Дисертації з теми "Contact law"
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1
Bruwer, Elizabeth. "Vereniging van die koopreg : kontraksluiting in 'n historiese, regsvergelykende en internasionale perspektief." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52046.
Анотація:
Thesis (LLM)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: International trade has increased tremendously in the last few decades. When parties to a contract find themselves in different countries and each has its own legal background, specific problems originate in connection with formation of the contract, its execution, the breach thereof and so forth. The predominant theme of this work is the question of how a diversity of legal rules should be approached in an international context. The focus is on contract formation, and the rules of offer and acceptance are therefore examined. As a result of diverse legal cultures, different legal systems often have contradicting rules pertaining to contract formation, which can lead to a variety of problems if the contracting parties are not aware of the inconsistencies. According to international private law's choice of law-rules, such a contract should be governed by the rules of the legal system with which it has the closest connection. Connecting factors can be for instance the domicile of particular persons at various times, the situs of property, or the place where a juristic act was performed. One specific legal system will therefore rule the contract. There is however another possibility: that of a uniform substantive law. This involves the unification of different legal rules into one set of rules to be applied to contracts which are concluded in an international context. Taking into account that many of the rules and doctrines applicable to contract law have a common philosophical origin, the necessity of a convergence of these rules may be questioned. However, most of the rules ended up being different in different legal systems, and parties to an international transaction will probably not have the same idea about questions such as the possibility to revoke an offer before acceptance, or the precise moment of formation of the contract. A comparative study of the rules of offer and acceptance illustrates this point. International efforts to unify the law in this regard are explored, in order to assess the possibility of a uniform substantive law of contracts. Some of the international instruments seem to be able to find a middle way between conflicting rules, although it may not always be the best way to solve the problem. It is argued that harmony is not necessarily advanced by a codification of existing rules, and that a common legal culture which can lead to the incremental development of harmonious legal principles may be an alternative solution for the problem of incompatible national legal systems in an international context.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Internasionale handel het die afgelope paar dekades geweldig toegeneem. Wanneer kontraktante hulle in verskillende lande bevind, elke party met sy eie regsagtergrond, ontstaan eiesoortige probleme in verband met kontraksluiting, die uitvoering daarvan, kontrakbreuk, en dies meer. Die oorheersende tema van hierdie werk is die vraag na die hantering van 'n verskeidenheid regsreëls betrokke in 'n internasionale konteks. Die fokus is op kontraksluiting, en die reëls aangaande aanbod en aanname word derhalwe ondersoek. As gevolg van die bestaan van uiteenlopende regskulture het verskillende regstelsels dikwels teenstrydige reëls met betrekking tot kontraksluiting. Dit kan natuurlik problematies wees, veral indien die partye tot die kontrak nie bewus is van die teenstrydighede nie. Ooreenkomstig die choice of law-reëls van internasionale privaatreg, word so 'n kontrak beheers deur die regstelsel waarmee dit die nouste verbintenis het. Faktore wat dui op so 'n band kan byvoorbeeld die domisilie van bepaalde persone op verskillende tye, die situs van eiendom, of die plek waar 'n regshandeling verrig is wees. Een spesifieke regstelsel sal dus van toepassing wees op die kontrak. Daar is egter ook 'n ander moontlikheid: dié van 'n eenvormige substantiewe reg. Dit behels die vereniging van verskillende regsreëls ten einde een stel reëls daar te stel wat toegepas word op internasionale kontrakte. lndien in ag geneem word dat heelparty reëls en leerstukke in die kontraktereg 'n gemeenskaplike filosofiese oorsprong het, is die noodsaaklikheid van 'n vereniging van die reëls nie 'n gegewe nie. Die meeste van dié reëls het egter verskillend uitgekristalliseer in verskillende regstelsels, en partye tot 'n internasionale transaksie sal heel waarskynlik nie dieselfde opinie hê oor kwessies soos die moontlikheid om 'n aanbod voor aanname daarvan te herroep, of die presiese oomblik van totstandkoming van 'n kontrak nie. 'n Vergelykende studie van die reëls van aanbod en aanname illustreer die punt. Internasionale pogings om die reg in die verband te verenig word ondersoek, ten einde die moontlikheid van 'n eenvormige substantiewe reg van toepassing op kontrakte te beoordeel. Sekere van die internasionale instrumente blyk 'n middeweg tussen uiteenlopende reëls te vind, alhoewel dit nie noodwendig die beste manier is om die probleem voorhande op te los nie. Daar word geargumenteer dat harmonie nie noodwendig bevorder word deur 'n kodifikasie van bestaande reëls nie, en dat 'n gemeenskaplike regskultuur wat tot die geleidelike ontwikkeling van eenvormige regsbeginsels kan lei, 'n alternatiewe oplossing vir die probleem van onversoenbare nasionale regstelsels in 'n internasionale konteks kan wees.
2
MacKay, Kirsteen Margaret. "Voice of the child in private law contact disputes in Scotland." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6398.
Анотація:
This thesis that is supported by the research findings is as follows: In private law contact disputes between parents, greater weight should be attached to the statutory requirement to give children an opportunity to express their views, as well as to the statutory requirement to protect them from abuse, rather than assuming on-going contact with a both parents is essential for the promotion of a child’s welfare. Despite the acquisition of rights by women and children since the late 19th century, it is argued, they remain disempowered within private law legal process as the patria potestas (paternal power) once held by married fathers, has evolved into this assumption that a child’s welfare requires direct, regular contact with his or her biological father – whether the child wants this or not. Consequently, where children’s views are taken, but they express a view contrary to on-going contact with their biological father, their wishes are often overridden and they may be forced by the court into contact arrangements that distress them. This is particularly problematic as the majority of cases coming before the courts involve serious welfare concerns (including domestic violence and the abuse of substances) and children often have lucid reasons for not wishing to be left under the care and control of their non-resident parent. Yet, these children may sometimes be further victimised by the court system charged with their protection.
3
Giovanna, Lacerra. "Friction-Induced Vibrations as a result of system response and contact dynamics : A newer friction law for broadband contact excitation." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI118/document.
Анотація:
Les Vibrations Induites par Frottement (FIV) sont un phénomène complexe qui surgit chaque fois deux surfaces subissent un glissement relatif. Pendant les dernières décennies, une quantité significative de œuvres expérimentales et numériques a traité des Vibrations Induites par Frottement, tandis que la simulation de l'excitation dynamique de contacts frictionnels a été toujours un vrai défi dans beaucoup de domaines de recherche industrielles. Dans ce cadre de recherche, ce travail est adressé à l'analyse des Vibrations Induites par Frottement, en développant des analyses en même temps expérimentales et numériques ; on propose une nouvelle approche numérique pour reproduire l'excitation dynamique locale du contact et son effet sur la réponse vibrationnel du système, sans augmentation significative des coûts de calcul. Le système mécanique, l'objet de l'analyse, est composé par deux poutres en acier en contact frictionnel dans un mouvement relatif ; la dynamique simple du système tient compte de la distinction entre la réponse de dynamique du système et l'excitation à haut débit venant du contact. Une campagne expérimentale paramétrique a été conduite pour analyser les effets de trois paramètres de contact principaux (la vitesse de glissement, la charge normale et la rugosité superficielle) sur la réponse du système vibrationnel, c'est-à-dire sur les vibrations induites. En parallèle, un modèle numérique a été mis en œuvre pour reproduire l'excitation dynamique locale du contact et son effet sur la réponse vibrationnel du système. Une nouvelle loi de friction a été présentée dans le modèle, proposant l'utilisation d'un terme provoquant une perturbation dans le coefficient de frottement pour simuler les effets de l'excitation au contact. Les inclusions de l'excitation dynamique locale, en raison des phénomènes de contact, par le terme de perturbation du coefficient de frottement, permettent de reproduire correctement les Vibrations Induites par Frottement sans présenter une représentation de la topographie superficielle réelle, qui a besoin d'un grand nombre d'éléments, économisant donc le temps de calcul. Des signaux différents pour le terme provoquant la perturbation ont été testés pour simuler correctement les vibrations mesurées. L'évolution du terme provoquant la perturbation récupérée par une méthode inverse a surligné les contributions spectrales différentes de l'excitation locale du contact. La comparaison entre les Vibrations Induites par Frottement mesurées et ceux simulés numériquement a montré une bonne corrélation, validant la loi de frottement proposée. Finalement, l'effet d'un changement de rugosité e de vitesse de glissement a été aussi simulé numériquement et corrélé avec les résultats expérimentauxFriction-Induced Vibrations (FIV) are a complex phenomenon which arises each time two surfaces undergo relative sliding. During the last decades, a significant amount of experimental and numerical works dealt with Friction-Induced Vibrations, while the simulation of the dynamic excitation from frictional contacts has always been a real challenge to face in many industrial research areas. In this research framework, this work is addressed to the investigation of the Friction-Induced Vibrations, carrying on at the same time experimental and numerical analyses; a new numerical approach is proposed to reproduce the local dynamic excitation from the contact and its effect on the vibrational response of the system, without significant increase of the computational time costs. The mechanical system, object of the investigation, is composed by two steel beams in frictional contact during relative motion; the simple dynamics of the system allows for distinguishing between the dynamics response of the system and the broadband excitation coming from the contact. A parametrical experimental campaign has been conducted to analyse the effects of three main contact parameters (the relative sliding velocity, the normal load and the surface roughness) on the system vibrational response, i.e. on the induced vibrations. In parallel, a numerical model has been implemented to reproduce the local dynamic excitation from the contact and its effect on the vibrational response of the system. A new friction law has been introduced in the model, proposing the use of a perturbative term in the friction coefficient in order to simulate the effects of the contact excitation. The inclusions of the local dynamic excitation, due to the contact phenomena, by the perturbation term of the friction coefficient allows to correctly reproduce the Friction-Induced Vibrations without introducing a representation of the real surface topography, which usually needs a large number of elements, saving then computational time. Different signals for the perturbative term have been tested to simulate correctly the measured vibrations. The evolution of the perturbative term recovered by an inverse method allowed for highlighting the different spectral contributions of the local excitation coming from the contact. The comparison between the measured Friction-Induced Vibrations and the ones simulated numerically showed good correlation, validating the proposed friction law. Finally, the effect in a change of the sliding velocity and surface roughness have been simulated numerically too and correlated with experimental results
4
Spano, Cheryl. "Central California's Juvenile/Dependency and Criminal Courts' Treatment of Parent-Child Contact." Thesis, Walden University, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13859371.
Анотація:
Parties to a legal action of child abuse can be prosecuted criminally as well as charged with allegations within the jurisdiction of juvenile/dependency court. This can lead to seemingly conflicting goals regarding contact and visitation between the two parties (victim and defendant; child and parent). In essence, restraining orders or visitation orders from one court can contradict the case goals of another court. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to (a) determine if there is a pattern of inconsistent goals in cases of concurrent jurisdictional child-abuse cases, (b) evaluate the effect of conflicting court orders on each jurisdiction’s cases, and (c) examine the ability of these courts to process cases in a timely manner in light of both courts’ goals and concerns. Previous to this study, scholarly literature surrounding no-contact orders was limited to domestic violence and criminal contexts. There is no current scholarly research addressing the treatment of no-contact orders in concurrent jurisdiction cases. This study utilized standardized surveys, one-on-one interviews, and observations to evaluate and examine the areas of inquiry. Participants were chosen for their extensive knowledge and professional duties regarding both the juvenile/dependency and criminal court systems. The results of this research indicate that many participants considered these two jurisdictions to maintain contradictory goals, which is particularly problematic in contact/no-contact orders. Participants found the issue of restraining orders in this context to manifest in unfairness, confusion, and delay. A myriad of recommendations are offered in an effort to assist this county, as well as others, in its promotion of fairness to court participants and parties of these concurrent cases.
5
Feijoó, Cambiaso Raúl Humberto. "Interview with Massimo Bianca and Massimo Franzoni. Discussions on the Civil Law." IUS ET VERITAS, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/122792.
Анотація:
In this interview, the outstanding Italian professors tell us their perspective on the main points of patrimonial civil law. In this way, the speakers explain matters related to the transfer of property system, breach of contract, tort, among others subjects; making brief comments, the authors also refer to the legislative options received in the Peruvian law.En la presente entrevista, los destacados profesores italianos nos comentan su perspectiva en torno a puntos clave del derecho civil patrimonial. De esta forma, los ponentes tratan temas referidos a los sistema de transferencia de propiedad, incumplimiento del contrato, responsabilidad extracontractual, entre otros temas. Realizando breves comentarios, los autores también se refieren a las opciones legislativas acogidas en el ordenamiento peruano.
6
Spano, Cheryl Oslinker. "Central California's Juvenile/Dependency and Criminal Courts' Treatment of Parent-Child Contact." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6742.
Анотація:
Parties to a legal action of child abuse can be prosecuted criminally as well as charged with allegations within the jurisdiction of juvenile/dependency court. This can lead to seemingly conflicting goals regarding contact and visitation between the two parties (victim and defendant; child and parent). In essence, restraining orders or visitation orders from one court can contradict the case goals of another court. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to (a) determine if there is a pattern of inconsistent goals in cases of concurrent jurisdictional child-abuse cases, (b) evaluate the effect of conflicting court orders on each jurisdiction's cases, and (c) examine the ability of these courts to process cases in a timely manner in light of both courts' goals and concerns. Previous to this study, scholarly literature surrounding no-contact orders was limited to domestic violence and criminal contexts. There is no current scholarly research addressing the treatment of no-contact orders in concurrent jurisdiction cases. This study utilized standardized surveys, one-on-one interviews, and observations to evaluate and examine the areas of inquiry. Participants were chosen for their extensive knowledge and professional duties regarding both the juvenile/dependency and criminal court systems. The results of this research indicate that many participants considered these two jurisdictions to maintain contradictory goals, which is particularly problematic in contact/no-contact orders. Participants found the issue of restraining orders in this context to manifest in unfairness, confusion, and delay. A myriad of recommendations are offered in an effort to assist this county, as well as others, in its promotion of fairness to court participants and parties of these concurrent cases.
7
Seo, Misun. "A segment contact account of the patterning of sonorants in consonant clusters." Columbus, Ohio Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1070433081.
Анотація:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 227 p.; also includes graphics. Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Elizabeth V. Hume, Dept. of Linguistics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 220-227).
8
Ford, George T. IV. "Media Influences and Student Attitudes Toward Law Enforcement Figures Within Northeast Tennessee." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1167.
Анотація:
The purpose of this study is to analyze student attitudes toward various law enforcement figures and to obtain a better understanding of public relations, police effectiveness, and media influences in Northeastern Tennessee. This literature review provided a preliminary analysis of related works to advance the accuracy in conducting and examining future studies. The fields that deserve the most analysis are the underlying dimensions associated with public attitudes about police effectiveness, the media’s impact on public attitudes toward police, and the individual, external, and contextual variables that influence public attitudes toward police.
9
Rampling, Martina. "Emotionsarbete som professionell praktik : Advokaten som klientens guide genom brottmålsprocessen." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-123437.
Анотація:
Defense lawyers are portrayed as performing non-emotional work and their education does not train them for the social dimensions of handling clients and present in court. Despite this general picture of the legal profession, studies show that the work performed by lawyers comprises comprehensive emotion work. This study is based on ten semi-structured interviews and complementary observations of court hearings with criminal defense lawyers with variation in sex, age and work experiences. The main findings show that lawyers submit to the legal emotional regime characterized by a distance to emotions in court, but that the preparation for such a presentation requires substantial emotion work with the client before and after the court hearing. Client contact can be seen as a guided tour through the legal process undertaken by the lawyer with a focus on three aspects: (1) to dampen distress, (2) to prepare, produce and represent the client's expressions of emotion in court, and (3) to turn the everyday narrative of the event into legal codes, and vice versa. Empathy stands out an important tool in the emotion work performed by lawyers. Furthermore, the performance of objectivity is constructed socially through emotion work via the concept of professionalism.Emotioner i domstol
10
Cruz, Fierro Oscar Eduardo de la. "Contributions to the Study of Intermittent Contact Haptic Interfaces." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS071.
Анотація:
Les interfaces à retour d'effort sont des systèmes robotisés permettant d'interagir gestuellement de façon naturelle avec des environnements virtuels ou distants. Ces dispositifs sont utilisés dans différents contextes tels que la téléopération (e.g. nucléaire, sous-marine, spatiale), le manufacturing, les jeux vidéo, l'éducation, la médecine ou la rééducation, pour ne citer que quelques exemples. Pour les applications en réalité virtuelle, les utilisateurs manipulent généralement ces interfaces à l'aide d'une poignée qui est reliée mécaniquement au robot. Ce lien a une influence importante puisqu'il conduit l'utilisateur à ressentir la présence du robot même en espace libre (frottements, vibrations, inertie de la structure mécanique du robot), ce qui réduit le réalisme de l'interaction. Les interfaces à contacts intermittents (CI) constituent une alternative prometteuse pour essayer de surmonter ces inconvénients. Elles proposent de suivre les mouvements de l'utilisateur à faible distance en espace libre et de ne venir à son contact que lorsque l'on veut appliquer un retour d'effort. Elles visent de cette façon à améliorer le réalisme des interactions. Cette thèse s'intéresse à l'étude et à l'amélioration des performances d'une telle interface CIForce feedback interfaces are robotic systems allowing natural motion interactions with virtual or remote environments. They are employed in several domains such as remote handling (e.g. nuclear, subsea, space), manufacturing, entertainment, education, medicine and rehabilitation, just to mention the most popular. In virtual reality (VR) applications, the user typically holds a handle that is mechanically linked to the end-effector of the robot. This link has a non-negligible influence since the presence of the robot can be felt (friction, inertia and vibrations of the mechanical structure) even in free space, decreasing the realism of the interaction. Intermittent-contact haptic interfaces (IC-HIs) represent a promising approach to cope with this issue. These interfaces track and closely follow (without contact) the user movements in free space and come to his/her contact only when force feedback is required. This way IC interfaces aim to improve the realism of the interactions. The thesis presented concerns the study and improvement of such IC-His
11
Al-Sabbagh, Muhanad Nazar. "Influence of contact strength between particles on constitutive law for powder compaction and the strength of powder compacts." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/42788.
Анотація:
Powder compaction is used in a wide range of industrial applications ranging from powder metallurgy, food, pharmaceuticals, consumer goods, catalysts, fuels briquettes, etc. Powder compaction can be defined in terms of 1) compactibility, which represents the ability to form strong compacts, which is quantified by compact strength and 2) compressibility, which represents the ability of the powder mass to form dense compacts and is described by the constitutive law. The aim of this work is to establish relationships between particle properties, (including mechanical properties of particles and interactions between particles, which are included in the contact law), and bulk powder properties (including compactibility and compressibility). Excipients used in pharmaceutical tablet formulations, such as microcrystalline cellulose, calcium phosphate and mannitol (a sugar) and their mixtures were characterised. Compacts of different densities were manufactured and their compressive and tensile strength was measured. The break force of curved faced tablet made of these materials and mixtures was also measured under an extensive range of conditions. A predictive model was developed and validated to estimate the break force of curved faced tablets using diametrical and uniaxial compression tests only; this has a significant practical importance in the pharmaceutical industry. The mechanical properties of individual particles were characterised using nano-indentation. The data for pharmaceutical excipient were augmented with results for a model powder material consisting of spherical aluminium particles. The now classic micromechanical model of Fleck was used as a theoretical framework to relate particle properties and constitutive laws for compaction. A parameter describing the strength of contact between particles was estimated using the strength of compacts. The contact strength parameter was then related to adhesive contact laws between particles. This work represents the first complete framework for relating contact law (which includes the elastic and plastic properties that determine the deformation of particles in contact and the friction and adhesion between particles) to compact strength.
12
Muhibullah. "Computation experimental DIC hybrid strategy for robust 3D ductile plastic law identification." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00838763.
Анотація:
The objective of the thesis is to formulate a strategy that gives a robust identification of constitutive law from full-field measurements taking into account 3D effects. Model validation from global response of samples or structures has shortcomings that can be overcome by the use of full-field measurement techniques. Full-field measurement techniques offer the opportunity to acquire large amount of experimental data that might be useful in the context of identification of constitutive law parameters. Among the full field measurement techniques the most popular is digital and stereo image correlation. The existing strategies to make use of full-field data like the Virtual Field Method, the Equilibrium Gap Method, the Constitutive Equation Gap Method and the Reciprocity Method were limited to 2D applications. However, for a specimen with finite thickness 3D effects must be included. Most importantly, for the case of plasticity, stress triaxiality plays an important role. Its effect must therefore be accounted for in the modelling of the constitutive behaviour of the material. Thus in this thesis we propose a method to identify the parameters of an elasto-plastic constitutive law in which the mechanical model can have 3D kinematics. The strategy has been shown to be noise robust, almost independent of initial parameter guess and mesh refinement and allows differentiating between constitutive models with same global response on the basis of mean correlation error. The identification is shown to be good for both single and multiple cameras. The strategy validation is done for stainless steel. The global identified load displacement response of the strategy for mono and stereo mechanical image correlation is very close to the experiments. Lastly, the material parameters have been identified with very different initial guess but all converge to the same final values which show the robustness of the proposed strategy.
13
Hayes, Edward Jnr. "A bank’s right to terminate its relationship with its customers in light of reputational risk." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/78528.
Анотація:
This dissertation examines a bank’s right to unilaterally terminate its contractual relationship with a customer on the basis of reputational risk. The law of contract allows a bank to terminate the bank-customer agreement when the customer is in serious breach of the contract. Over the years, however, a pattern has started to develop by which a bank can unilaterally terminate the bank-customer relationship of high-risk customers based on reputational risk. Banks are reluctant to facilitate the transactions of individuals surrounded by negative publicity, due to fears of how the bank’s investors, customers or counterparts might perceive the bank.
Compliance with anti-money laundering (AML) and counter financing of terrorism (CFT) requirements, as set out by both domestic and foreign legislation, results in higher costs for the bank. As such, the profitability of a particular bank-customer relationship may ultimately decline to such an extent that the bank rather decides to make an appropriate business decision by terminating the relationship.
Correspondent banking relationships are agreements in terms of which one bank will provide services for another in jurisdictions where the first bank lacks a physical presence. As such, whenever there is a perception that a local bank does not comply with the relevant AML/CFT laws as set out by its domestic legislation, the correspondent bank might decide to terminate its relationship with the local bank, leaving the latter financially excluded from the correspondent banking market. Such a situation would hinder the growth of the South African economy and may also cause a systemic event in the financial industry.
Adequate customer due diligence (CDD) measures assist a bank in formulating a clear understanding of the business of its customers. The information obtained through CDD may also assist the bank in determining the reputation of a particular customer. This information can also assist law enforcement in combatting financial crimes. In this regard, it is recommended that a bank should be able to trace the information that was shared with Financial Intelligence Units (FIUs) and law enforcement agencies, so that the bank may reasonably determine the level of reputational risk involved in the relationship.Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Mercantile Law
LLM
Unrestricted
14
Danan, David. "Modélisation, analyse et simulations numériques de quelques problèmes de contact." Thesis, Perpignan, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PERP0015/document.
Анотація:
Les phénomènes de contact entre les corps, déformables ou non, sont omniprésents dans la vie courante. Leurs modélisations requièrent des outils mathématiques faisant appel à des systèmes d'équations aux dérivées partielles incluant des conditions aux limites non triviales pour décrire le contact. Si les aspects physiques de la mécanique du contact sont connus depuis longtemps, la théorie mathématique qui lui est dédiée reste relativement récente laissant ainsi place à de nombreux problèmes à investiguer. Ce travail porte sur la modélisation, l'analyse et la simulation numérique de tels problèmes. Il se situe à mi-chemin entre la mécanique du contact et les aspects mathématiques inhérents au type de problème qui en découle. L'objectif est ici d'étudier certaines catégories de problèmes faisant intervenir des conditions originales de contact (avec et sans frottement) à la fois d'un point de vue mathématique et numérique, afin d'apporter une contribution à la théorie mathématique, puis de mettre en avant quelques méthodes numériques adaptées à leur résolution dans un cadre spécifiqueContact phenomena between bodies, whether they are deformable or not, abound in everyday life. Their modellings require mathematical tools using systems of partial differential equations and involving complex boundary conditions, in order to describe the contact. While the physical aspects of such phenomena have been known for a long time, the mathematical theory remains relatively recent which leaves room for numerous problems. This work focuses on the modelling, the analysis and the numerical simulations of such problems. It is located halfway between contact mechanics and the mathematical aspects inherent to the mechanical questions involved. Our aim is to study several groups of problems that include original contact conditions (with or without friction), both from a mathematical and numerical point of view, in order to contribute to the theory, and also to highlight several numerical methods used to solve specific contact problems
15
Li, Fan. "Interactions between fine particles." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/4494.
Анотація:
Computer simulation using the Discrete Element Method (DEM) has emerged as a powerful tool in studying the behaviour of particulate systems during powder flow and compaction. Contact law between particles is the most important input to the Discrete Element simulation. However, most of the present simulations employ over-simplistic contact laws which cannot capture the real behaviour of particulate systems. For example, plastic yielding, material brittleness, sophisticated particle geometry, surface roughness, and particle adhesion are all vitally important factors affecting the behaviour of particle interactions, but have been largely ignored in most of the DEM simulations. This is because it is very difficult to consider these factors in an analytical contact law which has been the characteristic approach in DEM simulations. This thesis presents a strategy for obtaining the contact laws numerically and a comprehensive study of all these factors using the numerical approach. A numerical method, named as the Material Point Method (MPM) in the literature, is selected and shown to be ideal to study the particle interactions. The method is further developed in this work in order to take into account all the factors listed above. For example, to study the brittle failure during particle impact, Weibull’s theory is incorporated into the material point method; to study the effect of particle adhesion, inter-atomic forces are borrowed from the Molecular Dynamic model and incorporated into the method. These developments themselves represent a major progress in the numerical technique, enabling the method to be applied to a much wider range of problems. The focus of the thesis is however on the contact laws between extremely fine particles. Using the numerical technique as a tool, the entire existing theoretical framework for particle contact is re-examined. It is shown that, whilst the analytical framework is difficult to capture the real particle behaviour, numerical contact laws should be used in its place.
16
Pollard, Matthew David. "Rights of prisoners to contact the outside world : enforced disappearance, incommunicado detention and other forms of secrecy and isolation under international law." Thesis, University of Essex, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.558984.
Анотація:
This thesis describes and analyses the rights of prisoners to have contact with the world outside the place where they are held. It reviews international human rights and humanitarian law sources relevant to secrecy of detention and isolation of prisoners from the outside world. The thesis examines the issues of incommunicado detention and secret detention, including through the lenses of the right to liberty, the prohibition of torture and other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment, the right to humane treatment and respect for human dignity, and the prohibition of enforced disappearance. It also considers the wider range of human rights to which prisoners remain entitled subject to the inherent limitations of their situation, as possible sources of contact with the outside world: access to legal counsel, non- interference with family life, private life, and correspondence, freedom of religion, expression and association, the right to vote, and the right to health. Historical and theoretical context is provided by describing the purposes, practices and philosophies of imprisonment across history in the criminal justice, armed conflict, and administrative detention settings, with a particular focus on secrecy and isolation. The scope and interplay of the applicable legal frameworks is also discussed, considering the role of territoriality and the relationship between human rights and humanitarian law in relation to each of the issues addressed in the thesis. The thesis proposes a framework for answering legal questions about prisoners' rights of contact with the outside world and their restriction, identifying a series of cross-cutting factors that could inform an integrated approach. It concludes with possible explanations for the seemingly paradoxical trend towards recognition of ever-greater rights of prisoner contact with the outside world, when isolation and separation from society is the very objective for which deprivation of liberty is most often deployed.
17
Nell, Sussarah Maria Elizabeth. "Exploring the experiences of social workers in private practice in care and contact disputes using the best interest of the child standard." University of the Western Cape, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8351.
Анотація:
Magister Artium (Child and Family Studies) - MA(CFS)The changing landscape of parental responsibilities and rights, and the protection of children’s rights create an ever-changing phenomenon in social science. Limited research has been conducted regarding social workers in private practice, and in particular, regarding their professional and personal experiences in dealing with care and contact matters, pertaining to the South African Children’s Act 38 of 2005. This study aimed to provide insight and knowledge regarding the roles and experiences of social workers in private practice, particularly of those rendering services in the greater Gauteng area, in family law matters related to care and contact disputes.
18
Schmit, Emily. "For Her Own Good: Legal Justifications Used to Exclude Women and Girls from Sports." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193278.
Анотація:
Using Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 and a review of the history of sport in the United States, this thesis provides a critical feminist analysis of how the legal system perpetuates and justifies sport as a male domain. The gender hierarchy in sport continues to be supported through the interpretation of the law meant to rectify gender disparities. The analysis of legal records in this thesis demonstrates that cultural and social beliefs regarding women and sport are evident in the construction of the law and impacts court rulings. Title IX and its subsequent interpretations and regulations, specifically, the Contact Sports Exemption, are manipulated in an unconstitutional manner reinforcing the traditionally male dominated institution of sport. This thesis argues that despite the nondiscrimination intent and purpose of Title IX, false assumptions about gender are perpetuated within the law and make gender equality in sport difficult, if not impossible.
19
Benraouda, Ahlem. "Résultats de convergence pour les inéquations variationnelles et applications en mécanique du contact." Thesis, Perpignan, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PERP0009/document.
Анотація:
Le sujet de cette thèse porte sur quelques résultats de convergence pour les inéquations variationnelles avec applications dans l'étude des problèmes aux limites décrivant le contact entre un corps déformable et une fondation. La thèse est composée de deux parties. Dans la première partie, nous nous intéressons à l'analyse des inéquations quasivariationnelles, avec ou sans opérateurs de mémoire, dans un espace de Hilbert. Nous prouvons plusieurs résultats de convergence liés à la perturbation de l'ensemble des contraintes ainsi qu'à une méthode de pénalisation. Aussi, pour une classe d'inéquations quasivariationnelles avec opérateurs de mémoire nous étudions une formulation duale pour laquelle nous présentons des résultats d'existence, d'unicité et d'équivalence. La deuxième partie est consacrée à l'application de ces résultats abstraits dans l'étude de six problèmes de contact pour des matériaux élastiques, viscoélastiques et viscoplastiques, dans le cas statique ou quasistatique. Les lois de contact considérées sont la loi de Signorini, la loi de contact avec compliance normale et contrainte unilatérale et la loi de contact avec contrainte unilatérale et seuil critique. Enfin, nous étudions un nombre de problèmes de contrôle optimal associés aux certains modèles de contact. Pour ces problèmes nous obtenons des résultats d'existence et de convergenceThe topic of this thesis concerns some convergence results for variational inequalities with applications in the study of boundary value problems which describe the contact between a deformable body and a foundation. The thesis is divided into two parts. In the first part, we are interested in the analysis of quasivariational inequalities, with or without history-dependent operators, in Hilbert spaces. We prove some convergence results related to a perturbation of the set of constraints and a penalty method, as well. Moreover, for a class of history-dependent quasivariational inequalities we study a dual formulation for which we present existence, uniqueness and equivalence results. The second part is devoted to applications of these abstract results in the study of six contact problems with elastic, viscoelastic and viscoplastic materials, both in the static or quasistatic case. The contact conditions we consider are the Signorini condition, the normal compliance condition with unilateral constraint, the unilateral constraint condition with yield limit. Finally, we study a number of optimal control problems associated to some contact models. For these problems we provide existence and convergence results
20
Hartsough, Molly. "Intimate Partner Violence and Future Calls for Law Enforcement Assistance: The Impact of the Victim's Race or Ethnicity and Perceptions of Previous Contact with Police." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1491517694572213.
21
Couderc, Maxime. "Analyse et contrôle de quelques problèmes aux limites en mécanique du contact." Thesis, Perpignan, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PERP0024.
Анотація:
Le sujet de cette thèse porte sur le contrôle optimal de quelques problèmes aux limites décrivant le contact entre un corps déformable et une fondation. La thèse est composée de trois parties. La première partie contient des préliminaires d’analyse. La deuxième partie représente un résumé des résultats obtenus dans l’étude de quatre problèmes aux limites. Le premier problème décrit un processus de contact statique sans frottement entre un corps élastique et une fondation rigide-plastique avec contrainte unilatérale. Dans le second problème on ajoute une deuxième surface de contact avec frottement de Coulomb et compliance normale. Le troisi`eme probl`eme est un probl`eme dual. Le contact est sans frottement, mod´elis´e par une version de la condition de Signorini. Le dernier probl`eme consid´er´e est ´evolutif, conduisant a` l’´etude d’une in´equation quasivariationnelle avec opérateur de mémoire. Pour chaque problème on fournit des résultats d’existence, d’unicité et de convergence de la solution faible. Enfin, on traite quelques problèmes de contrôle optimal associés aux modèles de contact ci-dessus. La dernière partie de la thèse est constituée de quatre articles. On y revient sur les problèmes de contact sus-mentionnés tout en présentant les d´détails des d´démonstrationsThe topic of this thesis concerns the optimal control of some boundary value problems describing the contact between a deformable body and a foundation. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first part contains preliminaries on functional analysis. The second part summarize our results in the study of four boundary value problems. The first one describes the process of static frictionless contact between an elastic body and a rigid-plastic foundation with unilateral constraint. In the second one we consider a second contact surface with Coulomb friction law and normal compliance. The third problem is a dual problem. The contact is frictionless and is modelled by a version of the Signorini condition. The last problem we consider is evolutionary, leading to the study of an history-dependent quasivariational inequality. For each problem we provide existence, uniqueness and convergence results for the weak solu- tion. Finally, we deal with some optimal control problems associated to our contact models above. The last part of the thesis contains four papers. Here we turn back on the above mentionned contact problems and present the details in proof
22
Mgweba, Asiphe. "A revised role of good faith in the law of contract and employment contracts." University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7033.
Анотація:
Magister Legum - LLMGood faith is an open ended concept which refers to fair and honest dealings. The function of this concept is to give expression to the community’s sense of what is fair, just and reasonable. The concept of good faith has and continues to acquire a meaning wider than mere honesty or the absence of subjective bad faith. It is an objective concept that includes other abstract values such as justice, reasonableness, fairness and equity. There is competition between the two underlying values or cornerstones of the law of contract, namely that of sanctity of contract (pacta sunt servanda) and fairness.
23
Göthe, Elisabet, and Susanne Härfstrand. "Insatsen kontaktperson för ungdomar mellan 13-18 år : en rättssociologisk studie." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Social Work, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-7468.
Анотація:
The purpose of this essay was to study which arguments social workers used in the basis of their estimation concerning young people of the age 13-18 given an aid, a contact person (swe. kontaktperson). The purpose was also to describe how the legal paragraph, regarding contact person, is regulated and then compare the arguments made by the social worker with the intentions expressed by the legislator. To answer our purposes we studied the law and the intentions expressed by the legislator, which is the foundation for the legal paragraph that regulates contact person, 3 chap. 6 §. Through studies of social journals at five local authorities we collected material to make a comparison between the arguments found in the journals with the intentions expressed by the legislator.
We used legal method and the perspective of sociology of law. The Swedish law, Socialtjänstlagen (2001:453) is a basic law which means that our legal paragraph, 3 chap 6 §, is open for interpretation. It is every local authority's own option how to apply the paragraph. The results showed that the social workers do use the same terms as the legislator. Our results also showed that the social workers to a great extent used arguments that could not be traced to the intentions expressed by the legislator. The essay is a quantitative study. Our data has been processed through a program for statistical analysis, SPSS, version 14.0 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences).
24
Boniface, Amanda Elizabeth. "Revolutionary changes to the parent-child relationship in South Africa, with specific reference to guardianship, care and contact." Thesis, Pretoria : [s..n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10222007-163657/.
25
Audinytė, Laura. "Seksualinis prievartavimas ir šio nusikaltimo panašumai ir skirtumai nuo išžaginimo." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130205_090346-45148.
Анотація:
Nusikaltimai žmogaus seksualinio apsisprendimo laisvei ir neliečiamumui 1961 m. galiojusiame baudžiamajame kodekse išdėstyti kiek kitaip. Baudžiamoji atsakomybė už lytinės aistros tenkinimą natūraliu, oraliniu bei analiniu būdu buvo reglamentuota viename kodekso straipsnyje – „Išžaginimas“ ir saugojo tik moters seksualinio apsisprendimo laisvę ir nepilnametės seksualinį neliečiamumą.
Įsigaliojus naujajam LR BK, išžaginimo norma išskirta į du nusikaltimus – išžaginimas ir seksualinis prievartavimas tokiu būdu iš išžaginimo normos „atimant“ oralinį ir analinį nusikaltimo padarymo būdus bei papildant nauju požymiu – kitoks fizinis sąlytis. Reikalingumą kriminalizuoti lytinės aistros tenkinimą kitokio fizinio sąlyčio būdu sąlygojo kintantys visuomenės santykiai ir atsirandančios vis naujos lytinės aistros tenkinimo kitokio fizinio sąlyčio būdu formos. Tačiau dėl plačiai suformuluotos minėto požymio koncepcijos teismai susiduria su šio požymio kvalifikavimo problemomis. Taip pat iškilo ir lytinės aistros tenkinimo su mažamečiu atribojimo nuo mažamečio asmens tvirkinimo bei seksualinio prievartavimo ir išžaginimo tęstinumo ir šių nusikaltimų kvalifikavimo iš sutapties problemos. Atsižvelgiant į šių nusikaltimų kvalifikavimo problemas, išžaginimo nebelaikant pačia pavojingiausia lytinės aistros tenkinimo forma, lyginant šiuos nusikaltimus pavojingumo, pasekmių atžvilgiu bei atsižvelgiant į tai, kad šių nusikaltimų objektas yra toks pat, kyla abejonės dėl išžaginimo normos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Crimes against person‘s self-determination and inviolability in 1961 Criminal Code were regulated differently. Criminal liability for sexual satisfaction in a natural, oral or anal way was regulated by a single article of the code – „rape“ and protected only woman‘s self-determination and minor sexual inviolability. Due to effect of the new Criminal Code the rate of rape divided into two crimes – rape and sexual assault taking away the oral and anal way from rape and adding a new feature – other physical contact. The need to criminalize sexual desire satisfaction in other physical contact method resulted in changing public reactions and emerging a new sexual passion for satisfying other forms of physical contact way. However, due to widely formulated concept of this character, courts faced with this character qualification problems. they also had a problem with finding the borderline between young person‘s sexual abuse and satisfaction of sexual passion with young person. also there are sexual assault and rape of continuity and qualificaion of these crimes in coincidence problems. In view of the problems of qualification of these crimes, rape not being considered the most dangerous form of sexual desire satisfaction, comparing these crimes hazard, result and taking into account the fact that the object of these crimes is the same, there are doubts of rape extraction into two offences of necesity. Aim of this work is the analysis of criminal law doctrine and case law to... [to full text]
26
Adams, Delecia Leigh. "The challenges that unmarried fathers face in respect of the right to contact and care of their children: can amendments to the current law make enforcement of these rights more practical?" University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5348.
27
Garrido, Huidobro Mattias. "Unfair Contract Terms in European Contract Law : Legal consequences for and beyond Swedish Contract Law." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-229817.
Анотація:
Recent case law from the ECJ on one of the most important EU contract law legislation has left questions open about the compatibility of Swedish contract law with the Unfair Contracts Term Directive. The case law on Article 6 (1) in the directive seem to have changed the view on how to deal with the legal consequence of an unfair term in consumer contracts; namely that unfair terms cannot be adjusted but need to be declared invalid. This essay examines how the effects from the ECJ case law provide new light upon Swedish contract law. The effect creates a clash of ideas and rationalities between Union law and Swedish contract law. Unfair terms cannot be adjusted as the relevant Swedish legislation provides. An unfair term needs to be invalid, and if necessary, such an unfair term can in certain circumstances be complemented with default rules from national contract law. This does not only seem to change the interpretation and application of the Swedish law, but it also form an underlying tension between the instrumental market-functional Union law and the more justice oriented Swedish private law. Furthermore, as we move towards a new European civil code, perhaps these tensions and clashes may say something about where the discipline of European Private Law is headed.
28
Orujova, Ulviyya. "Préstamos directos e indirectos del turco en el léxico español y función de las lenguas transmisoras." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/666851.
Анотація:
El tema de la presente tesis es La vinculación turca respecto al léxico español y la función de las lenguas transmisoras, cuyo contenido está estructurado en siete apartados: introducción, estado de la cuestión, metodología, análisis, conclusión, bibliografía y apéndice.
La investigación trata de las palabras tomadas del turco que existen en la lengua española, las que también denominamos “turquismos”. Hoy en día no se distingue mucho la diferencia entre turquismo y arabismo. Uno de los propósitos de esta tesis es demostrar que este tipo de préstamos son de procedencia distinta. El objetivo principal, sin embargo, es el de intentar justificar, a partir de los datos que hemos recogido y analizado, que la lengua turca también debe considerarse en la historia del léxico del español.
Hasta estos momentos, se ha demostrado ampliamente la influencia de los musulmanes de origen árabe en la península ibérica, pero los árabes no fueron los únicos islamitas que se relacionaron con la Península; los turcos también lo hicieron desde diferentes puntos de vista durante largo tiempo, aunque de forma más indirecta. Es evidente que cualquier contacto entre naciones conlleva el intercambio de palabras, y, por esta razón, en el léxico español han aparecido préstamos directos e indirectos de procedencia turca, aunque no sean demasiados si los comparamos con el número de arabismos. Existen también lenguas transmisoras a través de las cuales han llegado al español determinados turquismos. Son el francés, el italiano, el ruso, el árabe, el inglés, entre otras. En la presente investigación se analizan todos los procesos de transmisión de estas voces, se demuestran las áreas semánticas de las que forman parte y su frecuencia de uso en el lenguaje español. Algunos de los ejemplos del corpus son: fez, sultán, horda, turbante, café, hurra, yogur, chamerluco, tabor, corbacho, zapato, tulipán, caftán, atamán, bajá, etc. Algunos de ellos tienen incluso derivados creados en el propio español, que también se han incluido en el corpus de esta investigación.
El número total de los préstamos del turco, directos e indirectos, que se ha extraído de fuentes lexicográficas para la elaboración de la presente tesis doctoral, es 130. Entre las distintas palabras, se observa que los sustantivos (82% de todo el corpus) son más frecuentes que los adjetivos u otras partículas. Esto no es de extrañar, ya que los sustantivos son más numerosos que el resto de palabras por tener el rasgo de nombrar todo tipo de objetos entre otros conceptos.
La importancia de este trabajo está determinada por el hecho de que sus resultados puedan ser utilizados en estudios posteriores para resolver problemas en este ámbito del origen de las palabras. Es un trabajo importante porque el estudio de la influencia del turco es innovadora y está poco estudiada. Esta tesis puede tener un papel importante en el contexto del léxico español para que su temática pueda desarrollarse de un modo más profundo que hasta el momento.The theme of the thesis is Direct and indirect Turkish loanwords on the vocabulary of the Spanish language and the function of intermediary languages. It consists of seven sections: introduction, objective, methodology, analysis, conclusion, bibliography and appendix. The research deals with a linguistic analysis of foreign words borrowed from Turkish that are widely used in the Spanish language, which we also call “turquismos”. Today the difference between “turquismo” and “arabismo” has not been thoroughly investigated. One of the objectives of the thesis is to demonstrate the evidence of this type of loanwords originated from different sources. Based on the selected and analyzed materials, we have made an attempt to prove that the Turkish language has left its traces in the Spanish lexicon during the historical periods of the language and its society. Until now, the influence of Arabian muslims in the Iberian Peninsula has been amply demonstrated, but the Arabs were not the only Islamists who were related to the Peninsula; the Turks also did it from different points of view for a long time, although in a more indirect way. It is evident that any contact between the nations involves the exchange of words, and for that reason, direct and indirect loans of Turkish origin have appeared in the Spanish lexicon, although not too many, if we compare them with the number of Arabisms. There are also intermediary languages through which certain Turkish loanwords were integrated in the Spanish vocabulary. They are French, Italian, Russian, Arabic, English and some others. All the transmission processes of these words, their semantic fields and the frequency of their usage in the Spanish language are analyzed. Some examples of the corpus are: fez, sultán, horda, turbante, café, hurra, yogur, chamerluco, tabor, corbacho, zapato, tulipán, caftán, atamán, bajá, etc. Some of them even have derivatives formed in Spanish itself, which have also been included in the corpus of this research. The total number of direct and indirect Turkish loanwords, which has been selected from lexicographical sources for the doctoral thesis, is 130. It has been observed that the nouns (82% of the whole corpus) are more frequent than adjectives or other parts of the speech. It is not surprising that nouns are more numerous than the rest of the words as they have the feature of naming all kinds of things and objects among other concepts. The theoretical importance of this research is determined by the fact that its results can be used in later studies to solve linguistic problems in the field of etymology of vocabulary units. Its practical significance lies in the study of the influence of the Turkish languages which is innovative. The thesis can have an important role in the context of the Spanish lexicon so that its subject can be developed extensively in the future.
29
Receveur, Bee. "La Force obligatoire du contrat de société : contribution à l'étude des relations entre droit des contrats et droit des sociétes." Phd thesis, Université de Cergy Pontoise, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00949391.
Анотація:
La rumeur s'est répandue depuis plus d'un siècle dans le monde juridique que la société aurait quitté la sphère contractuelle provoquant ainsi la rupture du droit des contrats et du droit des sociétés. Et les auteurs, qui n'en sont pas convaincus, pensent néanmoins que la société se serait recluse dans une catégorie contractuelle singulière, celle des contrats-organisation au régime bien spécifique. Une des principales raisons de la remise en cause de la nature de la société réside dans l'avènement de la loi de la majorité jugée incompatible avec la conception volontariste de la force obligatoire du contrat forgée par le droit commun.Une étude approfondie de la force obligatoire du contrat de société révèle cependant que la société souffre d'une marginalisation excessive. Ses particularités ne l'empêchent pas en effet d'appliquer le principe de la force obligatoire : la société est soumise au principe d'intangibilité contractuelle et toute atteinte se résout par une sanction effective, exécution forcée ou résiliation.Mieux encore, à l'analyse, on constate qu'un certain nombre des spécificités dénoncées de la société, en particulier la durée, l'intérêt commun et l'intérêt social, se retrouvent en réalité à des degrés différents dans les autres contrats. Aussi, cette nouvelle perception du contrat à l'image de la société incite à une appréhension moins rigoureuse de la force obligatoire et de ses corollaires que sont l'immutabilité et l'irrévocabilité contractuelles. L'alliance du droit des contrats et du droit des sociétés favorise, ce faisant, l'élaboration d'une force obligatoire renouvelée plus adaptée à la réalité contractuelle.
30
Li, Qi. "Transmission loss of vehicle seals." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Farkost och flyg, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-9792.
31
Johansson, Lovisa, and Sabina Stenborg. "..." Det är konstigt att man tvistar om barn som man tvistar om inventarier i hemmet" : En studie om socialsekreterarens syn på barns delaktighet i umgängesärenden." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för humaniora och samhällsvetenskap (from 2013), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-85676.
Анотація:
Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur socialsekreterare beaktar barnperspektivet i umgängesärenden och vad som är avgörande när socialsekreteraren skall bedöma barnets åsikt. Barnperspektivet inriktades på barns delaktighet. Utgångspunkten för studien var fyra teorier, barndomssociologi, Harts delaktighetsstege, makt och ålderskategorisering samt blivande och varande. Studien genomfördes genom att använda en kvalitativ metod där fyra yrkesverksamma socialsekreterare inom familjerätt intervjuades. Resultatet visade att socialsekreterarna som deltog beaktade ett barnperspektiv på så sätt att de arbetar för och reflekterar aktivt kring att barn ska göras delaktiga i umgängesärenden. De ansåg även att det är viktigt att barnen får möjligheten till delaktighet. Det framkom även att det finns många faktorer som socialsekreterarna anser påverkar barns möjlighet till delaktighet i dessa ärenden och att det är ett komplext ämne. De faktorer som framkommer av resultatet var ålder, mognad, lojalitetskonflikter, föräldrarnas samtycke, relationen mellan socialsekreterare och barn samt riskområden. Slutligen framkom flera förslag på förbättring som kan göras för att barn ska bli ännu mer delaktiga än vad de är idag och att mycket av ansvaret ligger på de vuxna att detta händer.The purpose of this study was to investigate how social workers consider the child´s perspective in contact orders and what is crucial when social workers was to assess children’s opinions. The child´s perspective focused on children's participation. The starting point for the study was based on four theories: childhood sociology, Hart's participation ladder, power and age categorization and being or becoming. The study was carried out using a qualitative method where four professional social workers in family law were interviewed. The results showed that the social workers who participated considered the child's perspective in that they work for and actively reflect on the involvement of children in contact orders. They believe that it is important that the children get the opportunity to participate. Social workers believe that there are many factors affecting children’s ability to participate in contact orders, therefore making the subject complex/a complex matter. The factors that emerged from the result were age, maturity, loyalty conflicts, parental consent, the relationship between social workers and children and risk areas. Finally, several suggestions for improvement were discovered that could be utilized to make children even more involved in contact orders than they are today, and that much of that responsibility should lie with the adults.
32
El-Ghirani, Muhammad M. "The law of charterparty with particular reference to Islamic law." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326621.
33
Kramer, Adam. "Remoteness of damage in contract law : an agreement-centred approach." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31168.
Анотація:
This thesis concerns the legal rules of contractual remoteness: these rules govern the extent of liability that is imposed on a breaching party to compensate for the adverse consequences that the breach causes. It is argued that the allocation of responsibility for such consequences is contained implicitly in the contract: every contract extends beyond its express terms, and the allocation of responsibility for the consequences of breach is one of the matters to which it extends. This latter assertion is supported by the argument that an assumption of responsibility for the consequences of breach is a fundamental part of what it means to make a promise. Hence the rules of remoteness are merely a specialised application of the general legal principles that are used to discover the unexpressed part of an agreement. These legal principles can be seen in operation in the implication of terms and the interpretation of expressed terms.
34
Gijrath, Serge J. H. "Interconnection regulation and contract law /." Amstelveen : deLex, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/52374515X.pdf.
35
Miller, L. "The Europeanisation of contract law." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2009. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/18769/.
Анотація:
This thesis explores the Europeanisation of contract law through a critical analysis of the European Community's internal market programme of contract law harmonisation. This is a broad theme which raises topical and complex issues. The thesis first examines the pre-existing contractual backdrop in Europe through an Anglo/French comparative study on the rules for non-performance of contractual obligations. The analysis reveals how seemingly technical rules of contract law are underpinned by deeply embedded socio-economic, philosophical and historical values, unique to each jurisdiction. Recognition of the richness of contractual heritage and the gulf that separates each jurisdiction is a first indicator of the considerable obstacles for harmonisation. Nevertheless, the Community’s programme of contract law proceeds with optimism, pinning much on the ability to achieve harmonisation through sector-specific regulation and the drafting of common rules. The pitfalls of this approach are illustrated primarily through a study of the implementation of the EC Sales Directive into the contractual fabrics of English and French law. Fragmentation is found to ensue. Yet, the subsequent evolution of the EC programme, from sector-specific regulation towards more systematic and broader regulation – possibly even a codal instrument – is also revealed to be limited in its harmonising ability. Here, the thesis emphasises how the European contract law programme must embrace the post-national, multi-level architecture in which it operates. The co-existence of multiple sites of private law, and the interlocking and complex nature of interaction between each layer of governance, suggest that pluralism and diversity are here to stay. This indicates a more radical understanding of Europeanisation and has ramifications for the EC contract law programme. Internal market harmonising goals must be recalibrated and balanced alongside the preservation of diversity, in a coordinated framework of mutual learning. This is the charm and challenge of the Europeanisation of contract law.
36
Liu, Hao. "Stratégie de raffinement automatique de maillage et méthodes multi-grilles locales pour le contact : application à l'interaction mécanique pastille-gaine." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4720/document.
Анотація:
Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre de l’étude de l’Interaction mécanique Pastille-Gaine (IPG) se produisant dans les crayons combustibles des réacteurs à eau pressurisée. Ce mémoire porte sur le développement de méthodes de raffinement de maillage permettant de simuler plus précisément le phénomène d’IPG tout en conservant des temps de calcul et un espace mémoire acceptables pour des études industrielles. Une stratégie de raffinement automatique basée sur la combinaison de la méthode multi-grilles Local Defect Correction (LDC) et l’estimateur d’erreur a posteriori de type Zienkiewicz et Zhu est proposée. Cette stratégie s’appuie sur l’erreur fournie par l’estimateur pour détecter les zones à raffiner constituant alors les sous-grilles locales de la méthode LDC. Plusieurs critères d’arrêt sont étudiés afin de permettre de stopper le raffinement quand la solution est suffisamment précise ou lorsque le raffinement n’apporte plus d’amélioration à la solution globale.Les résultats numériques obtenus sur des cas tests 2D élastiques avec discontinuité de chargement permettent d’apprécier l’efficacité de la stratégie proposée.Le raffinement automatique de maillage dans le cas de problèmes de contact unilatéral est ensuite abordé. La stratégie proposée dans ce travail s’étend aisément au raffinement multi-corps à condition d’appliquer l’estimateur d’erreur sur chacun des corps séparément. Un post-traitement est cependant souvent nécessaire pour garantir la conformité des zones de raffinement vis-à-vis des frontières de contact. Une variété de tests numériques de contact entre solides élastiques confirme l’efficacité et la généricité de la stratégie proposéeThis Ph.D. work takes place within the framework of studies on Pellet-Cladding mechanical Interaction (PCI) which occurs in the fuel rods of pressurized water reactor. This manuscript focuses on automatic mesh refinement to simulate more accurately this phenomena while maintaining acceptable computational time and memory space for industrial calculations. An automatic mesh refinement strategy based on the combination of the Local Defect Correction multigrid method (LDC) with the Zienkiewicz and Zhu a posteriori error estimator is proposed. The estimated error is used to detect the zones to be refined, where the local subgrids of the LDC method are generated. Several stopping criteria are studied to end the refinement process when the solution is accurate enough or when the refinement does not improve the global solution accuracy anymore.Numerical results for elastic 2D test cases with pressure discontinuity shows the efficiency of the proposed strategy.The automatic mesh refinement in case of unilateral contact problems is then considered. The strategy previously introduced can be easily adapted to the multibody refinement by estimating solution error on each body separately. Post-processing is often necessary to ensure the conformity of the refined areas regarding the contact boundaries. A variety of numerical experiments with elastic contact (with or without friction, with or without an initial gap) confirms the efficiency and adaptability of the proposed strategy
37
Kennefick, Ciara M. "Unfair prices in contracts in English and French law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b162d4c6-66f8-4687-a6af-e0418b06c549.
Анотація:
When and why can parties escape from a contract on the ground that the price is unfair? This question is considered in a comparative and historical perspective in English and French law. The general rule in both systems is that the parties are free to determine the price and they are then bound by their contract. One well known exception in French law, which derives from Roman law, is Article 1674 of the Code civil which allows a vendor to rescind a contract for the sale of land if the price agreed in the contract is less than five-twelfths of the fair price. It is generally thought that there are no analogous rules in English law. However, the law on this subject is in fact considerably more complex and more colourful than this simple contrast would suggest. Numerous rules on unfair prices in contracts were created in French law by the legislature and the courts since the promulgation of the Code civil in 1804. In English law, courts intervened in contracts on the ground of an unfair price in a few instances in the nineteenth century. However, only the rule on unfair prices in salvage contracts has survived until today. In both systems, the policies of preserving family wealth, protecting weak parties and giving special treatment to certain parties for economic, political, social or cultural reasons underpin these rules. There are two principal conclusions. First, freedom of contract is much less extensive in French law than in English law. This is evident in the numerous rules on unfair prices in contracts in French law and in the primacy of the remedy of altering the price rather than rescission. Secondly, while in theory, French courts play a much less significant role than English courts in the development of law, the creation and abolition of certain rules on unfair prices in contracts by French courts shows that judicial creativity in French law can be much less constrained in practice than in English law.
38
Chang, Marie Pei-Heng. "La résolution du contrat pour inexécution : étude comparative du droit français et du droit chinois /." Aix-en-Provence : Presses universitaires d'Aix-Marseille, PUAM, 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/516370332.pdf.
39
McNeal, Cedric J. "Barrel wear reduction in rail guns : the effects of known and controlled rail spacing on low voltage electrical contact and the hard chrome plating of copper-tungsten rail and pure copper rails /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Jun%5FMcNeal.pdf.
Анотація:
Thesis (M.S. in Applied Physics)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2003.Thesis advisor(s): William B. Maier II, Richard Harkins. Includes bibliographical references (p. 45-46). Also available online.
40
Rohenkohl, Caio Eduardo. "A evolução da teoria contratual e os seus reflexos na teoria do risco : a hipótese do risco econômico imprevisto como integrante autônomo do conteúdo do contrato." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/164123.
Анотація:
O trabalho estuda a evolução da teoria geral dos contratos e os seus reflexos na teoria do risco contratual, tendo como ponto de partida o direito contratual clássico do século XIX e o paradigma da autonomia da vontade. No novo direito contratual do século XX em diante, a análise toma como fio condutor as obras de Emilio Betti e de Karl Larenz, dentro do que se pode considerar o novo paradigma do direito contratual: a regulação e a satisfação de interesses privados mediante critérios de autonomia e heteronomia. O objetivo específico desse estudo é verificar a hipótese de que a teoria atual tenha (ou não) enfrentado o problema econômico dos riscos imprevistos dentro da idéia de "economia interna do contrato", tratando o risco econômico imprevisto como um integrante do conteúdo do contrato com autonomia diante da prestação. O caminho percorrido pelo trabalho identifica que o direito contratual tem sua estrutura teórica construída sobre uma concepção formalista de contrato, segundo a qual essa figura jurídica é uma entidade com existência própria, a qual está centrada na noção jurídica-formal de "obrigação de prestar". Mesmo que, com a evolução do direito contratual, tal estrutura tenha passado a contar com uma função a ser desempenhada na vida real, o trabalho conclui que a teoria continua sem tratar adequadamente o risco econômico imprevisto, porque tal função permanece limitada pela noção jurídico-formal de "obrigação de prestar".This dissertation studies the evolution of contract law theory and its influences on the legal theory of contractual risk. It begins with the classic theory of the 19th century and the will theory paradigm within it; from the 20th century onwards, the main analysis is based on the works of Emilio Betti and Karl Larenz, alongside with the new paradigm that pursues concrete interests through the combination of private autonomy and private heteronomy. The specific purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that the current theory may have (or may have not) dealt with the economic problem of unforeseen risks by utilizing the idea of economic balance of contract, insofar as to consider the unforeseen economic risk as an autonomous factor in the content of contracts. The research identifies that the theoretical structure of contract law is built over a formalist conception of contract, according to which the contract is an entity with selfexistence, one that is exclusively centered on the notion of "duty to pay". Although the evolution of contract law has given a function to this structure to perform in society and between parties to a given contract, the dissertation concludes that the current theory is still limited by the notion of "duty to pay", and that the unforeseen economic risk has not yet been provided with an adequate legal treatment.
41
Mallmann, Frederico Baptista. "Parâmetros para a interpretação do contrato de shopping center no direito brasileiro : atipicidade e coligação contratual." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/185048.
Анотація:
Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo a respeito da interpretação do contrato de cessão remunerada de espaço para instalação de loja em shopping center, denominado como “contrato de shopping center”, visando à estipulação de parâmetros hermenêuticos que auxiliem na busca do seu conteúdo. Para isso, procede-se, em primeiro lugar, à devida caracterização deste contrato, em seus aspectos econômico-negociais e jurídicos, que são decisivos para o desenvolvimento do estudo quanto à sua interpretação. Em especial, manifesta relevância o estudo da sua qualificação jurídica, que parte das duas principais discussões percebidas na doutrina e na jurisprudência nesse tocante, a respeito da tipicidade ou atipicidade do contrato e da presença de coligação contratual nesta relação negocial. Expostas as características de cada categoria, compreende-se que o contrato de shopping center é um contrato atípico misto, que apresenta coligação com outros, para a consecução da finalidade socioeconômica do empreendimento. Tal qualificação tem repercussões na interpretação deste contrato, uma vez que atrai a consideração de fatores específicos no processo hermenêutico, em conjunto com a aplicação das normas legais sobre a interpretação dos contratos (arts. 112, 113 e 423 do Código Civil). Assim sendo, com base na doutrina e na análise de precedentes jurisprudenciais, especialmente sobre o contrato de shopping center, estabelece-se que o intérprete desse contrato deve observar a incidência das referidas normas legais sob a perspectiva de tal qualificação contratual, que atrai os seguintes parâmetros interpretativos: pela sua atipicidade mista, a preeminência das disposições contratuais estipuladas pelas partes em face dos modelos legais típicos, considerando a relevância dos usos e costumes na definição desse sentido, mediante o tipo socialmente formado, e a possibilidade de aplicação de tais modelos legais típicos, se não contrariar o significado próprio do contrato; pela presença de coligação contratual, a “ampliação” do material interpretativo, impondo a consideração dos demais contratos vinculados na interpretação do contrato coligado, e a maior relevância da função socioeconômica supracontratual exercida pelos contratos em conjunto para a definição do conteúdo do contrato na coligação.This dissertation presents a study on the construction of the contract for the lease of premises for retail stores in shopping centers - named “shopping center contract” - in order to establish hermeneutic parameters that assist in the definition of its content. For that we will first characterize such contract according to its economic, trading and legal aspects, which are decisive for the development of the study concerning its construction. In special, the study of its legal qualification reveals importance in that matter: this qualification is grounded on two major debates perceived in the jurisprudence and in the case law in this subject - the characterization of the contract as “typical” or “atypical” and the presence of linked contracts in this business relationship. Once the features of each of these categories are exposed, we can understand the “shopping center contract” as a “mixed atypical contract”, which is linked to other contracts for the achievement of the socioeconomic purposes of the enterprise. Such legal qualification has bearing in the construction of the shopping center contract, as it draws the consideration of specific elements in the hermeneutical process, along with the application of statutory rules for the construction of contracts (articles 112, 113 and 423 of the Brazilian Civil Code). Therefore, based on the jurisprudence and on the analysis of case law, specially surrounding the “shopping center contract” in Brazil, we can establish that the legal interpreter of this contract must abide by the application of the aforementioned statutory rules under the perspective of such legal qualification, which by its turn casts construction parameters into consideration. These are: due to its nature as a mixed atypical contract, the preeminence of the contractual terms agreed upon by the parties vis-à-vis the typical statutory legal standards, considering also the importance of the customary practices in the definition of its content, through the socially formed contractual type, in addition to the possibility of the application of such typical statutory legal standards when they are not conflicting with the contract’s own meaning; and, due to the presence of linked contracts, the “enlargement” of the subject matter to be construed, which imposes the consideration of the remaining linked contracts in the interpretation of the contract at hand, and the superior relevance of the socioeconomic function of the union of all linked contracts for the definition of a contract’s content within its group.
42
Zegarra, Pinto José. "Contract Amendment in the State Procurement Law (Law No. 30225)." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117514.
Анотація:
The present article has as principal goal to analyze and comment the more relevant aspects referred to the amendments on that can be done to a contract, in the terms allowed by the new Public Procurement Peruvian Law. Also, the author will refer to the opinions emitted by the OSCE about the topic. Finally, he will state his main conclusions.El presente artículo tiene como objetivo principal, analizar y comentar los más importantes aspectos referidos al tema de las modificaciones que se pueden realizar al Contrato, en los términos expuestos en la Ley de Contrataciones del Estado – Ley Nº 30225. Asimismo, procederemos a citar opiniones del OSCE referentes al tema; finalizando con la exposición de nuestras conclusiones.
43
Zhang, Ruowei 1971. "Good faith in Canadian contract Law." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32818.
Анотація:
"Good faith", as a technical legal term, has been recognized in many legal systems around the world as a general principle of contract law. However, in Canadian common law of contract, the doctrine still has not been explicitly recognized due to some doubts cast on the doctrine. This thesis will first deal with various criticisms presented by the doctrine opponents. Next, the effect and utility of the doctrine and the relationship between "good faith" and concepts in equity and corporate law will be examined. It will be finally concluded that explicit recognition of good faith would help form a more functional body of law.
44
Wong, Chao-wai, and 王祖威. "EDI and the law of contract." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31951089.
45
Wong, Chao-wai. "EDI and the law of contract." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13781418.
46
Saprai, Prince. "Defending substantive fairness in contract law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.504008.
Анотація:
My thesis makes three claims. First, the courts set aside contracts ('transaction avoidance') because they are substantively unfair, or unfair because of their content or outcome. In some cases, the courts try to disguise this by using the language of procedural fairness to justify transaction avoidance, ie, they say that they are setting contracts aside because of some defect in the way they were entered, usually lack of the promisor's consent caused by her incapacity or the reprehensible conduct of the promisee. However, the cases show that contracts are set aside even though there is no lack of consent. The courts try to dress these cases up in the language of procedural fairness because of freedom of contract. Freedom of contract is the most widely cited objection to substantive fairness, or judicial interference with contract for content-dependent reasons. However, I argue, and this is my second claim, that freedom of contract is not necessarily incompatible with substantive fairness. My third claim is that the existing cases of substantive fairness are morally justified by my theory of autonomy harms. According to it, a good life is an autonomous life. Substantive fairness is justified by the need to protect parties and society more generally from contracts which harm autonomy. The courts implicitly set aside contracts on content-based grounds because they cause five kinds of autonomy harm. These are, harm to: future freedom; threshold wealth; planning; valuable social forms; and the practice of undertaking voluntary obligations. I conclude that the courts should stop disguising cases of substantive fairness, and explicitly adopt autonomy harms and the taxonomy of the law it offers. This would make the legal system more transparent, and easier to criticise and reform.
47
Cabrillac, Rémy. "The new french law on contract." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2018. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123873.
Анотація:
The French Civil Code on contract law was not renewed since 1804, so law enforcement was questioned due to it was not adapted to the requirements in a globalized world, and the constant economic and socia lchanges. In this article, the author analyzes the implications of the reform of contract law in France, which was influenced by two drafts. This reform has two characteristic features, which are the economic and social needs. About the first point –the economic needs–, these are evident in the contractual organization and flexibility. On the second point –the social needs–, these are evident in the protection of the weaker party, and the application of the theory of improvidence. In this way, contract law adapts to the demands of the twenty-first century.El derecho de los contratos del Código Civil francés no fue renovado desde 1804, por lo que su aplicación fue cuestionada al no poder adaptarse a las exigencias características de un mundo globalizado y acediado por constantes cambios económicos y sociales.En el presente artículo, el autor analiza las implicancias de la reforma del derecho de los contratos en Francia, el cual fue influenciado por dos anteproyectos. Dicha reforma contiene dos rasgos característicos que se manifiestan en las necesidades económicas y sociales de los contratos. Respecto al primer rasgo, este se evidencia en la organización y flexibilidad contractual; mientras que el segundo, en la protección a la parte más debil y la aplicación de la teoría de la imprevisión. De esta forma, el derecho de los contratos se adapta a las exigencias del siglo XXI.
48
Arvanitis, D. "Collaboration and contract management in the context of offshore oil and gas contracts : an English law analysis." Thesis, City, University of London, 2017. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/19174/.
Анотація:
This thesis provides an English law analysis on collaboration and contract management in the context of offshore upstream oil and gas contracts in light of the Maximising Economic Recovery [hereinafter ‘MER’] Strategy. The predominant subject of the thesis is the impact on offshore contracting of the MER Strategy. The thesis firstly considers that the Strategy is not merely another statute to regulate the offshore sector – its impact is of paramount importance because it sets a comprehensive framework for the coming decades until the cessation of operations in the North Sea. The MER Strategy seeks to address the field ‘maturity’ in the North Sea, which causes high extraction costs and questions the current business and contracting model. Secondly, the thesis focuses on the contracting model and relationship among operators and contractors, i.e. oil and gas companies and the supply chain. This niche area of contract law has been in the spotlight of academics and practitioners for many years, and abundant literature exists focusing on so-called ‘risk allocation’ clauses. However, the thesis approaches the subject in an original manner: looking beyond the traditional legal standpoint, it introduces the element of ‘contract and commercial management’ and focuses on the potential of ‘collaboration’. It argues that these two elements are key to the future of offshore contracting in light of the MER Strategy. The explanation of where these two terms ‘sit’ from an academic, practical and taxonomic standpoint is not an easy task. Contract and commercial management is a management-based discipline that goes beyond certain limitations imposed on the role of contract, championed by ‘strict’ school of thoughts on contract law. It perceives the contract to be mainly a device of ‘problem solving’ rather than ‘failure management’. Collaboration is a notion with great potential for contracting in general – and offshore contracting in particular – which nevertheless brings with it substantial challenges that need to be addressed. Collaboration is a crucial concept in the MER Strategy, and the thesis seeks to ascertain its meaning both within and beyond the context of the Strategy. Most importantly, the thesis explores the legal meaning and ramifications of collaboration, since although it is not a legal term of art, it is ‘reflected’ on existing doctrinal notions.
49
Venter, Cindy Michelle. "An assessment of the South African law governing breach of contract : a consideration of the relationship between the classification of breach and the resultant remedies." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49835.
Анотація:
Thesis (LLM)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African system of breach of contract recognizes several distinct forms of breach. each encompassing its own set of requirements. Before one is able to determine the outcome and accordingly the rights of each contracting party in respect of an alleged breach of contract. the factual situation must be fitted into one of the recognized forms of breach. This has resulted in a highly complex system of breach of contract and resultant remedies. The existence of a direct relationship between the form of breach present in a factual situation and the remedies available to the innocent party is a fundamental premise of South African law and one that is often accepted without much investigation. This thesis investigates the extent of this interdependence and to establish whether this intricate system is necessary from a practical and a theoretical point of view. To this end. the thesis examines the less complex system of breach of contract as embodied in the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods C·CISG'·) which has been widely adopted in international trade. and which has provided a template for the reformation of various national systems of law. This study concludes that the South African approach to breach of contract and remedies is in need of reform. and that a unitary concept of breach could provide a basis for both a simplification and modernization of our law.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid-Afrikaanse Kontraktereg erken verskeie verskyningsvorms van kontrakbreuk, elk met sy eie besondere vereistes. Ten einde die uitkoms van probleemsituasies waarin kontrakbreuk beweer word te bepaal en derhalwe die regte van die betrokkenes uit te kristalliseer. moet die feitestelonder die een of ander vorm van kontrakbreuk tuisgebring te word. Hierdie benadering het 'n besonder komplekse stelsel van kontrakbreuk en remedies tot gevolg. 'n Fundamentele uitgangspunt van die Suid-Afrikaanse stelsel is dat daar Il direkte korrelasie bestaan tussen die tipe van kontrakbreuk wat in 'n bepaalde geval teenwoordig is en die remedies waarop die onskuldige party kan staatmaak. Hierdie siening, wat meerendeel sonder bevraagtekening aanvaar word, vorm die fokuspunt van hierdie ondersoek. Die oogmerk is om die praktiese nuttigheid en teoretiese houbaarheid van die benadering vas te stel. As 'n vergelykingspunt neem die tesis die vereenvoudigde sisteem van kontrakbreuk beliggaam in die Verenigde Nasies se Konvensie aangaande die Internasionale Koopkontrak ("CISG"). Hierdie verordening geniet wye erkenning in die Internasionale Handel en het alreeds die grondslag gevorm van verskeie inisiatiewe vir die hervonning van Il aantal nasionale regstelsels. Die gevolgtrekking is dat die Suid-A frikaanse benadering tot kontrakbreuk en die remedies daarvoor hervorming benodig en dat die opvatting van 'n sg uniforme kontrakbreuk as 'n basis kan dien vir die vereenvoudiging en modernisering van ons reg.
50
Habibzadeh, Taher. "Developing and modernizing Iranian law in the context of electronic contracts by a comparative study of UNCITRAL rules, English law, American law, EU law and Iranian law." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/developing-and-modernizing-iranian-law-in-the-context-of-electronic-contractsbya-comparative-study-of-uncitral-rules-english-law-american-law-eu-law-and-iranian-law(004e86e1-83a6-42f0-9e6b-d3f6270696ad).html.
Анотація:
In the modern world, electronic communications play a significant role in national and international electronic transactions. This issue has forced all legal systems to face up to many emerging legal problems in the context of electronic communications, such as the time and the place of formation of electronic contracts, the validation of e-contracts made by the interaction with e-agents, the legal validity of electronic documents and signatures, consumer protection in contracting electronically in particular in cross-border e-transactions, and the Internet jurisdiction and choice of law. One issue to determine is the place of formation of contracts when contracting electronically, either through email, websites or chat-rooms to see how the notion of 'place' is perceivable in cyberspace; and the way of application of the four traditional theories of information, dispatch, receipt and awareness relating to the time and place of conclusion of contracts in contracting by electronic means should be examined. Regarding the legal validity of e-contracts made through interactive websites, the legal status of electronic agents which play an important role in this process is questionable to see whether they are akin to real agents in the physical world or they are only a mere tool of communication. The responsible person for any mistakes that an electronic agent makes and causes losses or damages to the contracting parties should also be examined. There are also questions regarding meeting the formalities in the formation of some specific contracts in contracting electronically to see whether the electronic documents and signatures legally valid and admissible at the courts of law or not. Their legal weight should also be measured. Moving on the jurisdiction and choice of law issue, some argumentative questions raise. For instance, where the rule of private international law provides that the competent court is the court within which jurisdiction the contract is performed, it is necessary to see that where the place of performance of the contract in which the subject matter is digital goods such as e-books or computer software delivered online is. This is also an important question in providing electronic services such as e-teaching. Regarding the choice of law issue the same questions of jurisdiction are posed. Furthermore, as consumer protection issue in B2C contracts is important in developing electronic commerce worldwide, it should be considered that whether the consumer party is able to bring an action against the business party in his own place of domicile or habitual residence or not. These are only a sample of questions that the current research tries to analyse based on the traditional legal rules and principles and the statues on electronic commerce. Discussing the above legal doubts in the context of Iranian law shows that there are a number of legal uncertainties in the Iranian legal system hindering, or at least putting in doubt, the development of electronic commerce in both national and cross-border electronic transactions. Despite the fact that some of them have been addressed by the Iranian Electronic Commerce Act 2004 indirectly, however a detailed legal work is still definitely needed to elaborate the questions and provide solutions developing and modernizing Iranian law in the context of electronic contracts. The author in the current research tries to analyse the questions by a horizontal comparative study of the UNCITRAL Model Laws, the Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts 2005, the EU law, English law, American law and Iranian law. Also, a four-stage roadmap that acts as the guiding principle of this research is employed to develop the Iranian legal system in the context of e-commerce. The first stage focuses on whether the exact application of Iranian traditional law can address the emerging legal doubts; the second stage expands and develops traditional rules; the third introduces legal presumptions; and the fourth theorizes new rules. The research concludes that the Iranian legal system may be modernized and developed in the context of electronic contracts by adopting the legal policy and solutions of other legal systems by both scholarly legal doctrines and legislation.