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Статті в журналах з теми "Conservatisme de niche":
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Cooper, Natalie, Rob P. Freckleton, and Walter Jetz. "Phylogenetic conservatism of environmental niches in mammals." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1716 (January 5, 2011): 2384–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.2207.
Анотація:
Phylogenetic niche conservatism is the pattern where close relatives occupy similar niches, whereas distant relatives are more dissimilar. We suggest that niche conservatism will vary across clades in relation to their characteristics. Specifically, we investigate how conservatism of environmental niches varies among mammals according to their latitude, range size, body size and specialization. We use the Brownian rate parameter, σ 2 , to measure the rate of evolution in key variables related to the ecological niche and define the more conserved group as the one with the slower rate of evolution. We find that tropical, small-ranged and specialized mammals have more conserved thermal niches than temperate, large-ranged or generalized mammals. Partitioning niche conservatism into its spatial and phylogenetic components, we find that spatial effects on niche variables are generally greater than phylogenetic effects. This suggests that recent evolution and dispersal have more influence on species' niches than more distant evolutionary events. These results have implications for our understanding of the role of niche conservatism in species richness patterns and for gauging the potential for species to adapt to global change.
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Liu, Chunlong, Christian Wolter, Weiwei Xian, and Jonathan M. Jeschke. "Most invasive species largely conserve their climatic niche." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 38 (September 3, 2020): 23643–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2004289117.
Анотація:
The ecological niche is a key concept for elucidating patterns of species distributions and developing strategies for conserving biodiversity. However, recent times are seeing a widespread debate whether species niches are conserved across space and time (niche conservatism hypothesis). Biological invasions represent a unique opportunity to test this hypothesis in a short time frame at the global scale. We synthesized empirical findings for 434 invasive species from 86 studies to assess whether invasive species conserve their climatic niche between native and introduced ranges. Although the niche conservatism hypothesis was rejected in most studies, highly contrasting conclusions for the same species between and within studies suggest that the dichotomous conclusions of these studies were sensitive to techniques, assessment criteria, or author preferences. We performed a consistent quantitative analysis of the dynamics between native and introduced climatic niches reported by previous studies. Our results show there is very limited niche expansion between native and introduced ranges, and introduced niches occupy a position similar to native niches in the environmental space. These findings support the niche conservatism hypothesis overall. In particular, introduced niches were narrower for terrestrial animals, species introduced more recently, or species with more native occurrences. Niche similarity was lower for aquatic species, species introduced only intentionally or more recently, or species with fewer introduced occurrences. Climatic niche conservatism for invasive species not only increases our confidence in transferring ecological niche models to new ranges but also supports the use of niche models for forecasting species responses to changing climates.
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Dorey, James B., Scott V. C. Groom, Elisha H. Freedman, Cale S. Matthews, Olivia K. Davies, Ella J. Deans, Celina Rebola, Mark I. Stevens, Michael S. Y. Lee, and Michael P. Schwarz. "Radiation of tropical island bees and the role of phylogenetic niche conservatism as an important driver of biodiversity." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1925 (April 15, 2020): 20200045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0045.
Анотація:
Island biogeography explores how biodiversity in island ecosystems arises and is maintained. The topographical complexity of islands can drive speciation by providing a diversity of niches that promote adaptive radiation and speciation. However, recent studies have argued that phylogenetic niche conservatism, combined with topographical complexity and climate change, could also promote speciation if populations are episodically fragmented into climate refugia that enable allopatric speciation. Adaptive radiation and phylogenetic niche conservatism therefore both predict that topographical complexity should encourage speciation, but they differ strongly in their inferred mechanisms. Using genetic (mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)) and morphological data, we show high species diversity (22 species) in an endemic clade of Fijian Homalictus bees, with most species restricted to highlands and frequently exhibiting narrow geographical ranges. Our results indicate that elevational niches have been conserved across most speciation events, contradicting expectations from an adaptive radiation model but concordant with phylogenetic niche conservatism. Climate cycles, topographical complexity, and niche conservatism could interact to shape island biodiversity. We argue that phylogenetic niche conservatism is an important driver of tropical island bee biodiversity but that this phylogenetic inertia also leads to major extinction risks for tropical ectotherms under future warming climates.
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Medina, Anderson Matos, and Mário Almeida-Neto. "Grinnelian and Eltonian niche conservatism of the European honeybee (Apis mellifera) in its exotic distribution." Sociobiology 67, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v67i2.4901.
Анотація:
The understanding of how niche-related traits change during species invasion have prompted what is now known as the niche conservatism principle. Most studies that have tested the niche conservatism principle have focused on the extent to which the species’ climatic niches remain stable in their exotic distribution. However, it is equality important to address how biotic specialization, i.e. resource use, changes during exotic species invasions. Here, we use the widespread European honeybee (Apis mellifera) to understand whether its Grinnelian and Eltonian niches changed in its exotic distribution using tests of abiotic and biotic niche conservatism. We found that both niche domains of the European honeybee remained stable in its exotic distribution, which means that neither the climatic niche nor the biotic specialization showed significant differences between the native and the exotic ranges. Our findings that climatic and resource use are coupled can be explained by A. mellifera’s long history of domestication and the possibility that life history traits (e.g., polyandry) may have shaped this species’ large niche over the course of evolution and therefore facilitated exotic ranges colonization.
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Srivastava, Vivek, Wanwan Liang, Melody A. Keena, Amanda D. Roe, Richard C. Hamelin, and Verena C. Griess. "Assessing Niche Shifts and Conservatism by Comparing the Native and Post-Invasion Niches of Major Forest Invasive Species." Insects 11, no. 8 (July 29, 2020): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11080479.
Анотація:
Invasive species experience biotic and abiotic conditions that may (or may not) resemble their native environment. We explored the methodology of determining climatic niches and compared the native and post-invasion niches of four invasive forest pests to determine if these species experienced shifts or changes in their new climatic niches. We used environmental principle components analysis (PCA-env) method to quantify climatic niche shifts, expansions, and temporal changes. Furthermore, we assessed the effect of variable selection in the delineation and comparison of niche space. We found that variable selection influenced the delineation and overlap of each niche, whereas the subset of climatic variables selected from the first two PCA-env axes explained more variance in environmental conditions than the complete set of climatic variables for all four species. Most focal species showed climatic niche shifts in their invasive range and had not yet fully occupied the available niche within the invaded range. Our species varied the proportion of niche overlap between the native and invasive ranges. By comparing native and invasive niches, we can help predict a species’ potential range expansion and invasion potential. Our results can guide monitoring and help inform management of these and other invasive species.
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Grossman, Jake J. "Evidence of Constrained Divergence and Conservatism in Climatic Niches of the Temperate Maples (Acer L.)." Forests 12, no. 5 (April 26, 2021): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12050535.
Анотація:
Research highlights: The availability of global distribution data and new, fossil-calibrated phylogenies has made it possible to compare the climatic niches of the temperate maple (Acer L.) taxa and assess phylogenetic and continental patterns in niche overlap. Background and Objectives: The maples have radiated from East Asia into two other temperate continental bioregions, North America and Eurasia (Europe and West Asia), over a roughly 60-million-year period. During this time, the Earth’s climate experienced pronounced cooling and drying, culminating in cyclic periods of widespread temperate glaciation in the Pliocene to Pleistocene. The objective of this study is to use newly available data to model the climatic niches of 60% of the temperate maples and assess patterns of niche divergence, constraint, and conservatism in the genus’s radiation out of East Asia. Materials and Methods: I assembled global occurrence data and associated climatic information for 71 maple taxa, including all species endemic to temperate North America and Eurasia and their closely related East Asian congeners. I constructed Maxent niche models for all taxa and compared the climatic niches of 184 taxa pairs and assessed phylogenetic signal in key niche axes for each taxon and in niche overlap at the continental and global scale. Results: Maxent models define a fundamental climatic niche for temperate maples and suggest that drought-intolerant taxa have been lost from the Eurasian maple flora, with little continental difference in temperature optima or breadth. Niche axes and niche overlap show minimal evidence of phylogenetic signal, suggesting adaptive evolution. Pairwise niche comparisons reveal infrequent niche overlap continentally and globally, even among sister pairs, with few taxa pairs sharing ecological niche space, providing evidence for constrained divergence within the genus’s fundamental climatic niche. Evidence of niche conservatism is limited to three somewhat geographically isolated regions of high maple diversity (western North America, the Caucasus, and Japan). Conclusions: Over 60 million years of hemispheric radiation on a cooling and drying planet, the maple genus experienced divergent, though constrained, climatic niche evolution. High climatic niche diversity across spatial and phylogenetic scales along with very limited niche overlap or conservatism suggests that the radiation of the genus has largely been one of adaptive diversification.
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Ramírez-Albores, Jorge E., Gustavo Bizama, Ramiro O. Bustamante, and Ernesto I. Badano. "Niche conservatism in a plant with long invasion history: the case of the Peruvian peppertree (Schinus molle, Anacardiaceae) in Mexico." Plant Ecology and Evolution 153, no. 1 (March 26, 2020): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2020.1562.
Анотація:
Background and aim – Invasive plants should only colonize habitats meeting the environmental conditions included in their native niches. However, if they invade habitats with novel environmental conditions, this can induce shifts in their niches. This may occur in plants with long invasion histories because they interacted with the environmental conditions of invaded regions over long periods of time. We focused on this issue and evaluated whether the niche of the oldest plant invader reported in Mexico, the Peruvian peppertree, is still conserved after almost 500 years of invasion history. Methods – We compared climatic niches of the species between the native and invaded region. We later used species distribution models (SDM) to visualize the geographical expression of both niches in Mexico. Results – The invasive niche of the Peruvian peppertree is fully nested within the native niche. Although this suggests that the niche is conserved, this also indicates that a large fraction of the native niche is empty in the invaded region. The SDM from the native region indicated that Mexico contains habitats meeting the conditions included in this empty fraction of the native niche and, thus, this invasion should continue expanding. Nevertheless, the SDM calibrated with data from the invaded region indicated that peppertrees have colonized all suitable habitats indicated by its invasive niche and, thus, their populations should no longer expand. Conclusion – Our results suggests that the niche of the Peruvian peppertree is partially conserved in Mexico. This may have occurred because individuals introduced into Mexico constituted a small, nonrepresentative sample of the full niche of the species.
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Kolanowska, Marta, and Dariusz L. Szlachetko. "Niche conservatism of Eulophia alta, a trans-Atlantic orchid species." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 83, no. 1 (2014): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2014.007.
Анотація:
The genus <em>Eulophia</em> embraces over 230 species distributed through the tropical and subtropical Africa, Asia, Australia and the Americas. In Neotropics it is represented by a sole species – <em>E. alta</em>. The aim of the presented study was to evaluate the difference between ecological niches occupied by American and African populations of this species based on the ecological niche modeling. The similarity between the glacial and present niches occupied by <em>E. alta</em> was calculated and the factors limiting the species occurrence were identified. Areas of seasonal tropical forest, tropical savanna and woodland served as refugia for the studied species during last glacial maximum and they were more widespread in Neotropics than in Africa. No significant niche shift after last glacial maximum was observed. The distribution of <em>E. alta</em> in its whole range is restricted mainly by temperature seasonality. The differences in the niches occupied by African and Neotropical populations of <em>E. alta</em> suggest preglacial disjunction of the species range and independent adaptation of both groups. Despite the significant range disjunction of <em>E. alta</em> the species is characterized by relatively high degree of niche conservatism.
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Suárez-Mota, Mario Ernesto, and José Luis Villaseñor. "Ecological niche overlap among species of the genus Zaluzania (Asteraceae) from the dry regions of Mexico." Plant Ecology and Evolution 153, no. 3 (November 23, 2020): 337–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2020.1633.
Анотація:
Background and aims – The hypothesis of ecological niche conservatism postulates that closely related species share ecologically similar environments; that is, they tend to maintain the characteristics of their fundamental niche over time. The objective of this study is to evaluate the similarity and equivalence of the ecological niches among species of the genus Zaluzania (Asteraceae), characteristic of the Mexican arid and semi-arid regions, to infer their potential niche conservatism. Methods – Based on critically reviewed herbarium occurrence data, potential distribution models for eight species of Zaluzania were generated using the Maxent algorithm. The overlap between potential distribution areas was then evaluated using equivalence and ecological niche parameters implemented in the ENMTools software; for this we quantified the degree of overlap and similarity between the niches using the equivalence (D) and similarity (I) parameters.Key results – The resulting models show that species display areas of high suitability along the Mexican dry regions, as well as overlapping heterogeneous values. All models showed high AUC (Area Under the Curve) values (> 0.8). The D and I values between each pair of species showed low values of overlap.Conclusions – Each species of the genus shows a fundamental niche distinct from their sister species. The genus thus offers an example of niche divergence among species, with each one adapting to different environmental pressures. Our results do not support the hypothesis of niche conservatism in the genus, suggesting that the species evolved in divergent environments.
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Suárez-Mota, Mario Ernesto, and José Luis Villaseñor. "Ecological niche overlap among species of the genus Zaluzania (Asteraceae) from the dry regions of Mexico." Plant Ecology and Evolution 153, no. 3 (November 23, 2020): 337–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2020.1663.
Анотація:
Background and aims – The hypothesis of ecological niche conservatism postulates that closely related species share ecologically similar environments; that is, they tend to maintain the characteristics of their fundamental niche over time. The objective of this study is to evaluate the similarity and equivalence of the ecological niches among species of the genus Zaluzania (Asteraceae), characteristic of the Mexican arid and semi-arid regions, to infer their potential niche conservatism. Methods – Based on critically reviewed herbarium occurrence data, potential distribution models for eight species of Zaluzania were generated using the Maxent algorithm. The overlap between potential distribution areas was then evaluated using equivalence and ecological niche parameters implemented in the ENMTools software; for this we quantified the degree of overlap and similarity between the niches using the equivalence (D) and similarity (I) parameters.Key results – The resulting models show that species display areas of high suitability along the Mexican dry regions, as well as overlapping heterogeneous values. All models showed high AUC (Area Under the Curve) values (> 0.8). The D and I values between each pair of species showed low values of overlap.Conclusions – Each species of the genus shows a fundamental niche distinct from their sister species. The genus thus offers an example of niche divergence among species, with each one adapting to different environmental pressures. Our results do not support the hypothesis of niche conservatism in the genus, suggesting that the species evolved in divergent environments.
Дисертації з теми "Conservatisme de niche":
1
Rejaud, Alexandre. "Origine et diversité des Amphibiens d'Amazonie." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOU30161.
Анотація:
Avec une surface de plus de six millions de kilomètres carrés, l'Amazonie abrite la plus grande forêt tropicale humide au monde, ainsi qu'une grande partie de la diversité terrestre. Cependant, les origines spatiales et temporelles de cette diversité demeurent mal comprises et nécessitent d'être plus étudiées pour identifier les causes de cette impressionnante diversification. Les amphibiens sont un groupe taxonomique particulièrement adapté à l'étude de la biogéographie historique en Amazonie car ils ont diversifié de manière importante dans la région et présentent d'importante variations d'utilisation de l'habitat ainsi que de capacités de dispersion entre groupes. Nous avons d'abord reconstruit l'histoire biogéographique du genre Allobates qui se rencontre principalement dans des forêts de terra-firme et pour lequel l'Amazonie de l'Ouest a joué un rôle important de source de diversification il y a entre 14 et 10 Millions d'années. Ce patron spatio-temporel coïncide avec une période marquée par la présence d'un système de méga-marécage qui recouvrait la plupart de l'Amazonie de l'Ouest il y a entre 23 et 10 Millions d'années. La décharge progressive de ce système marécageux a été suivie par une expansion des forêts de terra-firme en Amazonie de l'Ouest, une disponibilité en habitat favorable qui a probablement contribué à la diversification d'Allobates. Nos résultats suggèrent également que les rivières de l'Ouest Amazonien ont pu promouvoir la diversification au cours des 10 derniers Millions d'années en agissant comme une barrière semi-perméable à la dispersion, permettant la spéciation par dispersion suivie d'isolation géographique. Dans un second temps, nous avons reconstruit l'histoire biogéographique du groupe Pristimantis conspicillatus qui a diversifié de manière continue au cours du temps. Ce groupe présente un patron spatial de diversification particulier, avec quatre clades anciens ayant diversifié dans différentes aires simultanément, avec relativement peu d'évènements de dispersion comparé à Allobates. Ces importantes différences suggèrent que les espèces d'amphibiens ont des capacités de dispersion très variables qui sont probablement liées à leurs traits d'histoire de vie. Pour finir, nous avons comparé les histoires biogéographiques de six clades d'amphibiens partageant des temps d'origines comparables et qui sont représentatifs de la diversité Amazonienne en termes de taxonomie, de traits d'histoire de vie, d'utilisation de l'habitat et de type de reproduction. L'Amazonie de l'Ouest a été identifiée comme la principale source de diversification pour les amphibiens Amazonien, bien qu'elle ne se soit comportée comme tel qu'à partir d'il y a 10 Millions d'années pour les groupes présentant de l'adaptabilité dans la disponibilité de l'habitat ; et seulement entre il y a 10 et 5 Millions d'années pour les groupes conservatifs dans la disponibilité de l'habitat. Cela suggère que les groupes conservatifs dans la disponibilité de l'habitat remplissent la niche écologique plus rapidement que les espèces présentant de l'adaptativité, ce qui se traduit par des phases de diversification plus courtes. Nos résultats suggèrent également que les rivières agissent comme des barrières à la dispersion uniquement pour les groupes conservatifs dans l'utilisation de l'habitat. Nous tenons à souligner que ces résultats doivent être considérés avec prudence car ils ont été obtenus en étudiant une petite fraction de la diversité Amazonienne, ils apportent néanmoins de nouveaux éléments l'influence du conservatisme de niche sur les trajectoires évolutives en Amazonie, ce qui permettra peut-être d'inciter un plus grand effort de recherche sur cette thématiqueWith more than six million square kilometers, Amazonia hosts the largest tract of lowland tropical rainforest in the world and a large portion of the global terrestrial diversity. However, the temporal and spatial origins of this diversity remain poorly understood and need to be better comprehended to identify the processes responsible for this tremendous diversification. Amphibians are a particularly adequate group for investigating patterns of biogeographical history within Amazonia because they extensively diversified within the region and present important disparities in habitat use and dispersal abilities across groups. We first investigated the historical biogeography of the terra-firme genus Allobates and identified western Amazonia as an important source of diversification between 14 and 10 million years ago (Mya). This spatio-temporal pattern was coinciding with the existence of the Pebas system, a mega-wetland system that occupied most of western Amazonia during this period, that was unsuitable for terra-firme species. The Pebas system discharge was likely followed by an extension of terra-firme forests that likely fostered Allobates diversification. Our results also suggested that western Amazonia rivers might have subsequently (after 10 Mya) promoted diversification, by acting as semi-permeable barriers allowing speciation by dispersal and isolation. Secondly, we investigated the biogeographical history of the Pristimantis conspicillatus group which, instead, presented a continuous diversification throughout Neogene. This group displays a striking spatial pattern of diversification with four ancient clades that have diversified concomitantly in distinct areas in Amazonia and the Atlantic Forest, with much fewer dispersal events between areas than in Allobates. These differences suggest that amphibian species display differences in dispersal abilities that can be related to their life history traits. Finally, we compared the biogeographic histories of six frog clades, including the two aforementioned ones, that share comparable crown ages and span the Amazonian frog diversity in terms of life history traits, taxonomy, habitat use and reproduction modes. We identified western Amazonia as the principal source of diversification for Amazonian amphibians, although it acted as such only after 10 Mya for the groups that have adapted to various types of habitats; and only between 10 and 5 Mya for the ecologically conservative groups. This suggest that species with lower habitat availability reach niche filling more rapidly than ecologically adaptive species, resulting in shorter diversification phases. Our results also suggest that riverine barrier effect seems to have affected solely conservative groups particularly when the river course is stable over time. While these results were obtained by considering only a fraction of Amazonian diversity, they provide interesting insights on the influence of niche conservatism upon Amazonian evolutive trajectories, which will hopefully foster further and more ample research in this direction
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Silva, Helen Rosa da. "Padrões espaciais e temporais na amplitude de nicho climático de vertebrados terrestres." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/5527.
Анотація:
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Understanding how species are distributed across space and what determines where they live is one of the oldest goals in Ecology. The concept of niche is very closely related to this goal. In fact, environmental variables are frequently used to predict the potential distribution of species. Niche amplitude is an important concept which helps us to understand which part of the available environmental space each species occupies, and how much of their niches overlap. Here we used a measure of niche amplitude based on the minimum and maximum tolerances of terrestrial vertebrates (except reptiles) for each variable related to climate. We calculated a single measure of niche amplitude for each species by considering together all chosen environmental variables. We used this number to first investigate the presence of latitudinal gradient in niche amplitude across the study area, which comprised the whole terrestrial globe. There is a significant correlation between niche amplitude and latitude for Old World birds. Second we tried to identify some phylogenetic structure in niche amplitude for birds. For this goal, we calculated the pair-wise niche overlap, and then compared the degree of overlap with pair-wise phylogenetic distances. We found no relationship between niche overlap and phylogenetic distance. We conclude that the absence of phylogenetic signal in niche overlap is due to the high dispersion capability of birds in general. If species have a high geographic range, they consequently have high niche amplitude, and therefore high overlap rates. Finally, we found a clear tendency of positive local spatial autocorrelation in mean niche overlap, as neighbor cells tend to show similar rates of niche overlap between species.
Compreender os fatores que determinam a distribuição das espécies no espaço geográfico é uma das questões mais importantes em ecologia. O conceito de nicho é fortemente relacionado a essa questão. Não por acaso, variáveis ambientais são comumente usadas para inferir a distribuição potencial de espécies. Amplitude de nicho é uma medida importante que nos possibilita saber que proporção do espaço ambiental cada espécie ocupa. Assim, podemos também identificar que proporção do espaço ocupado por cada espécie, seu nicho, é sobreposta pelo nicho das espécies coexistentes. No presente trabalho utilizamos uma medida de amplitude de nicho específica baseada na soma das tolerâncias para cada variável climática utilizada. Utilizamos essa medida para investigar, primeiramente, a presença de estrutura espacial, especificamente gradiente latitudinal, na amplitude de nicho de vertebrados terrestres (exceto répteis), numa escala global. Apenas aves do Velho Mundo apresentaram amplitude de nicho negativamente associada à latitude. Posteriormente, investigamos a presença de estrutura filogenética na amplitude de nicho em Aves, baseados na hipótese de conservação de nicho. Para esse objetivo calculamos a sobreposição de nicho par-a-par e então correlacionamos essa medida com as distâncias filogenéticas. Não houve correlação entre proximidade filogenética e sobreposição de nicho. Tal resultado pode estar relacionado à grande capacidade de dispersão de aves. Se a área de ocupação geográfica é ampla, a amplitude das tolerâncias é em geral alta e consequentemente a sobreposição média entre diferentes espécies. Finalmente houve forte indício de autocorrelação espacial positiva na sobreposição média por célula entre células próximas, indicando que áreas próximas tendem a apresentar espécies com taxas semelhantes de sobreposição de nicho.
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Gurgel, Priscila Cabral Silveira. "Reproductive modes are associated to climatic niche evolution in treefrogs (anura: hylidae)." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/6263.
Анотація:
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The similarity of life-history traits among closely related species is a well-known pattern in evolutionary biology. Thus, closely related species tend to be more akin to each other than to distantly related ones. The propensity of closely related species to conserve climatic niche features over macroevolutionary time can be defined as climatic niche conservatism. Recent studies have shown the importance of environmental variables with regards to the diversity and distribution of anurans with differences in their reproductive traits under an evolutionary perspective. In this work, using frog species in the Hylidae family, we tested the hypothesis that species more independent from main bodies of water for reproduction are restricted to areas with higher temperature and precipitation means. We also investigated the evolution of climatic niche features of species with different degrees of dependence on water for reproduction. Our results corroborate the first hypothesis and show that terrestrial egg-laying species, in the Hylinae subfamily, have more conserved climatic niche position when compared to Hylinae species that deposits their eggs and tadpoles in main water bodies. Thus, we suggest that reproductive modes are associated with variation in the evolution of climatic niches of frogs.
A similaridade entre atributos de espécies aparentadas é um padrão tradicional reconhecido em biologia evolutiva. Espécies aparentadas tendem ser mais similares entre si do que com espécies não aparentadas. A tendência de espécies aparentadas conservar as características de seu nicho ao longo do tempo macroevolutivo pode ser definido como conservação filogenética de nicho. Estudos recentes tem mostrado a importância das variáveis climáticas na distribuição de anfíbios anuros com diferentes modos reprodutivos utilizando uma abordagem evolutiva. Neste trabalho, usando as espécies de pererecas da família Hylidae, testamos a hipótese de que espécies menos dependentes dos corpos d'água para reprodução ocorrem em áreas mais quentes e mais úmidas. Além disso, investigamos como foi a evolução dos atributos do nicho climático (posição e amplitude) de espécies, da subfamília Hylinae, com diferentes níveis de dependência dos corpos d'água para reprodução. Nossos resultados corroboram a primeira hipótese e mostram que, espécies da subfamília Hylinae que depositam seus ovos fora da água estão restritas a lugares mais quentes e mais úmidos. Além disso, tais espécies tem o nicho climático mais conservado do que espécies que depositam tanto ovos como girinos em corpos d'água principais. Portanto, sugerimos que os diferentes modos reprodutivos refletem em diferenças na evolução do nicho climático nas espécies da subfamília Hylinae.
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Fran?a, Karol Lyncoln B. de O. de. "Padr?es de coexist?ncia e utiliza??o do h?bitat por duas esp?cies de Herpsilochmus (Aves: Thamnophilidae)." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2012. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/14041.
Анотація:
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Previous issue date: 2012-07-05How ecologically similar species are able to coexist has always generated great interest in the scientific community. Classical niche theory predicts that species coexistence is only possible when they segregate in at least one dimension of the ecological niche, thus leading to ecological differentiation among species. However, recent work has shown that species that are more similar in some ecological traits are the ones more prone to be able to coexist (environmental filter). The knowledge of how these forces act shaping ecological communities can reveal co-existence strategies, providing important information for management and conservation of the species. This study tested these hypotheses using a pair of coexisting species of Herpsilochmus, H. pectoralis and H. sellowi. In this study I use high resolution (50 x 50 m) ecological niche models to Identify which environmental factors best predict species occurrence. Next, I calculate the overlap in habitat use by species and build null models to test the hypothesis of spatial niche segregation. In addition, I obtain the selectivity parameters of habitat use to test whether the species H. pectoralis (larger body size) is less selective than H. sellowi (smaller body size) as stated in the literature for other species. The results reject the ecological equivalence among species, revealing that the species of Herpsilochmus explore the habitat differently, having different environmental niches. The hypothesis of environmental filter was not observed in my analysis, the observed overlap in habitat use among species was lower than expected by chance. Evidence that Herpsilochmus are spatially segregating reinforces the hypothesis of interspecific competition as the predominant force in the selection of microhabitat of the species. However, more data and experiments are necessary to state categorically that the observed pattern is a result of current or past competition
Como esp?cies similares ecologicamente s?o capazes de coexistir sempre gerou grande interesse na comunidade cient?fica. A teoria cl?ssica de nicho prev? que para que a coexist?ncia seja poss?vel as esp?cies devem segregar em alguma dimens?o do nicho ecol?gico, portanto levando a diferencia??o entre as esp?cies. No entanto, trabalhos recentes tem demonstrado que justamente esp?cies mais similares em algumas caracter?sticas ecol?gicas seriam mais capazes de coexistir (filtro ambiental). O conhecimento de como essas for?as atuam nas comunidades pode revelar estrat?gias de coexist?ncia, trazendo importantes informa??es para o manejo e conserva??o das esp?cies. Neste estudo testei essas hip?teses de coexist?ncia utilizando o par de esp?cies Herpsilochmus pectoralis e H. sellowi. Para isso utilizei modelos de nicho ecol?gico em alta resolu??o (50 x50 m).Identifiquei quais os fatores ambientais estudados melhor predizem a ocorr?ncia das esp?cies. Em seguida, calculei a sobreposi??o no uso de h?bitat pelas esp?cies e constru? modelos nulos para testar a hip?tese de segrega??o de nicho espacial. Ainda, calculei par?metros de seletividade do uso do h?bitat para testar se a esp?cie H. pectoralis (esp?cie de maior tamanho de corpo) ? menos seletiva que o H. sellowi (esp?cie de menor tamanho de corpo) como previsto na literatura para outras esp?cies.Os resultados rejeitam a equival?ncia ecol?gica entre as esp?cies, revelando que as esp?cies de Herpsilochmus exploram o habitat de forma diferenciada, possuindo nichos ambientais distintos. A hip?tese de filtro ambiental n?o foi evidenciada em nossas an?lises, sendo a sobreposi??o no uso do h?bitat observada entre as esp?cies menor do que o esperado ao acaso. Evid?ncias de que os Herpsilochmus est?o segregando espacialmente refor?a a hip?tese da competi??o interespec?fica como for?a predominante na sele??o de microh?bitat das esp?cies. No entanto, para afirmar categoricamente que o padr?o observado ? efeito de uma competi??o atual ou passada experimentos futuros s?o sugeridos
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Russell, Vanessa. "Identifying Environmental Factors Driving Differences in Climatic Niche Overlap in Peromyscus Mice." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1565722438217428.
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Bolte, Constance E. "NICHE CONSERVATISM OR DIVERGENCE: INSIGHTS INTO THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORIES OF Pinus taeda, Pinus rigida, AND Pinus pungens." VCU Scholars Compass, 2017. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4842.
Анотація:
Environmentally related selective pressures and community interactions are well-documented drivers for niche differentiation, as natural selection acts on adaptive traits best fit for survival. Here, we investigated niche evolution between and within Pinus taeda, Pinus rigida, and Pinus pungens and sought to identify which climate variables contributed to species divergence. We also sought to describe niche differentiation across genetic groupings previously identified for P. taeda and P. rigida. Ecological niche models were produced using Maximum Entropy followed by statistical testing based on a measure of niche overlap, Schoener’s D. Both niche conservatism and niche divergence were detected, thus leading us to conclude that directional or disruptive selection drove divergence of the P. taeda lineage from its ancestor with P. rigida and P. pungens, while stabilizing selection was associated with the divergence of P. rigida and P. pungens. The latter implies that factors beyond climate are important drivers of speciation within Pinus.
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Silva, Marcelo da. "Taxonomia e biogeografia da esp?cie polit?pica Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus (TEMMINCK, 1822) (Aves: THAMNOPHILIDAE)." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2013. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/18132.
Анотація:
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Previous issue date: 2013-06-28Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte
The genus Herpsilochmus is composed mainly of cryptic species, among them is Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus, which is currently represented by four subspecies: H. r. rufimarginatus, H. r. frater, H. r. scapularis and H. r. exiguus. Differences in plumage and vocalization suggest that there are more than one species involved in this complex. Thus this and other subspecific taxa need urgent revision, the disjunct distribution of this species also allows us to infer the relationship between birds that occur in this biome and / or different centers of endemism. This study aims to make a taxonomic revision of the taxa included in the complex time Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus based on morphological, morphometric, vocals and geographical distribution of this bird. Besides creating distribution models current potential and make the reconstruction of the distribution bygone using ecological niche modeling, and testing the niche conservatism and divergence between different subspecies. Consultations for examination of the skins of specimens of the museums: Museum of Zoology, University of S?o Paulo (MZUSP), National Museum of Rio de Janeiro (MN) and Emilio Goeldi Museum of Par? (MPEG), and the skins deposited at the collection of Ornithological Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (COUFRN). We studied the following measures length of specimens: exposed culmen, culmen and total culmen nostril, tarsus, wing and tail flattened. The voice analysis was performed with vocalizations banks and / or digital banks people where 17 voice parameters were measured. This information and more available in the literature were used to assemble a bunch of data under the limit distribution of taxa and generate ecological niche models. This analyzes carried out in the program Maxent, having as model selection criterion the AUC, and the models were greater than 0.80 are considered good models. Environmental data for the realization of the modeling were downloaded on the website of Worldclim. The morphometric information, vocals and geographic distribution point for the separation of these taxa to be considering various uni and multivariate analyzes. The potential distribution models performed well (AUC> 0.80), and its distribution associated with environmental characteristics of the Amazon forest and Atlantic forest (forests of south and southeast, northeast and forest). The reconstruction of the distribution indicates a possible contact between the southern part of the Atlantic forest in the northern part of the Amazon. The analysis of niche overlap showed a low overlap between taxa and comparisons between the null model and the generated overlay link probably occurring niche conservatism. The data suggest that the taxa that occur in the Amazon and Atlantic forest represent three distinct species
O g?nero Herpsilochmus ? composto principalmente por esp?cies cr?pticas, entre elas est? Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus, que atualmente ? representado por quatro subesp?cies: H. r. rufimarginatus, H. r. frater, H. r. scapularis e H. r. exiguus. Diferen?as na plumagem e vocaliza??o sugerem que existam mais de uma esp?cie envolvida nesse complexo. Sendo assim esse e outros t?xons subespec?ficos precisa de revis?o urgente, a distribui??o disjunta dessa esp?cie tamb?m possibilita inferir a rela??o entre essas aves que ocorrem em biomas e/ou centros de endemismos diferentes. Esse estudo tem como objetivo fazer a revis?o taxon?mica dos t?xons hora inclu?dos no complexo Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus com base em caracteres morfol?gicos, morfom?tricos, vocais e distribui??o geogr?fica dessa ave. Al?m criar modelos de distribui??o potencial atual e fazer a reconstru??o da distribui??o pret?rita usando modelagem de nicho ecol?gico, e testar o conservadorismo e diverg?ncia de nicho entre as diferentes subesp?cies. Foram realizadas consultas para exame das peles dos esp?cimes presentes nos museus: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de S?o Paulo (MZUSP), Museu Nacional (MN) e Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi (MPEG), e as peles depositadas na Cole??o de Ornitol?gica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (COUFRN). Foram verificadas as seguintes medidas de comprimento dos esp?cimes: culmen exposto, culmen total e culmen narina, tarso, asa achatada e cauda. A an?lise vocal foi realizada com vocaliza??es de bancos digitais e/ou de bancos pessoas, onde foram mensurados 17 par?metros vocais. Essas informa??es e mais as dispon?veis em literatura serviram para montar um bando de dados sob o limite de distribui??o dos t?xons e gerar os modelos de nicho ecol?gico. As an?lises realizadas no programa Maxent, tendo como crit?rio de sele??o de modelo os valores de AUC, sendo os modelos que tiveram valores maiores que 0,80 s?o considerados bons modelos. Os dados ambientais para realiza??o da modelagem foram baixados no site do WorldClim. As informa??es morfom?tricas, vocais e distribui??o geogr?fica apontam para a para a separa??o desses t?xons seja levando em considera??o an?lises multivariadas e uni variadas. Os modelos de distribui??o potencial tiveram bom desempenho (AUC > 0,80), sendo a sua distribui??o associada a caracter?sticas ambientais da floresta Amaz?nica e Mata Atl?ntica (florestas do sul e sudeste, e floresta do nordeste). A reconstru??o da distribui??o aponta um poss?vel contato entre a parte sul da Mata Atl?ntica com a parte norte da Amaz?nica. A an?lise de sobreposi??o de nicho apontou uma baixa sobreposi??o entre os t?xons e as compara??es entre modelo nulo e os gerados de sobreposi??o apontam provavelmente que ocorre conservadorismo de nicho. As informa??es sugerem que os t?xons que ocorrem na Amaz?nia e Mata Atl?ntica representam tr?s esp?cies distintas, sendo uma delas uma esp?cie n?o descrita
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LIMA, JUNIOR Dilermando Pereira. "Transformando tropeços em passos de dança: o uso de espécies exóticas para estudos biogeográficos." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/2548.
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Previous issue date: 2008-02-27The establishment of exotic species is known for the negative impacts it causes. However, it can be used as models to study the ecological and evolutionary causes of biogeography patterns and access whether the niche conservatism is the determinant of the species limits distribution. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the difference between pools of exotic fish species in biogeographical regions of the world based on the theories of Niche Conservatism and Evolutionary Dynamics of Latitudinal Gradients of Diversity. We found a strong tendency of the niche conservatism with exotic fishes, but no phylogentic structures of the invaders fishes were found. Therefore, predictive models that purpose to evaluate the potential invasion of fishes has to, include extrinsic factors as climatic conditions, propagule pressure, environmental disturbance, human use and intrinsic factors as parental care and body size of the species.
Os estabelecimentos de espécies exóticas são muito conhecidos por seus impactos, contudo podem servir como modelo de estudo das causas ecológicas e evolutivas dos padrões biogeográficos e avaliar se a conservação de nicho é determinante dos limites de distribuições das espécies. Este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a diferença entre o conjunto de espécies exóticas de peixes nas diferentes regiões biogeográficas do planeta tendo como base as teorias de conservação filogenética e da dinâmica evolutiva de gradientes latitudinais de diversidade. Encontramos uma forte tendência de conservação de nicho, mas nenhum sinal de estruturação filogenética da invasão. Portanto, modelos preditivos que possuem o intuito de avaliar o potencial invasor de peixes têm, necessariamente, têm que incluir fatores extrínsecos às espécies e à condição climática da região nativa, pressão de propágulos, distúrbios no ambiente, uso humano e fatores intrínsecos como cuidado parental e tamanho corporal das espécies.
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Protázio, Arielson dos Santos. "Ecologia de taxocenose de anfíbios anuros em poças temporárias na caatinga." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2012. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/4105.
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Previous issue date: 2012-02-13Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
In theroy, the influence of phylogeny in community structure implies that phylogenetically close species may show similar characteristics determined by their evolutionary history. In a fine scale, this is useful to identify processes of microevolution. We used phylogenetic and ecological data to investigate the determinant factors of the relationships among 15 anuran species in temporary ponds in Caatinga. Phylogenetically close species used the same categories of microhabitat, but they differed in usage proportion. Considering diet, overlap values were high in phylogenetically related species and these species tended to form concise groups. Analysis based on null models indicated no significant values of overlap in microhabitat usage and diet composition, showing that competition is unlikely to regulate assemblage structure. Species belonging to the same phylogenetic lineage occupied the same morphological space, suggesting that morphometry may be a conservative trait; however, some close related species have diverged in this pattern. The joint observation of microhabitat usage, diet composition, and morphology indicated the existence of similarities among phylogenetically related species. Canonical Phylogenetic Correlation Analysis revealed the presence of niche phylogenetic conservatism in microhabitat usage in Hylidae and Leptodactyliformes basal dichotomy and in diet composition of the Physalaemus genus. In this work, it is considered that the phylogenetic relationships influence assemblage structure. However, the observation of differences in resource usage among closely related species and similarities among unrelated species suggests the existence of ecological factors acting at some moment of the evolution of these organisms.
Teoricamente a influência da filogenia na estrutura de comunidades implica que espécies próximas filogeneticamente podem apresentar características semelhantes determinadas pela sua história evolutiva. Em uma escala fina isto é útil na identificação de processos de micro-evolução. Aqui utilizamos dados ecológicos e filogenéticos para investigar os fatores determinantes das relações entre 15 espécies de anuros em poças temporárias na Caatinga. Espécies próximas filogeneticamente utilizaram as mesmas categorias de microhábitats, mas diferiram na proporção do uso. Considerando a dieta, valores de sobreposição foram altos em espécies relacionadas filogeneticamente e estas tenderam a formar grupos concisos. Uma análise baseada em modelos nulos indicou valores não significativos de sobreposição no uso do microhábitat e na composição da dieta, evidenciando que a competição não parece regular a estrutura da taxocenose. Espécies damesma linhagem filogenética ocuparam o mesmo espaço morfológico sugerindo que a morfometria pode ser um traço conservativo, no entanto, algumas espécies próximas divergiram deste padrão. A observação conjunta do uso do microhábitat, composição da dieta e morfologia indicou a existência de similaridades entre espécies relacionada filogeneticamente. Análise de Correlação Filogenética Canônica revelou presença de conservação filogenética de nicho no uso do microhábitat na dicotomia basal Hylidae eLeptodactyliformes e na composição da dieta do gênero Physalaemus. Aqui consideramos que as relações filogenéticas exercem influência sobre a estrutura da taxocenose, no entanto, a observação de diferenças no uso dos recursos entre espécies próximas e similaridades entre espécies não relacionadas sugere a existência de fatores ecológicos atuando em algum momento da evolução destes organismos.
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Viljoen, Jan-Adriaan. "Biogeography of Isolepis subgenus Fluitantes (C.B. Clarke), Muasya (Cyperaceae): niche conservatism, long distance dispersal and hybridization." Bachelor's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25958.
Анотація:
Numerous lineages of the Western Cape of South Africa show affinities with the flora of tropical Africa and with Australasia. Recent work suggests that most migrations between the Western Cape and tropical Africa occur in a northward direction, and that connections between the flora of regions in the Southern Hemisphere are maintained by wind-assisted long-distance dispersal. The Fluitantes clade of lsolepis (Cyperaceae: Cypereae) is distributed throughout these areas and provides a useful study group to assess the general validity of published biogeographical trends. Furthermore, the cooccurrence of several closely related species in the Cape floristic region allows geographical and ecological patterns to be used for inference of speciation processes in the clade. Sequence data of the ITS and atpi-H gene regions were collected for 82 specimens; these were used to construct haplotype networks and phylogenies. By using the Tristan da Cunha endemics in the genus, as well as results from higher-level studies, a dated phylogeny for the Fluitantes clade was constructed and allowed for ancestral character state optimization of distributions by maximum likelihood. Ecological data were extracted from geographic information systems map to test for environmental differentiation in the Cape taxa. The Fluitantes were found to have originated in the Cape 7 million years ago. From there, they spread east and northwards onto the mountains of East Africa and to the islands of the Indian Ocean. Multiple dispersal events to Australia were recorded. Incongruence between the plastid and nuclear gene trees indicate hybridization to have taken place in Australasia, with possible subsequent speciation. Although the multivariate analysis found some ecological differentiation between the three Cape species, there was substantial overlap in all variables, and interpretation of habitat differences was difficult. It is suggested that, instead, differentiation may have taken place at the microhabitat scale, as I. rubicunda occupies low-lying sandy depressions, I. striata occurs at higher altitudes floating in water, and I. Judwigii inhabits the edges of streams and wetlands.
Книги з теми "Conservatisme de niche":
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Scholefield, Anthony. Too 'nice' to be Tories?: How the modernisers have damaged the Conservative Party. London: Social Affairs Unit, 2011.
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Siegfried, Jäger, ed. Der Spuk ist nicht vorbei: Völkisch-nationalistische Ideologeme im öffentlichen Diskurs der Gegenwart. Duisburg: DISS, 1998.
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Walker, Jennifer. Sacred Sounds, Secular Spaces. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197578056.001.0001.
Анотація:
This book is the first comprehensive study that reevaluates music’s role in the relationship between the French state and the Catholic Church at the end of the nineteenth century. As the divide between Church and State widened on the political stage, more and more composers began writing religious—even liturgical—music for performance in decidedly secular venues, including popular cabaret theaters, prestigious opera houses, and international exhibitions: a trend that coincided with Pope Leo XIII’s Ralliement politics that encouraged conservative Catholics to “rally” with the Republican government. But the idea of a musical Ralliement has largely gone unquestioned by historians and musicologists alike who have long accepted a somewhat simplistic epistemological position that emphasizes a sharp division between the Church and the “secular” Republic during this period. Drawing on extensive archival research, critical reception studies, and musical analysis, this book reveals how composers and critics from often opposing ideological factions undermined the secular/sacred binary. From the opera house and niche puppet theaters to Parisian parish churches and Montmartre’s famed cabarets, composers and critics from opposing ideological factions used music in their effort to craft a brand of Frenchness that was built on the dual foundations of secular Republicanism and the heritage of the French Catholic Church.
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McIvor, Méadhbh. Representing God. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691193632.001.0001.
Анотація:
Over the past two decades, a growing number of Christians in England have gone to court to enforce their right to religious liberty. Funded by conservative lobby groups and influenced by the legal strategies of their American peers, these claimants — registrars who conscientiously object to performing the marriages of same-sex couples, say, or employees asking for exceptions to uniform policies that forbid visible crucifixes — highlight the uneasy truce between law and religion in a country that maintains an established Church but is wary of public displays of religious conviction. This book charts the changing place of public Christianity in England through the rise of Christian political activism and litigation. The book explores the ideas and contested reception of this ostensibly American-inspired legal rhetoric. It argues that legal challenges aimed at protecting “Christian values” ultimately jeopardize those values, as moralities woven into the fabric of English national life are filtered from their quotidian context and rebranded as the niche interests of a cultural minority. By framing certain moral practices as specifically Christian, these activists present their religious convictions as something increasingly set apart from broader English culture, thereby hastening the secularization they seek to counter. The book offers a unique look at how Christian politico-legal activism in England simultaneously responds to and constitutes the religious life of a nation.
Частини книг з теми "Conservatisme de niche":
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Kelsch, Jakob. "Verortung der Analyse in der Serienhistorie: Binging Conservatism." In Binging Family, 241–46. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-34766-6_4.
Анотація:
ZusammenfassungIn Kapitel 10.1007/978-3-658-34766-6_4. werden die Ergebnisse in den historischen Darstellungsverlauf der Familie (vgl. Kapitel 10.1007/978-3-658-34766-6_2) eingeordnet: Allgemein treibt die Video-on-Demand-Serie bestimmte Entwicklungen voran, insbesondere auf der Ebene der Strukturierung der Handlung und der Diversifizierung des Angebots. Diese Entwicklungen haben dabei ihren Ursprung bereits vor der Zeit der Streaming-Anbieter und werden von diesen fortgeführt und verstärkt. Inhaltlich, in Bezug auf die Familiendarstellung der analysierten Serien, handelt es sich aber um weitgehend konservative Darstellungsformen oder zumindest um solche, die sich nicht dadurch auszeichnen, progressive Modelle voranzutreiben: Als Ideal der Familie wird weiterhin der Mythos der patriarchalen, heteronormativen Kernfamilie perpetuiert. Die auf den ersten Blick andersartigen und potenziell Veränderung bringenden Elemente, beispielsweise nicht heteronormative Lebensformen, werden in dem Sinne in den Kern der Semiosphäre „Familiendarstellung in Serie“ integriert, dass sie den dort geltenden Strukturen, Normen und Werten angepasst werden und diese – trotz der eigentlichen Widersprüchlichkeit – noch bekräftigen.
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Hochkirch, Axel. "Niche Conservatism among Allopatric Species of the Grasshopper Genus Afrophlaeoba Jago, 1983 in the Eastern Arc Mountains (Tanzania)." In Relict Species, 145–58. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92160-8_7.
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Sirakov, Alexander, Marta Aguilar Pérez, Muhammad AlMatter, and Hans Henkes. "Paraophthalmic Internal Carotid Artery Aneurysm: Non-ischemic Cerebral Enhancing (NICE) Lesions After the Endovascular Treatment of an Incidental Paraophthalmic Aneurysm with Flow Diverters and Coils; Conservative Management, with Resolution of the Pathological Cerebral Findings and Clinical Recovery During Mid-Term Follow-Up." In The Aneurysm Casebook, 183–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77827-3_142.
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Sirakov, Alex, Marta Aguilar Pérez, Muhammad AlMatter, and Hans Henkes. "Paraophthalmic Internal Carotid Artery Aneurysm: Non-Ischemic Cerebral Enhancing (NICE) Lesions After the Endovascular Treatment of an Incidental Paraophthalmic Aneurysm with Flow Diverters and Coils; Conservative Management, with Resolution of the Pathological Cerebral Findings and Clinical Recovery During Mid-Term Follow-Up." In The Aneurysm Casebook, 1–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70267-4_142-1.
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Peterson, A. Townsend, Jorge Soberón, Richard G. Pearson, Robert P. Anderson, Enrique Martínez-Meyer, Miguel Nakamura, and Miguel Bastos Araújo. "Linking Niches with Evolutionary Processes." In Ecological Niches and Geographic Distributions (MPB-49). Princeton University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691136868.003.0015.
Анотація:
This chapter examines how the process of ecological niche evolution and diversification helps us better understand ecology, biogeography, and biodiversity. It first considers how species respond to changes in the environmental substrate on which the niches are manifested before discussing the concept of niche conservatism as well as tests of conservatism in areas such as species invasions and comparison of the ecological niche requirements of sister–species pairs. It then explores how temporal change in niche dimensions occurs, how it can be studied, and what can be learned. It also describes some of the challenges associated with applications of ecological niche modeling in the realm of evolution and concludes by outlining future directions for research.
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Peterson, A. Townsend, Jorge Soberón, Richard G. Pearson, Robert P. Anderson, Enrique Martínez-Meyer, Miguel Nakamura, and Miguel Bastos Araújo. "Conclusions." In Ecological Niches and Geographic Distributions (MPB-49). Princeton University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691136868.003.0016.
Анотація:
This book has described a comprehensive framework for thinking about the geography and ecology of species distributions, arguing that such a framework is critical to further progress in the field of ecological niches and distributions. To develop this framework, traditional concepts in ecology have been radically reworked. In this conclusion, some of the challenges for future work regarding ecological niche modeling are discussed, such as fully integrating the BAM diagram with central concepts of population biology and statistical theory; clarifying the notion of niche conservatism versus niche evolution as regards scenopoetic versus bionomic environmental dimensions; and improving the link between correlational and mechanistic approaches to estimating and understanding ecological niches. The book argues that careful conceptual thinking must be combined with detailed empirical exploration in order to address each of these challenges.
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Peterson, A. Townsend, Jorge Soberón, Richard G. Pearson, Robert P. Anderson, Enrique Martínez-Meyer, Miguel Nakamura, and Miguel Bastos Araújo. "Discovering Biodiversity." In Ecological Niches and Geographic Distributions (MPB-49). Princeton University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691136868.003.0011.
Анотація:
This chapter discusses the conceptual basis of using ecological niche modeling for discovering new elements of biodiversity. More specifically, it examines the use of ecological niche models to guide searches for and discovery of unknown populations of species as well as species limits. It also explains how niche conservatism provides some degree of predictability across related taxa and makes the use of niche models for discovering biodiversity possible. For applications focused on discovery of unknown species, the chapter shows that niche conservatism is necessary if predictions of likely distributional areas are to prove realistic. Finally, it reviews practical considerations that must be taken into account in applications of ecological niche models oriented at discovering biodiversity, along with the caveats and limitations of such applications.
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Peterson, A. Townsend, Jorge Soberón, Richard G. Pearson, Robert P. Anderson, Enrique Martínez-Meyer, Miguel Nakamura, and Miguel Bastos Araújo. "Species’ Invasions." In Ecological Niches and Geographic Distributions (MPB-49). Princeton University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691136868.003.0013.
Анотація:
This chapter discusses the use of ecological niche modeling to study species invasions, and more specifically to identify and understand genuine exceptions to ecological niche equivalency between native and introduced ranges of species. In addition, it examines the degree to which the geographic course of species’ invasions can be anticipated based on scenopoetic variables and biotic interactions. The chapter also reviews practical considerations that must be taken into account when exploring the utility of ecological niche models in understanding species’ invasions, such as using niche conservatism to predict likely changes in the distributional potential of invasive species under scenarios of changing environmental conditions. Finally, it describes caveats and limitations of the approach and outlines future research directions and challenges involved in the application of niche modeling ideas in species invasions.
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"Chapter 12: Niche Conservatism, Tracking, and Ecological Stasis." In Evolutionary Theory, 282–306. University of Chicago Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226426198.003.0016.
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Holt, Robert D., and Richard Gomulkiewicz. "Conservation Implications of Niche Conservatism and Evolution in Heterogeneous Environments." In Evolutionary Conservation Biology, 244–64. Cambridge University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511542022.018.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Conservatisme de niche":
1
Bunsell, Anthony R., Franc¸oise Barbier, Alain Thionnet, Hasnae Zejli, and Brian Besanc¸on. "Damage Accumulation and Lifetime Prediction of Carbon Fiber Composite Pressure Vessels." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25978.
Анотація:
Efficient storage of hydrogen is critical to the success of transition markets for hydrogen energy. For these near-term niche markets, high pressure compressed gas storage in carbon fiber composite pressure vessels is currently the most advanced and promising technology. However, challenges remain to improve performance and reliability while still insuring the safety of these pressure vessels in service over periods of 15 to 20 years. In order to avoid overdesign and conservative use, a fundamental understanding of damage mechanisms and degradation of these materials is required to fully exploit the potential of these materials. Acoustic emission has thus been used to characterize damage accumulation and its kinetics under static and cyclic loading in carbon fiber composite samples and pressure vessels. These experimental results were complemented by finite element modeling taking into account the elastic nature of the fibers, coupled with the visco-elastic behavior of the matrix and debonding at the fiber matrix interface.
2
Rodgers, Colin, and Colin F. McDonald. "Small Recuperated Gas Turbine APU Concept to Abate Concern About Emissions, High Fuel Cost, and Noise." In ASME Turbo Expo 2007: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2007-27913.
Анотація:
During the last decade microturbines in the 30 to 250 kW power range have been in service, but they have not been produced in significant enough quantities to impact the DG market due to a combination of factors including their high cost, modest efficiency, utility institutional concerns, and low interest in CHP use in the USA, although the latter could change as a result of fuel cost escalation. Very small gas turbines (ie. less than 10 kW) have been investigated periodically over the years, mainly for potential military use, but to date have not found a niche. This could well change with over 20 states now having instigated idling regulations that limit or prohibit heavy duty truck diesel engine idling. With emphasis on reducing emissions and noise levels this essentially implies that in the future a small APU will be required to provide the truck’s stationary electrical needs and cabin climate control. While there will be several power source types vying for this potentially large market, a small gas turbine APU is viewed as having attractive features which include low emissions, low acoustic signature, vibration-free operation, compact and light weight package, obviates the need for oil lubrication and liquid coolant systems, ease of cold weather starting, immediate response, and the use of fuel from the truck tank. In this paper a small recuperated gas turbine APU concept rated at 5kW is discussed including component design considerations, layout features, engine performance, and target cost. The conservative design of the APU is based on the use of existing materials and state-of-the-art gas turbine technology, and is amenable to high volume automated manufacturing processes. A competitive cost is projected if the proposed APU of modular construction was fabricated in large quantities like the production of vehicular turbochargers in Europe.
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Chen, YangQuan, Blas M. Vinagre, and Igor Podlubny. "On Fractional Order Disturbance Observer." In ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/vib-48371.
Анотація:
In this paper, for the first time, the fractional order disturbance observer (FO-DOB) is proposed for vibration suppression applications such as hard disk drive servo control. It has been discovered in a recently published US patent application (US20010036026) (Chen et al., 2001) that there is a tradeoff between the the phase margin loss and the strength of the low frequency vibration suppression. Given the required cutoff frequency of the low pass filter, also known as the Q-filter, it turns out that the relative degree of the Q-filter is the major tuning knob for this tradeoff. As a motivation for the fractional order Q-filter, a solution based on integer order Q-filter with a variable relative degree is introduced which is the key contribution of US20010036026. Then, a fractional order disturbance observer based on the fractional order Q-filter is proposed. The implementation issue is also discussed. The nice point of this paper is that the traditional DOB is extended to fractional order DOB with the advantage that the FO-DOB design is now no longer conservative or aggressive, i.e., given the cutoff frequency and the desired phase margin, we can uniquely determine the fractional order of the low pass filter.
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Rose, M. F., and D. Joyce. "Defence Youth STEM Outreach – Inspiring the Next Generation." In 14th International Naval Engineering Conference and Exhibition. IMarEST, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24868/issn.2515-818x.2018.003.
Анотація:
This paper focuses on the need to build a solid foundation of skills which the future maritime workforce can build on to provide the innovation and exploitation of new technologies that the Royal Navy requires. This need sits within the wider strategic context of the national engineering skills shortage, reflected recently in the EngineeringUK report: ‘The State of Engineering 2018.’ The report forecasts as a conservative estimate an average shortfall in engineering graduates (level 4+) of 22,000, with the impact of Brexit upon these figures yet to be determined (the UK relies on attracting talent from the EU and beyond to help meet current shortfalls). The situation regarding Level 3 – A levels, Highers, and Advanced apprenticeships reflects a similar shortfall. This issue is exacerbated by the fact that only 12% of engineering and technology employees in the UK are women; highlighting that access and availability, including gender diversity remains a challenge for this sector. It is against that backdrop, that the MOD, is collaborating across many areas; one specifically being on inspiring the next generation to undertake Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics(STEM) as subjects of choice initially, moving thereafter onto more informed careers awareness and ultimately onto career options. Such foundation building is manifest in Defence’s Youth STEM engagement strategy which is whole force by design, with several major developments to date following its launch in 2016, including the establishment of formal strategic partnerships with three national STEM outreach providers; notably: Primary Engineer; Tomorrows Engineer (replicated by Energy Skills Partnership in Scotland) and STEM Learning (replicated by SSERC in Scotland) each with niche capabilities. They sit alongside all four Services within Defence and key other government departments including the devolved administration in Scotland, in the form of an implementation group to take the strategy forward. The purpose is to inspire sufficient young people to study STEM subjects, to ensure that the appropriate national talent exists from which Defence can recruit its future technical people. Several initiatives are expanded upon with illustration of the benefits, ranging from impact in the classroom (both teacher and pupil) to Defence personnel as STEM ambassadors. The paper closes with the social mobility agenda and the potential thereof from Youth STEM outreach.