused on the “zero waste” strategy development for by-products generated within winemaking from white and red grape varieties cultivated in the north of Portugal. The phytochemical properties of by-products were identified and characterized. Ohmic heating (OH) as a green extraction method was also applied to grape pomace due to their unknown effects on centesimal and phytochemical compositions. Both protein and carbohydrates were shown to be higher in grape bagasse than in stems. Additionally, red bagasse is richer in bioactive compounds (BC) than white bagasse. The sugar content was 21.91 and 11.01 g/100 g of DW in red and white grape bagasse, respectively. The amount of protein was 12.46 g/100 g of DW for red grape bagasse and 13.18 g/100 g of DW for white. Regarding the extraction methods, two fractions were obtained, a liquid fraction and solid (the remainder after the methodology application). OH presented a higher antioxidant capacity than a conventional (CONV) method. In addition, both extracts presented similar contents of anthocyanins, e.g., delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, petunidin-3-O-glucoside, and peonidin-3-O-glucoside. The solid fraction presented higher amounts of protein and phenols bound to fiber than CONV, which allows its use as a functional ingredient. In conclusion, OH can be an alternative extraction method compared with CONV methods, avoiding non-food grade solvents, thus contributing to circular economy implementation.

The exponential rise of the biodiesel production has resulted in a considerable amount of glycerol as a by-product, which must be valorized to ensure the sector’s long-term viability. As a result, cost-effective glycerol conversions for significant value-added chemicals are essential for the biodiesel production in the long run. Solketal, a glycerol by-product, is obtained as a potential fuel additive in the biodiesel industry. Recently, several heterogeneous acid-catalysts stand out as a promising catalyst for solketal production where biomass-based catalyst gained attraction owing to their biodegradability, eco-friendly, and abundant availability. Furthermore, magnetic nanoparticles-derived catalysts along with sulfonated functionalized catalyzed, zeolites, resins, enzymatic, etc. have proved their efficiency in solketal production. In this review, a wider study on the recent advances of the catalysts has been discussed along with their preparation, various reaction parameters, its application, and efficiency for biodiesel industry. This study opens up incredible prospects for us to use renewable energy sources, which will benefit the industry, the environment, and the economy.

Food processing by-products are usually cheap and abundant and can be source of valuable molecules of great interest to various industries like the pharmaceutical or the food ones. In this frame, the husks of roasted cocoa beans, that are a by-product of the cocoa processing industry, can constitute a source of pectin. The recovery process has been already defined at laboratory scale with boiling acid extraction (pH 2.5). This process is suitable to recover a quantity of pectin, expressed as anhydro-galacturonic acid (AGA), around 8 g AGA/100 g dry husks; this pectin is characterized by low degree of methylation (%DM around 31) and acetylation degree lower than 2%. In this paper the effects of some operative conditions on pectin quantity and quality were studied, in order to optimize the parameters that can make the process economically competitive: the in-excess quantities of solvents and operation time were reduced, without altering yield and pectin characteristics. In particular, the extract was concentrated by 13.3%, the ethanol for pectin precipitation was reduced (ratio extract to ethanol equal to 1:4), and it was also demonstrated that a single washing with 40% ethanol is sufficient to obtain a purified product.

In recent decades, food waste management has become a key priority of industrial and food companies, state authorities and consumers as well. The paper describes the biotechnological processing of mechanically deboned chicken meat (MDCM) by-product, rich in collagen, into gelatins. A factorial design at two levels was used to study three selected process conditions (enzyme conditioning time, gelatin extraction temperature and gelatin extraction time). The efficiency of the technological process of valorization of MDCM by-product into gelatins was evaluated by % conversion of the by-product into gelatins and some qualitative parameters of gelatins (gel strength, viscosity and ash content). Under optimal processing conditions (48–72 h of enzyme conditioning time, 73–78 °C gelatin extraction temperature and 100–150 min gelatin extraction time), MDCM by-product can be processed with 30–32% efficiency into gelatins with a gel strength of 140 Bloom, a viscosity of 2.5 mPa.s and an ash content of 5.0% (which can be reduced by deionization using ion-exchange resins). MDCM is a promising food by-product for valorization into gelatins, which have potential applications in food-, pharmaceutical- and cosmetic fields. The presented technology contributes not only to food sustainability but also to the model of a circular economy.

Mediterranean olive oil producers have multiple incentives for adopting circular business models and better resource management, facing water scarcity and huge amounts of waste, but also seeing new opportunities for value creation. This article aimed to understand how circular business models valorizing olive oil waste and by-products are implemented. Ten business cases from six Mediterranean countries were studied, mainly based on semi-structured interviews with enterprise managers. Data were analyzed according to the business model canvas elements, success factors, and barriers while considering the institutional context. The results highlight the diversity of activities, types of resources used, and partnerships and products offered in different market segments. The principles of biowaste conversion and circularity, such as cascading, upcycling, recycling, and recovering, are all applied. The key success factors comprise an environmental concern, knowledge about biotechnologies, markets and logistics, a long-term commitment to the sector, local availability of resources, legislation, subsidies, and product acceptance by consumers. The main barriers include a lack of specific public financial support, an insufficient knowledge transfer from research to olive oil producers, and a lack of articulation of needs for research by the enterprises. More public-private collaborations and multi-stakeholder projects are needed for further shifting to a circular economy in the olive oil sector.

Mestrado em Biotecnologia
In the perspective of the development of sustainable industrial processes, the recovery and transformation of its by-products are mandatory. The production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) by mixed microbial cultures (MMC) is one of the possible routes to obtain. This study evaluated the possibility of using two industrial byproducts: hardwood sulfite spent liquor (HSSL) and crude glycerol (GC), as feedstock for PHA production by a MMC selected in sequencing batch reactors (SBR1 and SBR2 respectively) using the aerobic dynamic feeding (ADF) strategy. The MMC selected in SBR1, despite not being able to use the main carbon source of HSSL, lignosulphonates, revealed the capacity to consume acetate and xylose to accumulate poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBHV), and glucose biopolymer (GB). A maximum PHA content of 6.6% and a maximum production yield of 0,49 Cmmol HA/Cmmol S were obtained during the selection stage. The analysis of selected microbial community of SBR1, using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) techniques, revealed the dominance of Alphaproteobacteria, in which Paracoccus and Rhodobacter genus were identified, but also the existence of Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria and bacteria belonging to the classes Flavobacteria, Bacteroides Sphingobacteria. The culture selected by SBR2 despite showing the ability to consume both the glycerol and methanol fraction present in the CG, only glycerol appeared to contribute to both poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and GB storage. Using CG, the selected MMC achieved a maximum PHB content of 37.4% and a maximum yield of 0.62 (Cmmol HA / Cmmol S) in an accumulation assay.
Na perspetiva do desenvolvimento de processos industriais sustentáveis, é necessária a valorização e transformação dos subprodutos obtidos. A produção de polihidroxialcanoatos (PHA) com recurso a culturas microbianas mistas (MMC) é um dos processos possíveis para fazer essa valorização. Neste estudo, foi avaliada a possibilidade de usar dois subprodutos: licor de cozimento ao sulfito ácido (HSSL) e glicerol em bruto (CG), como matérias-primas para a produção de PHA para os quais foram selecionadas duas MMC em dois reatores descontínuos sequenciais (SBR1 e SBR2, respetivamente) através da imposição de condições de alimentação dinâmica aeróbia (ADF). A MMC selecionada no SBR1, apesar de não ser capaz de utilizar a principal fonte de carbono presente no HSSL, os lenhosulfonatos, consumiu acetato e xilose acumulando dois biopolímeros: poli(3-hidroxibutirato-co-3-hidroxivalerato) (PHBHV) e biopolímeros de glucose (GB). Durante o período de seleção foi obtido um conteúdo máximo em PHA de 6,6% e um rendimento máximo de 0,49 Cmmol HA/Cmmol S. A comunidade microbiana selecionada no SBR1 foi analisada com recurso a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) e Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) demonstrando a predominância de Alfaproteobacteria, com os géneros Paracoccus e Rhodobacter a serem identificados, mas também a existência de Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria e também bactérias pertencentes às classes Flavobacteria, Bacteroides, Sphingobacteria. Quanto à MMC selecionada no SBR2, esta demonstrou ter capacidade de consumir tanto a fração de glicerol como a de metanol presente no CG, sendo que apenas o glicerol pareceu contribuiu para o armazenamento tanto de poli-3-hidroxibutirato (PHB) como de GB. Usando o CG, a MMC selecionada atingiu um conteúdo máximo de PHB de 37,4% e um rendimento máximo de 0,62 (Cmmol HA/Cmmol S) num ensaio de acumulação.

The valorization of agro-industrial wastes represents a huge advantage for the transformation industry and the environment. Particularly, biomasses like spent coffee grounds are largely produced worldwide by coffee-based industries and do not require any pre-treatment for their use as raw material for extraction processes. Indeed, exhaust coffee grounds are usually collected in separated containers, either in coffee shops either in vending machines and are already in powder form. Several authors, analyzing chemical composition of spent coffee grounds, demonstrated their potential use as natural source of antioxidants, which are molecules that can find several applications in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. In the first chapter of this work, a brief introduction on the biorefinery concept and proposed reuses of spent coffee grounds, based on literature data, were exposed, focusing the attention on the main valuable step of a potential biorefinery based on coffee: the recovery of high added-value compounds from exhaust coffee by green and innovative techniques and methods finalized to preserve their bioactivity. The antioxidant activity of spent coffee grounds can be traced back to polyphenols, like chlorogenic acid and its isomers, its derivatives, and melanoidins. The antioxidant activity and type of antioxidants that are recoverable from exhaust coffee powder, as well as its chemical composition, are functions of the type of raw material (e.g. Coffea arabica, Coffea canephora), but also the brewing process used for beverage preparation. In this thesis, spent coffee grounds collected by common vending machines, were subjected to a preliminary characterization, whose results were reported in chapter 2, and to a study on different extraction techniques (solid-liquid extraction, high- pressure and temperature-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction and continuous pressurized ultrasound-assisted extraction), solvents, and operating conditions. Indeed, one of the main aims of this research project was to perform the antioxidant recovery from SCG by using green solvents as water-ethanol solutions and to improve the extraction yields by working on the other process variables. A study on the recovery of antioxidants by microwave-assisted extraction was carried out in chapter 3, evaluating process optimization, extraction kinetics and the potential use of the extract for cosmetic purposes. For the study, both response surface modeling and kinetic studies were employed as tools for process optimization and the extracts were evaluated in terms of total polyphenol yield, total flavonoid yield and antiradical power. Chapter 5 deals with the utilization of high pressure and temperature-assisted extraction for antioxidant recovery from spent coffee grounds, while continuous pressurized ultrasound-assisted extraction results were reported in chapter 6. Since antioxidants are subjected to loss of activity when exposed to heat, light, and oxygen, novel and green post-processing (freeze-drying and supercritical antisolvent extraction) and microencapsulation techniques were used for antioxidant activity preservation, and to enhance product features. Thus, spray drying was employed to micro-encapsulate spent coffee grounds extracts using both inulin and maltodextrins as wall materials suitable for food application purposes. Encapsulation was optimized (chapter 4) by investigating process parameters like coating agent composition, inlet temperature, feed flow rate, using response surface methodology. In addition, different preservation techniques, finalized to prevent loss of activity and improve extract bioavailability were evaluated in chapter 5, where also a novel technique, supercritical fluid-assisted liposome formation (SuperLip), was tested for the encapsulation of the produced extracts in liposomes.

[EN] Sustainability is nowadays an investment for the future of any economic activity. The current situation of crisis has had an adverse impact in most industries, including the agri-food sector. However, this industry has been relatively the least affected when compared with other industrial sectors. This is mainly attributed to the fact that food products continue to be basic for consumers despite the economic downturn. Therefore, the agri-food sector is a key element in the European economy and can play a crucial role in the achievement of the objectives set in the EU's strategy for 2020: ensuring a sustainable framework of growth of a more competitive economy. The European agri-food industry has focused on energy efficiency and on reducing greenhouse gases emissions, along with better management of their resources as a way to improve its industrial competitiveness. In this sense, the search for solutions to transform the by-products generated in high value-added ingredients, is a priority. In this context, the juice industry, as fundamental sub-sector within the food sector, and large waste generator, must exploit the opportunity to transform their by-products into useful and profitable products for society. This transformation presents some difficulties which impede the profitability of the process. These difficulties are associated with the by-product, such as its compositional variability and its seasonality, and current techniques of transformation as the high energy cost in dehydration processes. This thesis represents an innovative and sustainable solution for overcoming the disadvantages associated with the high costs of stabilization, turning this by-products into high value-added ingredients, from both, nutritional and technological, points of view. The aim is to develop a microwave coupled with hot air drying technique allowing maximizing profits by using the following strategy: reducing time and operational costs, producing a new ingredient rich in dietary fiber, with interesting technological properties for the development of healthy foods, studying the proposed comprehensive process and analyzing the new generated by-products. The methodological approach of the thesis been focused, on the one hand, on studying phenomena that govern the internal transport of water and energy through the orange peel during its dehydration applying thermodynamics. On the other hand, the energy consumption of the drying process, the technological and sensory properties of the fiber obtained and its potential use as a fat substitute have been compared with the conventional hot air drying method. Finally, the integrated process, including both the combined drying technique and the pretreatments needed for colour and bitter compounds extraction, is proposed as a new route of valorization, in which the new by-products obtained, polyphenols and carotenoid rich extracts, are analysed. This study has analyzed the microwave coupled with hot air process, developing tools that allow the adequate upscaling of the drying operation by adapting it to the best standards of quality of the final product. A monitoring system that ensures these standards has been designed. The quality and the energy consumption of the dietary fiber production process has been improved. The properties associated with its inclusion in food matrices have been optimized. An innovative and sustainable process for the stabilization of industrial by-products and for their further conversion into dietary fiber and other bioactive compounds, applying microwave coupled with hot air drying, has been developed.
[ES] La sostenibilidad es una de las apuestas de futuro en cualquier actividad económica. La situación de crisis ha tenido un impacto adverso en la mayoría de las industrias, incluyendo las de ámbito agroalimentario. Sin embargo, ésta ha sido relativamente la menos afectada cuando se compara con otros sectores industriales. Esto se atribuye al hecho de que los productos alimenticios continúan siendo básicos para los consumidores a pesar de la desaceleración económica. Por lo tanto, esta industria es un pilar fundamental en la economía europea y puede jugar un papel crucial en la consecución de los objetivos marcados en la Estrategia de la UE para 2020: asegurar un marco sostenible de crecimiento de una economía más competitiva. La industria agroalimentaria europea ha apostado por la eficiencia energética y la reducción de emisiones de gases invernadero, junto con una mejor gestión de sus recursos como vía para la mejora de su competitividad industrial. La búsqueda de soluciones para transformar los subproductos generados en ingredientes de alto valor añadido, es una de las prioridades. En este contexto, la industria productora de zumos, como subsector fundamental dentro del sector alimentario, y gran generador de residuos, tiene la oportunidad de transformar sus subproductos en productos útiles y rentables para la sociedad. Esta transformación presenta algunas dificultades que impiden la rentabilidad del proceso. Estas dificultades están asociadas al subproducto, como su variabilidad composicional o su estacionalidad, y a las técnicas actuales de transformación como el elevado coste energético en procesos de deshidratación. Esta tesis se plantea como una solución innovadora y sostenible para, más allá de superar los inconvenientes asociados a los altos costes de estabilización, transformar este subproducto en un ingrediente de alto valor añadido, tanto nutricional como tecnológico. Para ello se propone desarrollar una técnica de secado combinado por aire caliente y microondas que permita maximizar beneficios mediante la siguiente estrategia: reducir el tiempo y el coste energético de la operación, produciendo un nuevo ingrediente rico en fibra dietética con propiedades tecnológicas de interés para el desarrollo de alimentos más saludables, estudiando el proceso integral propuesto y analizando los nuevos subproductos generados. El enfoque metodológico de la tesis ha estado dirigido, por una parte, a estudiar los fenómenos que gobiernan el transporte interno de agua y energía a través de la piel de naranja durante su deshidratación, aplicando termodinámica. Por otra parte, el consumo energético del proceso de secado, las propiedades tecnológicas y sensoriales de la fibra obtenida y su potencial uso como ingrediente sustituto de grasa, se han comparado con el método de secado convencional por aire caliente. Finalmente, el proceso integrado, incluyendo tanto el secado combinado como las etapas previas de extracción de color y compuestos amargos, se propone como una nueva ruta de valorización, en la que se analizan posibles subproductos de interés tales como extractos ricos en polifenoles y carotenoides. En este estudio se ha analizado el proceso combinado de secado con aire caliente y microondas, desarrollando herramientas que permiten dimensionar adecuadamente la operación de secado adaptándola a los estándares óptimos de calidad del producto final. Se ha diseñado un sistema de monitorización que asegure dichos estándares. Se ha mejorado el proceso de obtención de fibra alimentaria respecto a su calidad y a su gasto energético. Se han optimizado las propiedades asociadas a su inclusión en matrices alimentarias. Se ha desarrollado un proceso innovador y sostenible para la estabilización de subproductos vegetales de origen industrial y para su posterior conversión en fibra dietética y otros compuestos bioactivos, aplicando la tecnología de secado por aire caliente y
[CAT] La sostenibilitat és una de les apostes de futur en qualsevol activitat econòmica. L'actual situació de crisi ha tingut un impacte advers en la majoria de les indústries, incloent les d'àmbit agroalimentari. No obstant això, la indústria agroalimentària ha sigut relativament la menys afectada quan es compara amb altres sectors industrials. Açò s'atribuïx principalment al fet de que els productes alimentaris continuen sent bàsics per als consumidors a pesar de la desacceleració econòmica. Per tant, esta indústria és un pilar fonamental en l'economia europea i pot jugar un paper crucial en la consecució dels objectius marcats en l'Estratègia de la UE per a 2020: assegurar un marc sostenible de creixement d'una economia més competitiva. La indústria agroalimentària europea ha apostat per l'eficiència energètica i la reducció d'emissions de gasos d'efecte hivernacle, junt amb una millor gestió dels seus recursos com a via per a la millora del seu vaig competirtu En este sentit, la busca de solucions per a transformar els subproductes generats en ingredients d'alt valor afegit, és una de les prioritats. En este context, la indústria productora de sucs, com subsector fonamental dins del sector alimentari, i gran generador de residus, té el deure i l'oportunitat de transformar els seus subproductes en productes útils i rendibles per a la societat. Esta transformació presenta algunes dificultats que impedixen la rendibilitat del procés. Estes dificultats estan associades al subproducte, com la seua variabilitat composicional o la seua estacionalitat, i a les tècniques actuals de transformació com l'elevat cost energètic en processos de deshidratació. Esta tesi es planteja com una solució innovadora i sostenible per a, més enllà de superar els inconvenients associats als alts costos d'estabilització, transformar este subproducte en un ingredient d'alt valor afegit, tant nutricional com tecnològic. Per a això es proposa desenvolupar una tècnica de'assecat combinat per aire calent i microones que permeta maximitzar beneficis per mitjà de l'estratègia següent: reduir el temps i el cost energètic de l'operació, produint un nou ingredient ric en fibra dietètica amb propietats tecnològiques d'interés per al desenvolupament d'aliments més saludables, estudiant el procés integral proposat i analitzant els nous subproductes generats. L'enfocament metodològic de la tesi ha estat dirigit, d'una banda, a estudiar els fenòmens que governen el transport intern d'aigua i energia a través de la pell de taronja durant la seua deshidratació, aplicant termodinàmica. D'altra banda, el consum energètic del procés de d'assecat, les propietats tecnològiques i sensorials de la fibra obtinguda i el seu potencial ús com a ingredient substitut de greix, s'han comparat amb el mètode d'assecat convencional per aire calent. Finalment, el procés integrat, incloent tant l'assecat combinat com les etapes prèvies d'extracció de color i compostos amargs, es proposa com una nova ruta de valoració, en la que s'analitzen possibles subproductes d'interés com ara extractes rics en polifenoles i carotenoides. En este estudi s'ha analitzat el procés combinat d'assecat amb aire calent i microones, desenvolupant ferramentes que permeten dimensionar adequadament l'operació d'assecat adaptant-la als estàndards òptims de qualitat del producte final. S'ha dissenyat un sistema de monitorització que assegure els dits estàndards. S'ha millorat el procés d'obtenció de fibra alimentaria respecte a la seua qualitat i al seu consum energètic. S'han optimitzat les propietats associades a la seua inclusió en matrius alimentàries. S'ha desenvolupat un procés innovador i sostenible per a l'estabilització de subproductes vegetals d'origen industrial i per a la seua posterior conversió en fibra dietètica i altres compostos bioactius, aplicant la tecnologia d'assecat por aire calent i microones.
Talens Vila, C. (2015). DESARROLLO DE TÉCNICAS COMBINADAS DE SECADO CON AIRE CALIENTE Y MICROONDAS EN LA PRODUCCIÓN DE FIBRA ALIMENTARIA A PARTIR DE SUBPRODUCTOS CÍTRICOS [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/54114
TESIS

L’objectif de ce travail est la valorisation des molécules bioactives présentes initialement dans Gelidium sesquipedale. Les rhodophycées agarophytes dont Gelidium sesquipedale sont exploitées à l’échelle industrielle pour l’agar, un phycocolloïde aux propriétés gélifiantes, qu’elles contiennent en abondance. Une multitude de coproduits sont générés lors de l’extraction de l’agar. Ces derniers, peu étudiés, ne sont pas valorisés alors qu’ils constituent une source potentielle de molécules d’intérêts. En premier lieu, le process industriel d’extraction de l’agar a été adapté à l’échelle du laboratoire afin de récupérer ces co-produits dont l’analyse a montré la richesse en glucides. Ils ont par la suite été fractionnés pour isoler les oligosaccharides dont certains sont connus comme éliciteurs chez les plantes. Ainsi, plusieurs fractions oligosaccharidiques ont été obtenues avec un rendement estimé à 15,7% de Gelidium sesquipedale sec. Les fractions sélectionnées ont été caractérisées par CPG, ESI-MS, RMN et perméthylation ce qui a permis d’élucider les structures des oligosaccharides qu’elles contiennent et de révéler notamment la présence de dérivés de floridoside dont le Gal2glycérol, le Gal3glycérol et le Gal4glycérol qui sont des molécules originales chez Gelidium sesquipedale non décrites à ce jour chez les algues rouges. Une dernière partie a consisté en la mesure de l’activité élicitrice de ces fractions qui a pu être vérifiée sur des plantes de tomate à travers des mesures de marqueurs biochimiques relatifs à l’expression des réactions de défense chez la plante. En conclusion, les coproduits issus de l’extraction de l’agar représentent une source de pSDNs (phyto stimulateur des défenses naturelles chez la plante) ; ils offrent une nouvelle perspective de développement à l’industrie de l’agar
This work aims at promoting the bioactive molecules initially present in Gelidium sesquipedale. The rhodophycea agarophytes, including Gelidium sesquipedale, are used for industrial extraction of agar, a phycocolloid with gelling properties, which they contain in abundance. A multitude of co-products are generated during the extraction of the agar. These co-products have only been studied a little, hence not valued, while they constitute a significant source of molecules of interest. Firstly, the industrial agar extraction process was adapted on a laboratory scale, in order to recover these coproducts, which were subsequently subjected to an analysis, which revealed the presence of carbohydrates as major components. They were submitted to a fractionation process to obtain oligosaccharidic fractions, with a potential of elicitor activity, and a yield estimated at 15.7% of dry Gelidium sesquipedale. Also, a follow-up of co-products from batches of Gelidium sesquipedale harvested in different years from 2014 to 2016, enabled the comparison of the composition of the various co-products, depending on the year of the harvest, and thus to evaluate the variability of the initial resource. In addition, the impact of an extraction factor, being the sodium concentration, and the comparison with an industrial co-product produced by this process, were carried out. The retained fractions were characterized by GPC, ESI-MS, NMR and permethylation that allowed the elucidation of the structures of the oligosaccharides they contain, and revealed in particular the presence of floridoside derivatives including Gal2glycerol, Gal3glycerol and Gal4glycerol, which are original molecules in Gelidium sesquipedale, not described to date in red algae. A final part consisted in measuring the activity of these fractions as elicitor that could be estimated on tomato plants through measurements of biochemical markers relating to the expression of defense reactions in the plant. In conclusion, the co-products from agar extraction represent a source of pSDNs (phyto stimulator of natural defense in the plant) and give a new perspective to the agar industry

Circular Economy (CE) is gaining attention among practitioners and institutions for its potential to increase the eco-performance of production and consumption systems and as a means to reach sustainable development. It intends to recover and valorize waste and residue adding value to these materials while keeping them within society. However, so far, a comprehensive and exhaustive methodology for measuring CE transition and progress towards the achievement of sustainability principles is still lacking. This work presents a preliminary investigation of the consequences of CE implementation in a case study of the manufacturing industry. Spent Bleaching Earth (SBE) is a production residue of vegetable oil refining and, due to the oil therein contained, raises several issues during disposal. It is generally considered a nuisance, a waste, and disposed of at high costs. The company Sfridoo S.r.l. is committed to residue valorization and, in 2020, has implemented an industrial symbiosis match for SBE alternative management that involves its reuse as a by-product in brick manufacturing. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Circular Indicators have been applied to assess and compare a business-as-usual approach and a CE-oriented strategy for SBE management. It was shown that the carbon footprint of 1 ton of SBE following a circular approach might overcome that of a traditional scenario, but this depends on specific conditions and is mainly related to transport and avoided impacts associated with recovered products. Despite that, economic benefits of SBE conversion from waste-to-resource are impressive and savings estimated at around thousands of euros yearly. Resource scarcity is also positively influenced and total waste generated of the system is reduced by about 20%. This research shows that SBE repurposing in the ceramic industry represents a suitable strategy for executing CE at the industrial level and the methods applied a possible approach to address CE implementation.

Les co-produits industriels de la première étape d’extraction d’agar (de l’algue rouge Gelidium sesquipedale) constituent au sein de l’entreprise SETEXAM des volumes importants potentiellement valorisables. L’objectif de ce travail est de démontrer qu’ils peuvent être utilisés en tant qu‘éliciteur, ou stimulateur des défenses naturelles (SDN). D’abord, la composition élémentaire du co-produit alcalin a révélé une teneur en minéraux de 44 % (Na, K éléments majeurs) avec des traces de métaux lourds, mais en dessous de la limite autorisée. Les principaux composés organiques détectés sont des glucides (12,5 %) et une fraction riche en floridoside a été obtenue. Ce composé a été identifié par une méthode originale, la CPG-MS. Le co-produit alcalin, recyclé au cours du procédé industriel, voit sa teneur en glucides diminuer avec l’augmentation du nombre de cycles. Ces co-produits, appliqués sur des plants de tomates cultivées en serre sous stress biotique, sont capables de stimuler des réponses de défense (activités enzymatiques, expression des gènes). La dose optimale (50 mg.L-1) a été déterminée ainsi que les conditions d’applications et la durée d’activation des réponses. En plein champ, les co-produits ont été testés sur vigne et sur tomate, pour leur capacité à réduire les symptômes du mildiou, ou de la cladosporiose. Des résultats prometteurs ont été obtenus comparés à des éliciteurs déjà commercialisés, en conditions de pression modérée. Le co-produit issu de la première étape d’extraction industrielle d’agar a montré une activité comme SDN et peut constituer une solution de protection des cultures permettant une réduction des pesticides pour une agriculture durable et plus respectueuse de l’environnement. Ce travail constitue une base pour un dossier d’homologation du produit qui transformerait ces co-produits de coût en ressource pour l’entreprise
The industrial by-products of the first step of agar extraction (from red alga Gelidium sesquipedale) constitute large volumes at SETEXAM company that might be valorized. The objective of this work is to prove that they can be used as elicitor, or plant defense stimulator (PDS). Firstly, the elemental composition of the alkaline by-product revealed a mineral content of 44% (Na, K major components) with heavy metal traces, but under authorized limits. The principal organic components detected are carbohydrates (12.5%) and a fraction rich in floridoside was obtained. This molecule was identified with an original method, through GC-MS. The alkaline by-product, recycled through the industrial process, has its carbohydrate content diminished as the number of cycles increases. These by-products, applied on tomato plants grown in greenhouse under biotic stress, are capable of stimulating defense responses (enzymatic activities, gene expression). The optimal dose (50 mg.L-1) was determined together with the application conditions and time span of responses. In field, the by-products were tested on grapevine and on tomato, for their capacity to reduce downy mildew, or leaf mold symptoms. Promising results were obtained compared to already commercialized elicitors, for moderate disease pressure. The by-product obtained from the first step of industrial agar extraction showed a PDS activity and can be a solution for culture defense allowing a reduction of pesticides for a durable and environmentally friendly agriculture. This work is a base for a homologation file of the product that would transform these by-products from cost to resource for the company

The increasing of world population, industrialization and global consuming, existing market products existed in the along with diversification of raw materials, are responsible for an exponential increase of wastes. This scenario represents loss of resources and ultimately causes air, soils and water pollution. Therefore, proper waste management is currently one of the major challenges faced by modern societies. Textile industries represents, in Portugal, almost 10% of total productive transforming sector and 19% of total employments in the sector composed by almost 7.000 companies. One of the main environmental problems of textile industries is the production of significant quantities of wastes from its different processing steps. According to the Portuguese Institute of Statistics (INE) these industries produce almost 500.000 tons of wastes each year, with the textile cotton waste (TCW) being the most expressive. It was estimated that 4.000 tons of TCW are produced each year in Portugal. In this work an integrated TCW valorisation procedure was evaluated, firstly by its thermal and energetic valorisation with slow pyrolysis followed by the utilization of biochar by-product, in lead and chromium synthetic wastewater decontamination. Pyrolysis experiments were conducted in a small scale rotating pyrolysis reactor with 0.1 m3 of total capacity. Results of pyrolysis experiments showed the formation of 0,241 m3 of biogas for each kilogram of TCW. Results also demonstrated that the biogas is mostly composed by hydrogen (22%), methane (14 %), carbon monoxide (20%) and carbon dioxide (12%), which represents a total high calorific value of 12.3 MJ/Nm3. Regarding biochar, results of elemental analysis demonstrated a high percentage of carbon driving its use as low cost adsorbent. Adsorption experiments were conducted with lead and chromium synthetic wastewaters (25, 50 and 100 mg L−1) in batch vessels with controlled pH. It was evaluated the behaviour of adsorption capacity and removal rate of each metal during 120 minutes of contact time using 5, 10 and 50 g L−1 of adsorbent dosage. Results indicated high affinity of adsorbent with each tested metal with 78% of removal rate in chromium and 95% in lead experiments. This suggests that biochar from TCW pyrolysis may be appropriated to wastewaters treatment, with high contents of heavy metals and it can be an effective alternative to activated carbon.

The aim of the paper is to answer the question of whether EU funding supports tourism in Serbia in a situation where this sector of the economy is facing astonishing figures of decline which is caused by the coronavirus. The paper is divided into two segments. The first part is based on the presentation of the possibility of diversification of the tourist offer in Serbia and the second part provides an overview of the literature related to EU funds. The research is interdisciplinary because it includes selective forms of tourism which united in a single tourist product can contribute to a tourist valorization of all areas and contribute as a response to the crisis caused by the pandemic. Contribution of EU funds can be seen through the connection between investment activities and the increase in tourist traffic. The special goal of the paper is education and raising awareness about the preservation of rural and eco areas, eco production and healthy lifestyles, which will contribute to the tourist offer and also a pleasure and enjoyment for visitors.

Slaughterhouse blood is a valuable by-product since multiple bioactive compounds can be derived out of it. Its solid fraction consists mainly of hemoglobin, which is a good source of antimicrobial and antioxidant peptides that can be released by peptic hydrolysis. Nevertheless, this method has limitations such as low yield, expensive cost of enzyme process, and non-eco-friendly production (high energy consumption and chemical reagents requested). Amount the alternative green technologies for protein valorization, pulsed electric field (PEF) stands out since it allows modifying the physicochemical properties of proteins, promoting the enzymatic hydrolysis, enzyme inactivation, and bioactivity enhancement. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of PEF on the pepsin inactivation and biological activities (antimicrobial and antioxidant) in hemoglobin hydrolysates. Bovine and porcine hemoglobins were hydrolyzed with pepsin for 3 h (37°C, pH 3.0) and treated with PEF (73 pulses, 23.8kV/cm, 90Hz) to inactivate the enzyme. The hydrolysis degree was evaluated, which did not show significant changes after PEF-inactivation of pepsin, whereas the peptide population analysis by RP-UPLC-MS/MS showed some changes in PEF-treated hydrolysates over time, which suggested a residual pepsin activity. Additionally, the impact of pH (3, 7, and 10) on bioactivity was studied. PEF-treatments did not show a significant impact on antimicrobial (antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-yeast activities) and antioxidant activities (DPPH and ORAC). However, higher pH fostered stronger anti-yeast activity (R. mucilaginosa) and DPPH‐scavenging capacity, whereas pH 7 fostered the antifungal activity (M. racemosus). Even though some changes were observed in the peptide population, no negative effects of PEF were found for biological activities. Thus, the utilization of hemoglobin from the meat industry combined with PEF-treatment fits the circular economy concept since derived peptides can be recycled to protect meat and other products against microbial growth and oxidation.

In order to decrease both energy consumption and CO2 emissions, the automotive, aeronautics and aerospace industries aim at making lighter vehicles. To achieve this, composite materials provide good opportunities, ensuring high material properties and free definition of geometry. As an example, for cold applications, the use of carbon fiber/thermoset composites is ever increasing, in spite of a high fiber price. But in a global and eco-friendly approach, the major limitation for their use remains their potential recyclability. Recycling a composite means having a recycling technology available, getting a dismantle solution and an access for the product, and disposing identification plus selection possibilities to the materials. Thus, carbon fibers recovery (i.e. recycling and re-processing) would both help design engineers to balance energy efficiency and cost, and open new opportunities for developing second-life composites, dedicated to the manufacture of medium or low loaded parts (non-structural in many cases). A first section presents an overview of composite recycling possibilities. Indeed, environmentally and economically, composite incineration is not attractive (even with an energetic valorization), let-alone burying. Reuse and recycling thus remain the two most interesting options. Aeronautics offers a high potential in terms of fiber deposit. In southwest France, composites recycling will increase in terms of quantity due to dismantling platforms Tarmac (dedicated to civil aircraft applications) and P2P (for the disassembly of ballistic weapons). In addition, from a technical point of view, and even if end-of-life solutions for composites still remain under development, solvolysis (i.e. water under supercritical conditions) already offers the opportunity to recover carbon fibers. The resulting recyclate retains up to 90 percent of the fiber’s mechanical properties. A second part will explore the recycling to design issue (i.e. how recycling processes have to balance the previous aspects of the end-of-life proposal). The recycler clearly becomes a new supplier in the carbon fiber lifecycle, by revalorizing wastes with alternatives to burning. Moreover, increasing carbon fiber shelf life reduces its product life impact. Finally, promoting carbon fiber end-of-life would ensure to link aeronautics, automotive, and leisure and sports industries; but one can create demand for recycled reinforcement, by packaging it in useful and attractive forms for those end-users (e.g. pseudo-continuous fiber, felt, strips, bands, patches, etc.). These sections will be enlightened by several examples from collaborations between I2M and local industries.

Background. In this proposal we suggest developing a common solution for three seemingly unrelated acute problems: (1) improving sustainability of fast-growing mushroom industry producing worldwide millions of tons of underutilized leftovers; (2) alleviating the epidemic of vitamin D deficiency adversely affecting the public health in both countries and in other regions; (3) reducing spoilage of perishable fruit and vegetable products leading to food wastage. Based on our previous experience we propose utilizing appropriately processed mushroom byproducts as a source of two valuable bioactive materials: antimicrobial and wholesome polysaccharide chitosan and health-strengthening nutrient ergocalciferol⁽ᵛⁱᵗᵃᵐⁱⁿ ᴰ2⁾. ᴬᵈᵈⁱᵗⁱᵒⁿᵃˡ ᵇᵉⁿᵉᶠⁱᵗ ᵒᶠ ᵗʰᵉˢᵉ ᵐᵃᵗᵉʳⁱᵃˡˢ ⁱˢ ᵗʰᵉⁱʳ ᵒʳⁱᵍⁱⁿ ᶠʳᵒᵐ ⁿᵒⁿ⁻ᵃⁿⁱᵐᵃˡ ᶠᵒᵒᵈ⁻ᵍʳᵃᵈᵉ source. We proposed using chitosan and vitamin D as ingredients in active edible coatings on two model foods: highly perishable fresh-cut melon and less perishable health bars. Objectives and work program. The general aim of the project is improving storability, safety and health value of foods by developing and applying a novel active edible coating based on utilization of mushroom industry leftovers. The work plan includes the following tasks: (a) optimizing the UV-B treatment of mushroom leftover stalks to enrich them with vitamin D without compromising chitosan quality - Done; (b) developing effective extraction procedures to yield chitosan and vitamin D from the stalks - Done; (c) utilizing LbL approach to prepare fungal chitosan-based edible coatings with optimal properties - Done; (d) enrichment of the coating matrix with fungal vitamin D utilizing molecular encapsulation and nano-encapsulation approaches - Done, it was found that no encapsulation methods are needed to enrich chitosan matrix with vitamin D; (e) testing the performance of the coating for controlling spoilage of fresh cut melons - Done; (f) testing the performance of the coating for nutritional enhancement and quality preservation of heath bars - Done. Achievements. In this study numerous results were achieved. Mushroom waste, leftover stalks, was treated ʷⁱᵗʰ ᵁⱽ⁻ᴮ ˡⁱᵍʰᵗ ᵃⁿᵈ ᵗʳᵉᵃᵗᵐᵉⁿᵗ ⁱⁿᵈᵘᶜᵉˢ ᵃ ᵛᵉʳʸ ʰⁱᵍʰ ᵃᶜᶜᵘᵐᵘˡᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ ᵒᶠ ᵛⁱᵗᵃᵐⁱⁿ ᴰ2, ᶠᵃʳ ᵉˣᶜᵉᵉᵈⁱⁿᵍ any other dietary vitamin D source. The straightforward vitamin D extraction procedure and ᵃ ˢⁱᵐᵖˡⁱᶠⁱᵉᵈ ᵃⁿᵃˡʸᵗⁱᶜᵃˡ ᵖʳᵒᵗᵒᶜᵒˡ ᶠᵒʳ ᵗⁱᵐᵉ⁻ᵉᶠᶠⁱᶜⁱᵉⁿᵗ ᵈᵉᵗᵉʳᵐⁱⁿᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ ᵒᶠ ᵗʰᵉ ᵛⁱᵗᵃᵐⁱⁿ ᴰ2 ᶜᵒⁿᵗᵉⁿᵗ suitable for routine product quality control were developed. Concerning the fungal chitosan extraction, new freeze-thawing protocol was developed, tested on three different mushroom sources and compared to the classic protocol. The new protocol resulted in up to 2-fold increase in the obtained chitosan yield, up to 3-fold increase in its deacetylation degree, high whitening index and good antimicrobial activity. The fungal chitosan films enriched with Vitamin D were prepared and compared to the films based on animal origin chitosan demonstrating similar density, porosity and water vapor permeability. Layer-by-layer chitosan-alginate electrostatic deposition was used to coat fruit bars. The coatings helped to preserve the quality and increase the shelf-life of fruit bars, delaying degradation of ascorbic acid and antioxidant capacity loss as well as reducing bar softening. Microbiological analyses also showed a delay in yeast and fungal growth when compared with single layer coatings of fungal or animal chitosan or alginate. Edible coatings were also applied on fresh-cut melons and provided significant improvement of physiological quality (firmness, weight ˡᵒˢˢ⁾, ᵐⁱᶜʳᵒᵇⁱᵃˡ ˢᵃᶠᵉᵗʸ ⁽ᵇᵃᶜᵗᵉʳⁱᵃ, ᵐᵒˡᵈ, ʸᵉᵃˢᵗ⁾, ⁿᵒʳᵐᵃˡ ʳᵉˢᵖⁱʳᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ ᵖʳᵒᶜᵉˢˢ ⁽Cᴼ2, ᴼ²⁾ ᵃⁿᵈ ᵈⁱᵈ not cause off-flavor (EtOH). It was also found that the performance of edible coating from fungal stalk leftovers does not concede to the chitosan coatings sourced from animal or good quality mushrooms. Implications. The proposal helped attaining triple benefit: valorization of mushroom industry byproducts; improving public health by fortification of food products with vitamin D from natural non-animal source; and reducing food wastage by using shelf- life-extending antimicrobial edible coatings. New observations with scientific impact were found. The program resulted in 5 research papers. Several effective and straightforward procedures that can be adopted by mushroom growers and food industries were developed. BARD Report - Project 4784