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1
Al-Azraqi, Munira. "The Ancient Dād in Southwest Saudi Arabia." Arabica 57, no. 1 (2010): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/057053910x12625688929147.
Анотація:
AbstractAl-dād is a unique sound in Arabic. It is believed that this sound is what makes Arabic a distinguished language. However, its description has confused the linguists for long time. Some modern linguists believe that al-dād described by the ancient linguists is not used in the present time. On the other hand, Arabic speakers may not know that the sound they use for the classical pronunciation of al-dād is not the one described by the ancient Arab linguists. This study records the existence of a sound that has the features of al-dād as described by the ancient Arab linguists. It is used among some speakers in Southwest Saudi Arabia.
2
Ni’mah, Ummi Nurun. "QIYĀS SEBAGAI SEBUAH METODE DALAM NAHWU." Adabiyyāt: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 7, no. 1 (July 31, 2008): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/ajbs.2008.07103.
Анотація:
Language is an inseparable reality in human culture. It develops as the human civilization does. According to the linguists, classical Arabic has at least five methods of language development. Those are (a) isytiqāq (derivasi), (b) majāz (alegori), (c) naht (abrivasi), (d) ta’rīb (loan) dan (e) qiyās. Qiyas is exclusively analyzed in this research because it is the most common method, which is used widely by the linguists through its al-simā’ stage. This paper finds the fact that qiyas method in Arabic linguistic traditions have evolved into the pre and post al Khalîl bin Ahmad al-Farāhidī period.
3
Arif, Jasim Muna. "Alternation of consonants in the Iraqi "Baghdad" dialect." LAPLAGE EM REVISTA 7, no. 3A (September 10, 2021): 440–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-6220202173a1430p.440-445.
Анотація:
This article discusses the most beloved and creative dialect of the Arabs - the Iraqi dialect, despite its complexity, but it has a lot of beautiful foreign vocabulary. We followed a descriptive and historical approach, also tracked phonetic changes in this dialect, and then gave phonological explanations for these phenomena, trying to connect most of the phenomena with their historical roots in the standard Arabic "al-Fussha" and in ancient Arabic dialects. Most modern linguists have realized the need to study these dialects, since many of the modern dialect characteristics are only extensions of some ancient Arabic dialects, and do not refer them to the classical language. The study of modern Arabic dialects may be faced with a number of obstacles being in this important area of linguistic investigations, including the feeling that the study of modern dialects is a kind of encouragement and the desire to demonstrate and replace them with Classical Arabic.
4
Aisyah, Devy. "Bahts Naqd 'An al-Jumlah 'Ind al-Nuhat wa Atsaruh Fi al-Ta'lim." Arabiyatuna : Jurnal Bahasa Arab 4, no. 2 (November 17, 2020): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.29240/jba.v4i2.1802.
Анотація:
This study aims to critic the concepts of classical and modern Arabic linguists about sentences which they term differently including: number, kalam, tarkib (sentence, phrase). Their differences are inseparable from polemics, especially in providing boundaries and terms used, both in the classical and modern eras. For example the polemic on the use of terminology and the number and meaning of both, whether synonymous or not, which then affects the elements that build it. This study uses a literature study (library research) with content analysis and hermeneutic approaches. This research found that basically the differences in Arabic experts both in the classical and modern eras were not substantive, but rather as editorial debates, technical terminology, and partial.The old grammarian tended to be complicated in providing a definition of sentence compared to contemporary Islamic scholar, it was easier to explain about this sentence.
5
Versteegh, Kees. "The Notion of ‘Underlying Levels’ in the Arabic Grammatical Tradition." Historiographia Linguistica 21, no. 3 (January 1, 1994): 271–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.21.3.02ver.
Анотація:
Abstract Even ‘naive’ speakers use a distinction between actual, realized speech with its ‘literal’ meaning, and an underlying level of ‘what is actually meant’. Such a distinction is made because speakers instinctively feel that very often actual speech does not represent exactly what the speaker intends to say. In this paper it is claimed that this non-technical distinction lies at the basis of a technical distinction between a surface structure of speech and an underlying level. In the technical stage of Arabic grammar the emphasis shifts from an analysis of the underlying intention of the speaker towards an explanation of the syntactic form of actual speech, which is mapped onto an underlying representation. Both in the Classical Greek and the Arabic/Islamic tradition we find a development from an early stage of exegetical activity, in which the intention of the speaker or the text is elaborated by positing an underlying level of semantic representation, towards a technical distinction between a surface level and an underlying level. The difference between the two traditions lies in the fact that Greek linguistics was more semantically oriented, whereas in Arabic grammar the main tool of the grammarians, the taqdîr, was basically an instrument to explain the syntactic structure of speech, in line with the predominantly formal approach of the Arabic grammarians. Compared with modern linguistic theory, both traditions have in common that they do not look for an underlying level of meaning that is universal to all languages. The main reason for this difference is that neither Greek nor Arabic linguists were interested in the study of other languages.
6
Mardiah, Zaqiatul, Afdol Tharik Wastono та Abdul Muta’ali. "A COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE ON THE ARABIC SPATIAL NOUN/ فَوْقَ /FAWQA/ APPLYING THE PRINCIPLE POLYSEMY MODEL". Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya 9, № 2 (28 серпня 2019): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.17510/paradigma.v9i2.286.
Анотація:
<p class="TeksAbstrak">The present paper provides a cognitive linguistics (CL) framework for analyzing the semantic structure of Arabic spatial noun <em>fawqa</em> based on <em>Principled Polysemy Model </em>(PPM) of Tyler and Evans (2003). PPM approach can broaden the narrow view of classical cognitive linguists regarding the semantic variation in the concept of physical-geometry of a preposition. As a polysemous lexeme,<em> fawqa</em> used by Arabian native to express a broad range of meanings, not only spatial relation but also non-spatial relation. The substantial sense of the lexeme is investigated using a large amount of corpus data (<em>corpus.kacst.edu.sa</em>) and applying the five steps of PPM approach. Through this approach, we ascertain that every single usage of <em>fawqa </em>expressing extended senses is always in its semantic network. Our study reveals that the usages of this lexeme in many situations and many cases show non-up down spatial relation, and non-physical relation, but they essentially refer to the primary sense.</p>
7
Atabik, Ahmad. "Al-Naẓm Stylistic Discourse in I’jāz al-Qur’ān Based on Al-Jurjānī’s Perspective: Analysis of Arabic Literature Criticism on the Qur'an Studies". Ulumuna 25, № 1 (30 червня 2021): 57–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v25i1.425.
Анотація:
This article discusses Arabic literature criticism during the classical period represented in al-Jurjāni’s naẓm (poetic) theory. It aims to analyze al-Jurjānī's thoughts in the field of balāgha (Arabic rhetoric) in revealing the miracles of the Qur'an in terms of its language beauty. Al-Jurjānī argues that one of the miraculous aspects of the Qur'an is concerned with its naẓm. Although the theory of naẓm had been previously proposed by Arabic literary scholars, such as al-Jāhiẓ, al-Baqillānī and al-Rummānī, al-Jurjānī, however, elaborated and developed the theory naẓm in great details. His theory contributes to the development of the meaning of balāgha and introduces it to public audience amongst scholars of the Qur’an. Al-Jurjānī concludes that naẓm is determined by the meaning of the Qur'anic verses as well as the structure in the discipline of naḥwu (grammar). The naḥwu and naẓm theory work together to generate meaning of the spoken sentence. Al-Jurjānī’s concept of naẓm supersedes later experts' and even modern Western linguists' discoveries and knowledge in the field of Arabic literary criticism.
8
Al-Matham, Rawan N., and Hend S. Al-Khalifa. "SynoExtractor: A Novel Pipeline for Arabic Synonym Extraction Using Word2Vec Word Embeddings." Complexity 2021 (February 16, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6627434.
Анотація:
Automatic synonym extraction plays an important role in many natural language processing systems, such as those involving information retrieval and question answering. Recently, research has focused on extracting semantic relations from word embeddings since they capture relatedness and similarity between words. However, using word embeddings alone poses problems for synonym extraction because it cannot determine whether the relation between words is synonymy or some other semantic relation. In this paper, we present a novel solution for this problem by proposing the SynoExtractor pipeline, which can be used to filter similar word embeddings to retain synonyms based on specified linguistic rules. Our experiments were conducted using KSUCCA and Gigaword embeddings and trained with CBOW and SG models. We evaluated automatically extracted synonyms by comparing them with Alma’any Arabic synonym thesauri. We also arranged for a manual evaluation by two Arabic linguists. The results of experiments we conducted show that using the SynoExtractor pipeline enhances the precision of synonym extraction compared to using the cosine similarity measure alone. SynoExtractor obtained a 0.605 mean average precision (MAP) for the King Saud University Corpus of Classical Arabic with 21% improvement over the baseline and a 0.748 MAP for the Gigaword corpus with 25% improvement. SynoExtractor outperformed the Sketch Engine thesaurus for synonym extraction by 32% in terms of MAP. Our work shows promising results for synonym extraction suggesting that our method can also be used with other languages.
9
Mohamed, Entesar Alsir Abu-ALgasim. "Semantic Problems of the Usage of Archaic Morphological Features: Surat Al-Humza (Traducer) as a Model." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 4, no. 2 (February 27, 2021): 138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2021.4.2.17.
Анотація:
This study presents a comparative analysis of the translation of the holy Qur'anic verses by Pickthall and Yusuf Ali from one hand, and the translation of Sahih International from the other. By tracing the first translation style, it had been found that they tend to use archaism or old words to a large extent as they trying to make their translation sound like 'scripture' to an English- speaking audience, and this results in loss of meaning pose semantic difficulty in translating the Holy verses. Abdalati M. Ali in his paper (Lexical and Semantic Problems in Translating Quran) proves that Pickthall and Yusuf Ali tend to use archaism in their translation, as he puts that ‘'the translations of Pickthall and Ali appear to be written in an archaic form of English''. In contrast to the first style the Sahih International translation aims to provide a literal rendering of the Arabic of the Qur’an into “plain” English. It has become popular as a more contemporary translation, but focuses more on providing a literal meaning of the Arabic than on providing smooth English. This makes it a useful resource for students who are seeking to learn the literal meaning of the Arabic of the Qur’an. Being a text at the highest degree of eloquence, the Qur’ān, as a whole, poses a serious challenge for translators and linguists alike. The challenging areas within the Qur'anic text are indeed too numerous to count. This paper investigates one of the major problem areas when translating the Qur’ān, namely, archaic words. This linguistic feature is intrinsic to the Qur'anic text and, in turn, has an impact on its translation leading to ambiguity. In this regards the rendition of qur'anic verses is considered as a difficult mission, this is due to Quran is written in a highly symbolic and classical form of the Arabic language, therefore, rendering it requires a deep knowledge and grasping of its meanings in addition to that translators should be able to reflect those meanings into the target language. Based on the mentioned facts usage of archaic and old words will constitute obstacle because it increases the complexities of target text, thus, it will distort the implicit meaning, and confuse target readers. Analytical descriptive method of data collection has been followed which comprises tools, samples, procedures.
10
Owens, Jonathan. "Pre-diaspora Arabic." Diachronica 22, no. 2 (December 7, 2005): 271–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.22.2.03owe.
Анотація:
Arabic dialects, the native spoken Arabic of about 250 million people, are spread over an immense, contiguous geographical area from Iran to Lake Chad, from Morocco to Yemen. Corresponding to this geographical spread is considerable linguistic diversity. An explanation for this diversity has proved elusive. The existence of variants found either in the modern dialects or in the Classical literature (or both), which are not self-evidently derivable from a normalized Classical Arabic (largely standardized by the ninth century), argues for a more diverse set of inputs into the Arabic which spread outwards from the Arabian Peninsula beginning in the seventh century. I elucidate this problem by comparing four varieties of Arabic located in widely separated areas and settled at different times. To account for the internal diversity of the areas compared, a dataset is established with 49 phonological and morphological features, which, using simple statistical procedures, permits a normalized comparison of the varieties. From this set of variables, two specific linguistic features are discussed in detail and reconstructions proposed, which place their origins in a pre-diaspora variety. I conclude that the Arabic which preceded the Arabic diaspora of the seventh century was considerably more diverse than interpretations of the history of Arabic traditionally allow for. Additional information and data: http://german.lss.wisc.edu/Diachronica/Owens/pdfs.htm
11
Shamsuddin, Salahuddin Mohd, and Siti Sara Binti Hj Ahmad. "Authenticity of Classical Arabic and its relation to Aristotelian Logic (In the opinions of some orientalists and Arab scholars)." World Journal of Education 7, no. 4 (August 25, 2017): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wje.v7n4p122.
Анотація:
Classical Arabic was originated in the family of Semitic languages as a result of mixing among the languages of thepeople who lived in the Arabian Peninsula. Nobody knows the exact time of its emergence. We had some knowledgeby some stone monuments and oral histories indicated that some distinct languages were in the south and north of theArabian island. Some of their images remained for us that were sometimes seen in some Arabic dialects later in theaspects of their expression, derivation and synonymous words. The age of this classical Arabic is mentioned byal-Jāḥiẓ in his book: “The Animal”, which is between 150-200 years before Islam.There is no doubt that Arabic Language has evolved through the ages and has become a standard language after itwas audible, especially when it established its linguistic bases to protect its originality and Arab nature from themelody entered from the non-Arabs who accepted Islam, after the mixing among Arab Muslims and the other people.It is true that Arabs had used the Aristotelian logic in the development of their linguistic sciences, but their Arabicwas not affected by the Aristotelian logic and their Arab culture did not lose its originality and nature.
12
Johns, A. H. "Review: Studies in the Linguistic Structure of Classical Arabic * Naphtali Kinberg: Studies in the Linguistic Structure of Classical Arabic." Journal of Islamic Studies 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2002): 333–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jis/13.3.333.
13
Furoidah, Asni. "خَصَائِصُ الُلغَةِ الْعَرَبِيَّةِ الْفُصْحَى وَمَكَانَتُهَا فِيْ الدِّيْنِ الْإِسْلَامِيْ". Al-Fusha : Arabic Language Education Journal 1, № 2 (4 вересня 2020): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.36835/alfusha.v1i2.348.
Анотація:
Arabic is the best language and its name. It has characteristics that distinguish it from other language. The Arabic language has unique features and characteristics that are unique to other languages in the historical, religious and cultural aspects, as well as the linguistic aspects of sounds, morphology, grammar, significance and rhetoric. Historically speaking, Arabic is one of the oldest and most ancient languages. It is the mother of the oldest languages. Religiously and culturally, Arabic is a sacred language in the heavenly religions that preceded Islam. Linguistic features such as phonetic, morphological, grammatical, lexical and semantic characteristics are many linguistic features. Classical Arabic has been distinguished from the language generated by expression. Classical Arabic becomes the language of literature and culture. Classical Arabic is the language of the Holy Qur›an that was revealed to our Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and blessings and peace of Huda for the people. Arabic is the means of preserving the ideological and cultural heritage of the Arab Islamic nation.
14
Roman, Andre, Naphtali Kinberg, Leah Kinberg, and Kees Versteegh. "Studies in the Linguistic Structure of Classical Arabic." Studia Islamica, no. 95 (2002): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1596153.
15
Fathi Hidayah. "Kearbitreran Bahasa Arab dan Urgensi Mempelajarinya dalam Pandangan Linguis Arab Klasik." Studi Arab 10, no. 2 (December 30, 2019): 101–1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.35891/sa.v10i2.1855.
Анотація:
Arabic is one of the most complicated languages in terms of grammar. The difference in the mention of verbs for each subject gives philosophically hidden meanings. The uniqueness of the Arabic language is much described by classical scholars, who of course cannot be separated from its philosophy. Not only mention Arabic as the language of heaven, but there are many descriptions about it. These classical scholars in the book Abu Mansur Ats-tsa'laby, who mention the virtues of Arabic are Umar bin Khatab, Imam Shafi'i, Al-Jahiz to Ibn Junni. In addition, Arabic lexicologists also gave their descriptions of the virtues of the Arabic language.
16
Haeri, Niloofar. "A linguistic innovation of women in Cairo." Language Variation and Change 6, no. 1 (March 1994): 87–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394500001599.
Анотація:
ABSTRACTThis article investigates the sociolinguistic variable of apical palatalization in Cairene Arabic. First, I discuss its linguistic features and then its sociolinguistic distribution. The significance of palatalization as a sociolinguistic variable is its status as a stylistic resource of Cairene Arabic. Depending on the complex interaction of a number of factors, some Egyptians use features of Classical Arabic while speaking in Egyptian Arabic for stylistic purposes. Palatalization, on the other hand, is an example of a stylistic resource that belongs to Cairene Arabic proper. The roles of gender and social class in the distribution of palatalization are explored in some detail. As in a number of other speech communities, women in Cairo seem to have been the innovators of this sound change.
17
Al-kuran, Mohammad Ahmad. "Journalistic transgression against Classical Arabic via translation." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 60, no. 1 (November 24, 2014): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.60.1.07kur.
Анотація:
Journalistic Arabic appears to be encroaching upon Classical Arabic language in many respects. The former seems to have been influenced by European languages via translation. New construct phrases and idiomatic expressions have come into existence and other classical syntactic structures ceased to exist in journalistic Arabic. The new syntactic modes of expression are not as strict as Classical ones. They seem conformed to the English thought habits and thus retain much less of the rigid Classical Arabic structural particularities. Thus journalistic Arabic is deemed more flexible than Classical Arabic, which enjoys a restricted formal scope of Arabic literary genres that bring about the poetic use of the language. Such use is unwelcome by the media, merely because the focus of the media writing is on communicating the message rather than presenting the aesthetic value of the expression. It is not the intention of the author here to promote Classical language to the detriment of the language of the media, but to show how deviant the modern journalistic language is in relation to the classical Arabic, the most revered and highly respected. This paper is thus an inquiry into the journalistic transgression against Classical Arabic via translation from European languages, especially English. This transgression is obvious in deviant passive structures, negative constructions, and literal translation of foreign idiomatic expressions. Each of these themes will be discussed, alongside representative examples to elucidate each point in question. The paper ends by discussing the repercussions of this study for journalists and their affinity with Classical Arabic.
18
El-Yasin, Mohammed Khalid. "Basic word order in classical Arabic and Jordanian Arabic." Lingua 65, no. 1-2 (January 1985): 107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(85)90022-1.
19
Malti-Douglas, Fedwa. "The Classical Arabic Detective." Arabica 35, no. 1 (1988): 59–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157005888x00431.
20
Mallek, Atika, salma Jeribi, Sourour Yaiich, Habib Eleuch, and Sameh Ghroubi. "Neurogenic bowel dysfunction translation and linguistic validation to classical Arabic." Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 59 (September 2016): e62-e63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2016.07.145.
21
Connolly, Magdalen M. "Adverbial Subordination in Egyptian Judaeo-Arabic and Muslim Middle Arabic Versions of Qiṣṣat al-ğumğuma from the Ottoman Period". Intellectual History of the Islamicate World 9, № 1-2 (20 липня 2020): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2212943x-20201004.
Анотація:
Abstract In examining two Judaeo-Arabic adaptations of Qiṣṣat al-ğumğuma ‘The Story of the Skull’ (Cairo JC 104 and CUL T-S 37.39) alongside two Muslim Middle Arabic versions (CUL Qq. 173 and BnF Arabe 3655) from the Ottoman period, this paper explores the extent of linguistic similarities and divergences on the level of adverbial subordination, and the means through which these are expressed. It questions the long-established methodological boundaries imposed on the study of Middle Arabic, in which linguistic features of confessional varieties are generally examined in relation to Classical Arabic grammatical rules and modern spoken dialects, rather than other contemporaneous denominational varieties of written Arabic.
22
Al-Yahya, Maha. "Stylometric analysis of classical Arabic texts for genre detection." Electronic Library 36, no. 5 (October 1, 2018): 842–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/el-11-2017-0236.
Анотація:
PurposeIn the context of information retrieval, text genre is as important as its content, and knowledge of the text genre enhances the search engine features by providing customized retrieval. The purpose of this study is to explore and evaluate the use of stylometric analysis, a quantitative analysis for the linguistics features of text, to support the task of automated text genre detection for Classical Arabic text.Design/methodology/approachUnsupervised clustering and supervised classification were applied on the King Saud University Corpus of Classical Arabic texts (KSUCCA) using the most frequent words in the corpus (MFWs) as stylometric features. Four popular distance measures established in stylometric research are evaluated for the genre detection task.FindingsThe results of the experiments show that stylometry-based genre clustering and classification align well with human-defined genre. The evidence suggests that genre style signals exist for Classical Arabic and can be used to support the task of automated genre detection.Originality/valueThis work targets the task of genre detection in Classical Arabic text using stylometric features, an approach that has only been previously applied to Arabic authorship attribution. The study also provides a comparison of four distance measures used in stylomtreic analysis on the KSUCCA, a corpus with over 50 million words of Classical Arabic using clustering and classification.
23
Ouhalla, Jamal. "The Origins of Andalusi-Moroccan Arabic and the Role of Diglossia." Brill’s Journal of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics 7, no. 2 (2015): 157–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18776930-00702002.
Анотація:
This article aims to make a contribution to the debate concerning the origins of the Moroccan Arabic genitive preposition d(yal) and its implications for the emergence of Moroccan Arabic recently reignited in Heath (2015). The latter sources the preposition to a combination of Late Latin allative dē and pronouns in the context of a language shift that took place in Roman cities in the Maghreb. This hypothesis is shown to be inconsistent with both the linguistic and historical evidence, which favour the alternative hypothesis that the preposition arose from merger between the Old Romance genitive preposition de/i and the Classical Arabic definite article (ʔ)al (Ouhalla 2009a&b). This development took place in the context of Andalusi Arabic, which emerged in Spain in the ninth and tenth centuries and subsequently spread to Morocco by migration. In addition to outlining further linguistic evidence for the hypothesis, the article highlights the role of diglossia in the emergence of Andalusi Arabic, where Classical Arabic was the High variety that accounted for much of the vocabulary and Iberian Old Romance as the Low variety that accounted for the syntax base.
24
Munip, Abdul. "Tantangan dan Prospek Studi Bahasa Arab di Indonesia." al Mahāra: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Arab 5, no. 2 (January 3, 2020): 303–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/almahara.2019.052.08.
Анотація:
Abstract
In fact, Arabic in Indonesia has been studied since Islam entered Indonesia, because Arabic is the language of two main sources of Islamic teachings, and is also used in the rituals of prayer, dhikr and prayer. Religious motivation is the most significant why Arabic is still studied in Indonesia until now. However, learning Arabic in Indonesia has not shown brilliant success, especially in the four language skills comprehensively. This article aims to explore the challenges and prospects of studying Arabic in Indonesia. Currently, Arabic studies are facing challenges, among others: first in terms of objectives. There is confusion between learning Arabic as a goal, namely mastering language proficiency, and learning Arabic as a tool for mastering other knowledge that uses Arabic as its source. Second, in terms of the types of Arabic that are studied, whether classical Arabic, modern or everyday Arabic. Third in terms of the method, there is uncertainty between maintaining the old method and using the new method. Linguistic and non-linguistic problems also play a role in disrupting the smooth study of Arabic for Indonesian students. However, all of that did not reduce the enthusiasm of Indonesians in learning Arabic. This is proven by the establishment of Arabic Language Study Program in several universities. Learners of Arabic also don't need to worry, because the translating profession can become their career choice
Keywords: Arabic Language Challenges, Arabic Prospects, Arabic Studies.
Abstrak
Sesungguhnya, bahasa Arab di Indonesia telah dipelajari sejak Islam masuk ke Indonesia, karena bahasa Arab adalah bahasa yang digunakan dalam dua sumber utama ajaran Islam, dan juga digunakan dalam ritual shalat, berdzikir dan berdoa. Motivasi religius menjadi motivasi paling signifikan mengapa bahasa Arab masih dipelajari di Indonesia sampai sekarang ini. Namun demikian, pembelajaran bahasa Arab di Indonesia belum menunjukkan kesuksesan yang gemilang, terutama dalam penerapan empat kemahiran secara komprehensif. Artikel ini bertujuan mengeksplorasi tantangan dan prospek studi bahasa Arab di Indonesia. Sesunguhnya, sekarang ini studi bahasa Arab sedang menghadapi tantangan antara lain: pertama dari segi tujuan. Terdapat kerancuan antara mempelajari bahasa Arab sebagai tujuan, yakni menguasai kemahiran berbahasa, dan mempelajari bahasa Arab sebagai alat untuk menguasai pengetahuan lain yang menggunakan bahasa Arab sebagai wahananya. Kedua dari segi jenis bahasa Arab yang dipelajari, apakah bahasa Arab klasik, modern atau bahasa Arab sehari-hari. Ketiga dari segi metode, terdapat kegamangan antara mempertahankan metode lama dan menggunakan metode baru. Problem linguistik dan non linguistik juga berperan dalam mengganggu kelancaran studi bahasa Arab untuk siswa Indonesia. Namun demikian, semua itu tidak mengurangi semangat orang Indonesia dalam mempelajari bahasa Arab. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan berdirinya prodi Pendidikan Bahasa Arab di beberapa perguruan tinggi. Para pembelajar bahasa Arab juga tidak perlu khawatir, karena profesi penerjemah bisa menjadi pilihan karier mereka.
Kata Kunci: Tantangan Bahasa Arab, Prospek Bahasa Arab, Studi bahasa Arab
25
Mallek, A., M. H. Elleuch, and S. Ghroubi. "Neurogenic bowel dysfunction (NBD) translation and linguistic validation to classical Arabic." Progrès en Urologie 26, no. 10 (September 2016): 553–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.purol.2016.06.008.
26
Rosenthall, Sam. "Glide Distribution in Classical Arabic Verb Stems." Linguistic Inquiry 37, no. 3 (July 2006): 405–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling.2006.37.3.405.
Анотація:
The seemingly idiosyncratic distribution of glides in the weak verb stems of Classical Arabic is given a coherent analysis as the consequence of constraint interaction, as defined by Optimality Theory. At the core of the analysis are two constraint rankings that determine the vowels of the verb stem. One ranking, which ensures harmonic parsing of a low vowel over high vowels, is based on input/output faithfulness; the other ranking, which ensures harmonic parsing of high vowels over a low vowel, is based on intercandidate faithfulness, as defined by Sympathy Theory. These constraint rankings interact with generally defined markedness constraints to account for glide distribution in all measure I verb forms without specific reference to morphological contexts. As a result, the complex distribution of glides in Arabic is not typologically anomalous.
27
Baalbaki, R. "On Classical Arabic Lā Siyyamā." Arabica 34, no. 2 (1987): 267–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157005887x00315.
28
Salhi, Zahia Smail, and Hussain Mohammed Alqarni. "New Images in Old Frames: Ibn Harma (d. ca. 176/792) between Classical Poetry and Abbasid Modernity." Journal of Abbasid Studies 3, no. 1 (June 7, 2016): 56–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22142371-12340023.
Анотація:
Classical Arabic sources generally refer to Ibrahim b. Harma (d. ca. 176/792) as one of the “last poets” whose poetry is quoted as lexical and linguistic evidence of sound and “unaffected” language, in other words “pure” Arabic. However, while we argue that the poet’s “pure” Arabic is the main reason for his place of excellence in classical Arabic poetry, we suggest that the poet was well aware of the power of poetic imagery imposed by the new modernity experienced in the Abbasid era. Ibn Harma skillfully developed the new tool as a means of self-expression in a conscious search for poetic immortality. In this article, we aim to explore the poetic imagery of Ibn Harma through textual analysis of a selection of his poetry.
29
Aziz, Abdul, Riski Gunawan, and Saepul Anwar. "Various Forms and Meanings of Diminutive in Classical and Modern Arabic." Jurnal Al Bayan: Jurnal Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa Arab 12, no. 2 (September 2, 2020): 322–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/albayan.v12i2.6349.
Анотація:
Diminutive (isim tasgĩr) is often interpreted in Arabic as a word that means 'little'. In fact, linguistic data shows the many meanings denoted and connoted by this diminutive form and meaning. Hence, this study aims to describe various forms and meanings of diminutive lexemes in Arabic. Diminutive is a small form of a word which in Arabic is often referred to as isim tasgĩr. The method which is used is descriptive-qualitative. The source of research data are Arabic dictionaries, poetry collections and novels. The results of this study indicate: first, diminutive in Arabic if it is seen in its form has one morpheme, namely u ay, with three different realizations depending on the number of consonants of a word, i.e. when the lingual unit (adjective or noun) is minimized consists of three consonants, u ay i when the lingual unit (adjective or noun) is divided consisting of four consonants and u ay iy, with several omissions of several consonants when the lingual unit both the noun and the adjective are divided into five consonants or more; secondly, it is diminutive in Arabic if it is seen as the meaning that shows affection, closeness, intimacy, insulting or looking down, praising and others. The significance of this research based on the presentation of other meanings which are not only of 'smallness' or 'littleness' of its meaning. This study at least has a novelty about adding other meanings that is broader than just a small meaning in Arabic.
30
Holilulloh, Andi. "Kontribusi Pemikiran Nahwu Imam Sibawaih dan Ibrahim Mushtafa dalam Linguistik Arab." Alfaz (Arabic Literatures for Academic Zealots) 8, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32678/alfaz.vol8.iss1.2448.
Анотація:
This paper analyses the development of Arabic Syntax, starting from classical period up to modern one which is intuitively synthesis-pragmatic. The epistemology of classical and modern Arabic syntax is focused on the thoughts of Imam Sibawaih and Ibrahim Mu??afa to represent each A�jam and �Arab. This research uses the method of epistemology-comparative-history with procedure of intertext analysis. Method used by classical figures to compile Na?wu are sama?i, qiyasi, ijma�, ta?lil, ta'wil, isti?san and isti??ab with both philosophical and theological approaches. Meanwhile, methods used by modern figures in compiling Na?wu is tan?iriyyah and ta?biqiyyah. This research confirms what researchers explain that the contribution of Sibawaih to the development of Na?wu lays on the classification of i�rab for noun (ism) into raf �, na?b and khafd. This so-established theory is simplified by Ibrahim Mu??afa who says that i?rab consists of dammah and kasrah. He does not take fathah into account of i'rab.
31
Tafiati, Tafiati, and Revi Oktaviari Putri. "Analisis Struktural Zellig Harris dalam Bahasa Arab." Diwan : Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra Arab 9, no. 2 (December 22, 2017): 791–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.15548/diwan.v9i2.204.
Анотація:
This paper presents a new analytical model in Arabic linguistictreasures. The analysis in the realm of Arabic syntax tends to bedominated by classical approaches and has not touched moderntheory. To close the gap, the authors propose a structural analysismodel of Zellig Harris in the linguistic literature of structuralism. Theauthors analyze several verses of the Qur'an to parse the structure ofthe verses. Based on the analysis, the authors prove that the ZelligHarris's structural syntactic theory can be applied to Arabic as well.
32
Monassar, Hisham. "Parallelisms in Arabic." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 2, no. 11 (November 30, 2014): 68–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol2.iss11.269.
Анотація:
Parallelism in Arabic is investigated through data from three Arabic varieties: Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), Classical Arabic (CA), and (Yemeni) Adeni Arabic (AA). Parallelism in Arabic is examined at different linguistic levels: morphological and lexical, syntactic, and textual. Parallelism seems to be inherent and is more likely in writings that aim to convince or restate theses and topics. However, the occurrence of parallelisms is genre-specific, purpose-oriented, and situation/context-dependent. It is predictable in sermons, public speeches/addresses, and opinion writing. Apparently, parallelism, particularly beyond reduplication and lexical level, triggers resonance in the mind of the listener/reader, retaining the respective information in short term memory and thus marking it for emphasis.
33
Mostari, Hind Amel. "A sociolinguistic perspective on Arabisation and language use in Algeria." Language Problems and Language Planning 28, no. 1 (June 10, 2004): 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.28.1.04mos.
Анотація:
The Algerian National Constitution stipulates that Classical Arabic is the only official language of the nation, which is supposedly used by all members of the speech community. French is regarded as a foreign language and is taught starting from the fourth year of the primary level. The Algerian diglossic situation is characterized by the use of Classical Arabic and French as high varieties used in formal and public domains, and colloquial dialects, namely Algerian Arabic and Berber, as low varieties for informal and intimate situations. In public domains, Classical Arabic is present virtually everywhere and used (especially at the written level) in varying degrees. In some domains, such as education or the physical environment, Classical Arabic dominates; in other domains such as the economy, Classical Arabic is used in parallel with French. This linguistic reality is primarily the outcome of many years of intensive campaigns of Arabisation and major political and even financial decisions, beginning right after independence, aimed at promoting the status of Classical Arabic and giving to Algeria its Arabo-Muslim identity. The present paper examines the process and outcomes of Arabisation and its effects on language use, providing a brief historical sketch of the Arabisation process in various domains, including its application in public life, notably in administration, the physical environment and education. The Arabisation process has touched practically all spheres of public life previously characterized by the sole use of the French language. Also discussed is the impact of Arabisation on language use at the institutional and individual levels. The impact of Arabisation has been significant in some domains, namely education and the physical environment, but less evident in others, such as in university studies, especially in scientific and medical departments, where French remains the main medium of instruction and communication. The paper also encompasses a brief survey of the linguistic rights of Berbers under the Arabisation process, and at the same time it also attempts to address the issue of the Arabisation process in relation to other concepts, notably Islam and Islamism; ‘Arabisation’ does not mean ‘Islamisation.’ Finally, the results of the Arabisation campaigns are analyzed and critiqued. Arabisation has faced many criticisms, among them paucity of human and financial means, as well as the lack of a coherent strategy of implementation in which the political and sociolinguistic realities of the Algerian speech community are taken into consideration.
34
Firdaus, Mochammad. "Problems in Expressing Arabic Language of Indonesian Students at Khartoum International Institute for Arabic Language." Izdihar : Journal of Arabic Language Teaching, Linguistics, and Literature 2, no. 1 (October 4, 2019): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jiz.v2i1.7588.
Анотація:
This study was started with disclosure of issues faced by Indonesian students in Khartoum International Institute of Arabic Language. The main objective of this research revealed the ta’bir problem afflicting Indonesian students in learning classical Arabic, identifying the causes and knowing the impact of these problems in educational situations. To achieve the objective of this study, the method used by the researcher is descriptive analytical method. The results of this research are: 1) The ways which Indonesian students learned Arabic language in their institution have become instruments in improving Arabic language, 2) The impacts of the Indonesian dialects made difficulties for students in forming the Arabic dialect, 3) Environment in which treated the students outside the University affecting their ability in speaking classical Arabic, and 4) Weakness in disclosure affected students’ academic achievement. Then the researcher suggested solutions to solve those problems such as: 1) To help the students to develop their process in traditional Arabic, it is needed to the students to take the benefits from any means, as teacher teaches them by reading newspaper, magazine and scientific journal which gave them increase the outcome of their linguistics ability, 2) The commitment from the lectures of all subjects to speak in well-structured Arabic and avoid using slank is needed.
35
ABU-HAIDAR, J. A. "WHITHER THE CRITICISM OF CLASSICAL ARABIC POETRY?" Journal of Semitic Studies XL, no. 2 (1995): 259–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jss/xl.2.259.
36
Sayyid Megawer Sakran, Megawer. "المستويات اللغوية في المعاجم الحديثة بين المحافظة والتطوّر". Jurnal CMES 11, № 1 (12 грудня 2018): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/cmes.11.1.25996.
Анотація:
<p>Arabic scholars from the classical to the modern period paid attention to the disciplines of Arabic lexicography. A great attention was given to lexicography, which was fundamentally helpful for active users and speakers of the Arabic language since the era of Khalil bin Ahmad (786 AD) who wrote the Al-‘Ain dictionary to Ahmad Mukhtar Umar's (2003) period with his dictionary Muʻjamu al-Lughah al-‘Arabiyyah al-Muʻāshirah. Modern linguistic studies then produce language levels found in Arabic dictionaries. This level of language is certainly different in the view of Arab lexicographers. Some see it from the perspective of a language level that includes syntax, morphology and phonology, mostly referred to by classical and modern dictionaries. Some others see the language levels typically a variety of languages ammiyyah (al-‘āmmī/colloquial Arabic) and various foreign languages (al-aʻjamī/foreign language). Both of these varieties have seized the attention of Arabic dictionaries through a number of explanations either explicitly or implicitly in these dictionaries. Language levels <br />additionally includes the treasure of language (turāts) literary works are assessed as the basic foundation for language users and reviewers. In addition to turāts, the level of spoken language used daily is also found in Arabic dictionaries. This language level undergoes articulation changes in a number of vocabularies in the form of changes at the vowel marks (charakat). This article outlines these four levels of language by modern Arabic dictionaries which aim to show the extent to which modern Arabic dictionaries make use of the classical Arabic lexicography paradigm and its contribution to the development of descriptions of language vocabulary for current language speakers and modern Arabic dictionary users.</p>
37
Hartman, Michelle. "The Poetics of Islamic Legitimacy." American Journal of Islam and Society 21, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v21i2.1801.
Анотація:
In The Poetics of Islamic Legitimacy, Suzanne Pinckney Stetkevycheffectively debunks the myth that the classical Arabic panegyric ode (qasidat al-madh) is merely a descriptive, prescriptive, or sycophanticpoetic genre by demonstrating its dynamic engagements with what sheterms “Arabo-Islamic court life.” The book builds on her previous work(e.g., The Mute Immortals Speak [Cornell University Press: 1993]), usingan approach that blends an understanding of myth, rite, and archetype inthe classical Arabic qasidah with historically grounded, contextualizedinterpretations of these poems. Her insightful, close readings of individualpoems are coupled with a detailed exploration of the classical Arabicqasidah’s social and ritual functions – from the pre-Islamic period,through its early days, and continuing through the Umayyad and`Abbasid periods.This book’s specific argument is that the panegyric ode “created,encoded, and promulgated a myth and ideology of legitimate Arabo-Islamic rule” (p. ix). She uses a range of contemporary sources, includinganecdotal material about poetry and poets, in her interpretations. Thisgrounds her detailed and specific literary analyses in a broader sociopolitical,historical, and cultural setting and invigorates her argumentsabout poetry’s role in relation to power and leadership.Each chapter treats one aspect of this overall argument and progresseschronologically, beginning with pre-Islamic Arabia and ending withAndalusia. Each chapter is highly structured and begins by setting a context.Stetkevych then explicates the paradigms and theories employed (e.g.,Van Gennep’s rite of passage and Mauss’ formulation of ritual exchange),before providing a translation of the poem(s) to be analyzed. Finally, sheanalyzes one or more poems, reading each section meticulously in relationto the previously outlined contexts, paradigms, and theories, as well as theArabic literary tradition. She also notes grammatical and linguistic pointsand the sociopolitical, historical and/or cultural elements affecting its composition.She concludes by linking each chapter to the larger idea that bindsthe book together – how the poems shore up or undermine the legitimacyof Arabo-Islamic leaders ...
38
Dobronravin, Nikolay. "‘Classical Hausa’ Glosses in a Nineteenth-Century Qur'anic Manuscript: A Case of ‘Translational Reading’ in Sudanic Africa?" Journal of Qur'anic Studies 15, no. 3 (October 2013): 84–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jqs.2013.0115.
Анотація:
This article presents an analysis of Hausa glosses in a nineteenth-century Qur'anic manuscript (C1688) from the library of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts in St Petersburg, and argues that a systematic study of Arabic manuscripts with Hausa glosses is needed for a re-interpretation of early Hausa writings in Arabic script. The origins of the Hausa written tradition in Arabic script and the evolution of the concept ‘Ajami’ in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries from ‘non-Arabic (language, culture, etc.)’ to ‘a variety of Arabic script adapted to African languages (with additional vowel-signs and diacritics)’ is discussed, and it is suggested that the frequency of the marginal notes ʿajam and ʿajamī used to mark non-Arabic glosses in Arabic manuscripts might depend on the linguistic properties of the manuscripts as well as sub-regional traditions of writing in Sudanic Africa. Hausa glosses in the St Petersburg manuscript – including nouns, adjectives, verbs and verbal constructions – are described in same detail. Special attention is paid to borrowings from Arabic and negative verbal constructions which are not attested in Hausa dialects and modern Standard Hausa. For the first time in Hausa studies, the shift in the meaning of the Hausa word shisshigi (from ‘acting tyrannically’ to ‘meddlesomeness’) is explored. The glosses are compared with the Arabic text of Tafsīr al-Jalālayn and two modern Hausa tafāsīr, those of Abubakar Mahmud Gumi and Nasiru Kabara. It is demonstrated that the Hausa glosses in the St Petersburg Qur'anic MS share a greater affinity with Kabara's tafsīr than with Gumi's translation, and, on this basis, suggested that the translational practices reflected in the St Petersburg manuscript and in Kabara's tafsīr might be linked with the Qādiriyya tradition of Arabic-Hausa ‘translational reading’.
39
Aziz, Abd, and Yuan Martina Dinata. "BAHASA ARAB MODERN DAN KONTEMPORER; KONTINUITAS DAN PERUBAHAN." Mumtaz: Jurnal Studi Al-Qur'an dan Keislaman 3, no. 2 (October 21, 2019): 152–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.36671/mumtaz.v3i2.38.
Анотація:
Modern Arabic has a distinction from classical Arabic in terms of lexical, phonological, morphological and syntactic. According to Abbâs al-Sûsah in Muhbib Abdul Wahab, Contemporary Arabic has the following characteristics: 1) accuracy of the use of Arabic at all levels: sound, morphology, syntax, and semantics; 2) more widely used in written language (al-Lughah al maktûbah) than oral language, 3) fluency and diversity-free 'amiyah, 4) standard language that is officially prepared. Based on observations of writers who try to classify modern Arabic vocabulary, the fields of religion, language and literature are the fields with the least development of modern Arabic vocabulary, when compared to economic, political, legal, psychological, health and other vocabularies. This may be due to the fact that from the fields of religion, language and literature there are not many new vocabulary terms, this may be due to religious, linguistic and literary norms.
40
GATHERCOLE, VIRGINIA C. MUELLER, and RUBA ABDELMATLOUB MOAWAD. "Semantic interaction in early and late bilinguals: All words are not created equally." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 13, no. 4 (March 19, 2010): 385–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728909990460.
Анотація:
This study examines L1–L2 interaction in semantic categorization in early and late L2 learners. Word categories that overlapped but were not identical in Arabic and English were tested. Words always showed a ‘wider’ range of application in one language, ‘narrower’ in the other. Three types of categories – ‘classical’, ‘radial’, and ‘homophones’ – were examined. Monolingual Arabic, monolingual English, early bilingual, and late bilingual speakers were tested for their understanding of the Arabic or English words. Early bilinguals’ semantic structure is affected in both directions, late bilinguals’ only in the direction of L1 to L2. Classical categories were most vulnerable to inter-language influence, whereas homophones were least vulnerable. The discussion addresses a developmental model of semantic interaction in early and late bilingual learners.
41
Gould, Rebecca. "The Persian Translation of Arabic Aesthetics: Rādūyānī's Rhetorical Renaissance." Rhetorica 34, no. 4 (2016): 339–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rh.2016.34.4.339.
Анотація:
Notwithstanding its value as the earliest extant New Persian treatment of the art of rhetoric, Rādūyānī's Interpreter of Rhetoric (Tarjumān al-Balāgha) has yet to be read from the vantage point of comparative poetics. Composed in the Ferghana region of modern Central Asia between the end of the eleventh century and the beginning of the twelfth century, Rādūyānī's vernacularization of classical Arabic norms inaugurated literary theory in the New Persian language. I argue here that Rādūyānī's vernacularization is most consequential with respect to its transformation of the classical Arabic tropes of metaphor (istiʿāra) and comparison (tashbīh) to suit the new exigencies of a New Persian literary culture. In reversing the relation between metaphor and comparison enshrined in Arabic aesthetics, Rādūyānī concretized the Persian contribution to the global study of literary form.
42
Stoetzer, Willem F. G. J. "The CV-syllable in Egyptian-Arabic verse." Linguistic Approaches to Poetry 15 (December 31, 2001): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.15.10sto.
Анотація:
This is a study of some metrical peculiarities of a corpus of 159 Egyptian-Arabic quatrains. The light CV-syllable, accepted in all metrical positions, is the exclusive type in three of the eleven positions of the standard line, but it figures together with heavy syllables in the eight remaining positions. Does quantity, therefore, matter in a restricted number of cases only? The riddle is solved by distinguishing between two classes of CV-syllables, depending on whether the vowel is lax or tense: CVlax is always light, CVtense is generally heavy, but light in a weak metrical position. Other findings concern CVCV, which may fill several strong positions in the metre, and CVVC, which may be either heavy or superheavy. Superheavy CVVC can fill a strong + weak position, or, together with CVlax, two strong positions. Nothing of the sort occurs in classical Arabic; still, classical and vernacular Arabic metrics are related to a point where the existing differences are easily overlooked. Only a thorough investigation of the vernacular metres on their merits can establish the exact relationship between classical and vernacular prosodic systems.
43
Elhariry, Yasser. "Abdelwahab Meddeb, Sufi Poets, and the New Francophone Lyric." Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 131, no. 2 (March 2016): 255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2016.131.2.255.
Анотація:
This is the first work of criticism to read Abdelwahab Meddeb as a poet. Selfconsciously indeterminate from philosophical and poetic perspectives, Meddeb's poetry is indebted to European, especially French, high poetic modernism; to the French literary turn to the United States; and to the author's desire to be read in the lineage of the major Sufi poets of classical Arabic literature. Turning his back on the hegemony of postcolonial literary prose with the 1987 chapbook Tombeau d'Ibn Arabi, Meddeb generates a new francophone lyric infused with the Sufi traditions of al-Andalus, North Africa, and the Near and Middle Easts. His new lyric rewrites itself as a Sufi consciousness in search of what lies beyond its knowledge of its current state, and his tonguing of the new francophone lyric leads us to a long overdue analytical paradigm.
44
Stewart, Devin. "Clitic Reduction in the Formation of Modal Prefixes in the Post-Classical Arabic Dialects and Classical Arabic SA-/ SAWFA." Arabica 45, no. 1 (1998): 104–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1570058982582226.
45
Faust, Noam. "The apophonic chain and the form of weak and strong verbs in Palestinian Arabic." Linguistic Review 34, no. 1 (May 27, 2019): 83–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tlr-2016-0006.
Анотація:
AbstractThis paper explores the logic behind the various morpho-phonological subdivisions in the verbal system of Palestinian Arabic. It argues for the importance in the understanding of Palestinian Arabic of the apophonic chain proposed for Classical Arabic in Guerssel and Lowenstamm (1993). In Palestinian, it is first argued, the Measure 1 perfective template includes a hard-wired association of its two vocalic positions; the main differences in vocalization between the Palestinian and Classic varieties follow from this fact. The account is then extended to include three large subclasses of weak verbs. Following the analysis of Classical Arabic in Chekayri and Scheer (1996), it is argued that such verbs involve a null element ø, whose realization is determined by the apophonic chain. The second part of the paper provides an account of the entire inflectional paradigms of each of the verbs discussed, a task that was not fully undertaken in previous work. The mechanism of apophony is shown to be at work in this domain, too. An interesting case is discussed of an apparent shift in inflectional paradigm in some forms of the biradical verb. This shift is again shown to follow from the general mechanisms used in the analysis.
46
Redkin, O. I., and O. A. Bernikova. "Interdisciplinary Approach to Studying the Text of the Qur’ān." Islam in the modern world 16, no. 4 (February 7, 2021): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22311/2074-1529-2020-16-4-51-61.
Анотація:
The article examines the language of the Qur’ān as an object of interdisciplinary study. Based on the research of the periods of the formation of the text of the Qur’ān and the available approaches to its description, the authors compare history and modernity, determining the prospects for the development of the Qur’ānic studies. As an example of particular areas of scholar research, the paper considers Qur’ān manuscript as an object of separate research. The authors cite both classical methods of codicological research and available solutions for digital processing of Arabographic manuscripts. Attention is also paid to the study of the language of the Qur’ān in a historical perspective through the development of the Arabic linguistic tradition. Another example of the application of an interdisciplinary approach was the study of the possibilities of carrying out linguistic analysis of the text of the Qur’ān using methods of automatic data processing. The effectiveness of methods of sentiment analysis was also considered. The use of Information and Communication Technologies in humanities in general, and the possibilities of processing Arabographic text in particular, have created new methods and perspectives for the development of the Qur’ānic Studies. An analysis of the Qur’ānic corpus, the use of artificial intelligence methods in conducting textual research will make it possible to verify some facts related to the historical development of the Arabic language, to reconstruct certain features of the linguistic situation on the Arabian Peninsula in the pre-Islamic period, as well as in the first centuries of Islam. In this regard, it is necessary to consider the Qur’ānic text in all its diversity using both traditional and innovative research methodologies, including taking into account the latest achievements of the humanities and natural sciences.
47
SAFI, Khadidja. "THE VERBAL SIGNIFIERS IN ARABIC LANGUAGE-A STUDY IN THE IDEATIONAL COMPONENT AND THE INTERPERSONAL COMPONENT-." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 03, no. 07 (September 1, 2021): 17–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.7-3.3.
Анотація:
Our familiarity with our teaching of Arabic grammar detect the state of phobia that infect the majority of students when they are studied the Arabic grammar (El-nahoo), but, when I analyzed this phenomenon as a teacher and - before - studying this science, I noticed that the beginner Arabic language learner may focus on the grammatical or morphological base independently of its linguistic and current context; as if His classical Arabic is other than the language used with its many names. From a dialect, to a daily language, etc, and it is in fact only one aspect of its development, and the strange thing is that the name of the language (Arabic) indicates "' Clarity' that may not be achieved with the same accuracy in other languages, and it is a miracle of rhetoric. The expression of the souls and their phenomena in this language may be in words with real connotations, and it is predominant in the language to achieve communication, and the meanings may arrive in a metaphorical form; some words deviate from the origin of their connotations using the linguistic and current contexts, and therefore it is clear that our understanding of language is not based on single words. Rather, by referring to the sentence or text in many times to determine the grammatical function of these words, and that is what has been suggested in this research to trace the actual functions based on the intellectual and reciprocal components, which are among the foundations of linguistic communication in all languages, including the Arabic language that is the subject of study. On the descriptive comparative approach in defining these functions, in order to be able to compare them with their interviews in French and English; To set the term and its origins first, and secondly to facilitate the translation of these verbs between the three languages.
48
Et.al, Athira Najwa Zakaria. "A Study on Classical Texts in the Field of Computational Linguistics through Bibliometric Analysis." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 3 (April 11, 2021): 852–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i3.795.
Анотація:
Manuscripts or classic texts written by hand found in papers, barks, and rattans are relics of past generations. According to generated data, Springer Link publishes a total of 111,010 articles concerning classical texts from the year 2015 to 2019. The present bibliometric analysis focuses on three aspects, namely year of publication, type of document, and field of discipline. Data collection in schedules and visual scheduling display the current trends of classical text studies. Bibliometric analysis discovers that the utmost type of publication generated from the classical text neyword is “article” with 6,962,098 hits. The field of research which records the highest search frequency is “Physics” with 30,705, whereas, the field of “Linguistics” only records 1425. However, the analysis concentrates about research on the subdiscipline field of computational linguistics. The Language and Literature subdiscipline records the highest search numbers of 148. Through the bibliometric study, three prominent lexicons revealed from the field of linguistics closely related to classical texts are Language, Corpus, and the Arabic Language. The process of topic visualisation of research papers through a word cloud can reveal these three lexicons. In conclusion, bibliometric analysis related to the field of linguistics not only provides a clear view of current developments of global classical text studies, but it also predicts the future research potential of the field.
49
Sawaie, Mohammed. "Jurjī Zaydān (1861-1914)." Historiographia Linguistica 14, no. 3 (January 1, 1987): 283–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.14.3.05saw.
Анотація:
Summary This article explores Jurjī Zaydān’s contribution to questions that the Arabic language was confronted with at the turn of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. These questions pertained to the capability of Arabic as a medium of communication, its appropriateness to express new ideas, and its suitability for use in education and for naming technological items borrowed from the West. As can be imagined, the pre-occupation of the Nahḍah Arab intellectuals with linguistic matters was immense. Nonetheless Zaydān’s contribution to these debates consists of constant writings in his magazine al-Hilāl (1892–1913), and two books that specifically dealt with linguistic matters. Zaydān’s linguistic views were relevant to the on-going debate in many intellectual circles at that time. He had no doubts about the suitability of ‘simplified’ Classical Arabic in education as the case was proven at the Syrian Protestant College (now the American University of Beirut) in the 1860s. In order to fill the then existing vacuum, Zaydān took it as his responsibility to write (text)books in Arabic for use in Egyptian schools. The suitability of Arabic in education and the capability of the language to adapt itself to new situations was placed in a historical perspective by Zaydān. He argued that much as Arabic had adapted to new orders in the past, i.e., the rise of Islam (7th century), the translation period (9th-10th centuries), so can the language adapt itself to Western ‘imports’ at his time. Again, as if to prove his point and in order to bridge the gap between al-fuṣḥā and al-cÀmmiyyah, the language of the common people, Zaydān adopted a simple style in diction and syntax in his writings. Zaydān, unlike many of his contemporary Arab scholars, followed in the footsteps of many Western scholars, both predating and contemporary to him, by equipping himself with knowledge of many languages, Eastern and Western, and by applying some of these scholars’ methodologies of investigation. In order for Arabic to accommodate new technologies and ideas, the language must be subject to changes, in Zaydān’s view, as it was subject to changes at the rise of Islam in the 7th century and during the 9th and 10th centuries when many translations into Arabic were made. Zaydān rejected calls for the use of dialects in writing, thus arguing that al-fuṣḥā, i.e., the Classical Arabic language, was a unifying bond among Arabic-speaking lands. Zaydān’s actual treatment of language matters are innovative for his time. Arabic, in his view, was subject to change and evolution, not static. He examined the language by placing it in a wider perspective, i.e., in its context in the Semitic family, and in its relations to other non-Semitic languages that Arabic had come in contact with at its varying stages of growth such as Persian and Turkish in the earlier centuries, and French and English in the 19th century. Zaydān’s use of comparative methodology is innovative compared to the ways of studying Arabic at his time. However, Zaydān’s views on language origin and development can be characterized by the criteria of our times as superficial.
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Almujaiwel, Sultan. "Grammatical construction of function words between old and modern written Arabic: A corpus-based analysis." Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 15, no. 2 (October 25, 2019): 267–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cllt-2016-0069.
Анотація:
AbstractThis paper argues that Arabic function words (FWs) vary in usage between old and modern Arabic, thus prompting an experimental investigation into their changeability. This investigation is carried out by testing classical Arabic (CA) in Arabic heritage language (AHL) texts – those labeled as archistratum – and the modern standard Arabic (MSA) of Arabic newspaper texts (ANT), each group of which contains randomly collected 5 million (M) word texts. The linguistic theory of the grammar of Arabic FWs is explained through the differences between CA and MSA, despite Arabic FW changes and the unlearnability and/or unusability of some FW constructions between in these two eras of Arabic usage. The dispersion/distribution of the construction grammar (CxG) of FWs and the number (n) of word attractions/repulsions between the two distinct eras is explored using the very latest and most sophisticated Arabic corpus processing tools, and Sketch Engine’sSkeEn gramrelsoperators. The analysis of a 5 M word corpus from each era of Arabic serves to prove the non-existence of rigorous Arabic CxG. The approach in this study adopts a technique which, by contrasting AHL with ANT, relies on analyzing the frequency distributions of FWs, the co-occurrences of FWs in a span of 2n-grams collocational patterning, and some cases of FW usage changes in terms of lexical cognition (FW grammatical relationships). The results show that the frequencies of FWs, in addition to the case studies, are not the same, and this implies that FWs and their associations with the main part of speech class in a fusion language like Arabic have grammatically changed in MSA. Their constructional changes are neglected in Arabic grammar.