Статті в журналах: "Contact law"

1

Kong, Hai-Yan, and Ji-Huan He. "A novel friction law." Thermal Science 16, no. 5 (2012): 1529–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci1205529k.

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Frictional force is a vitally important factor in the application of engineering either in macroscopic contacts or in micro/nanoscale contacts. Understanding of the influencing factors about frictional force is essential for the design of miniaturized devices and the use of minimal friction force. In the paper, dimensional analysis is used to analysis factors relative to frictional force. We show that the frictional force scales with where A is the contact area and N is the normal contact force. An experiment is carried out to verify the new friction law.

2

Prescott, Ashlie. "Family law: Child contact disputes." Practical Pre-School 2004, no. 46 (July 2004): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/prps.2004.1.46.39994.

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3

Scaraggi, M., and B. N. J. Persson. "Friction and universal contact area law for randomly rough viscoelastic contacts." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 27, no. 10 (February 9, 2015): 105102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/27/10/105102.

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4

Jamaludin, Ijang. "Hybrid Contract According to Sharia Economic Law." Journal of Economicate Studies 1, no. 1 (June 22, 2017): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32506/joes.v1i1.7.

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Sharia law is charged with guiding how to conduct economic activities in order to be safe and happy to the afterlife. Sharia economic activities especially in sharia financial institutions are increasingly varied following the global economic development, the innovation of Sharia Financial Institution products become a necessity. Single agreement as the core of a transaction is not able to accommodate the increasingly complex needs of transactions, the presence of hybrid contact as a transformation of the contract leads to the development of LKS on the one hand and generate a spicy criticism related to its validity on the other side. This paper through literature approach trying to analyze hybrid contact in terms of ijtihad methodology related to the theory used madhab Hanafi in view the legal consequences. The result that the Hybrid contract is al-mukharij min al-mazaiq / hilah as a way out as well as the benefit to avoid the practice of usury, and resulted in legal consequences as a contract.

5

Shanaberger, Carol J. "Case Law Involving Base-Station Contact." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 10, no. 2 (June 1995): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00041765.

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AbstractIntroduction:Although general discussions of legal claims against emergency medical services (EMS) have been published, there is no literature that examines legal claims that specifically have involved base-station contact for direct medical control.Methods:A review of case law through July 1994 was conducted to identify cases that involved radio communications between a prehospital provider and a physician or nurse under the direction of a physician.Results:Only eight cases could be identified. Each case is described in terms of the event, selected pertinent legal issues, and the opinions rendered by the court.Conclusions:These few cases illustrate some important observations that indicate that there will occur an increase in the detail, role delineation, and clarification of the prehospital providers, medical directors, base-station physicians, and others who provide direct medical control to prehospital EMS providers. These findings have important implications for EMS medical directors.

6

Abot, J. L., I. M. Daniel, and E. E. Gdoutos. "Contact Law for Composite Sandwich Beams." Journal of Sandwich Structures & Materials 4, no. 2 (April 2002): 157–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099636202004002705.

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7

Dieterich, James H., and Brian D. Kilgore. "Imaging surface contacts: power law contact distributions and contact stresses in quartz, calcite, glass and acrylic plastic." Tectonophysics 256, no. 1-4 (May 1996): 219–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(95)00165-4.

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8

Sahli, R., G. Pallares, C. Ducottet, I. E. Ben Ali, S. Al Akhrass, M. Guibert, and J. Scheibert. "Evolution of real contact area under shear and the value of static friction of soft materials." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 3 (January 2, 2018): 471–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1706434115.

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The frictional properties of a rough contact interface are controlled by its area of real contact, the dynamical variations of which underlie our modern understanding of the ubiquitous rate-and-state friction law. In particular, the real contact area is proportional to the normal load, slowly increases at rest through aging, and drops at slip inception. Here, through direct measurements on various contacts involving elastomers or human fingertips, we show that the real contact area also decreases under shear, with reductions as large as 30%, starting well before macroscopic sliding. All data are captured by a single reduction law enabling excellent predictions of the static friction force. In elastomers, the area-reduction rate of individual contacts obeys a scaling law valid from micrometer-sized junctions in rough contacts to millimeter-sized smooth sphere/plane contacts. For the class of soft materials used here, our results should motivate first-order improvements of current contact mechanics models and prompt reinterpretation of the rate-and-state parameters.

9

Shen, Fei, and Liao-Liang Ke. "Numerical Study of Coupled Electrical-Thermal-Mechanical-Wear Behavior in Electrical Contacts." Metals 11, no. 6 (June 12, 2021): 955. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11060955.

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Electrical contacts involve complicated electrical, thermal, and mechanical phenomena. Fretting wear as a surface damage mechanism significantly weakens the performance of electrical contact components. In this study, a numerical approach is developed to investigate the electrical-thermal-mechanical-wear coupling behavior of electrical contacts. An electrical contact conductance law is used with the current conservation model to evaluate the electrical behavior. A transient heat transfer model, including the Joule heating behavior and a thermal contact conductance law, is employed to calculate the temperature field. Both contact conductance laws are related to the contact pressure distribution obtained by the contact stress analysis. Based on the predicted contact stress and relative slip on contact surfaces, the energy wear model is used to study the evolution of fretting wear depth and contact surface geometry. The material properties in these models are temperature-dependent. The proposed numerical approach is implemented in a finite element modeling of electrical contacts, which is validated by comparing the predicted and experimental results of the wear scar profile. The effects of the fretting wear on the electric potential, current density, contact resistance, temperature, and contact pressure are numerically studied.

10

Schellenberg, Morgan, Kenji Inaba, Jayun Cho, James M. Tatum, Galinos Barmparas, Aaron Strumwasser, Daniel Grabo, Cynthia Bir, Alexander Eastman, and Demetrios Demetriades. "Injuries sustained during contact with law enforcement." Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery 83, no. 6 (December 2017): 1124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ta.0000000000001636.

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11

Kaneko, M., K. Tokuda, and T. Kawahara. "Similarity Law for Non-contact Skin Sensing." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2003 (2003): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2003.45_4.

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12

Woldoff, Rachael A., and Heather M. Washington. "Arrested Contact." Prison Journal 88, no. 2 (June 2008): 179–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032885508319154.

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13

Sulistyarini, Rachmi, A. Rachmad Budiono, Bambang Winarno, and Imam Koeswahyono. "The Contact Point of Customary Law and Islamic Law (Legal History Perspective)." International Journal of Social Sciences and Management 5, no. 2 (April 23, 2018): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v5i2.19672.

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The period before various legal traditions encounter to Indonesia, the people living in these islands has owned rules that contain the value of values as the original law. The term of original law is also known as the name of "chthonic" law, and is used as the customary law of the community of Indonesia, or the archipelago known at that time. The customary law tradition is very different from other legal traditions; this system has a special character that is very different from the character of other legal traditions. Furthermore, around the seventh century of AD, the influence of religion encounter as well; the first is Hinduism, then the religion of Islam brought by traders from Arabia and India. The term known as custom, with its unwritten form and religious element as the definition proposed by Soepomo (1996), is indeed identical with the term given by experts in the colonial period such as: “Godsdientige Wetten, Volks instelingen En Gebruiken" (Regulation of Religious Ordinance, People's Institution and Customs), "Godsdientige Wetten, Instelingen En Gebruiken (Religious Regulations, Institutions, and Customs), Met Hunne Godsdiensten en Gewoonten Samenhangen de Rechts Regelen" (Rules of law relating to Religion and religion customs habits), in addition there are also called the Islamic Law or Mohameden Law. It shows that at that time Customary Law is equalized as religious law. The point of contact between the two can also be identified from the theories that develop at that time as in the theory of Receptio in Complexu (Salmon Keyzer and van Den Berg); Receptie Theory (Scouck Hurgronye); Theory of Receptio a Contrario (Ha zairin). The relationship between customary law and Islamic law is widely found in the field of family law that is the issue of marriage law and inheritance law. After Independence, legislation products related to Islamic law include Law no 1 of 1974, Law no 50 of 2009, Law no 21 of 2008 regarding Islamic Banking.Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 5, Issue-2: 51-59

14

Bainham, Andrew. "Contact as a Fundamental Right." Cambridge Law Journal 54, no. 2 (July 1995): 255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197300083604.

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15

Neckles, Carmen. "Child Contact and Domestic Violence." Probation Journal 47, no. 3 (September 2000): 212–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026455050004700310.

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16

Hooper, Michael. "Book Review: Contact & Cover." Criminal Justice Review 19, no. 1 (May 1994): 127–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073401689401900118.

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17

Cairns, D. S. "A Simple, Elasto-Plastic Contact Law for Composites." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 10, no. 4 (July 1991): 423–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073168449101000406.

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18

Bartsch, Robert A., and Sutham Cheurprakobkit. "The effects of amount of contact, contact expectation, and contact experience with police on attitudes toward police." Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology 19, no. 1 (March 2004): 58–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02802575.

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19

Zhao, B., S. Zhang, Q. F. Wang, Q. Zhang, and P. Wang. "Loading and unloading of a power-law hardening spherical contact under stick contact condition." International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 94-95 (May 2015): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2015.02.013.

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20

Ashraf, Muhammad Azeem, Bijan Sobhi-Najafabadi, Özdemir Göl, and D. Sugumar. "Finite Element Analysis of a Polymer- Polymer Sliding Contact for Schallamach Wave and Wear." Key Engineering Materials 348-349 (September 2007): 633–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.348-349.633.

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Sliding polymer-polymer surface contacts, due to their inherent elastic properties, exhibit detachment waves also termed as Schallamach waves. Such waves effect the initiation and propagation of wear along the sliding contacts. This paper presents quasi steady-state analysis of such a sliding contact using finite element. The contact is modeled and nodal solutions for pressure are obtained for small sliding steps. Analysis of orthogonal pressure components at the contact nodes reveals the formation of Schallamach wave phenomenon. Further, appropriate wear law is used for calculation of wear at nodal level.

21

Ju, Y., and T. N. Farris. "Spectral Analysis of Two-Dimensional Contact Problems." Journal of Tribology 118, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 320–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2831303.

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Contact problems can be converted into the spatial frequency domain using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) techniques. Spectral analysis is used to develop an algebraic relationship between the surface displacement and the contact pressure. This relationship can be used to find the contact pressure or displacement for the contact of smooth surfaces or the complete contact of rough surfaces. In addition to providing rapid, robust solutions to contact problems, the algebraic relationship contains details of the relationship between surface displacement and contact pressure on different length scales. In particular, it is shown that the frequency composition of pressure is similar to that for slope of the surface displacement. Thus, the high frequency content of the surface profile gives rise to high localized contact pressure, in some cases singular pressure for complete contact. However, measurement limitations always lead to the omission of certain high frequency components of the surface profile. Assuming that the high frequency content of the surface profile obeys a power law, spectral analysis is also used to estimate partial contact parameters. This result relates the exponent of the power law to the contact pressure and implied surface integrity. It is concluded that spectral analysis can be combined with the FFT to provide a useful technique for classifying rough surface contacts.

22

Tomlinson, Jo. "IT in the Law." Legal Information Management 4, no. 1 (March 2004): 74–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1472669603001270.

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Jo Tomlinson was responsible for this column, with support from Lindsey. Jo & Lindsey's contact details are given at the end and they will be very pleased to hear from any re-aders who have material to contribute to the column.

23

Smith, Carole. "Trust v Law: Promoting and Safeguarding Post‐Adoption Contact." Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law 27, no. 3-4 (December 2005): 315–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09649060500392107.

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24

Sakisaka, Yukio, Kei-ichi Tainaka, Nobuaki Sugimine, Jin Yoshimura, Taro Hayashi, Kazuyuki Aihara, Tatsuya Togashi, and Tatsuo Miyazaki. "Power Law for Extinction Process in Multiple Contact Process." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 76, no. 2 (February 15, 2007): 023101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.76.023101.

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25

Chen, M., and H. C. Tseng. "On the second law of thermodynamics and contact geometry." Journal of Mathematical Physics 39, no. 1 (January 1998): 329–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.532316.

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26

Dobry, R., T. ‐T Ng, E. Petrakis, and A. Seridi. "General Model for Contact Law between Two Rough Spheres." Journal of Engineering Mechanics 117, no. 6 (June 1991): 1365–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9399(1991)117:6(1365).

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27

Budnitzki, Michael, and Meinhard Kuna. "A novel constitutive law for Silicon under contact loading." PAMM 11, no. 1 (December 2011): 357–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pamm.201110170.

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28

Farkas, Carol-Ann. "Female Gladiators: Gender, Law, and Contact Sport in America." Journal of American Culture 28, no. 3 (September 2005): 319–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-734x.2005.00218.x.

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29

Reynolds, A. M. "Exponential and Power-Law Contact Distributions Represent Different Atmospheric Conditions." Phytopathology® 101, no. 12 (December 2011): 1465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-01-11-0001.

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It is well known that the dynamics of plant disease epidemics are very sensitive to the functional form of the contact distribution—the probability distribution function for the distance of viable fungal spore movement until deposition. Epidemics can take the form of a constant-velocity travelling wave when the contact distribution is exponentially bounded. Fat-tailed contact distributions, on the other hand, lead to epidemic spreads that accelerate over time. Some empirical data for contact distributions can be well represented by negative exponentials while other data are better represented by fat-tailed inverse power laws. Here we present data from numerical simulations that suggest that negative exponentials and inverse power laws are not competing candidate forms of the contact distribution but are instead representative of different atmospheric conditions. Contact distributions for atmospheric boundary-layers with stabilities ranging from strongly convective (a hot windless day time scenario) to stable stratification (a cold windy night time scenario) but without precipitation events are calculated using well-established state-of-the-art Lagrangian stochastic (particle tracking) dispersal models. Contact distributions are found to be well represented by exponentials for strongly convective conditions; a –3/2 inverse power law for convective boundary-layers with wind shear; and by a –2/3 inverse power law for stably stratified conditions.

30

White, Clair, Michael Hogan, Tara Shelley, and N. Prabha Unnithan. "The influence of procedural justice on citizen satisfaction with state law enforcement." Policing: An International Journal 41, no. 6 (December 3, 2018): 687–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-02-2017-0026.

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Purpose There are a number of individual and contextual variables that influence public opinion of the police but we know little about the public opinion regarding state law enforcement agencies. Prior studies involving municipal police and other criminal justice agencies indicate that the perceptions of procedural justice, or fair treatment, are important predictors of citizen satisfaction with police services. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether individuals who perceive procedurally just treatment during their contact with a state patrol officer improve the levels of satisfaction with the state patrol. Design/methodology/approach This paper presents the results of a public opinion study (n=846) regarding the Colorado State Patrol conducted in 2009. A subsample of 393 individuals who had contact with the state patrol and were further surveyed about their contact with the officer. Logistic regression models were used to examine individual- and contextual-level variables influence satisfaction with the state patrol and whether this relationship was mediated by the perceptions of procedural justice. Findings The authors found that individuals who perceive higher levels of procedural justice expressed higher satisfaction with the state patrol. Females, older respondents, and non-white respondents expressed greater satisfaction, as well as those who had voluntary contact or were not arrested. More importantly, procedural justice mediated the effect of involuntary contact and arrest on levels of satisfaction, and while non-white respondents were less likely to experience procedural justice, when levels of procedural justice are controlled for, they have higher levels of satisfaction. Originality/value The findings emphasize the significance of citizen perceptions of procedural justice during contacts with members of the state patrol. The current study contributes to our knowledge of procedural justice and citizen satisfaction with police encounters given previous research on citizen satisfaction with police focuses almost exclusively on local-level agencies, and research on procedural justice asks the respondents almost exclusively about the police in general.

31

Wang, S. H., D. Y. Hua, and H. H. Zhang. "A Full Numerical EHL Solution for Line Contacts Under Pure Rolling Condition With a Non-Newtonian Rheological Model." Journal of Tribology 110, no. 4 (October 1, 1988): 583–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3261696.

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The rheological effects of lubricants and the surface deformation of disks are considered in the lubrication of line contacts. The lubrication equation for fluids obeying power law model has been derived. The lubrication equation and the elastic equation have been solved simultaneously within the contact zone by means of the Newton-tangent method. Pressure distributions and film profiles are obtained. The results of this paper show that with the increase of the power law exponent n, the oil film becomes thicker and the position of the cavitation point moves closer to the center of contact.

32

Mikytuck, Alyssa M., and Jennifer L. Woolard. "Family contact in juvenile confinement facilities: Analysis of the likelihood of and barriers to contact." Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 58, no. 5 (June 17, 2019): 371–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10509674.2019.1615600.

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33

Keeler, Jon. "Probation: ‘A deceptive substitute for real contact’?" Probation Journal 57, no. 3 (September 2010): 304–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0264550510379777.

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34

Qin, Chongli, and Lucy J. Colwell. "Power law tails in phylogenetic systems." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 4 (January 8, 2018): 690–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711913115.

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Covariance analysis of protein sequence alignments uses coevolving pairs of sequence positions to predict features of protein structure and function. However, current methods ignore the phylogenetic relationships between sequences, potentially corrupting the identification of covarying positions. Here, we use random matrix theory to demonstrate the existence of a power law tail that distinguishes the spectrum of covariance caused by phylogeny from that caused by structural interactions. The power law is essentially independent of the phylogenetic tree topology, depending on just two parameters—the sequence length and the average branch length. We demonstrate that these power law tails are ubiquitous in the large protein sequence alignments used to predict contacts in 3D structure, as predicted by our theory. This suggests that to decouple phylogenetic effects from the interactions between sequence distal sites that control biological function, it is necessary to remove or down-weight the eigenvectors of the covariance matrix with largest eigenvalues. We confirm that truncating these eigenvectors improves contact prediction.

35

Pollock, Wendi, Willard Oliver, and Scott Menard. "Measuring the Problem." Criminal Justice Review 37, no. 2 (March 12, 2012): 153–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734016811436335.

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This research examined socioeconomic variables, offending behavior, and prior police contact, as predictors of self-reported police contact (questioning or arrest). Utilizing multilevel models and eight waves of National Youth Survey Family Study data, the predictors were examined in a national sample of individuals, over 24 years. Results indicate that police contact is predominately predicted by sex, delinquent peers, and offending behavior. This suggests that several of the variables commonly discussed in police contact literature, including race, are not predictors of police contact at the national level in the United States. Implications of national-level findings on police policy are discussed.

36

Soumeya, Hacene Chaouche, Dalah Mohamed, and Boudjedour Allaoua. "An antiplane electro-elastic contact problem: case regularised friction law." International Journal of Dynamical Systems and Differential Equations 9, no. 4 (2019): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijdsde.2019.103734.

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37

Monfared, Vahid. "Role of Exponential and Power Law Formulations in Contact Stress." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 7, no. 1 (January 20, 2013): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2014/v7i1.4.

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38

Hentati, C., S. Job, J. Ph Crété, M. Taktak, M. Haddar, and N. Dauchez. "On the contact law of open-cell poro-granular materials." International Journal of Solids and Structures 208-209 (January 2021): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2020.10.023.

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39

Xu, Yong, Chuan Liu, Yun Li, Takeo Minari, Peter Darmawan, Francis Balestra, Gerard Ghibaudo, and Kazuhito Tsukagoshi. "Joule's law for organic transistors exploration: Case of contact resistance." Journal of Applied Physics 113, no. 6 (February 14, 2013): 064507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4792066.

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40

Kaganas, Felicity, and Christine Piper. "Grandparent contact: another presumption?" Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law 42, no. 2 (April 2, 2020): 176–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09649069.2020.1751932.

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41

Yigit, A. S., and A. P. Christoforou. "The Efficacy of the Momentum Balance Method in Transverse Impact Problems." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 120, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2893826.

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An elastic-plastic contact law that incorporates local permanent deformation in the contact zone has been used to investigate the efficacy of the momentum balance method in transverse impact problems. The momentum balance solution is compared to the numerical solution of the same equations using the contact law. It is shown that the momentum balance method gives very good results for the post impact behavior of both the impacter and the beam. In certain cases, it is also shown to yield satisfactory results for the dynamic behavior during contact. It is demonstrated that the momentum balance method with an appropriate coefficient of restitution obtained from the contact law, is physically the same as using the contact law itself, with the difference that the local deformation is neglected.

42

Rengifo, Andres F., Lee Ann Slocum, and Vijay Chillar. "From Impressions to Intentions: Direct and Indirect Effects of Police Contact on Willingness to Report Crimes to Law Enforcement." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 56, no. 3 (January 2, 2019): 412–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022427818817338.

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Objectives: Crime reporting intentions have been associated with ratings of police legitimacy and effectiveness. Less is known about the role of personal encounters with police. We explore this issue by specifying associations between reporting intentions and type of contact (involuntary/voluntary), scope (cumulative/recent), and appraisal (respect/satisfaction with last encounter). Methods: This study draws on surveys of young adults in New York City ( N = 508) and uses structural equation modeling to examine correlates of crime reporting intentions. Results: Respondents with more stops are less willing to report, and this effect is both direct and indirect, operating primarily via legitimacy. The association between reporting intentions and variety of voluntary contacts is direct and positive. Negative appraisals of recent stops are associated with lower reporting intentions but only indirectly; feelings of disrespect in recent stops are mediated by perceptions of legitimacy. Dissatisfaction with a recent voluntary contact is related to negative views of police effectiveness, but effectiveness does not shape reporting intentions. Instead, disrespectful voluntary contact has a direct negative relationship with reporting attitudes. Conclusion: The results underscore the importance of better-specifying contact with the police, as reporting intentions and related perceptions of law enforcement vary across experience and appraisal mechanisms.

43

Dubina, Radek, and Jan Eliáš. "Effect of Rolling Resistance in Dem Models With Spherical Bodies." Transactions of the VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava, Civil Engineering Series. 16, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tvsb-2016-0009.

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Abstract The rolling resistance is an artificial moment arising on the contact of two discrete elements which mimics resistance of two grains of complex shape in contact rolling relatively to each other. The paper investigates the influence of rolling resistance on behaviour of an assembly of spherical discrete elements. Besides the resistance to rolling, the contacts between spherical particles obey the Hertzian law in normal straining and Coulomb model of friction in shear.

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Majumdar, Suman. "Decomposing disproportionate minority contact in juvenile justice." Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice 15, no. 2 (January 12, 2017): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15377938.2017.1279096.

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Li, Yudu, Ling Ren, and Fei Luo. "Is bad stronger than good? The impact of police-citizen encounters on public satisfaction with police." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 39, no. 1 (March 21, 2016): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-05-2015-0058.

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Purpose – Drawing upon the negativity bias theory, the purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of positive and negative perceptions of police-initiated or citizen-initiated contacts on three distinctive dimensions of public satisfaction with police (PSWP). Design/methodology/approach – The data were obtained from a random-sample telephone survey of 1,143 residents in Houston in 2012. The OLS regressions were conducted with variables derived from the contact model and neighborhood context model that were often employed in the PSWP research. Particularly, five dichotomous variables were created to tap into the nature and quality of the police-citizen encounters. Findings – The results confirm the negativity bias theory that “bad is stronger than good,” suggesting that the negative-contact variables have stronger influences on PSWP than the positive-contact variables, net of neighborhood context and demographic background. Originality/value – This study expands the scope of the investigation on PSWP by exploring the effects of the nature and quality of the police-citizen contacts on the respondents’ sentiments toward the police.

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Waite, Ian. "W(h)ither Contact? An Alternative To Current Practices." Probation Journal 47, no. 3 (September 2000): 203–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026455050004700306.

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Collett, Steve. "Thematic inspection of victim contact arrangements in probation trusts." Probation Journal 61, no. 2 (June 2014): 200–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0264550514535729.

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Myhill, A., and P. Quinton. "Confidence, Neighbourhood Policing, and Contact: Drawing Together the Evidence." Policing 4, no. 3 (July 2, 2010): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/police/paq026.

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Linck, Vannina, Guy Bayada, Laurent Baillet, Taoufik Sassi, and Jalila Sabil. "Finite Element Analysis of a Contact With Friction Between an Elastic Body and a Thin Soft Layer." Journal of Tribology 127, no. 3 (June 13, 2005): 461–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1866170.

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When studying a mechanical system involving contact between two bodies such as a disc and brake pad system, finite element simulations are often used to predict the phenomena involved. However, due to model size and calculation time problems, when modeling this type of mechanical system on a scale of about 100 mm, it is difficult to model as well a layer (for example a third body layer) on a scale of approximately 10 μm. In quasi-static problems it is possible to simulate the contact between an elastic body and a thin elastic layer bonded to a rigid surface, by considering the contact between this elastic body and a rigid surface with a specific contact law. This paper shows that it is possible to implement this specific contact law in a dynamic finite element code to simulate thin layers undergoing quasi-static and dynamic problems without physical contact instabilities. This specific contact law saves a large amount of calculation time. Once the specific contact law has been validated, the influence of the layer thickness is studied.

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Vanheusden, Bernard. "The Relation between Spatial Planning Law and Soil Remediation Law." Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 7, no. 1 (2010): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/161372710x12676263561755.

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AbstractThis contribution looks at the relation between spatial planning law and soil remediation law when a contaminated site is being developed. The relation between both legal fields clearly emerges when the land use of the site must be modified in function of the future land use in view. This will have an impact on the remediation criterion as well as on the remediation objective. Another point of contact is the link between a soil remediation and a town planning permit. A good harmony between the spatial planning law and the soil remediation law is essential for the development of a contaminated site. After a brief European perspective, the contribution mainly focuses as a case study on the situation in the Flemish Region (Belgium).

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