Готові списки джерел за темами / Carbonaceous species

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Carbonaceous species"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 травня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Carbonaceous species":

Szramowiat, Katarzyna, Katarzyna Styszko, Magdalena Kistler, Anne Kasper-Giebl, and Janusz Gołaś. "Carbonaceous species in atmospheric aerosols from the Krakow area (Malopolska District): carbonaceous species dry deposition analysis." E3S Web of Conferences 10 (2016): 00092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20161000092.

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Lawson, Douglas R., and Susanne V. Hering. "The Carbonaceous Species Methods Comparison Study—An Overview." Aerosol Science and Technology 12, no. 1 (January 1990): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786829008959318.

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Volckens, John, David A. Olson, and Michael D. Hays. "Carbonaceous species emitted from handheld two-stroke engines." Atmospheric Environment 42, no. 6 (February 2008): 1239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.10.032.

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Martins, Zita. "Carbonaceous Material in Extra-terrestrial Matter." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 11, A29A (August 2015): 257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921316003008.

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AbstractComets, asteroids, meteorites, micrometeorites, interplanetary dust particles (IDPs), and ultra-carbonaceous Antarctic micrometeorites (UCAMMs) may contain carbonaceous material, which was exogenously delivered to the early Earth. Carbonaceous chondrites have an enormous variety of extra-terrestrial compounds, including all the key compounds important in terrestrial biochemistry. Comets contain several carbon-rich species and, in addition, the hypervelocity impact-shock of a comet can produce several α-amino acids. The analysis of the carbonaceous content of extra-terrestrial matter provides a window into the resources delivered to the early Earth, which may have been used by the first living organisms.

Li, Qiang, Yucai Qin, Duping Tan, Yuan Xie, Manli Lv, and Lijuan Song. "Theoretical investigation of conversion between different C2Hx species over Pd–Ag/Pd(100) surface alloys: influence on the selectivity and transformation of carbonaceous species." New Journal of Chemistry 42, no. 24 (2018): 19827–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nj03274b.

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Yang, F., K. He, B. Ye, X. Chen, L. Cha, S. H. Cadle, T. Chan, and P. A. Mulawa. "One-year record of organic and elemental carbon in fine particles in downtown Beijing and Shanghai." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 5, no. 6 (June 15, 2005): 1449–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-1449-2005.

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Abstract. Weekly PM2.5 samples were collected for one year (1999-2000) in Beijing and Shanghai and the carbonaceous species analyzed to investigate and compare their time series patterns and possible sources in the two biggest cities of China. Weekly carbonaceous concentrations varied in wide ranges with 8.6-59µg m-3 for OC and 1.5-25.4µg m-3 for EC in Beijing, and with 5.1-38.4µg m-3 for OC and 2.3-13.0µg m-3 for EC in Shanghai. Similar weekly and seasonal variations of OC and EC concentrations were found in each city though major combustion sources presented source-dependent emission characteristics and seasonal differences in emission amount for carbonaceous species. Both OC and EC maintained much higher concentrations in late fall through winter, probably due to enhanced emissions coupled with unfavorable meteorological conditions. In Beijing, the 14C analysis of limited samples suggested there was a significant contribution (33-48%) of modern carbon to the total fine carbonaceous PM burden with higher fractions in the harvest seasons. The high mass ratios of excessive potassium to EC in both Beijing and Shanghai also indicated that biomass burning had important contribution to fine carbonaceous particles.

Nuth, Joseph A., Frank T. Ferguson, Hugh G. M. Hill, and Natasha M. Johnson. "Did a Complex Carbon Cycle Operate in the Inner Solar System?" Life 10, no. 9 (September 16, 2020): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life10090206.

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Solids in the interstellar medium consist of an intimate mixture of silicate and carbonaceous grains. Because 99% of silicates in meteorites were reprocessed at high temperatures in the inner regions of the Solar Nebula, we propose that similar levels of heating of carbonaceous materials in the oxygen-rich Solar Nebula would have converted nearly all carbon in dust and grain coatings to CO. We discuss catalytic experiments on a variety of grain surfaces that not only produce gas phase species such as CH4, C2H6, C6H6, C6H5OH, or CH3CN, but also produce carbonaceous solids and fibers that would be much more readily incorporated into growing planetesimals. CH4 and other more volatile products of these surface-mediated reactions were likely transported outwards along with chondrule fragments and small Calcium Aluminum-rich Inclusions (CAIs) to enhance the organic content in the outer regions of the nebula where comets formed. Carbonaceous fibers formed on the surfaces of refractory oxides may have significantly improved the aggregation efficiency of chondrules and CAIs. Carbonaceous fibers incorporated into chondritic parent bodies might have served as the carbon source for the generation of more complex organic species during thermal or hydrous metamorphic processes on the evolving asteroid.

Conterosito, Eleonora, Luca Palin, Diego Antonioli, Maria Riccardi, Enrico Boccaleri, Maurizio Aceto, Marco Milanesio, and Valentina Gianotti. "On the Rehydration of Organic Layered Double Hydroxides to form Low-Ordered Carbon/LDH Nanocomposites." Inorganics 6, no. 3 (August 14, 2018): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics6030079.

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Low-ordered carbon/layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanocomposites were prepared by rehydration of the oxides produced by calcination of an organic LDH. While the memory effect is a widely recognized effect on oxides produced by inorganic LDH, it is unprecedented from the calcination/rehydration of organic ones. Different temperatures (400, 600, and 1100 °C) were tested on the basis of thermogravimetric data. Water, instead of a carbonate solution, was used for the rehydration, with CO2 available from water itself and/or air to induce a slower process with an easier and better intercalation of the carbonaceous species. The samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), infrared in reflection mode (IR), and Raman spectroscopies and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRPD indicated the presence of carbonate LDH, and of residuals of unreacted oxides. IR confirmed that the prevailing anion is carbonate, coming from the water used for the rehydration and/or air. Raman data indicated the presence of low-ordered carbonaceous species moieties and SEM and XRPD the absence of separated bulky graphitic sheets, suggesting an intimate mixing of the low ordered carbonaceous phase with reconstructed LDH. Organic LDH gave better memory effect after calcination at 400 °C. Conversely, the carbonaceous species are observed after rehydration of the sample calcined at 600 °C with a reduced memory effect, demonstrating the interference of the carbonaceous phase with LDH reconstruction and the bonding with LDH layers to form a low-ordered carbon/LDH nanocomposite.

Xi, Yuanzhou, Nathan A. Ottinger, and Z. Gerald Liu. "Simulation of exotherms from the oxidation of accumulated carbonaceous species over a VSCR catalyst." Reaction Chemistry & Engineering 4, no. 6 (2019): 1090–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8re00291f.

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HE, PING, JIANG WU, XIUMIN JIANG, WEIGUO PAN, and JIANXING REN. "MERCURY ADSORPTION ON SULFURIC ACID-IMPREGNATED CARBONACEOUS SURFACE: THEORETICAL STUDY." Surface Review and Letters 21, no. 01 (February 2014): 1450018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x14500188.

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Density functional theory calculations are performed to provide a molecular-level understanding of the mechanism of mercury adsorption on sulfuric acid-impregnated carbonaceous surface. The carbonaceous surface is modeled by a nine-fused benzene ring in which its edge carbon atoms on the upper side are unsaturated to simulate the active sites for reaction. SO 4 clusters with and without charge are examined to act as the representative species to model the sulfuric acid absorbed on the carbonaceous surface. All of the possible approaches of SO 4 clusters with and without charge on the carbonaceous surface are conduced to study their effects on mercury adsorption. The results suggest that sulfuric acid effect on the mercury adsorption capacity of the carbonaceous surface is very complicated, and it depends on a combination of concentration and charge of SO 4 cluster. SO 4 cluster presents a positive effect on mercury adsorption on the carbonaceous surface, but higher concentration of SO 4 cluster decreases the adsorption capacity of the carbonaceous surface for mercury removal because there is considerable competition for active sites between Hg and SO 4 cluster. Since all of the possible approaches of mercury on the carbonaceous surface with [Formula: see text] cluster, excluding one that mercury is adsorbed at bridge active site, can lead to the decrease in the adsorption energies of mercury on the carbonaceous surface, [Formula: see text] cluster presents a negative effect on the capacity of the carbonaceous surface for mercury adsorption regardless of the concentration of [Formula: see text] cluster. The results also indicate that SO 2 cluster and surface oxygen complex can be formed from SO 4 cluster with or without charge if mercury is adsorbed at bridge active site, which facilitates the mercury removal for the carbonaceous surface.

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Дисертації з теми "Carbonaceous species":

France, Liam John. "Characterisation of carbonaceous species formed over mordenite." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2011. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2921/.

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The halide free carbonylation of methanol is a reaction of industrial relevance. A process based upon the use of a proton-form mordenite catalyst, which cokes during reaction, is currently under investigation. This study explores the carbonaceous deposits formed upon mordenite from various methanol and dimethylcarbonate containing feedstreams. Dimethylcarbonate was investigated because it generates dimethylether upon decomposition. 13C CP MAS NMR spectroscopic studies demonstrate that the carbonaceous deposits formed over mordenite from methanol containing feedstreams contained very similar compounds (poly-methylated aromatics and polycyclic species). A combination of elemental analysis and 13C CP MAS NMR spectroscopy demonstrated that under a methanol-only feedstream for 5 minutes at 300oC, samples contained approximately 5.8 wt% carbon (which was around 45% of the 12.3 wt% observed at 300 minutes) and a distribution of species (methylated aromatics and polycyclic compounds) similar to that observed at longer times on stream (60, 180, 300 and 420 minutes). This is in contrast to the observations made after 2 minutes on stream where 3.3 wt% carbon and a relatively small amount of aromatic species were deposited. The species formed from a methanol/CO/H2 feedstream were found to be similar. Similar species were evident in coked samples generated from both dimethylcarbonate and dimethylcarbonate/CO/H2. However the carbon content for samples generated with dimethylcarbonate-only was found to be lower (9.5 wt%) for samples generated at 250oC for 300 minutes compared to those generated with methanol-only under equivalent conditions. The sample coked at 300oC displayed similar carbon contents, whereas the coked mordenite sample generated at 500oC displayed an increase in the carbon content (18.3 wt%) compared to (17.6 wt%) samples generated with methanol-only. Although similar carbon contents were observed for syn-gas containing feedstreams, the 13C CP MAS NMR studies evidenced acetic acid for samples generated at 300oC for 300 minutes with a dimethylcarbonate/CO/H2 feedstream, whereas this was not observed employing a methanol/CO/H2 feedstream at equivalent conditions. Samples generated at 250oC exhibited similar species (methylated aromatics) regardless of the presence of syn-gas. This was also true for samples generated at 500oC which exhibited polycyclic species. The sample generated at 150oC exhibited only adsorbed methanol under methanol/CO/H2, whereas under a dimethylcarbonate feedstream species indicative of methanol, dimethylether, dimethylcarbonate and zeolite bound methoxy groups were observed.

Ciurduc, Diana Elena. "Electrodeposition of actives species on carbonaceous materials for energy applications." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/14455/.

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The thesis work focuses on the electrosynthesis of active species on carbonaceous materials, their characterization and energy applications. Two protocols of electrochemical synthesis that lead to two forms of hexacyanoferrate copper (CuHCF) with different composition and structure, were applied. The procedure used is a “two–step” method that involves the deposition of metallic copper and the subsequent anodization in the presence of ferricyanide ion, using as support graphite sheet, carbon cloth and carbon toray paper. Another protocol was that of electrosynthesis of double layer hydroxide (LDH) containing cobalt as bivalent cation and aluminium or iron as trivalent metal, using as support graphite sheet, carbon cloth, carbon toray paper and nickel foam. After studying the correlation between the electrodeposition time and the masses obtained, the specific capacities of the deposited materials were calculated.The last used protocol was the electrochemical synthesis of nickel hexacyanoferrate on nickel foam. All the film obtained were electrochemically characterized by cyclic voltammetry. SEM – EDX and XRD analyses were performed on some samples in order to obtain morphological and chemical informations. Some tests were conducted using the supports or some of the electrodeposited samples as cathodes in lithium–air batteries, to understand their potential as sources of energy. After performing oxygen and argon cyclic voltammetries, controlling in what way the potential change at different current density and carrying out full discharge at constant current density, it was found that the carbon tissue was the one that produced the best results. It was decided to study in deep the behaviour of this support when active species are electrodeposited above it. As a parallel work, attempts were made to obtain porous carbon from hair, with the intention of using it as a support, in a slurry for example, for testing electrodepositions of active species mentioned above.

Kokoulina, Elena. "Dévoiler les conditions prébiotiques dans les disques protoplanétaires avec MATISSE." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021COAZ4117.

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Le grand nombre et la diversité des systèmes exoplanétaires détectés jusqu'à présent soulève de nombreuses questions sur leur formation. Il est donc nécessaire d’étudier en détail les disques protoplanétaires (PPD) qui sont le berceau des exoplanètes puisqu'ils fournissent les conditions initiales de leur formation. Mes travaux de recherche effectués durant mon doctorat se sont concentrés sur l’étude de la région interne des PPD (0.1 à 10 au), zone dans laquelle les planètes telluriques sont censées se former. Mon objectif a été de contraindre la répartition spatiale, la composition chimique et les propriétés physiques des particules de poussière présentes dans cette zone interne des PPD et qui constituent les briques élémentaires des futures planètes. Mes travaux de recherche se sont plus particulièrement concentrés sur la détection et la caractérisation des réservoirs de carbone solide dans les disques. Le carbone, quatrième élément le plus abondant dans l'Univers doit jouer un rôle significatif, tant sous forme gazeuse que solide, dans la formation des systèmes planétaires et dans la formation de molécules prébiotiques à l’origine de la vie. D’un point de vue observationnel, la détection des réservoirs de carbone solide dans la région interne des PPD est ardue, car la plupart de ces espèces chimiques présentent peu ou pas de signatures spectrales. Une exception notable concerne les nanograins carbonés contenants des liaisons C-H : nanodiamants hydrogénés, carbones amorphes hydrogénés, hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (PAH). Ces espèces présentent des bandes d'émission étroites dans l’infrarouge thermique (en bandes L et N) et peuvent donc être utilisés pour détecter les réservoirs de carbone solide. Dans mes travaux de recherche, je me suis concentrée sur les signatures spécifiques d'émission infrarouge à 3.3 et 3.4 micron liées aux liaisons moléculaires C-H produites par les particules carbonées aromatiques et aliphatiques. Pour accéder à la bande spectrale L et à la résolution spatiale nécessaire pour résoudre la zone interne des PPD, j’ai utilisé MATISSE, le nouveau recombineur de faisceaux du Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) fonctionnant dans l’infrarouge thermique. Les données que j’ai collectées en basse résolution spectrale (LR) n'excluent pas la présence de nanograins carbonés dans la région interne du disque : cette présence est d’ailleurs probable, comme j’ai pu le montrer dans l'étude de faisabilité que j'ai engagée. Cette étude a également permis de dévoiler les limites de détection des nanograins autour de 3.3 micron dues à la présence aux mêmes longueurs d’onde de fortes raies telluriques masquant leur signature. Pour résoudre ce problème, j’ai initié une étude sur l’effet des raies telluriques sur les données MATISSE. Un de mes axes d’étude a concerné la calibration des spectres en utilisant molecfit, un outil qui permet l'ajustement des raies telluriques. Les premiers résultats que j’ai obtenus montrent que l’utilisation de cet outil n'améliore pas significativement la correction des raies telluriques par rapport à une approche traditionnelle utilisant une étoile de calibration. De plus, les observables interférométriques sont significativement impactés par des effets de phases variables dans le temps probablement dus aux variations de colonne de vapeur d’eau sur le chemin optique des faisceaux provenant des quatre télescopes. Une utilisation et un réglage améliorés des paramètres de molecfit devraient améliorer la correction. Il s'agit d'un travail en cours
The great number of exoplanetary systems detected so far has raised numerous questions on how their diversity was produced. That naturally points towards the understanding of the processes involved in the formation of planetary systems. ProtoPlanetary Disks (PPDs) are by essence the cradle of exoplanets since they provide the initial conditions for planet formation. My Ph.D. research focuses on PPDs. More specifically, the interest of my research is the ~0.1 to 10 au region of the PPDs, which is the expected and favored birthplace of planets, especially the telluric ones. I aim to trace the composition, spatial distribution and physical properties of the solid materials, namely the dust particles, which are the building blocks of the future planets. The objective of my Ph.D. research is on the detection and characterization of the reservoirs of solid carbon in disks. Carbon being the fourth most abundant element in the Universe must play a significant role in the formation of planetary systems and in the formation of organic molecules. Tracing the C-based species in PPDs will provide a new understanding on the spatial distribution of solid carbon reservoirs in the inner 10 au region of disks. Carbon reservoirs in the form of solid C-based species in the inner 10 au regions of disks are hard to trace, mainly because of their low band contrast or their lack of any spectral features. However, carbonaceous nanograins presenting C-H bonds (e.g., hydrogenated nanodiamonds, hydrogenated amorphous carbons, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) can be used to detect solid carbon reservoirs. Indeed, these species exhibit narrow emission bands in L- and N-band from IR fluorescence following stochastic heating events by UV photons. For this study, I focused on the specific infrared emission signatures at 3.3 and 3.4 micron related to the existing C-H molecular bonds and produced by aromatic and aliphatic carbonaceous particles. To access the spectral wavelength region of interest, i.e. the L-band, the second generation VLTI instrument MATISSE was used. I show that the existing data in Low spectral Resolution (LR) does not rule out the presence of carbonaceous nanograins in the inner disk region: their presence is probable, as shown in the feasibility study that I have engaged. However, the existing LR MATISSE data don't reveal their clear presence because a strong telluric line coincides at 3.3 micron.To tackle the telluric calibration issue, I incorporated the molecfit fitting tool, which allows the fitting of telluric lines affecting the observed spectrum. However, first results show that molecfit does not significantly improve the telluric lines correction in the MATISSE total and correlated spectra comparedto a traditional approach using calibration stars profile. Moreover, in the case of the correlated fluxes, it seems that at the position of telluric lines, the fringe contrast is significantly impacted by Optical Path Differences introduced by the column of water vapor molecules crossed by each the four telescope beams used for MATISSE. Improved usage and tuning of the molecfit parameters should improve the correction. This is an on-going work

Книги з теми "Carbonaceous species":

H, Vassiliou Andreas, Hausen Donald M, Carson David J. T, Metallurgical Society (U.S.). Meeting, TMS-AIME Process Mineralogy Committee., and Metallurgical Society (U.S.), eds. Process mineralogy VII: Applications to mineral beneficiation technology and mineral exploration, with special emphasis on disseminated carbonaceous gold ores : proceedings of a symposium presented in seven sessions on Process Mineralogy held during the Metallurgical Society Annual Meeting, Denver, Colorado, February 23-27, 1987. Warrendale, Pa: Metallurgical Society, 1987.

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Частини книг з теми "Carbonaceous species":

Scott Van Pelt, R., and Ted M. Zobeck. "Carbonaceous Materials in Soil-Derived Dusts." In SSSA Special Publications, 365–91. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaspecpub57.2ed.c21.

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Rajput, Prashant, Manmohan Sarin, Deepti Sharma, and Darshan Singh. "Chapter 12 Characteristics and Emission Budget of Carbonaceous Species from Post-Harvest Agricultural-Waste Burning in Source Region of the Indo-Gangetic Plain." In Air Quality, 243–66. 3333 Mistwell Crescent Oakville, ON L6L 0A2 Canada: Apple Academic Press Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315366074-13.

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Bell, Alexis T. "Surface Chemistry of Carbonaceous Species." In Structure and Reactivity of Surfaces, 91–109. Elsevier, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2991(08)60674-6.

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Dong-Keun Lee, Sang-Jun Ahn, and Dul-Sun Kim. "Migration of carbonaceous materials formed during wet oxidation of phenol with supported Pt catalysts." In Spillover and Mobility of Species on Solid Surfaces, 421–28. Elsevier, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2991(01)80057-4.

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Mitra-Kirtley, Sudipa, Oliver C. Mullins, and Andrew E. Pomerantz. "Sulfur and Nitrogen Chemical Speciation in Crude Oils and Related Carbonaceous Materials." In Applying Nanotechnology to the Desulfurization Process in Petroleum Engineering, 53–83. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9545-0.ch002.

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This chapter gives an overview of sulfur x-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) studies performed on some carbonaceous materials, viz. crude oil and related materials (asphaltenes, kerogens, bitumens, and resins), and coals. Thiophene, sulfide, sulfoxide, sulfone, pyrite, and sulfate are found in varying amounts in these materials. In source rock bitumens, sulfoxide is more abundant than in the kerogens, while within the kerogens, the less aromatic Type I samples show a smaller ratio of thiophenic/sulfidic sulfur than in Type II samples. Petroleum asphaltenes have a similar sulfur chemistry, regardless of the source or the burial depth. Resins and oil fractions retain the polar sulfoxide species of the parent oil similar to the more polar asphaltenes fractions. More aromatic sulfur species also dominate in the more matured coals than in the younger coals. Studies of nitrogen XANES also reveal that aromatic forms of nitrogen prevail in samples with increased aromatic carbon.

Kalies, H., D. Bianchi, and G. M. Pajonk. "Hydrogenation of carbonaceous adsorbed species on a zirconia aero-gel catalyst in presence of platinum." In Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, 81–91. Elsevier, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2991(97)80826-9.

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Halafi, H., E. Borgstedt, A. M. Efstathiou, S. L. Suib, and D. Bianchi. "Hydrogen Surface Concentration Effect on the Temperature-Programmed Hydrogenation of Adsorbed Carbonaceous Species on an Iron/Alumina Catalyst." In Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, 2499–502. Elsevier, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2991(08)64334-7.

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Ahlafi, H., M. Nawdali, and D. Bianchi. "Hydrogenation of carbonaceous adsorbed species formed dtu'ing the CO/H2 reaction on a Ru/Al2O3 catalyst: Experimental and kinetic modeling." In Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, 419–22. Elsevier, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2991(99)80176-1.

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Carr, David A. "Fades and depositional environments of the coal-bearing upper carbonaceous member of the Wepo Formation (Upper Cretaceous), northeastern Black Mesa, Arizona." In Geological Society of America Special Papers, 167–88. Geological Society of America, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/spe260-p167.

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"Water Control and Functional and Safety Monitoring for Hydraulic Fill Tailings Storages and Dry Dumps. Safety Appraisal. Special Considerations for Carbonaceous and Radioactive Wastes." In Geotechnical Engineering for Mine Waste Storage Facilities, 359–400. CRC Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203859407-13.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Carbonaceous species":

Milos, Frank, and Yih-Kanq Chen. "Ablation Predictions for Carbonaceous Materials Using CEA and JANNAF-Based Species Thermodynamics." In 42nd AIAA Thermophysics Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2011-3123.

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Zhang, Ruijun, Shenghua Li, and Yuansheng Jin. "Frictional Behavior and Tribo-Carbonization of a Synthetic Engine Oil (SJ/CF/5W-30) With Different Tribo-Materials Under Stepwise Heating Conditions." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-63847.

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Frictional behavior of a synthetic engine oil, SJ/CF/5W-30, was investigated on a SRV reciprocating tribotester with tribo-materials consisting of Mo-sprayed coating, nitrided coating and Cr-plated coating sliding against cast iron operating under stepwise heating conditions. It was observed that, for the three tribo-materials, as operating temperature rose, there invariably existed a local minimum for frictional coefficient (μ), and the specific minimal μ value depended on the type of tribo-materials. Chemical characterization of worn cast iron surfaces using Raman spectroscopy indicated the existence of carbonaceous substances derived from the applied engine oil. There existed some correlation between microcrystal graphitic planar size (La value) and the local minimal frictional coefficient. Of the three tribo-materials, the maximal La value of the carbonaceous species was founded on the Mo-sprayed coating, and correspondingly, the lowest frictional coefficient occurred, indicating a more obvious anti-friction effect.

Czernichowski, Albin, Piotr Czernichowski, and Krystyna Wesolowska. "Plasma-Catalytical Partial Oxidation of Various Carbonaceous Feeds Into Synthesis Gas." In ASME 2004 2nd International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2004-2537.

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We propose a sulfur-resistant process in which a gaseous or liquid carbonaceous matter is converted into the Synthesis Gas in a presence of high-voltage cold-plasma (“GlidArc”) that assists the exothermal Partial Oxidation. This process is performed in our 0.6 to 2-Liter reactors using atmospheric air. The reactants are mixed at the reactor entry without use of vaporizers or nozzles. Our process is initiated in the discharges’ zone in presence of active electrons, ions, and radicals generated directly in the entering mixture. Then the partially reacted steam enters a post-plasma zone of the same reactor. This zone is filled with a metallic and/or mineral material. We found several solids that present some catalytic properties enhanced by high temperatures and active species generated in the cold plasma. Atmospheric pressure reforming is presently studied. This paper recalls our earlier tests with natural gas, propane, cyclohexane, heptane, toluene, various gasolines, diesel oils (including logistic ones), and the Rapeseed oil. New experiments are then presented on the reforming of heavy naphtha and an aviation fuel. The synthesis gas issued from the last one has been successfully converted into electric energy in an on-line inserted Solid Oxide fuel Cell. All tested feeds are totally reformed into Hydrogen, Carbon Monoxide and some Methane. Other components are Steam and Carbon Dioxide. All these products are diluted in Nitrogen coming from the air. No soot, coke or tars are produced even from highly aromatic liquids. The output Synthesis Gas power issued as the result of our tests can presently reach 11 kW (accounted as the Lower Heating Value of produced H2 + CO stream). Only 0.05–0.2 kW of electric power is necessary to drive such cold-plasma-assisted reformer. Up to 45 vol.% of H2 + CO mixture (dry basis) is produced in long runs. We obtain a better than 70% thermal efficiency of the process (defined as the output combustion enthalpy of H2 + CO at 25°C concerning the Lower Heating Value of the feed). However a large part of remaining percentage of the energy leaving the reformer (the sensitive heat and CH4 at 2–3 vol.% level) can be further reused in the high-temperature Fuel Cells.

Thumanu, K., S. Pongpiachan, K. F. Ho, S. C. Lee, and P. Sompongchaiyakul. "Characterization of organic functional groups, water-soluble ionic species and carbonaceous compounds in PM10 from various emission sources in Songkhla Province, Thailand." In AIR POLLUTION 2009. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air090271.

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Maschmann, Matthew R., Placidus B. Amama, and Timothy S. Fisher. "Effect of DC Bias on Microwave Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition Synthesis of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-79007.

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The physical properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) make them outstanding candidates for introduction into technologies ranging from high resolution flat panel displays to nanoscale transistors. Integration of carbon nanotubes into devices, however, requires precise control over the manufacturing processes used during their synthesis. To meet the specific requirements of a given application, alignment, diameter, length and chirality of carbon nanotubes must be strictly addressed. This work demonstrates the controlled synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with low amount of undesired carbonaceous species using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). This report elucidates the role of DC bias applied to the growth substrate during synthesis, including the field-enhanced alignment of SWCNTs, selectivity in the diameter distribution and selectivity of semiconducting versus metallic nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes are characterized using Raman spectroscopy and electron microscopy.

Tysoe, Wilfred T. "Understanding the Tribological Chemistry of Chlorine- and Sulfur- and Phosphorus-Containing Additives." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-63361.

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Chlorine- and sulfur- and phosphorus-containing compounds are commonly added to the base fluid to synthesize lubricants used under extreme-pressure (EP) conditions. Analyzing the resulting tribological films on iron reveals that chlorinated hydrocarbons thermally decompose forming a layer that consists of iron chloride (FeCl2) or carbide (Fe3C), and that dialkyldisulfides react to form FeS and Fe3C. Alkyl phosphates thermally decompose on iron oxide to form alkyl and alkoxy, as well as POx species, on the surface. The alkyl and alkoxy species thermally decompose on heating to evolve gas-phase products and deposit carbon onto the surface. The POx species rapidly diffuse into the oxide forming a film that consists of a carbonaceous layer covering a phosphate film. The tribological properties of evaporated and reactively grown thin films have been investigated in ultrahigh vacuum. This strategy eliminates contamination and allows films of known composition and structure to be grown on well-characterized substrates. Three tribological regimes are identified depending on film thickness. In the first regime, an initial rapid decrease in friction is found when a film that is a few nanometers thick (corresponding to a monolayer) covers the surface. The friction coefficient increases once again in the second regime as the film becomes thicker, due to the increased contact area between the film and the rough tribotip, and the behavior is well described by a modified Greenwood-Williamson model. A third regime is found when the film becomes thicker than the interfacial roughness, where the surfaces are completely separated by the film. Finally, measuring the friction coefficients of thin halide films deposited onto various substrates, where the local pressure at the asperity tips depends on the substrate hardness, shows that the shear strength of the “monolayer” films depends on pressure.

Colket, Meredith B., Robert J. Hall, and Scott D. Stouffer. "Modeling Soot Formation in a Stirred Reactor." In ASME Turbo Expo 2004: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2004-54001.

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The formation of carbonaceous particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons has recently been studied (Stouffer, et al, 2002 and Reich, et al, 2003) in a toroidal well-stirred reactor using ethylene as the fuel, with and without the additive ethanol. In the later work, modeling of the gas-phase species was performed and compared to the experimental trends. In the present study, a modified version of the CHEMKIN-based code for ‘perfectly stirred reactors’ has been used to model soot particle formation, including computations of particle mass and smoke number. Detailed soot formation routines have been extracted from Hall and coworkers (1997), who modeled soot formation in flames. Experimental trends are accurately modeled by the code with quantitative accuracies generally within 50%. The importance of accurate knowledge and control of reactor temperature is discussed. In fact, scatter in the original experimental study can be largely attributed to inadequate temperature control. Speculation for differences between the model and experiment are offered while additive effects and the well known ‘soot bell’ are discussed. For the initial experiments examined by Stouffer et al, the effect of the additive is largely due to temperature differences.

Pugh, Daniel, Philip Bowen, Andrew Crayford, Richard Marsh, Jon Runyon, Steven Morris, and Anthony Giles. "Catalytic Influence of Water Vapor on Lean Blowoff and NOx Reduction for Pressurised Swirling Syngas Flames." In ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-64609.

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It has become increasingly cost-effective for the steel industry to invest in the capture of heavily carbonaceous BOF (Basic Oxygen Furnace) or converter gas, and use it to support the intensive energy demands of the integrated facility, or for surplus energy conversion in power plants. As industry strives for greater efficiency via ever more complex technologies, increased attention is being paid to investigate the complex behavior of by-product syngases. Recent studies have described and evidenced the enhancement of fundamental combustion parameters such as laminar flame speed due to the catalytic influence of H2O on heavily carbonaceous syngas mixtures. Direct formation of CO2 from CO is slow due to its high activation energy, and the presence of disassociated radical hydrogen facilitates chain branching species (such as OH), changing the dominant path for oxidation. The observed catalytic effect is non-monotonic, with the reduction in flame temperature eventually prevailing, and overall reaction rate quenched. The potential benefits of changes in water loading are explored in terms of delayed lean blowoff, and primary emission reduction in a premixed turbulent swirling flame, scaled for practical relevance at conditions of elevated temperature (423 K) and pressure (0.1–0.3 MPa). Chemical kinetic models are used initially to characterize the influence that H2O has on the burning characteristics of the fuel blend employed, modelling laminar flame speed and extinction strain rate across an experimental range with H2O vapor fraction increased to eventually diminish the catalytic effect. These modelled predictions are used as a foundation to investigate the experimental flame. OH* chemiluminescence and OH planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) are employed as optical diagnostic techniques to analyze changes in heat release structure resulting from the experimental variation in water loading. A comparison is made with a CH4/air flame and changes in lean blow off stability limits are quantified, measuring the incremental increase in air flow and again compared against chemical models. The compound benefit of CO and NOx reduction is quantified also, with production first decreasing due to the thermal effect of H2O addition from a reduction in flame temperature, coupled with the potential for further reduction from the change in lean stability limit. Power law correlations have been derived for change in pressure, and equivalent water loading. Hence, the catalytic effect of H2O on reaction pathways and reaction rate predicted and observed for laminar flames, are compared against the challenging environment of turbulent, swirl-stabilized flames at elevated temperature and pressure, characteristic of piratical systems.

Fang, Wei, David B. Kittelson, and William F. Northrop. "Dilution Sensitivity of Particulate Matter Emissions From Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition Combustion." In ASME 2015 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2015-1092.

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Dual-fuel reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion can yield high thermal efficiency and simultaneously low NOx and soot emissions. Although soot emissions from RCCI is very low, hydrocarbon emissions are high, potentially resulting in higher than desired total particulate matter (PM) mass and number caused by semi-volatile species converting the particle phase upon primary dilution in the exhaust plume. Such high organic fraction PM is known to be highly sensitive to the dilution conditions used when collecting samples on a filter or when measuring particle number using particle sizing instruments. In this study, PM emissions from a modified single-cylinder diesel engine operating in RCCI and conventional diesel combustion modes were investigated under different dilution conditions. To investigate the effect of the fumigated fuel on the PM emissions, 150 proof hydrous ethanol and gasoline were used as low reactivity fuels to study the relative contribution of fumigant versus directly injected fuel on the PM emissions. Our study found that PM from RCCI combustion is more sensitive to the variation of dilution conditions than PM from single fuel conventional diesel combustion. RCCI PM primarily consisted of semi-volatile organic compounds and a smaller amount of solid carbonaceous particles. The fumigated fuel had a significant effect on the PM emissions characteristics for RCCI combustion. Hydrous ethanol fueled RCCI PM contained a larger fraction of volatile materials and were more sensitive to the variation of dilution conditions compared to the gasoline fueled RCCI mode.

Levy, Y., M. Lev, and V. Ovcharenko. "Optical Study of Combustor Reaction Zone." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90705.

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Measurements of emitted radiation from the gases within the reaction zone of a combustor were performed. The combustor was a 30% flat (rectangular) model of an annular combustion chamber of a turbojet-engine. Nonpremixed, turbulent combustion was fueled by kerosene. The equivalence ratios were within the range of 0.15–0.75. The combustor had two quartz windows permitting optical observation of the combustion process. In an earlier work, the infrared emission from the efflux gases, the combustion products, just outside of the combustor exit plane, was investigated using an infrared camera, equipped with an interference bandpass filter. In the present study, infrared images of the combustion inside the chamber were obtained. The location of the high temperature recirculation zones can be identified in the infrared images obtained by the camera. In the visible spectral range, the emission of CH* radicals and C2* molecules from within the combustion chamber was investigated through the quartz window. These species exist within the reaction zones and play an important role in the combustion mechanism. Their excitation is mainly due to the chemical reactions and so they can serve for diagnosis of combustion processes in reaction zones. The emission from the combustor, in the visible range, was recorded with the aid of a fiber-optic based spectrometer. Local measurements of the emissions of the Swan bands of C2* molecules at 471 nm, 513 nm, 560 nm, vibronic band of CH* radicals at 431 nm and continuum emission of carbonaceous products of pyrolysis were recorded along the combustor centerline. The intensity is correlated with location of the combustion zones. The distribution of the emission was observed as being dependent on the global equivalence ratio.