Дисертації з теми "Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA)"
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1
Mallia, Silvia. "Oxidative stability and aroma of UFA/CLA (unsaturated fatty acids/conjugated linoleic acid) enriched butter /." Zürich : ETH, 2008. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=18020.
2
Benjamin, Sailas, Priji Prakasan, Sajith Sreedharan, Andre-Denis G. Wright, and Friedrich Spener. "Pros and cons of CLA consumption: an insight from clinical evidences." BioMed Central, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/610326.
Анотація:
This comprehensive review critically evaluates whether supposed health benefits propounded upon human consumption of conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) are clinically proven or not. With a general introduction on the chemistry of CLA, major clinical evidences pertaining to intervention strategies, body composition, cardio-vascular health, immunity, asthma, cancer and diabetes are evaluated. Supposed adverse effects such as oxidative stress, insulin resistance, irritation of intestinal tract and milk fat depression are also examined. It seems that no consistent result was observed even in similar studies conducted at different laboratories, this may be due to variations in age, gender, racial and geographical disparities, coupled with type and dose of CLA supplemented. Thus, supposed promising results reported in mechanistic and pre-clinical studies cannot be extrapolated with humans, mainly due to the lack of inconsistency in analyses, prolonged intervention studies, follow-up studies and international co-ordination of concerted studies. Briefly, clinical evidences accumulated thus far show that CLA is not eliciting significantly promising and consistent health effects so as to uphold it as neither a functional nor a medical food.
3
Kemp, Michael Quentin. "The Protective Effects of Conjugated Linoleic Acid Against Carcinogenesis." Diss., Tucson, Ariz. : University of Arizona, 2005. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu%5Fetd%5F1357%5F1%5Fm.pdf&type=application/pdf.
4
Gnädig, Silke. "Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) effect of processing on CLA in cheese and the impact of CLA on the arachidonic acid metabolism = Konjugierte Linolsäureisomere (CLA) /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=964270668.
5
Ruprichová, Lenka. "Zavedení metody stanovení konjugované linolové kyseliny (CLA)." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216552.
Анотація:
This work deals with the optimization of the method for determination of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) using gas chromatography. The summary about formation and occurrence of CLA in animal materials, its biological effects in human organism and methods suitable for its determination is introduced in the theoretical part of this study. The experimental part verify, if the gas chromatography is applicable method for assesment of CLA in selected biological matrices. The chosen method was introduced and verified at FCH of Brno university of technology. At the end the applicability of this method to CLA determination is discussed here.
6
Arendse, Lyle. "The modulating effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on cancer cell survival in vitro." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4665.
Анотація:
Magister Scientiae (Medical Bioscience) - MSc(MBS)Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) are geometrical and positional isomers of n-6 octadecadenoic acid (linoleic acid, LA, 18:2n-6), which form part of a family of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). There are 28 identified CLA isomers that mostly found in the meat and milk from ruminant animals. CLA has shown to possess a number of health benefits including; reduction in body fat and increased lean body mass, prevention of atherosclerosis, hypertension, increased immune function and in particular the prevention of cancer. The effects of CLA on cancer cell lines will be evaluated to discover the mechanisms that are employed to achieve this great phenomenon on cell growth. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of CLA on various parameters that are essential in the development of cancer cell phenotype. The objectives were to evaluate the effect of CLA on iron-induced lipid peroxidation of microsomes isolated from rat liver cells and in vitro cytotoxicity, cell proliferation and apoptosis in HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells. The Fatty acid incorporation in HepG2 cells was also assessed.
7
Viswanadha, Srikant. "Alterations in Lipid Metabolism in Mouse Tissues and Hepatic Cell Lines in Response to the Trans10,Cis12-18:2 Isomer of Conjugated Linoleic Acid." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28354.
Анотація:
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduces adipose mass in several species. Studies were conducted to determine: 1) the effect of dietary trans10,cis12-CLA on growth, tissue fatty acid profile, mRNA expression for stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) in adipose and liver, and mRNA expression for fatty acid synthase (FAS) in adipose of mice, 2) the effect of a dietary combination of trans-vaccenic acid (TVA) and trans10,cis12-CLA on delta9- desaturation, and 3) the effect of cis9,trans11-CLA, trans10,cis12-CLA, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1) inhibitors on expression of mRNA for CPT-1 and fatty acid profile in mouse hepatocytes (AML-12) and human hepatoma cells (HepG2). In the first study, male or female mice were fed diets containing 0, 0.15%, or 0.30% trans10,cis12-CLA for 6 wk. Epididymal adipose weights (males) and inguinal adipose weights (females) decreased by 81% and 52%, respectively, in response to 0.30% trans10,cis12-CLA. Dry carcass weights decreased from 4.75 g for the control to 3.62 g for mice fed 0.30% trans10,cis12-CLA and the decrease was due to a reduction in ether extract. Liver weights increased linearly from 0.55 g (control) to 0.65 g (0.30% trans10,cis12-CLA). Dietary trans10,cis12-CLA (0.30%) reduced FAS and SCD mRNA in adipose by 60 and 30 % respectively, compared with the control, suggesting reduced lipogenesis and desaturation might be primary factors responsible for reducing body fat. In the second study, adult male or female mice were fed diets containing 0.40% TVA in combination with 0, 0.15, or 0.30% trans10,cis12-CLA for 10 d. Both TVA and trans10,cis12-CLA were incorporated into plasma, liver, adipose, muscle, and bone lipids proportional to their concentrations in the diets. Desaturation ratios were not affected in adipose, liver, and bone. However, ratios of 16:0 to 16:1 and 18:0 to 18:1 increased from 0.81 to 0.86 and 0.15 to 0.19 respectively, in response to dietary trans10,cis12-CLA (0.30%), suggesting inhibition of delta9 desaturation in muscle. In the third study, AML-12 or HepG2 cells were incubated with control media or media containing 15 uM etomoxir (ETM), 30 uM ETM, 15 uM hemipalmitoylcarnitinium (HPC), 30 uM HPC, 100 uM cis9,trans11-CLA, or 100 uM trans10,cis12-CLA for 24 h. Half the cells were harvested for analysis of fatty acids, mRNA for CPT-1, and cholesterol after 24 h. The remaining cells were incubated for an additional 24 h in control medium. Incorporation (% of total fatty acids) of trans10,cis12-CLA was greater than cis9,trans11-CLA in AML-12 (34 vs 23.6) and HepG2 (28 vs 18) cells. Cells incubated with trans10,cis12-CLA had higher ratios of 16:0 to 16:1, 18:0 to 18:1, and 18:2n6 to 20:4n-6, suggesting inhibition of delta9, delta5 , and delta6 desaturation. Cis9,trans11-CLA also reduced ratio of 18:2n-6 to 20:4n-6 in both cell lines. Trans10,cis12-CLA increased mRNA for CPT-1 in both cell lines compared with the control, suggesting enhanced oxidation of fatty acids. In addition, trans10,cis12-CLA caused a 4-fold and 5-fold increase in free cholesterol content of AML-12 and HepG2 cells, respectively. Overall, results demonstrated that trans10,cis12-CLA modulated lipid metabolism in tissues in vivo and altered fatty acid metabolism, cholesterol synthesis, and CPT-1 mRNA in hepatic cell lines in vitro.Ph. D.
8
Chae, Sung Hee. "Conjugated linoleic acid reduces lipid oxidation in irradiated, cooked ground beef patties." Diss., Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/5983.
Анотація:
This study was conducted to examine the antioxidative effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in irradiated, cooked ground beef patties. The hypothesis was that CLA would be retained during irradiation and would reduce lipid oxidation that is caused by irradiation. The objective was to evaluate the effects of CLA alone and in combination with irradiation on lipid oxidation, fatty acid composition, cooking loss, moisture and fat content, and trained panel sensory evaluations of beef patties. CLA was added at 0, 1, 2, or 4% level during the grinding process. Addition of CLA during the grinding process increased CLA cis-9,trans-11 and CLA trans-10,cis-12 isomers in both irradiated and non-irradiated cooked ground beef patties (irradiated at 1.6 kGy) (P = 0.0001). Weight loss during cooking was greater in irradiated beef patties than in non-irradiated patties (P = 0.004). Irradiation reduced the serumy/bloody aromatic attribute and increased browned aromatic attribute, browned aftertaste, and wet dog/hairy aromatic attribute (P < 0.05). There was no significant main effect of irradiation on the basic tastes. The linoleic acid, CLA cis-9,trans-11, and CLA trans-10,cis-12 were decreased by irradiation (P < 0.05). Although irradiation decreased the CLA isomers, higher percentages of CLA isomers were retained in irradiated patties containing a 4% free fatty acid preparation of CLA (FFA-CLA), reflecting the ability of the FFA preparation to reduce lipid oxidation that is caused by irradiation. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values were significantly higher in irradiated, cooked ground beef patties than in non-irradiated ground beef patties (P = 0.004). Although the FFA-CLA was effective in reducing lipid oxidation that is caused by irradiation, it increased painty aromatic attribute, bitter taste, and astringent aftertaste due to the soapy flavor of the free fatty acid (all P < 0.05). The FFA-CLA decreased cooked beef/brothy and serumy/bloody aromatic attribute and browned aftertaste (all P < 0.05). The 1% triacylglycerol (TAG) preparation of CLA reduced TBARS in irradiated, cooked patties to levels seen in control, non-irradiated patties. The 1% TAG concentration also provided good retention of CLA in the cooked ground beef.
9
Soares, Marcio Pereira. "Adição do ácido linoleico conjugado (cla) no diluidor de Congelação de sêmen de touros." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/62058.
Анотація:
O objetivo foi avaliar os efeitos da adição de diferentes concentrações dos isômeros cis-9, trans-11 e trans-10, cis-12 do ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) ao meio de congelação sobre a motilidade espermática, a integridade da membrana plasmática, acrossomal e mitocondrial dos espermatozoides de touros. No experimento foram utilizados 4 touros Jersey, sendo os ejaculados processados na forma de “pool” (experimento 1) e individualmente (experimento 2). O meio base (MB) era constituído de tris (Dilutris®-SEMENCOM, Brasil) + 20 % de gema de ovo. Os tratamentos com CLA (Luta-CLA®-BASF, Brasil), tinham apresentação oleosa por isso foram preparados a partir do MB com adição de 1% de lauril sulfato de sódio (MBL). Os tratamentos foram compostos por: controle positivo (CP) = MB, controle negativo (CN) = MBL; tratamento 50 (T50) = MBL+50μM CLA; tratamento 100 (T100) = MBL+100μM CLA e tratamento 150 (T150) = MBL+150μM CLA. Após o descongelamento a qualidade espermática foi analisada pelo CASA, e a integridade das membranas plasmática, acrossomal e função mitocondrial através da associação das sondas PI, FITC-PSA, JC-1 e H-342. Em ambos os experimentos não foram observadas diferenças entre os tratamentos nas concentrações utilizadas, para os parâmetros avaliados, porém no experimento 2 houve diferenças entre indivíduos.The objective was to evaluate the effects of addition of different concentrations of the isomers cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) to the freezing medium on sperm motility, the plasma membrane integrity, acrosomal and mitochondrial of bovine sperm. In the experiment, four Jersey bulls were used, and the ejaculates processed as "pool" (experiment 1) and individually (experiment 2). The diluent medium was based on tris (Dilutris®-SEMENCOM, Brazil) + 20% egg yolk (MB). The treatments with CLA (CLA-Luta®-BASF, Brazil), which had oily presentation, were prepared from MB with addition of 1% sodium lauryl sulfate (MBL). The treatments were: positive control (CP) = MB, negative control (CN) = MBL; treatment 50 (T50) = MBL+50μM CLA; treatment 100 (T100) = MBL+100μM CLA and treatment 150 (T150) = MBL+150μM CLA. After thawing the semen, the characteristics were analyzed by CASA, and the integrity of plasma and acrosomal membranes and mitochondrial function of sperm by association probes PI, FITC-PSA, JC-1 and H-342. In both experiments there were no differences between treatments and the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), at the concentrations used, had no effect on the integrity and superior functionality of spermatozoa that underwent cryopreservation. However, but in experiment 2, there were differences between individuals.
10
Marques, Anne y. Castro. "Avaliação dos possíveis efeitos sinérgicos de ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) e fitosterois na regulação de parâmetros metabólicos em camundongos : Evaluation of possible synergic effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and phytosterols in regulation of metabolic parameters in mice." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/255070.
Анотація:
Orientador: Mário Roberto Maróstica JúniorTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: As mudanças no estilo de vida da população, tais como as alterações no hábito alimentar e o maior sedentarismo, levam ao aumento da prevalência de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, entre as quais se destaca a obesidade. Com o intuito de controlar esse grande problema de saúde pública, vários compostos bioativos têm sido investigados. O ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA), família de isômeros do ácido linoleico, apresenta diversas funções biológicas positivas, tais como anticarcinogênico, imunomodulador e regulador do balanço energético e da composição corporal. Apesar de sua potencialidade na redução do peso corporal, o CLA também apresenta efeitos biológicos adversos (resistência à insulina e aumento da oxidação lipídica), os quais limitam sua utilização. Os fitosterois, lipídios encontrados em alimentos de origem vegetal, reduzem os níveis de colesterol sérico, a inflamação e o risco de doenças cardiovasculares. Por se tratarem de substâncias com comprovado efeito biológico, é possível que a interação entre CLA e fitosterois melhore ou potencialize seus efeitos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a ação destes compostos na prevenção da obesidade induzida por dieta rica em gordura. Quarenta camundongos Swiss machos receberam dietas hiperlipídicas suplementadas com CLA e/ou fitosterois, na concentração de 2%, por nove semanas. Foram avaliados ingestão energética, ganho de peso, composição corporal, perfil lipídico sérico (colesterol total, HDL-colesterol, triglicérides e ácidos graxos livres), leptina sérica, testes de tolerância à glicose e à insulina, via da insulina no fígado e no tecido adiposo (proteínas Akt, FoxO e JAK-2), inflamação no fígado, tecido adiposo e hipotálamo (JNK, IL-1?, IL-6, IL-10 e TNF-?), além da modulação dos receptores ativados por proliferadores peroxissômicos (PPARs) ? e ? no fígado, tecido adiposo e hipotálamo. Os dados paramétricos foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) e os dados não paramétricos foram analisados pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Quando aplicável (p < 0,05), foram realizados os respectivos testes post-hoc (Tukey ou Dunns). A suplementação concomitante de CLA e fitosterois não alterou a ingestão energética, mas reduziu significativamente o ganho de peso, e aumentou a concentração de massa magra e de minerais. Foram reduzidos os níveis de massa gorda, de leptina sérica e dos PPARs no fígado e no tecido adiposo dos animais. Neste grupo não se observou alteração no perfil lipídico. Apesar dos animais terem desenvolvido resistência à insulina, a utilização de CLA mais fitosterois apresentou efeito sinérgico, com redução da inflamação hepática e melhora na via insulínica no fígado e no tecido adiposo, em relação ao grupo obeso. A suplementação de CLA e fitosterois reduziu, em camundongos, os danos causados pela ingestão de dieta hiperlipídica, entretanto mais estudos são necessários para compreender os mecanismos de ação e definir as melhores doses
Abstract: The changes in the population lifestyle, such as bad eating habits and more sedentarism, led to increased prevalence of chronic diseases, including obesity. Various compounds have been investigated in order to control this major public health problem. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a family of isomers of linoleic acid, has various positive biological functions, such as anticarcinogenic, immunomodulatory and energy balance and body composition regulations. Despite the potential in reducing body weight, CLA also has adverse biological effects (insulin resistance and increased fat oxidation), which limit it use. Phytosterols, lipids found in vegetable foods, reduce serum cholesterol levels, inflammation and cardiovascular disease risk. CLA and phytosterols are related to substances with proven biological effect. It is possible that the interaction between then improves and/or enhance these effects. This study aimed to investigate the action of these compounds in the prevention of obesity induced by high-fat diet. Forty male Swiss mice received a high-fat diet supplemented with CLA and/or phytosterols, at a concentration of 2%, for nine weeks. Energy intake, weight gain, body composition, serum lipid profile (total cholesterol, HDLcholesterol, triglycerides and free fatty acids), serum leptin, glucose and insulin tolerance tests, insulin pathway in liver and adipose tissue (Akt, FoxO and JAK-2 proteins), inflammation in liver, adipose tissue and hypothalamus (JNK, IL-1?, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-?), and modulation of peroxisomal proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) ? and ? in liver, adipose tissue and hypothalamus were assessed. Parametric data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and nonparametric data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test. When applicable (p <0.05) were performed its post-hoc tests (Tukey or Dunns). Concomitant supplementation of phytosterols and CLA did not alter energy intake, but significantly reduced weight gain, and increased lean mass and minerals concentration. Fat mass, serum leptin and PPARs, in liver and adipose tissue, were reduced in the animals. In CLA plus phytosterols group there was no change in lipid profile. Although the animals have developed insulin resistance, the use of CLA plus phytosterols showed a synergistic effect, with reduction in hepatic inflammation and improvement in the insulin pathway in liver and adipose tissue, compared to the obese group. CLA and phytosterols supplementation reduced, in mice, the damage caused by the intake of high-fat diet, however, more studies are needed to understand the mechanisms of action and define the best doses
Doutorado
Nutrição Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de Alimentos
Doutora em Alimentos e Nutrição
11
Hunt, Waylon T. "Effects of PARP-1 signaling and conjugated linoleic acid on brain cell bioenergetics and survival." John Wiley and Sons, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/5070.
Анотація:
Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Extracellular glutamate concentrations are tightly regulated to avoid over-stimulation of glutamate receptors, which leads to a cascade of deleterious processes collectively known as excitotoxicity. Excitotoxicity is common to several neurodegenerative disorders and CNS injuries, including stroke and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The projects described in this thesis were designed to uncover novel protective pathways in excitotoxic neurodegeneration.
Excessive activation of the DNA repair enzyme, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), is a convergence point for neuron death signaling in excitotoxic pathways. In AD, the peptide amyloid-β1-42 (Aβ1-42) is aberrantly produced, leading to excitotoxic neuron death in vitro. To investigate links between Aβ1-42 and PARP, we treated cultured cortical neurons with Aβ1-42 and determined whether PARP-1 contributes to neuron death. Increased neuron death was observed after Aβ1-42 exposure. A non-selective PARP-1/2 inhibitor significantly reduced Aβ1-42-induced death while elimination of PARP-1 alone was not neuroprotective. This suggests that PARP-2 or combined effects of PARP-1 and PARP-2 are required for Aβ1-42-induced neuron death.
A hallmark of PARP over-activation is depletion of intracellular NAD+ and ATP levels, yet nearly all studies examining adenine nucleotide levels use separate biochemical samples to measure nucleotides individually. We developed two HPLC methods for simultaneous separation of NAD+, ATP, ADP and AMP. We determined that PARP-1 activation in astrocytes leads to near complete NAD+ depletion, followed by partial loss of ATP pools and total adenine nucleotide pools.
Finally, we hypothesized that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a naturally occurring polyunsaturated fatty acid, is capable of enhancing neuron survival after an excitotoxic insult. Cultured cortical neurons were exposed to glutamate in the presence and absence of CLA. CLA levels likely achievable in human plasma and brain tissue during dietary supplementation regimens, protected neurons against glutamate excitotoxicity when given during or up to five hours after glutamate exposure. Several markers of mitochondrial damage and intrinsic apoptosis were examined. CLA stabilized mitochondrial membrane potential and permeability, shedding light on the mechanism of CLA neuroprotection.
Overall, our research suggests a role for PARP in Aβ1-42 toxicity and identifies a novel role for CLA in neuroprotection following excitotoxicity.
12
Furlan, Cibele Priscila Busch 1985. "O efeito do ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA) e dos fitosteróis na prevenção da obesidade induzida por dieta hiperlipídica utilizando modelo experimental = The effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and phytosterols in preventing fat diet-induced obesity using experimental model." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/255069.
Анотація:
Orientador: Mário Roberto Maróstica JúniorDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: Obesidade se tornou o maior problema de saúde pública ao redor no mundo e é associado, geralmente, com doenças crônicas não transmissíveis como a diabetes. Alguns componentes dos alimentos estão relacionados com benefícios à saúde como modulação do estresse oxidativo, hormônios e inflamação. O ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA) é um ácido graxo que pode exercer papel antioxidante, possivelmente pela influencia na auto oxidação lipídica. Outros lipídios, esteroidais das plantas, os fitosteróis são considerados também compostos bioativos, uma vez que eles são responsáveis pela redução da circulação do LDL colesterol, bem como pela redução do peso corporal. Em adição, esses compostos são anti-inflamatórios, e apresentam importante potencial para prevenir efeitos adversos da obesidade. Nessas condições, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar os efeitos da suplementação do CLA e fitosterol, sozinhos e em combinação, em relação aos hormônios da saciedade, glicose, resistência a insulina, perda de peso, consumo e os efeitos no fígado e sua influencia no sistema antioxidante de defesa em ratos machos Sprague-Dawley alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica.Quarenta ratos Sprague-Dawley recém-desmamados foram divididos em cinco grupos (n=8) aleatoriamente: grupo Padrão, grupo Hiperlipídico Padrão, e três grupos hiperlipídicos com adição de 2% de CLA, 2% de fitosterol e 2% de CLA mais 2% de fitosterol. Todas as dietas tiveram como base a AIN-93G, sendo as dietas experimentais high-fat adicionadas de 35% de banha animal e 2% de cada suplemento. O tempo de experimento foi de 65 dias. O grau de sensibilidade à insulina foi calculado nas últimas semanas experimentais, por meio dos métodos Teste de Tolerância à Glicose e Teste de Tolerância à Insulina. O acompanhamento do ganho de peso e consumo foi feito por pesagem. As análises das enzimas do estresse oxidativo, 8-F2-Isoprostana e hormônios foram determinadas utilizando kits comerciais, apenas as análises de malondialdeído foram feitas pelo método de TBARS. A dieta suplementada com CLA, fitosterol ou a combinação de ambos, por 65 dias foi efetiva na redução da massa gorda, dos tecidos adiposos e do consumo alimentar. Ademais, CLA mas não o fitosterol modulou a ação da leptina na obesidade. No entanto, os suplementos apresentaram efeito na modulação das enzimas do estresse oxidativo indicando possível dano mitocontrial e citotoxicidade, além de não reverterem o processo de intolerância a glicose e resistência a insulina. Por outro lado, os suplementos reduziram as gotas de gordura no fígados dos animais suplementados
Abstract: Obesity is one of the most serious public health problems worldwide and is generally associated with chronic diseases such as diabetes. Some food compounds are linked to benefits in health as they modulate oxidative stress, hormones and inflammation. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a fatty acid that could exert an antioxidant role, possibly by its influence on lipid auto-oxidation. Other lipids, steroidal plant, the phytosterols are considered also bioactive compounds, since they are responsible for the reduction of LDL cholesterol circulation, as well as reduction in body weight. In addition, these compounds are considered to play anti-inflammatory roles, and they are potentially important in preventing the adverse effects of obesity. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of CLA and phytosterol supplementation, alone or in combination, in relation to satiety hormones, glucose and insulin resistance, weight loss and adipose tissue, and feed consumption and liver effects and their influence in the modulation of antioxidant system on male Sprague-Dawley rats fed a high-fat diet. Forty rats of the Sprague-Dawley specie, males and healthy were divided into five groups (n=8) randomly: standad group, High-Fatstandad group, and three groups that received the standard experimental high-fat diet with addition of 2% CLA, with addition of 2% phytosterol and with addition of 2% CLA plus 2% phytosterols. All diets were based on the AIN- 93G, and experimental diet high-fat add of 35% lipids, and 2% each supplement. The period of experiment was 65 days. The insulin sensitivity was calculated in the last week experimental by the methods Tolerance Test Glucose and Insulin Tolerance Test. The monitoring of consumption and weight gain was made by weighing. The analysis of the enzymes of oxidative stress, 8-F2- isoprostane and hormones were determined using commercial kits, only the analyzes of malondialdehyde were made by the method of TBARS. The diet supplementations with CLA, phytosterols or their combination, for 65 days were effective in reducing body fat, adipose tissue and feed consumption. Furthermore, CLA, but not phytosterols, modulated the action of leptin in obesity. However, the supplementation had an effect in modulating the enzymes of oxidative stress indicating possible damage and cytotoxicity mitocontrial, moreover both supplements did not reverse the process of glucose intolerance and insulin. On the other hand, the supplementation reduced the liver fat droplets of the animals
Mestrado
Nutrição Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de Alimentos
Mestra em Alimentos e Nutrição
13
Loor, Juan Jose. "Postruminal flow, digestibility, and utilization of fatty acylamides or conjugated linoleic acid for milk fat synthesis by lactating Holstein cows." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45637.
Анотація:
Four Holstein cows with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used
to evaluate the effects of dietary fatty acylamides (canolamide)
or abomasally infused conjugated linoleic acid on milk production
and composition. In the first experiment, cows were fed diets
with no supplemental fat(control), or the control diet supplemented
at 3.3% of DM with canola oil, canolamide, or a mixture of equal
amounts of canola oil and canolamide in a 4 x 4 Latin square.
DMI and milk yield were decreased when cows were fed canolamide.
Intake and duodenal flow of diet components and fatty acids
were decreased by canolamide, but their apparent digestibilities
were not affected by treatment. Fat supplementation decreased
concentrations of fatty acids with 8 to 16 carbons and increased
oleic acid in milk. In the second experiment, cows were infused
abomasally with 100 g Linoleic acid (LA) or a mixture of 100 g
LA plus 100 g conjugated linoleic acid (LA-CLA) for 24 h in a
single crossover design. Infused CLA was a mixture of 70%
cis-9, trans-11-18:2 and 30% trans-10, cis-12-18:2. Milk yield
and DMI were not affected by treatment. Milk fat percentage
and yield were decreased by LA-CLA. Concentration and yield of
oleic and arachidonic acid and fatty acids with 6 to 16 carbons
in milk were reduced by LA-CLA. Stearic acid and CLA concentrations
in milk, however, were higher in response to LA-CLA. Infusion
of LA-CLA led to increased (from 23 to 45%) concentration of
unsaturated fatty acids with a concomitant decrease (from 70 to 42%)
in saturated fatty acid concentration in milk fat. Feeding
canolamide at 3.3% significantly decreased DMI and milk yield
compared with canola oil or the mixture of canola oil and
canolamide. However, results indicated that oleic acid and CLA
concetration in milk fat can be increased proportionally to
their flow into the small intestine. Utilization of these fatty
acids for milk fat synthesis may cause a reduction in the amount
of medium and short chain fatty acids synthesized de novo within
the mammary gland. Furthermore, CLA appears to be a potent
inhibitor of milk fat synthesis and desaturation of stearic and
linoleic acid.Master of Science
14
Jones, Sean Adrian Rutten. "The incorporation of isomers of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) into egg yolk lipids, by feeding the laying hen." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ40065.pdf.
15
Smedman, Annika. "Milk Fat Intake and Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) Supplementation : Dietary Markers and Associations to Clinical and Biochemical Characteristics." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4820.
16
Kgwatalala, Patrick M. 1973. "Genetic polymorphisms in the stearoyl-CoA desaturase1 (SCD1) gene and their influence on the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) content of milk fat of Canadian Holstein and Jersey cows." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=115690.
Анотація:
Stearoyl-CoA desaturase1 (SCD1) catalyzes the synthesis of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in the mammary gland of ruminant animals. We hypothesized that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the coding region, 5' and 3' untranslted regions (UTRs) of the SCD1 gene would influence the activity of SCD1 enzyme and consequently account for some within-breed variations in milk CLA and MUFA. Sequence analysis of the coding region of the SCD1 gene of Jerseys and Holsteins revealed c.702A→G, c.762T→C and c.878C→T SNPs in exon 5 in both breeds and c.435G→A in exon 3 in Holsteins. The SNPs resulted in: A (G435A702T 762C878), A1 (A435A702T 762C878), B (G435G702C 762T878) and B1 (A435G702C 762T878) coding variants in Holsteins and only variants A and B in Jerseys. Only SNP 878C→T resulted in a non-synonymous codon change resulting in p.293Ala and p.293Val protein variants or alleles at the SCD1 locus. Subsequent association studies found significantly higher C10 index, C12 index and C14 index and consequently higher concentrations of C10:1 and C12:1 in p.293AA cows compared to the p.293VV cows in both breeds. The SCD1 genotype had no influence on concentrations of C141, C16:1, C18:1 and CLA in both breeds.Sequence analysis of the 5' and 3' UTRs revealed no SNPs in the 5'UTR and a total of 14 SNPs in the 3'UTR of both breeds. The SNPs were in complete linkage disequilibrium resulting in 3 haplotypes or regulatory variants: H1 (G1571G1644C1763C2053A2584 A3007C3107G3208 T3290G 3497G3682A4399C4533G4881), H2 (G1571G1644A1763C2053A 2584G3007 C3107G3208T3290G3497G 3682A4399C4533G4881) and H3 (T 1571C1644A1763 T2053G2584G3007T 3107A3208C3290A3497A3682T 4399T4533A4881) in Holsteins and only H1 and H3 variants in Jerseys. A subsequent association study involving 862 Holstein cows, found the H1 regulatory variant to be associated with higher C10 and C12 desaturase indices and consequently with higher concentrations of C10:1 and C12:1 compared with the H3 variant. The effects of the H2 variant were intermediate to those of H1 and H3. 3'UTR genotype had no influence on the concentrations of C14:1, C16:1, C18:1 and CLA. The concentrations of C10:1 and C12:1 in milk fat could therefore be due to effects of SNPs in the open reading frame and the 3'UTR regions of the SCD1 gene. These results indicate that SNPs in the coding and 3'UTR regions of the SCD1 gene could be used as markers for genetic selection for increased C10:1 and C12:1 contents of milk.
17
Chuang, Lu-Te. "The inhibitory effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on N-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in a transformed yeast model /." The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1486402957196639.
18
Saremi, Behnam [Verfasser]. "Characterization of insulin sensitivity and inflammation related factors in dairy cows receiving conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) or a control fat supplement during lactation / Behnam Saremi." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1043064338/34.
19
Ribeiro, Claudio Vaz Di Mambro. "Determining the factors that cause higher concentration of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in milk fat of dairy cows fed fresh alfalfa versus alfalfa hay." Connect to this title online, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1117551699.
Анотація:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xviii, 141 p.; also includes graphics (some col.) Includes bibliographical references (p. 116-130). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
20
Rossignoli, Camila Pederiva. "Efeitos da suplementação da dieta com ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) e óleo de peixe isolados ou em conjunto sobre o metabolismo energético mitocondrial, celular e corporal." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17131/tde-06012017-091053/.
Анотація:
Atualmente no Brasil mais da metade da população adulta tem excesso de peso e 21% estão obesos. A obesidade é uma doença que se encontra em evidente crescimento, sendo considerada a epidemia do século XXI. Como alternativa de tratamento e prevenção, o uso de ácidos graxos que possuem habilidade de induzir a expressão de genes com importante papel em modulações metabólicas e mitocondriais têm sido estudados. O ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA, 18:2) é da família ômega-6, descrito por sua propriedade antiobesidade relacionada à diminuição da adiposidade e ao aumento do metabolismo corporal. O óleo de peixe (OP) é uma mistura de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados eicosapentaenóico (EPA, 20:5) e docosahexaenóico (DHA, 22:6) da família ômega-3, conhecido por aumentar a sensibilidade à insulina, o colesterol-HDL, pelas suas propriedades antiinflamatórias e sua ação protetora sobre o sistema nervoso. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os efeitos da suplementação da dieta de camundongos C57BL6 com CLA em conjunto com OP durante 60 dias sobre aspectos bioquímicos, moleculares e fisiológicos do metabolismo mitocondrial e corporal. Verificamos que a suplementação da dieta com CLA e OP in vivo: aumenta o metabolismo corporal, efeito atribuído à ambos os óleos; prejudica o metabolismo da glicose circulante, proporcionado exclusivamente pelo CLA; reduz o nível de movimentação, proporcionado exclusivamente pelo OP. No fígado: aumenta a expressão de UCP2, a atividade de proteínas desacopladoras e a ?- oxidação, efeito atribuído à ambos os óleos; aumenta o número de mitocôndrias, proporcionado exclusivamente pelo OP. CLA aumenta a produção de espécies reativas de O2 (EROs) a qual é revertida pelo OP em conjunto. No músculo sóleo: aumenta a biogênese mitocondrial via PGC- 1? e a expressão de UCP2, proporcionados pelo OP. Por fim, no hipocampo: aumenta o número de mitocôndrias, estimulo dado por ambos os óleos; aumenta a atividade desacopladora e reduz a produção de EROs, proporcionados exclusivamente pelo CLA. Concluímos que na suplementação conjunta os efeitos do OP são predominantes nos metabolismos corporal, hepático e muscular, e na movimentação corporal, enquanto que o efeito predominante do CLA é a diminuição na sensibilidade à insulina. Já no cérebro, o OP potencializa os efeitos do CLA.Currently in Brazil more than a half of adult population has overweight, and 21% are obese. This evident growing disease is considered the 21th century\'s epidemy. Some fatty acids have been considered an alternative treatment and prevention strategy for obesity due to their ability to stimulate gene expression with important role in cellular and mitochondrial metabolisms. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, 18:2) from omega-6 family, with anti-obesity properties related to diminution of adiposity and increments in body metabolism. The fish oil (FO) is a mixture of the poli-unsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5) and docosahexaenoic (DHA, 22:6) from omega-3 family, known for improving insulin sensibility and HDL-cholesterol, anti-inflammatory properties and protective action over the central nervous system. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of dietary supplementation of CLA in conjunction with FO during 60 days over biochemical, molecular and physiological aspects of mitochondrial and body metabolism in C57BL6 mice. Diet supplementation with CLA and FO in vivo: raise body metabolism, an effect attributed to both oils; affect glucose metabolism, exclusively proportionate by CLA; diminish the level of mice movement, exclusively proportionate by FO. In liver: increase UCP2 expression, uncoupling proteins activity and ?-oxidation, stimulated by both oils; increase mitochondrial density, exclusively proportionate by FO. CLA also raises the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which is reversed by FO in conjunction. In soleus muscle: increase mitochondrial biogenesis through PGC-1? and the UCP2 expression, exclusively proportionate by FO. Lastly, in hippocampus: increase mitochondrial density, stimulated by both oils; stimulate uncoupling activity and diminish ROS production, exclusively proportionate by CLA. In conclusion, in the dietary supplementation with CLA and FO in conjunction the FO effects are prevalent in metabolisms of body, liver and muscle, and in body movement, while the CLA effects are prevalent in decreasing insulin sensitivity. However in the brain, the FO potentiates the effects of CLA.
21
Marineli, Rafaela da Silva 1986. "Avaliação dos efeitos do ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA), dos fitosteróis e de sua combinação na regulação de parâmetros bioquímicos, oxidativos e na composição corporal de ratos Sprague Dawley." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/255052.
Анотація:
Orientador: Mario Roberto Marostica JuniorDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: Têm-se atribuído inúmeros efeitos biológicos ao ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA) e aos fitosteróis. O CLA vem sendo estudado principalmente por sua ação anticarcinogênica, imunomoduladora, reguladora do balanço energético, pela alteração do perfil lipídico e da composição corporal, influência sobre o processo de resistência à insulina e aumento da oxidação lipídica. Os fitosteróis levam a redução dos níveis de colesterol sérico e, consequentemente, a prevenção de doenças cardiovasculares, além de outros efeitos benéficos reportados recentemente, como atividade antidiabetogênica e antioxidante. É possível que a interação entre CLA e fitosteróis melhore ou potencialize os seus efeitos biológicos isolados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos causados pela associação da suplementação de CLA e de fitosteróis no perfil lipídico, hormonal e oxidativo, na sensibilidade à insulina e na composição corporal in vivo. Foi realizado um ensaio biológico com 40 ratos machos Sprague Dawley, saudáveis, em crescimento divididos em 5 grupos (n=8) e alimentados por 9 semanas com dieta normolipídica (AIN-93G) suplementada com 2% dos compostos lipídicos de interesse: grupo S com óleo de soja (padrão), grupo LA com óleo de cártamo (controle), grupo CLA com CLA TonalinÒ, grupo P com fitosteróis Vegapure 95FFÒ e grupo CLA+P com uma mistura de CLA e fitosteróis. Foram determinados e avaliados: ingestão alimentar, ganho de peso, peso dos órgãos, composição corporal, perfil lipídico e hormonal, teste de tolerância à glicose e à insulina, conteúdo de lipídios hepáticos e fecais, enzimas antioxidantes e produtos primários e secundários da autoxidação lipídica. A associação entre CLA e fitosteróis não alterou a ingestão de dieta, ganho de peso, composição corporal, peso dos rins, coração e fígado, mas reduziu o peso do tecido adiposo epididimal (-42%), sem alteração no conteúdo de lipídios hepáticos e perfil lipídico sérico; aumentou a concentração de insulina sérica sem comprometer a sensibilidade à insulina, já que os testes de tolerância à glicose e à insulina e os índices de HOMA-IR não diferiram entre os grupos. Além disso, o consumo isolado da mistura dos isômeros do CLA diminuiu o consumo de dieta, sem alteração do ganho de peso dos animais, reduziu os níveis de leptina sérica e aumentou o peso do fígado dos animais sem alterar o conteúdo de lipídios hepáticos. O consumo isolado de fitosteróis reduziu a glicose sanguínea, melhorando o índice de HOMA-BCF, e aumentou a excreção de lipídios fecais em 6 vezes, com ou sem a adição de CLA. Quanto ao perfil oxidativo, o grupo CLA+P não apresentou alteração nos valores plasmáticos de MDA e GSH, na atividade das enzimas SOD, GRd e GPx, mas restaurou os níveis de isoprostana e a atividade de catalase aos valores basais, as quais estiveram aumentadas com a suplementação de CLA. A suplementação com CLA+P também reduziu os produtos primários e secundários da peroxidação lipídica no fígado. A suplementação isolada de fitosteróis e de CLA também foi capaz de reduzir a peroxidação lipídica no fígado dos animais e os valores plasmáticos de MDA. Tendo em vista os resultados encontrados, pôde-se concluir que a associação entre a suplementação de CLA e fitosteróis não apresentou efeito sobre a composição corporal, perfil hormonal e lipídico, mas atuou positivamente na redução do tecido adiposo, sem comprometer a sensibilidade à insulina e induzir a hepatomegalia ou esteatose hepática. Além disso, o efeito sinérgico entre esses compostos melhorou o perfil oxidativo e reduziu a peroxidação lipídica nos animais. Porém, os mecanismos responsáveis por tais alterações não foram elucidados, sendo necessárias outras investigações
Abstract: Several biological effects have been assigned to the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and phytosterols. CLA has been studied mainly by anticarcinogenic actions, immunomodulatory, regulation of energy balance, modulation of circulating lipids and body composition, influence on the process of insulin resistance and increase in lipid oxidation. Phytosterols provide a reduction in serum cholesterol levels and prevent cardiovascular disease, and other biological effects reported recently, as antidiabetic and antioxidant activity. It is possible that the interaction between CLA and phytosterols improves or potentiate their isolated effects. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of dietary CLA associated with phytosterols on lipid, hormonal and oxidative profile, insulin sensitivity and body composition in vivo. A biological assay was conducted with 40 male healthy Sprague Dawley rats divided into 5 groups (n = 8) and fed for 9 weeks with a standard lipid diet (AIN-93G) supplemented with 2% of lipid compounds of interest: group S with soybean oil (standard), group LA with safflower oil (control), group CLA with CLA TonalinÒ, group P with phytosterols Vegarupe 95FFÒ, and group CLA+P with a mixture of CLA and phytosterols. Food intake, weight gain, organs weight, body composition, lipid and hormonal profile, glucose tolerance test and insulin tolerance test, hepatic and fecal lipid content, antioxidant enzymes, primary and secondary lipid autoxidation products were determined. The association between CLA and phytosterols did not alter food intake, weight gain, body composition, kidneys, heart and liver weight, but reduced epididymal adipose tissue weight (-42%), without change in hepatic lipids content and lipid profile, increased serum insulin concentration, without impairment of insulin sensitivity, since the glucose tolerance test, insulin tolerance test and HOMA-IR index did not differ among the groups. In addition, the isolated consumption of mixture CLA isomers reduced food intake, without alter the weight gain of animals, reduced serum leptin and increased animals liver weight without change the hepatic lipid content. And the isolated consumption of phytosterols reduced blood glucose, improving the HOMA-BCF index, and increased lipid fecal excretion by 6 times, with or without the addition of CLA. For the oxidative profile, CLA+P group showed no change in plasma MDA and GSH levels, SOD, GPx and GRd activity, but restored the levels of isoprostane and catalase activity to baseline, which were increased with CLA supplementation. Supplementation with CLA+P also reduced the primary and secondary products of lipid peroxidation in the liver. Supplementation of isolated phytosterols and CLA was also able to reduce lipid peroxidation in liver and plasma levels of MDA. We concluded that the association between phytosterols and CLA supplementation had no effect on body composition, hormonal and lipid profile, but acted positively on the reduction of adipose tissue without impairment of insulin sensitivity and hepatic steatosis or hepatomegaly. In addition, the synergistic effect between these compounds improved the oxidative profile and reduced lipid peroxidation in animals. However, the mechanisms responsible for these changes were not elucidated, so further investigations are necessary
Mestrado
Nutrição Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de Alimentos
Mestre em Alimentos e Nutrição
22
Zidirich, Victor Eustáquio Tostes. "Efeitos do ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA) cis-9 trans-11 na resposta imune à ovalbumina." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2011. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/2093.
Анотація:
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O ácido linoléico conjugado, do inglês “Conjugated Linoleic Acid” (CLA) é uma mistura de isômeros de posição e geométricos do ácido linoléico (C18:2 n-6), comumente encontrado em maiores concentrações na carne bovina e em produtos lácteos de ruminantes. Numerosas atividades biológicas têm sido atribuídas aos isômeros C18:2 cis-9, trans-11(c9t11) e ao C18:2 trans-10, cis-12 (t10c12) dentre as quais destacam-se: propriedades anticarcinogênica, antiaterogênica, antiobesogênica, incluindo aumento da massa magra em animais, retardo do aparecimento de diabetes tipo II e também nas respostas imunes humoral e celular. O presente trabalho focou na utilização do c9t11 na dieta em camundongos da linhagem BALB/c, avaliando efeitos na resposta imune humoral como a produção anticorpos específicos para ovalbumina (OVA), bem como a síntese de citocinas e respostas à hipersensibilidade tardia (HTT). O trabalho mostrou que o CLA na dieta reduziu efeitos nas respostas de HTT em 24 horas nos animais e estes apresentaram altos níveis de Ac anti- IgG1 e supressão no perfil Th1 de citocinas como IFN-γ e TNF-α. Com base nesses resultados foi possível perceber que o CLA foi um importante fator no controle do processo inflamatório do modelo e que seu uso poderia ser considerado como uma importante intervenção profilática para muitas doenças de natureza inflamatória.
Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) is a mixture of positional and geometrical isomers of linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6), commonly found in high concentrations in bovine meat and lacteous products from ruminants. Numerous biological activities have been attributed to C18:2 cis-9, trans-11(c9t11) and C18:2 trans-10, cis-12 (t10c12) isomers, among which anti-carcinogenic, anti-aterogenic, anti-obesity properties must be highlighted, including increase of thin mass in animals, delay in type II diabetes emergence and also in humoral and cellular immune responses. This work focused on the use of c9t11 in the diet of BALB/c mice, evaluating effects on humoral immune response by means of production of ovalbumin (OVA) specific antibodies, cytokine production and responses to delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH). The results showed that using CLA in the diet of BALB/c mice decreased effects on DTH responses in a 24h period after animals had been challenged. They exhibited high levels of Ab anti-IgG1 and suppression of Th1 profile cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α. Based on these results, it was possible to say that CLA was an important factor of control in the inflammatory process of the model and that its use could be considered as an important prophylactic intervention for many diseases of inflammatory nature.
23
Bouattour, M. Amine. "Effects of feeding different vegetal fat sources to increase conjugated linoleic acid in milk of small ruminants and interaction with fibrolytic enzymes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/5681.
Анотація:
El objetivo principal de la presente tesis doctoral fue estudiar la posibilidad de mejorar la calidad nutritiva de la leche de oveja y de cabra, y en particular la concentración de ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) mediante la incorporación de diferentes fuentes de lípidos vegetales a la ración.El primer capitulo fue realizado para investigar los efectos de la suplementación con Semillas Enteras de Lino (WLS) o de Aceite de Lino (LSO) sobre la producción y composición de leche, así como el perfil de ácidos grasos (AG) de leche y queso. Las concentraciones de AG de cadena media y de AG saturados fueron más bajas, y las de AG insaturados y de cadena larga más altas en la leche de los tratamientos con lino. El ácido alfa-linolénico aumentó más con la semilla que con el aceite, mientras que el CLA (ácido ruménico, RA) aumentó más con el aceite que con la semilla. En paralelo, el ácido trans-11 vaccénico (TVA) aumentó únicamente con el aceite. De manera general, la composición en AG de quesos curados (60 días de maduración) fue similar a la de la leche del correspondiente tratamiento experimental.
En el segundo capítulo se utilizaron 24 ovejas de raza Lacaune para estudiar los efectos de las semillas enteras de cártamo (WSF) sobre la producción y composición de leche, así como sobre su perfil de AG, en particular CLA. En la leche producida por el grupo WSF, las concentraciones de AG de cadena larga y de AG insaturados fueron más altas, mientras que las de AG de cadena corta y de AG saturados fueron más bajas. Las concentraciones de CLA (RA) y de TVA en leche fueron mayores en el grupo WSF.
En el tercer capítulo, se realizaron dos ensayos experimentales con el objetivo de estudiar los efectos de la inclusión del aceite de soja (SBO) y de un complejo de enzimas fibrolíticas (E) sobre la digestibilidad de los nutrientes de la ración y la producción y composición de leche. Cuando SBO se utilizó solo, no tuvo consecuencias sobre las digestibilidades de MS, MO y FND. El tratamiento E incrementó las digestibilidades de MS, MO y FND. Sin embargo, cuando fueron utilizados conjuntamente (SBO+E) el aceite de soja anuló las mejoras ofrecidas por E. En el experimento de ordeño, las concentraciones de ácido oleico, TVA, linoleico y CLA fueron más altas por efecto del aceite, con respuestas más evidentes en raza Lacaune que en Manchega. La adición de enzimas incrementó la producción de leche.
El cuarto capítulo consistió en un experimento llevado a cabo con 24 cabras Murciano-Granadinas con el objeto de estudiar los efectos de la suplementación con SBO sobre la producción y composición de leche, y su perfil de AG, especialmente de CLA y de TVA. La concentración de AG de cadena corta y media en leche se redujo, mientras que la de AG de cadena larga aumentó. SBO redujo el ratio de AG saturados/insaturados así como el índice de aterogenicidad. Comparado con el control, las concentraciones de CLA y TVA en la leche fueron triplicadas por efecto del aceite de soja.
En conclusión, los lípidos de origen vegetal incrementaron el CLA (RA) y el ácido trans-11 vaccénico, obteniéndose los incrementos más altos con la utilización de aceites vegetales, especialmente con aceite de soja en ovejas de raza Lacaune o en cabras Murciano-Granadinas. Por el contrario, las semillas enteras de lino permitieron un mayor aumento del ácido alfa-linolénico, de tipo n-3. A la dosis utilizada, el aceite de soja no afectó la digestibilidad de la fibra, pero anuló el efecto positivo de las enzimas observado sobre la digestibilidad.
The present Doctoral Thesis was carried out to study the possibility of enhance the nutritive quality of sheep and goat milk using the incorporation of different sources of vegetal fat to the diet.
The first experiment was performed to investigate the effects of feeding whole linseed (WLS) or linseed oil (LSO) to dairy ewes on lactational performance, milk and cheese fatty acids profile and CLA content. Short chain fatty acids (FA) remained unchanged while medium chain and saturated FA were decreased and large chain and unsaturated FA (including mono and poly-unsaturated FA) were increased by WLS and LSO. Feeding WLS was more useful on increasing milk alpha-linolenic acid content, while feeding LSO allowed a higher increase of rumenic acid. Similarly, trans-11 C18:1 (trans vaccenic acid or TVA), precursor of CLA, was only increased by LSO. Except for short chain FA, the FA profile of 60-d-old cheeses made from milk of the ewes receiving the experimental treatments was similar to the FA profile of the milk.
In the second study, a total of 24 Lacaune dairy ewes at 49±7 DIM were used to study the effects of adding whole safflower seeds (WSF) to the concentrate on dairy performance and Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) in milk. Feeding WSF increased concentrations of long chain and unsaturated FA, and decreased short chain and saturated FA. Concentrations of rumenic (cis-9, trans-11 CLA) and TVA acids in milk were increased in animals fed WSF. In addition, WSF reduced the saturated/unsaturated FA ratio and the atherogenicity index of the milk fat, but increased the ratio n-6/n-3 FA.
In the third chapter, two experiments were performed to study the effects of feeding soybean oil (SBO) and a fibrolytic enzyme complex (E) on nutrients digestibility (trial 1) and lactational performance of dairy ewes (trial 2). When used alone, feeding SBO increased ether extract digestibility without varying the DM, OM and NDF digestibilities, while the E treatment increased DM, OM and NDF digestibilities. In contrast, when fed together with the enzyme complex, SBO reduced digestibilities of DM, OM and NDF, being the enzyme supplement unable to reincrease nutrients digestibility. In a milking trial, milk FA variations were higher in Lacaune than in Manchega ewes. Oleic acid, TVA, linoleic acid and CLA were increased.
The fourth chapter consisted in an experiment where a total of 24 Murciano-Granadina dairy goats were used to study the effects of feeding soybean oil (SBO) on lactational performance and milk fatty acids (FA), particularly CLA and TVA. Feeding SBO increased milk concentrations of linoleic, oleic and stearic FA. As a consequence, feeding SBO reduced the saturated to unsaturated FA ratio and the atherogenicity index, but increased the n-6/n-3 FA ratio. Compared with the control, milk contents of cis-9, trans-11 CLA and TVA in the SBO treatment were almost triplicated.
In conclusion, vegetal fat increased CLA (rumenic acid) and TVA, being the highest increases obtained in the case of feeding vegetal oils, particularly when using soybean oil in Lacaune ewes or Murciano-Granadina goats. In contrast, whole linseed grains enhance better the alpha-linolenic acid (n-3). Under the circumstances of our experiment, soybean oil did not affect fiber digestibility except when used together with the fibrolytic enzyme complex, in which case reduced DM, OM and fiber digestibilities.
24
Hanschke, Nina [Verfasser]. "The effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplements on the oxidative and antioxidative status of periparturient and lactating dairy cows / Nina Hanschke." Hannover : Bibliothek der Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1054311781/34.
25
Ribeiro, Claudio Vaz. "Determining the factors that cause higher concentration of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in milk fat of dairy cows fed fresh alfalfa versus alfalfa hay." The Ohio State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1117551699.
26
House, Ralph Lee. "Functional Genomic Characterization of the Anti-Adipogenic Effects of trans 10, cis 12-Conjugated Linoleic Acid (t10c12-CLA) in a Polygenic Obese Line of Mice." NCSU, 2004. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07292004-115209/.
Анотація:
We analyzed gene expression during t10c12-CLA-induced body fat reduction in a polygenic obese line of mice. Adult mice (N=185) were allotted to a 2x2 factorial experiment consisting of a non-obese (ICR-control) and an obese (M16-selected) line of mice fed a 7% fat, purified diet containing either 1% linoleic acid (LA) or 1% t10c12-CLA. Body weight (BW) gain by day 14 was 12% lower in CLA compared to LA fed mice (P<0.0001). By day 14, t10c12-CLA reduced weights of epididymal, mesenteric and brown adipose tissues as a percentage of BW in both lines by 30, 27 and 58%, respectively, and increased liver weight/BW by 34% (P<0.0001). Total RNA was isolated and pooled (4-5 mice per composite) from epididymal adipose (day 5 & 14) and liver (day 14) of the obese mice to analyze gene expression profiles using Agilent mouse oligo microarray slides (4 per tissue?day) representing >20,000 genes. Numbers of genes differentially expressed by ≥ two fold in epididymal adipose (day 5 & 14) and liver (day 14) were 29, 125, and 80, respectively. Of particular interest in adipose, CLA putatively increased expression of the uncoupling proteins (1 and 2), carnitine palmitoyltransferase (L and M), and carnitine translocase, but decreased expression of PPAR-gamma, GLUT-4, perilipin, caveolin-1, adiponectin and resistin (P<0.01). In conclusion, this experiment has revealed candidate genes that will be useful in elucidating mechanisms underlying the potent anti-adipogenic effects of t10c12-CLA.
27
Teipel, Flavio Jan [Verfasser], and Luisa Hildegard [Akademischer Betreuer] Klotz. "Influence of a dietary supplement with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on systemic immune responses in patients with multiple sclerosis / Flavio Jan Teipel ; Betreuer: Luisa Hildegard Klotz." Münster : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Münster, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1216560617/34.
28
Teipel, Flavio Jan [Verfasser], and Luisa [Akademischer Betreuer] Klotz. "Influence of a dietary supplement with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on systemic immune responses in patients with multiple sclerosis / Flavio Jan Teipel ; Betreuer: Luisa Hildegard Klotz." Münster : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Münster, 2020. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:6-60139604050.
29
Gonçalves, Daniela Caetano. "Efeitos do ácido linoléico conjugado sobre parâmetros do metabolismo lipídico alterados pela caquexia." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42134/tde-28092010-083359/.
Анотація:
Este trabalho investigou os efeitos do CLA sobre o metabolismo lipídico na caquexia. Grupos controle ou tumor foram suplementados com CLA, óleo de girassol ou salina, por gavagem, por 14 dias. O peso corporal, ração, glicose, colesterol, TAG, insulina e leptina plasmáticos, glicogênio, proteína, TAG, expressão gênica da CPT I and II, MTP, L-FABP, PPAR-α e apoB, o conteúdo proteíco da apoB e a atividade máxima da CPT I e II no fígado, o conteúdo de gordura no TAE e TARP e a concentração proteíca e de IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-α e IL-10 desses tecidos foram determinados. A atividade da CPT II mostrou-se reduzida em todos os grupos em relação a C. o mRNA da MTP, apoB e FABP foi inferior em todos os grupos TB, mas no TBCLA esta redução foi maior. Todos os grupos mostraram expressão diminuída de proteína apoB em relação a C. TBCLA aumentou o TAG hepático e plasmático, assim como colesterol e glicose quando comparado com os grupos TB. O TAG no TAE diminuiu em TBCLA em relação a C, TBSF e CCLA. Houve diminuição de IL-1β no CCLA em relação a C, mas em TBCLA a IL-1β foi superior em relação a C, TB e TBSF. TBCLA mostrou um aumento de IL-6 em relação a TB e CCLA. O TBCLA mostrou aumento de TNF-α quando comparado com TB e CCLA. O CLA falhou em promover a recuperação do metabolismo lipídico em animais caquéticos.We investigated the effects of CLA upon lipid metabolism in cachexia. Male Wistar rats were assigned to a control or cachetic rats, supplemented with CLA, sunflower oil or saline, for 14 days. Body weight, dietary intake, plasma glucose, cholesterol, insulin and leptin, and liver TAG, glycogen and protein, CPT I and II, MTP, L-FABP, PPAR-α, apoB gene expression, apoB protein content and the maximal activity of CPT I and II, were assessed. The fat content of EAT and RPAT, and adipose tissue IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-α and IL-10 content were assessed. CPT II activity was reduced in all groups when compared with C. mRNA expression of MTP, apoB and FABP were reduced in all TB groups, but TBCLA showed the greatest reduction of apoB and MTP mRNA and apoB protein content. TBCLA increased liver and plasma TAG, cholesterol and glucose content, when compared with TB groups. TAG in EAT decreased in TBCLA group when compared with C, with TBSF, and with CCLA. Decreased IL-1β in CCLA was found in relation to C, TBCLA enhanced IL-1β in relation to C, TB and TBSF. TBCLA, increased IL-6 when compared with TB and CCLA. TBCLA showed higher TNF-α in relation to TB and CCLA. We conclude that CLA fails promoting the re-establishment of lipid metabolism in cachexia.
30
Domingues, José Luiz. "Avaliação do desempenho em confinamento, do metabolismo ruminal e do perfil de ácidos graxos da carne em novilhos Nelore, utilizando milho com alto teor de óleo nas dietas de terminação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74131/tde-29012007-142000/.
Анотація:
Nas pesquisas com bovinos de corte, além do bom desempenho animal e da viabilidade econômica, busca-se agregar características qualitativas à carne produzida. O fornecimento de milho alto óleo a bovinos de corte em terminação aumenta o ganho de peso e a qualidade de carcaça, quando comparado ao milho comum. Buscou-se consolidar as informações quanto aos efeitos das dietas para novilhos Nelore em confinamento, sobre os parâmetros da produção animal, como ganho de peso, rendimento de carcaça, degradabilidade das dietas, efeitos sobre os protozoários ciliados e outras medidas ruminais, parâmetros físicos do Longissimus dorsi, composição centesimal da carcaça, composição do ganho e perfil de ácidos graxos nesse músculo. Foram utilizados 48 novilhos da raça Nelore, com peso vivo inicial médio de 435 kg, submetidos a um dos seis tratamentos, usando dois tipos de milho (comum e alto óleo) e três níveis de inclusão de milho no concentrado (25%, 40% e 55%). Os animais foram confinados por um período de 84 dias. Amostras do Longissimus dorsi foram coletadas para avaliação das características físicas da carne e análise do perfil de ácidos graxos na gordura intramuscular. Os tratamentos não influenciaram o ganho de peso, o consumo de alimentos, a conversão alimentar ou os parâmetros da carcaça. A qualidade física da carne também não foi influenciada pelos tratamentos. Para as dietas contendo milho alto óleo, houve alteração na população de protozoários no rúmen e na degradação da FDN. Dietas com milho alto óleo favoreceram o aumento no total dos ácidos graxos intermediários da biohidrogenação na gordura intramuscular. Houve diferenças significativas no ácido rumênico (CLA - C18:2_cis9_trans11), passando de 0,43% para 0,49%, representando um aumento médio de 12,7%, devido ao uso de dietas contendo milho alto óleo.Beef cattle researchers, over than animal performance and economics are looking for nutritional characteristics of the products from ruminants. Inclusion of high oil corn (HOC) on diets increases weight gain and carcass quality compared to common corn grain. This study looks for data from animal performance on diets using high oil corn, evaluating live weight gain, carcass composition, diets digestibility, dry matter degradability, effects on ciliated protozoa number and quality, muscle quality characteristics, meat composition and fatty acids profile on intramuscular fat. Where used 48 Nellore steers, with initial average live weight of 435 kg in six treatments, using two corn grain varieties (common and high oil corn) and three levels of corn grain in concentrate diets (25%, 40% and 55%). Animals were in feedlot pens for 84 days, after an adaptation period to diets and installations. The Longissimus dorsi was used for evaluating meat characteristics and fatty acids profile on intramuscular fat. There was no effect of diets on daily gain, intake, conversion, or carcass parameters. Meat quality was not also affected by treatments. Diets with high oil corn altered protozoa population and ruminal degradation of NDF. The total biohidrogenated fatty acids in intramuscular fat were increased by treatment with high oil corn and also rumenic acid. Rumenic acid was the major conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) detected in this tissue, with concentrations increasing from 0,43% to 0,49%, representing an average increase of 12,7% caused for HOC diets.
31
Imatoukene, Nabila. "Optimisation de la production d’acides gras inhabituels chez la levure Yarrowia lipolytica par fermentation de substrats bio-sourcés." Thesis, Compiègne, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017COMP2362.
Анотація:
Les acides linoléiques conjugués (CLA) et les acides gras cyclopropanes (CFA) sont deux types d’acides gras à haute valeur ajoutée. Ils présentent un grand intérêt dans divers domaines agroalimentaire ou industriel. Les CLA sont connus pour leurs effets bénéfiques pour la santé, alors que les CFA constituent une bonne source pour la fabrication de lubrifiants, plastiques…après leur hydrogénation. Les CLA sont synthétisés par voie chimique qui génère différents types d’isomères. Les CFA sont produits par les plantes dépendantes du climat et les bactéries présentant naturellement de faibles productivités. Il semble donc intéressant de chercher des alternatives pour leurs productions. Y. lipolytica constitue une bonne alternative. Ceci passe par des modifications génétiques pour permettre ces synthèses et l’étude de l’influence des conditions de culture. Pour cela, les voies de synthèse de ces deux acides gras ainsi que les éléments qui peuvent influencer leurs productions sont à acquérir. Dans ce contexte, nous avons testé plusieurs souches possédant différentes modifications génétiques en erlenmeyer et en fermenteur sur le milieu de néo-synthèse et de bioconversion. Une souche a été sélectionnée permettant la diminution de la dégradation des CLA par le blocage de la voie de la β-oxydation. La meilleure production de CLA en fermenteur a été obtenue en présence d’huile de soja et grâce à la surexpression du gène FAD2 (302 mg. L-1). L’influence de la composition et des paramètres de culture a été étudiée. Les résultats ont montré une meilleure assimilation de la peptone de Soja Dynamis riche en acides aminés libres par la levure qui conduit à une productivité améliorée. Ceci par son effet positif sur la croissance et les productions. De plus, la stratégie Fed-batch en fermenteur a permis la production optimale de CLA (0,4 g.L-1), la limitation en azote et phosphore semble affecter leur accumulation. D’autres souches dites de premières générations productrices de CFA grâce à l’expression du gène de la CFAs d’E.coli ont été testées sur différents milieux de culture. Deux souches (GY1005 et GY1070) ont été retenues pour leur production maximale d’huile et/ou de CFA sur le milieu de néo-synthèse en fermenteur. Ceci grâce à la surexpression des gènes DGA2 et GPD1 permettant une forte accumulation de lipides et l’absence de remobilisation et de dégradation des acides gras. Les paramètres et la composition du milieu de culture tels qu’une forte agitation (1 000 rpm) et une stratégie Fed-batch en utilisant une solution de même composition que le milieu de départ ont permis de maximiser la production de CFA (1,2 g.L-1 pour GY1070 et 0,9 g.L-1 pour GY1005). Une souche dite de deuxième génération (JMY5578) a été optimisée génétiquement (expression du gène de la CFAs sous le contrôle d’un promoteur plus fort et l’expression du gène LRO1). Cette souche a été testée en erlenmeyer et en fermenteur dans le but d’évaluer l’influence des composés du milieu de culture sur la production de CFA. Les résultats ont montré un gain de 30% de CFA et 6% de biomasse en présence des chlorures de magnésium et des vitamines dans le milieu de culture. De plus, un ajout en continu de dextrose et un milieu de départ riche en azote et phosphore a permis une production de 3 g.L-1 de CFA. Nous avons étudié l’impact des promoteurs sur l’expression du gène de la CFAs dans des souches de 2éme génération. L’expression du gène sous le contrôle du promoteur php8d a donné le meilleur résultat en termes d’accumulation des CFA dans la souche JMY6068 (46% dans les lipides totaux) ; il semble être le promoteur le plus fort en comparaison avec TEFConjugated linoleic acids (CLA) and cyclopropane fatty acids (CFA) are two high value added products. They are of a great interest in various agri-food or industrial fields. CLAs are known for their health benefits, while CFAs, after their hydrogenation are a good source for the manufacture of lubricants, plastics.... CLAs are synthesized chemically which generates different types of isomers. CFAs are produced by climate-dependent plants and by bacteria with low productivity. It seems therefore interesting to look for alternatives for their production. Y. lipolytica is a good alternative. This involves genetic modifications to enable these syntheses and the study of the influence of culture conditions. For this purpose, synthetic pathways of these two fatty acids as well as the elements that can influence their production are to be acquired. In this context, we tested several strains with different genetic background in flask and fermenter on neo-synthesis and bioconversion media. One strain was selected allowing reduction of CLA degradation by blocking the β-oxidation pathway and the better production of CLAs in fermenter with soybean oil by overexpression of FAD2 (302 mg. L-1). The influence of media composition was studied. The results showed better assimilation of Dynamis soy peptone rich in free amino acids by this yeast. This has a positive effect on growth and productions. In addition, the Fed-batch fermenter strategy allowed the optimal production of CLA (0.4 g. L-1), and nitrogen and phosphorus limitations seems to affect their accumulation. First generation strains producing CFA by expression of the CFA gene of E. coli were studied. They were tested on different culture media. Two strains (GY1005 and GY1070) were retained for their maximum oil production and/or CFA accumulation on neosynthesis medium in fermenter. This is due to DGA2 and GPD1 genes overexpression allowing a strong lipid accumulation and in the absence of remobilization and degradation of fatty acids. Media composition and culture parameters, such as strong stirring (1 000 rpm) and a Fed-batch strategy using a solution with the same composition as the starting medium, made it possible to maximize CFA production (1.2 g. L-1 for GY1070 and 0.9 g. L-1 for GY1005). A so-called second generation strain (JMY5578) was genetically optimized (CFA gene was expressed under the control of a stronger promoter and LRO1 over-expression gene). This strain was tested in flask and fermenter in order to evaluate the influence of culture medium compounds on CFA production. The results showed a gain of 30% CFA and 6% biomass in the presence of magnesium chloride and vitamins in the culture medium. In addition, a continuous addition of dextrose in fermenter and a nitrogen and phosphorus-rich starting medium allowed production of 3 g.L-1 of CFA. We also looked at the effect of promoters for the CFA gene expression in secondgeneration strains. Expression of the gene under the control of the php8d promoter gave the best result in terms of CFA accumulation in JMY6068 strain (46% in total lipids) and appears to be the strongest promoter in comparison with TEF
32
Tricon, Sabine. "Effects of conjugated linoleic acids on human health related outcomes." Thesis, University of Reading, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.413900.
33
Adams, Vanessa Lynn. "Adipogenesis in post-weanling pigs fed conjugated linoleic acid." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1091.
Анотація:
The effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on lipogenesis and preadipocyte proliferation in young pigs were evaluated in two separate experiments. The first compared dietary effects of linoleic acid, beef tallow, and CLA on composition, lipogenesis, and DNA synthesis. Eighteen pigs weaned at 17 d of age were allotted randomly to corn-based diets supplemented with 1.5% corn oil, 1.5% tallow, or 1.5% CLA. The second experiment evaluated the effects of CLA included with diets high in polyunsaturated fat or beef tallow. Twenty-four pigs weaned at 17 d of age were allotted randomly to one of four corn-based diets supplemented with: 15% corn oil, 12% corn oil + 3% CLA, 15% tallow, and 12% tallow + 3% CLA. The piglets in both trials were fed a basal diet for 7 d and their respective diet for 35 d. [U-14C]Glucose incorporation into total lipids was (experiment 1): 10.64, 11.04, 13.64; (experiment 2): 21.15, 17.54, 21.34, and 19.52 nmol/(105 cells per h) for subcutaneous (s.c.) adipose tissue from corn oil, tallow, CLA; corn oil, corn oil + CLA, tallow, and tallow + CLA-fed piglets, respectively. Tritiated thymidine incorporation into DNA was not different in s.c. adipocytes across treatment groups, but was 5,581, 2,794, 6,573, and 3,760 dpm/(105 cells per h) in s.c. stromal vascular cells from corn oil, corn oil + CLA, tallow, and tallow + CLA-fed piglets, respectively (CLA main effect p<0.034). Additionally, there was a greater proportion of s.c. adipocytes in the smaller, 180-pL cell fraction from the corn oil + CLA-fed pigs (p<0.0074). CLA in the diet increased the s.c. adipose tissue concentration of 18:0 and decreased 16:1 and 18:1 (p<0.05), suggesting depression of stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase (SCD) enzyme activity in the CLA-fed pigs. The concentration of CLA isomers was raised only slightly in s.c. adipose tissue with the addition of CLA to the diets even though the CLA oil contained 62% CLA isomers. No effects on the growth of young pigs were observed. However, CLA caused a more saturated fatty acid composition and may suppress preadipocyte proliferation, apparent SCD activity, and lipid filling of smaller cells.
34
Jung, Yun-Kyoung 1979. "Production of conjugated linoleic acid and conjugated linolenic acid by Bifidobacterium breve JKL03 and its application." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82258.
Анотація:
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is predominantly found in foods of ruminant origin such as milk and processed cheese, and has gained much interest recently due to its beneficial health and biological effects on animals and humans.The bioconversion of linoleic acid (LA) and linolenic acid (LNA) by a selected Bifidobacterium from healthy infant feces was studied. Bifidobacterium breve JKL03 had the ability to convert linolenic acid (0.2 mg/ml) to CLNA in fermentation of skim milk medium for 24 h up to a yield of 72.0% (up to 74.7% under aerobic conditions) and linoleic acid (0.2 mg/ml) into CLA by fermentation in skim milk medium for 24 h up to a yield of 23.9% (up to 28.0% under aerobic conditions).
B. breve JKL03 was also co-fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus (NCFMRTM strain), a commonly added starter culture, to observe the resulting effects on growth during fermentation for yogurt production. Fermentation of LNA in skim milk with B. breve JKL03 and L. acidophilus (NCFM) maintained high CLNA production level. On the other hand, CLA production in the same media with both strains did not exhibit as high level as with the single B. breve.
These results are important for the advancement of knowledge on the production of CLA and CLNA in dairy products and for knowledge on the basic metabolic mechanisms for such conversion.
35
Fesler, Jeff, and Daniel Peterson. "Conjugated linoleic acids alter body composition differently according to physiological age in Moulard ducks." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2013. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1172.
Анотація:
Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) have been shown to have remarkable yet inconsistent metabolic effects in mice, rats, hamsters, chickens, cattle, and humans. In particular, effects on lipogenesis vary with tissue, physiological state and specie. In this study we tested the hypothesis that CLA would differentially affect ducks of the same genetic background but of differing age. Growing (7 wk) and maintenance (11 wk) Moulard ducks were grouped by age and fed a standard diet supplemented with either 5% soybean oil (control) or 5% CLA isomer mixture. Animals were harvested after 3 weeks or 6 weeks for assessment of body composition including adipose, liver, viscera, and empty carcass weight. Serum nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) and glucose concentrations were evaluated, and gene targets were cloned from the duck to use in quantifying mRNA abundance for genes involved in lipogenesis (fatty acid synthase, FAS; acetyl-CoA carboxylase, ACC) and lipid oxidation (carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1, CPT-1) in liver tissue from maintenance animals. After 3 weeks, the growing CLA group exhibited a 24% decrease in dissectible adipose tissue (P < 0.05) while maintenance animals showed no significant diet effect. After 6 weeks, the growing CLA group exhibited a 20% increase in liver mass compared to the control (P < 0.05), but no diet effect on adipose tissue. Maintenance animals receiving dietary CLA had a 42% decrease in adipose tissue mass after 6 weeks, increased serum NEFA, ACC and CPT-1 mRNA after 3 and 6 weeks (P < 0.05), and increased FAS mRNA after 3 weeks of treatment (P < 0.05). These data indicate that CLA have potent effects on lipid metabolism in ducks, but that these effects differ dependent on physiological age.
36
Qiu, Xuejun. "Factors affecting the production of conjugated linoleic acid and trans octadecenoic acids in dairy cows /." The Ohio State University, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488205318508684.
37
Rodrigues, Raphaela Araújo Veloso. "Influência de dieta a base de leite de cabra com teor aumentado de ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA) sobre o peso corporal, parâmetros bioquímicos e aspectos histopatológicos de ratos." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2012. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/4270.
Анотація:
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Previous issue date: 2012-02-10Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Goat milk is a high nutritional value food with an important economic potential. Its nutritional characteristics reveal some advantages over cow milk, as better digestibility and lower allergic potential. Among the compounds with potential benefit to human health present in goat milk, we can cite the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). This fatty acid is found especially in dairy and meat products derived from ruminants. CLA has shown biological activities as reduction of fat and body weight, maintaining or increasing lean body mass, protection of cardiovascular function, improvement of insulin sensitivity and increase of calcium retention. With the great attention given to the compound, researchers have been developing methods to increase the amount of CLA in milk of ruminants. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a goat milk manipulated to have a greater amount of CLA in male Wistar rats. A total of 36 animals was divided into three groups, treated during ten weeks with a diet based on AIN-93, each group with different fat sources, was formed: soybean oil (control group - CON), coconut oil (CO) or goat milk fat with high content of CLA (CLArich). Weight and food intake were recorded weekly. At the end of this period, the animals were anesthetized and then sacrificed. Blood samples were collected and liver and intestine removed for histopathological evaluation. The weight had no significant difference among the three groups at the beginning or end of the experiment. However, CLA-rich group had higher weights from the second to the fifth weeks of the experiment, compared to the others groups. Groups CO and CLA-rich groups showed a trend to a higher feed intake, but not during all weeks. In the CLA-rich group was observed a reduction of serum triglycerides (TG) and TG / HDL ratio and increases of HDL and total cholesterol (TC). The serum glucose of CLA-rich group did not differed from the CON group, but was significantly higher compared to CO. Pathological changes were not found in the intestine, while livers of animals of all three groups showed hepatic steatosis. Such results show a possible beneficial effect of goat milk with high content of CLA on lipid profile in rats, with no significant change of serum glucose, suggesting a functional action to this food. However, further studies are needed.
O leite de cabra é um alimento de reconhecido valor nutricional e de importante potencial econômico. Suas características nutricionais revelam algumas vantagens sobre o leite de vaca, como melhor digestibilidade e menor potencial alérgico. Dentre os compostos com possível benéfico para a saúde humana presentes no leite de cabra, cita-se o ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA), ácido graxo encontrado, especialmente, nos produtos lácteos e cárneos oriundos de ruminantes. Ao CLA atribuem-se atividades biológicas como redução da gordura e peso corporal, com manutenção ou aumento da massa magra, proteção da função cardiovascular, melhora da sensibilidade à insulina e aumento da retenção de cálcio. Com a grande atenção dada ao composto, pesquisas vêm sendo desenvolvidas visando aumentar a quantidade de CLA no leite dos ruminantes. O intuito desta pesquisa foi avaliar a eficácia de um leite de cabra manipulado para ter maior quantidade de CLA em ratos Wistar machos. Um total de 36 animais foi dividido em três grupos, que receberam por dez semanas uma dieta baseada na AIN-93, cada grupo com diferente fonte de gordura, a saber: óleo de soja (grupo controle - CON), óleo de coco (OC) ou gordura do leite de cabra com alto teor de CLA (LC-CLA). O peso corporal e o consumo de ração foram registrados semanalmente, e ao final do período experimental os animais foram sacrificados, coletando-se amostras de sangue e removendo-se o fígado e o intestino para avaliação histopatológica. Com relação ao peso não foi verificada diferença entre os três grupos no início ou no final do experimento, sendo que, foi registrado para o grupo LC-CLA, os maiores pesos médios nas semanas iniciais do experimento. Os grupos OC e LC-CLA apresentaram uma tendência a um maior consumo de ração, não observada em todas as semanas. No grupo LC-CLA foi observada uma redução dos triglicerídeos séricos TG e da razão TG/HDL, e aumento do HDL e colesterol total (CT). A glicose sérica do grupo LC-CLA não diferiu do grupo CON, mas, foi significativamente maior em relação ao OC. Não foram encontradas alterações patológicas nas lâminas de intestino, sendo constatada esteatose hepática nos três grupos experimentais. Tais resultados mostram uma ação benéfica do leite de cabra com teor elevado de CLA sobre o perfil lipídico sérico em ratos, sem alteração significativa de glicemia, sugerindo uma provável ação funcional ao alimento. Entretanto, outros estudos ainda são necessários.
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So, Hon-hon, and 蘇漢匡. "Effects of dietary TRANS-10, CIS-12 conjugated linoleic acid on food intake and body weight regulation via central and peripheralmechanisms." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4175816X.
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So, Hon-hon. "Effects of dietary TRANS-10, CIS-12 conjugated linoleic acid on food intake and body weight regulation via central and peripheral mechanisms." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B4175816X.
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Maia, Margarida Rosa Garcez. "Microorganisms and dietary factors affecting biohydrogenation and conjugated linoleic acid production in the rumen ecosystem." Doctoral thesis, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/2796.
Анотація:
Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências Veterinárias, especialidade de Produção AnimalConsumption of animal fat has been associated with an increased incidence of chronic diseases, as cardiovascular disease, obesity and diabetes. Ruminant products, milk and meat, have high saturated fatty acids (FA) content as a result of biohydrogenation by microbial metabolic activity in the rumen. Biohydrogenation also originates FA with health promoting or disease preventing properties, including conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) and vaccenic acid (18:1 trans-11). Improvement of FA composition of milk and meat might promote human health but research is needed on ruminal lipid metabolism, which plays a major role in FA profile. The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate on specific microorganism and factors affecting the rumen lipid metabolism. Different methodological approaches were used, ranging from in vitro studies, with pure and mixed cultures, to in vivo studies. Polyunsaturated FA metabolism by Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, a major hydrogenating rumen bacterium, was evaluated (Chapter 2). Toxicity of non-esterified unsaturated FA to B. fibrisolvens increased with FA length, number of unsaturations, and cis geometrical configuration. Biohydrogenation was shown to be a detoxifying mechanism, although mechanisms by which toxicity occur were not identified. Results suggest a protective role of 18:1 trans-11 to FA toxicity. A semi-continuous in vitro fermentation system was used to determine the effects of pH and starch inclusion level, in diets supplemented with oil, on the biohydrogenation pattern, namely in identifying the factor responsible for the trans-10 shift, associated with milk fat depression (Chapter 3). The trans-10 shift was observed to be associated with high starch level, independently of pH incubation level (6 or 7). Modification of the biohydrogenation pathway was suggested to be associated with changes in microbial population. Dietary nitrogen source and soybean oil supplementation effects on rumen contents and bacterial fractions FA composition were evaluated in vivo (Chapter 4). Biohydrogenation pattern was not affected by nitrogen source, yet CLA was promoted in true protein diets with soybean oil. The increase in cis-vaccenic acid (18:1 cis-11) in non-protein nitrogen diets may suggest a regulatory mechanism of bacterial membrane fluidity in the presence of lower proportions of odd- and branched-chain FA.
RESUMO - Microrganismos e factores alimentares que afectam a bioidrogenação e a produção de isómeros conjugados do ácido linoleico no ecossistema ruminal. - A crescente incidência de doenças cardiovasculares, obesidade e diabetes, tem sido associada com o elevado consumo de gorduras, nomeadamente de origem animal. Os produtos edíveis dos ruminantes, leite e carne, são ricos em gordura saturada, devido à bioidrogenação dos ácidos gordos (AG) da dieta pela população microbiana do rúmen. No entanto, a bioidrogenação origina, igualmente, AG com efeitos benéficos para a saúde, como sejam os isómeros conjugados do ácido linoleico (CLA) e o ácido vacénico (18:1 trans-11). Leite e carne com melhores perfis em AG poderão contribuir para a promoção da saúde dos consumidores mas, para isso, é essencial um conhecimento mais aprofundado do metabolismo lipídico ruminal. Assim, o objectivo geral desta tese foi estudar alguns microrganismos envolvidos na bioidrogenação e factores que afectam o metabolismo lipídico no rúmen. Avaliou-se o metabolismo dos AG polinsaturados pelo Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens (Capítulo 2). A toxicidade dos AG polinsaturados aumentou com o número de carbonos, número de insaturações e a configuração cis das duplas ligações. O papel da bioidrogenação como um mecanismo de detoxificação foi mostrado e sugerido um efeito protector da acumulação de 18:1 trans-11 face à toxicidade dos AG. Os efeitos do pH e nível de inclusão de amido, em dietas suplementadas com óleo, no padrão de bioidrogenação, designadamente no aumento de trans-10 associado com a depressão da gordura no leite, foram testados em RUSITEC (Capítulo 3). O aumento de trans-10 observou-se em dietas com elevado teor em amido, sendo o efeito independente do pH da incubação (6 ou 7). A modificação no padrão de bioidrogenação sugere mudanças na população microbiana. Os efeitos do tipo de azoto da dieta e da suplementação com óleo de soja na composição em AG do conteúdo ruminal e fracções bacterianas foram avaliados in vivo (Capítulo 4). O padrão de bioidrogenação não foi afectado pelo tipo de azoto mas a suplementação de óleo a dietas com proteína verdadeira aumentou os CLA. O aumento do ácido cis-vacénico (18:1 cis-11) em dietas ricas em azoto não proteico sugere um possível mecanismo compensatório para regulação da fluidez das membranas bacterianas face a baixas proporções de AG ímpares e ramificados.
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Majumder, Barun. "Modulation of genes involved in the apoptotic pathway in human breast cancer by conjugated linoleic acid and other dietary fatty acids." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.485672.
Анотація:
Dietary Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA), Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) and Oleic Acid (OA) have been postulated to reduce the risk of breast cancer. This study has examined the effects of these dietary fatty acids on the induction of apoptosis in normal breast epithelial (MCF-l0A), oestrogen receptor positive (MCF-7) and oestrogen receptor negative breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231). Cell proliferation was assessed using the MIT assay, and the comet assay was used to examine the extent ofDNA damage (as a marker of apoptosis). Changes in the expression of mRNA and the proteins of the major pro-apoptotic p53, p21WAF1/CIP1, bax, bcl-Xs genes and the anti-apoptotic bcl-2 gene were determined in these cell lines in titro. (' The greatest cell growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis was observed after exposure to CLA. Further investigations focussed on the mechanisms underlying the anti-tumour effects of CLA. CLA increased p53 and p21WAF1/CIPl mRNA expression (3-5-fold and 2-fold respectively) and decreased bcl-2 by 20-30%. Protein expression reflected the changes in mRNA expression. In the MDA-1ffi-231 cells (which express mutant p53), mRNA for p53 remained unchanged but p21WAF1/CIPl and bcl-2 mRNA was increased (1.6-fold and 2-fold respectively). Protein expression largely reflected mRNA changes but CLA completely suppressed mutant p53 protein in the MDA-1ffi-231 cells. On the other hand, in the MCF-7 cells, CLA significantly regulated both the mRNA and the proteins p53 and p21WAF1/CIPl (a'p53-dependent pathway). The apparent anti-apoptotic effects of increased bcl-2 expression in the MDA-MB-231 cells were countered by the pro-apoptotic p21WAF1/CIP1, Bax and Bcl-Xs proteins. These findings suggest that CLA elicits mainly pro-apoptotic effects in human breast tumour cells through both p53-dependent and p53-independent pathways, according to the cell type. EPA inhibited the breast cell line at high concentrations only (>100JlM) without increasing the apoptotic index in these cell lines, indicating an involvement of different cell signalling pathways to account for its anti-tumour properties. Oleic acid, however, had a variable effect on breast tumour growth. Dietary Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA), Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) and Oleic. Acid (OA) have been postulated to reduce the risk of breast cancer. This study has examined the effects of these dietary fatty acids on the induction of apoptosis in normal breast epithelial (MCF-l0A), oestrogen receptor positive (MCF-7) and oestrogen receptor negative breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231). Cell proliferation was assessed using the MIT assay, and the comet assay was used to examine the extent ofDNA damage (as a marker of apoptosis). Changes in the expression of mRNA and the proteins of the major pro-apoptotic pS3, p21WAF1/CIP1, bax, bcl-Xs genes and the anti-apoptotic bcl-2 gene were determined in these cell lines in vitro. .. The greatest cell growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis was observed after exposure to CLA. Further investigations focussed on the mechanisms underlying the anti-tumour effects of CLA. CLA increased pS3 and p21WAF1/CIPl mRNA expression (3-S-fold and 2-fold respectively) and decreased bcl-2 by 20-30%. Protein expression reflected the changes in mRNA expression. In the MDA-MB-231 cells (which express mutant pS3), mRNA for pS3 remained unchanged but p21WAF1/CIPl and bcl-2 mRNA was increased (lo6-fold and 2-fold respectively). Protein expression largely reflected mRNA changes but CLA completely suppressed mutant pS3 protein in the MDA-MB-231 cells. On the other hand, in the MCF-7 cells, CLA significandy regulated both the mRNA and the proteins p53 and p21WAFl / CIPl (a'pS3-dependent pathway). The apparent anti-apoptotic effects of increased bcl-2 expression in the MDA-MB-231 cells were countered by the pro-apoptotic p21WAF1/CIP1, Bax and Bcl-Xs proteins. These findings suggest that CLA elicits mainly pro-apoptotic effects in human breast tumour cells through both pS3-dependent and pS3-independent pathways, according to the cell type. EPA inhibited the breast cell line at high concentrations only (>100j.lM) without increasing the apoptotic index in these cell lines, indicating an involvement of different cell signalling pathways to account for its anti-tumour properties. Oleic acid, however, had a variable effect on breast tumour growth.
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Guay, Jennifer Fincham. "Fatty Acid Composition of Diets, Metabolism, and Deposition in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue of Pasture and Feedlot Finished Cattle." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26872.
Анотація:
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of pasture finishing versus high-concentrate finishing, over time, on fatty acid metabolism in Angus crossbred (n = 24) beef steers. Ruminal fluid, serum, and adipose tissue biposies were obtained on d 0, 28, 84, and 140. Pasture forages and diet ingredient samples were obtained at 14 d intervals to determine nutritive value and fatty acid composition. The high-concentrate diet consisted of corn silage, cracked corn, soybean meal, and a vitamin and mineral supplement. The pasture-finished steers grazed sequentially on triticale (Triticale hexaploide)/annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), alfalfa (Medicago sativa)/orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata), and a cool-season grass/legume mixture.
The high-concentrate diet consisted of 57 % linoleic acid and 7 % linolenic acid (of total fatty acids). The pasture forages contained an average 9 % linoleic acid and 66 % linolenic acid (of total fatty acids).
Adipose tissue concentrations of 18:2 cis-9, trans-11 CLA were higher (P < 0.05) in the pasture-finished steers than high-concentrate finished steers. Concentrations of 18:2 cis-9, trans-11 CLA declined in the high-concentrate finished steers (P < 0.05) from d 0 to 28 and d 28 to 84. In the pasture-finished steers concentrations peaked (P < 0.10) on d 28, and remained high throughout the duration of the study.
Concentrations of linolenic acid were higher (P < 0.05) in adipose tissue, ruminal fluid, and serum of the pasture-finished steers, compared to the high-concentrate finished steers. In the pasture-finished steers linolenic acid concentrations peaked (P < 0.05) on d 28, and remained high throughout the study. Concentrations of linolenic acid gradually decreased (P < 0.05) over time within the high-concentrate finished steers. Thus, it appears that only a short time is needed to alter the omega-3 and CLA composition of adipose tissue in cattle finished on pasture.Ph. D.
43
Flowers, Gwenetta. "Effects of supplementing grazing dairy cows with varying levels of linseed oil on milk conjugated linoleic acid and omega-3 fatty acids content /." Available to subscribers only, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1404346451&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Paterson, Lyn J., and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "The effect of dietary manipulation on the content and positional distribution of fatty acids including conjugated linoleic acid in the tissues of sheep." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2000, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/121.
Анотація:
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is produced in the rumen by isomerization of linoleic acid and has been shown to be anticarcinogenic. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of feeding dietary CLA to pre-ruminant lambs or linoleic acid-rich safflower oil to weaned ruminating lambs. Fat content, CLA content and fatty acid (FA) composition of diaphragm, leg, rib, subcutaneous (SC) adipose and liver tissues were determined. The triacylglycerol (TAG) fractions of the total lipid (TL) from the diaphragm, rib and SC adipose tissues were analyzed for FA composition and FA positional distribution. The phospholipid (PL) fractions of the TL were analyzed for FA composition. The positional (PL) fractions of the TL were analyzed for FA composition. The positional distribution of FAs of liver PL was determined. Tissue fat content was affected by diet only in SC adipose tissue. Dietary supplementation with safflower oil increased the fat content of the subcutaneous adipose tissue whereas CLA supplementation resulted in decreased (P<0.05) fat content. Dietary supplementation with safflower oil increased (P<0.05) the CLA content of tissues by more than 200% whereas dietary supplementation with CLA did not affect CLA content. Positional distribution analysis indicated that CLA tends was localized to the sn-1/3 positions of TAG and the sn-2 position of the liver PL.xiii, 74 leaves : ill. ; 28 cm.
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Paterson, Lyn J. "The effect of dietary manipulation on the content and positional distribution of fatty acids including conjugated linoleic acid in the tissues of sheep." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq61044.pdf.
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Brown, William. "Effects of supplementing grazing dairy cows with fish oil and linseed oil on milk conjugated linoleic acid and omega-3 fatty acids content /." Available to subscribers only, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1456286001&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Loor, Juan Jose. "Alterations in Mammary Gland Synthesis and Secretion of Fatty Acids in Response to Trans Isomers of Octadecenoic Acid or Conjugated Linoleic Acid Isomers." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27187.
Анотація:
Experiments were conducted to investigate: 1) production of trans-18:1 and cis/trans-18:2 isomers due to input of forage and corn grain in continuous culture fermenters, 2) concentrations of trans-18:1 and cis/trans-18:2 isomers in blood and milk fat of grazing cows fed a grain supplement containing solvent- or mechanically-extracted soybean meal, 3) plasma and milk fatty acid profiles of lactating cows in response to a conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) mixture infused into the rumen, and 4) effects of cis9,trans11-18:2 (9/11CLA) or trans10,cis12-18:2 (10/12CLA) on de novo synthesis and desaturation of milk fatty acids in lactating cows fed unsaturated oils. In the first study, rumen fermenters were fed (50 g DM/d) orchardgrass or red clover with 0, 8, or 16 g/d corn replacing equal portions of forage DM. Outflow of trans11,cis15-18:2 (11/15LA) in effluents was greater when DM input was clover or grass only. With each increment of corn, output of 9/11CLA increased until it was 205% greater compared with forage alone. Trans11-18:1 (TVA), an intermediate in 18:2n6 (LA) and 18:3n3 (LN) hydrogenation, output increased by 28% with corn addition. Outputs of trans10-18:1 and 10/12CLA nearly doubled as corn increment increased. In the second experiment, Holstein cows grazing mixed clover-grass pastures were fed a grain supplement (6.7 kg/d) containing 1.7 kg solvent-extracted soybean meal (SES, 15 mg LA/g of DM), 1.9 kg mechanically-extracted soybean meal (MES, 24 mg LA/g of DM), or 1.9 kg MES plus 30 g of liquid methionine hydroxy analog (MESM). Cows fed MES or MESM had greater concentrations of LA, TVA, 9/11CLA, and 11/15LA in blood compared with cows fed SES. Daily yields of 18:0 (SA), LA, LN, TVA, and 9/11CLA in milk fat also were greater for cows fed MES or MESM compared with SES. In experiment 3, four Holstein cows were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square to determine plasma and milk fatty acid profiles during infusion of a CLA mixture at 0, 45, 90, or 180 g/d for 48 h into the rumen. Relative to the control, infusion of 180 g CLA/d decreased milk fat percentage and yield. Lower milk fat yield resulted from depressed concentrations of saturated 6:0 to 16:0 medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA). Concentrations of TVA, trans10-18:1, and 10/12CLA in blood plasma, and yields in milk fat increased in response to each dose of CLA. Stearic acid yield also increased as dose of CLA increased. Yield of cis9-18:1 (OA) in milk fat, however, was lower at 180 g CLA/d. In experiment 4, four cows were fed high-oleic (HO) or high-linoleic (HL) (2.5% of DM) oil for 11 d prior to abomasal infusion (15 g/d) of 9/11CLA or 10/12CLA for 48 h (2 x 2 factorial). Milk fat percentage and yield decreased 25% due to infusion of 10/12CLA compared with 9/11CLA, regardless of diet. Lower fat yields resulted from lower MCFA concentrations and yields. Regardless of diet, concentration (but not yield) of SA increased 40% when 10/12CLA was infused compared with 9/11CLA. Concentrations and yields of OA, 9/11CLA, and 20:4n6 also were reduced by infusing 10/12CLA compared with 9/11CLA regardless of diet. Thus, in addition to inhibiting de novo fatty acid synthesis, 10/12CLA appeared to inhibit desaturation via delta-6 and delta-9 desaturases. Significant implications from the above studies include: 1) 11/15LA and TVA are the primary intermediates flowing out of the rumen during hydrogenation of pasture lipids, 2) replacing forage DM with starch, OA, and LA increases synthesis of trans10-18:1 and 10/12CLA in the rumen, 3) desaturation of TVA produced in the rumen provides an alternate source for 9/11CLA in milk fat, and 4) 10/12CLA decreases de novo synthesis and desaturation of milk fatty acids.Ph. D.
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Bainbridge, Melissa Lee. "Enhancing The Content Of Bioactive Fatty Acids In Bovine Milk For Human Health Promotion And Disease Prevention." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2017. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/695.
Анотація:
Consumer awareness of the link between dietary fats and health outcomes has led to increased demand for food products enriched with bioactive fatty acids (FA). Ruminant-derived fats, such as dairy fats, contribute significantly to the American diet and contain many unique beneficial FA, such as short- and medium-chain FA, n-3 FA, conjugated linoleic acids (CLA), vaccenic acid (VA), as well as odd-and branched-chain FA (OBCFA). Increasing these FA in dairy products by altering farm management practices, such as breed, lactation stage, and nutrition, may improve human health without a change to the diet. The overarching goal of this dissertation was to evaluate on-farm strategies to increase the content of bioactive FA in bovine milk.
The first objective was to enrich milk fat with bioactive FA via supplementation with echium oil, a terrestrial oil rich in n-3 FA. Treatments were 1.5% and 3.0% dry matter as lipid encapsulated echium oil (EEO) which were compared to a control (no EEO). Milk fat contents of n-3 FA increased with EEO supplementation but the transfer of n-3 FA from EEO into milk fat was rather low (< 5%). In a subsequent trial, ruminal protection of EEO and post-ruminal release of EEO-derived FA was examined. EEO-derived FA were preferentially incorporated into plasma lipid fractions unavailable to the mammary gland. Moreover, fecal excretion of EEO-derived FA ranged from 7-14% of intake, and VA and CLA, the biohydrogenation and metabolism products of n-3 FA, increased in milk and feces with EEO supplementation. Therefore, lipid-encapsulation provided inadequate digestibility and low transfer efficiency of n-3 FA into milk. The second objective was to compare the bacterial community structure and unique bioactive FA in bacterial membranes and milk fat between Holstein (HO), Jersey (JE), and HO x JE crossbreeds (CB) across a lactation. Lactation stage had a prominent effect on rumen bacterial taxa, with Firmicutes being most abundant during early lactation. The FA composition of bacterial cells was affected by both lactation stage and genetics, and OBCFA in bacterial cells were positively correlated with several bacteria of the Firmicutes phylum. HO and CB exhibited greater contents of various bioactive FA in milk than JE. The highest content of all bioactive FA occurred at early lactation, while OBCFA were highest at late lactation. The third objective was to determine the effects of grazing a monoculture vs. a diverse pasture on rumen bacterial and protozoal taxa, their membrane FA composition, and milk FA. Microbial communities shifted in response to grazing regime accompanied with changes in their membrane FA profiles. Rumen microbiota from cows grazing a diverse pasture had higher contents of n-3 FA and VA, but lower contents of OBCFA. Microbial membrane FA correlated with microbial taxa, the contents of ALA and n-3 FA were positively correlated with the bacterial genus Butyrivibrio and the protozoal genus Eudioplodinium. Milk contents of CLA and n-3 FA increased when cows grazed a diverse pasture, while grazing a monoculture led to greater milk contents of OBCFA.
In conclusion, grazing cows on a diverse pasture, when compared to genetic effects and lipid supplementation, was the most efficacious strategy to increase the content of bioactive FA in milk.
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Sasanti, Babalwa. "The effect of Fleckvieh crossbreeding in dairy cattle on the conjugated linoleic acid content of milk produced in intensive and pasture-fed systems." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2004.
Анотація:
Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Magister Technologiae: Agriculture in the Faculty of Applied Sciences at the Cape Peninsula University of TechnologyConjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a fatty acid (FA) present in the meat and milk of ruminant animals, is considered a functional nutrient for humans. The interest in CLA is attributed to its many health benefits, such as having anti-carcinogenic, anti-atherogenic, anti-diabetic and anti-adipogenic effects. Dairy products are a rich natural source of CLA, and preliminary research indicates that the levels in milk can vary based on cattle breed and feeding system. The Fleckvieh is a popular dual-purpose breed recently introduced to the Western Cape. It is used in crossbreeding programs with Holstein and Jersey herds to increase fertility and beef production. Holstein and Jersey cattle are the two most common South African dairy breeds, but little information is available on the effect of crossbreeding on FA content and CLA levels in the milk. The primary objective of this study was to compare milk FA composition and CLA content of these two dairy breeds and their respective Fleckvieh crosses. A second objective was to investigate the effect of lactation stage on CLA levels. Jersey (J) and Fleckvieh x Jersey (F×J) cows were kept in a pasture-based system (PBS) for the duration of the study. Holstein (H) and Fleckvieh x Holstein (F×H) cows were housed in a feedlot system and fed a total mixed ration (TMR) for the duration of the study. The FA and CLA content of feeds from these two feeding systems were also analysed and compared. All cows used in the study were housed at the Elsenburg Research Farm of the Western Cape Department of Agriculture. Milk samples were collected every 35 days from the cows in each feeding group, starting 10 days after calving. Samples were kept in a freezer at -20 °C until laboratory analyses. The total number of milk samples collected was 1044. The milk FA composition and CLA in particular were determined by gas chromatography. Differences between groups were statistically analysed by two-way repeated measures of analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results show that milk CLA levels are higher in Fleckvieh-crossbred cows when compared to purebred cows. The higher CLA content of milk from Fleckvieh crossbred cows demonstrates the feasibility of using Fleckvieh bulls in South African crossbreeding programs, and are also an indication that genetic selection for increased CLA content is possible. The analysis of lactation stage showed that milk CLA is higher during late lactation. A comparison of feed samples from the two feeding systems revealed that pasture feeding resulted in higher omega-3 FA in milk. Key words: Conjugated linoleic acid, milk fatty acids profile, diet, breed, health benefits, Fleckvieh, Holstein, Jersey, diet, pasture based system, total mixed ration system,
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Renner, Lydia [Verfasser], Sven [Akademischer Betreuer] Dänicke, Gabriele [Akademischer Betreuer] Stangl, and Helga [Akademischer Betreuer] Sauerwein. "Effects of conjugated linoleic acids on the function of bovine immune cells ex vivo and in vitro : [kumulative Dissertation] / Lydia Renner. Betreuer: Sven Dänicke ; Gabriele Stangl ; Helga Sauerwein." Halle, Saale : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1053959443/34.