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Montseny, Cuscó Maria. "Ecological restoration of cold-water corals on the Mediterranean continental shelf." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672257.
Els coralls d’aigua freda habiten en les plataformes continentals, talussos, canyons, muntanyes submarines i dorsals oceàniques d’arreu del món, des de 50 a 4000 metres de profunditat. Les espècies de coralls d’aigua freda creen hàbitats heterogenis que donen suport a una infinitat de fauna associada i formen esculls i boscos de coralls altament diversos. Les principals amenaces que actualment impacten aquests ecosistemes de coralls d’aigua freda son d’origen antròpic, com ara l’activitat pesquera, l’explotació de petroli i gas i l’incipient explotació minera. Així mateix, el canvi climàtic, el qual provoca canvis en la columna d’aigua, també està afectant aquests ecosistemes. Les característiques vitals dels coralls d’aigua freda (longevitat, creixement lent i reclutament limitat) els fan molt vulnerables a les amaces tan actuals com futures. Atesa la seva limitada capacitat de recuperació, l’interès per preservar i restaurar els ecosistemes de coralls d’aigua freda està en constant creixement. La creació d’àrees marines protegides i les accions restauració ecològica activa són avui en dia les millors eines de gestió per conservar ecosistemes autòctons i representen una oportunitat per revertir els danys antròpics que ja han tingut lloc. A través d’enfocaments passius (regeneració natural després del cessament del impacte) i actius (l’ésser humà interacciona amb les característiques biòtiques i/o abiòtiques de l’ecosistema), les activitats de restauració busquen accelerar la recuperació de l’estructura i funcionament dels ecosistemes en funció a un model de referència. Contràriament als ecosistemes terrestres i d’aigües someres, la restauració ecològica enfocada a ambients marins intermedis (50–200 m) i profunds (> 200 m) ha rebut menor atenció. Fins ara, a aquestes profunditats només s’han dut a terme algunes poques accions de restauració a escala local, principalment a causa de limitacions tècniques i econòmiques que qüestionen la seva àmplia aplicació. Els principals reptes actuals per la restauració de coralls d’aigua freda són incrementar l’escala espacial de les accions de restauració i fer-les econòmicament més assequibles. En aquest sentit, per avançar en la conservació dels ecosistemes de fons intermedis i profunds, l’objectiu general de la present tesi és avaluar l’impacte de l’activitat pesquera sobre els boscos de coralls d’aigua freda i explorar la viabilitat de innovadores tècniques de restauració activa. Tot el treball realitzat en aquesta tesi s’ha dut a terme a la zona marina del Cap de Creus (Nord-Oest del mar Mediterrani), contretament a la plataforma continental (60 – 130 m) on espècies de gorgònies, esponges i plomalls formen boscos de coralls d’aigua freda donant suport a una gran varietat de fauna mòbil associada. L’espècie objectiu és la gorgònia groga Eunicella cavolini (Koch, 1887) la qual domina a la zona formant denses agregacions. En el primer capítol, es va quantificar el impacte de la pesca artesanal per avaluar l’amenaça d’aquesta activitat sobre els boscos de coralls d’aigua freda i proporcionar informació essencial per mitigar aquest impacte. La resta de capítols (2, 3 i 4) van avaluar, per primera vegada, viabilitat de restaurar activament les poblacions degradades de E.cavolini. Especificament, en el segon capítol és van trasplantar les gorgònies capturades accidentalment pels pescadors artesanals de la zona, a estructures artificials fondejades a la plataforma continental (85 m). Aquest estudi pilot va demostrar per primera vegada l’alta supervivència dels transplantaments d’E.cavolini. Seguidament, i anant un pas més enllà, al tercer capítol es van combinar experiments de camp i modelització per desenvolupar i validar tècnicament una nova tècnica de restauració per als boscos de coralls d’aigua freda, a gran escala i econòmicament assequible. Els exitosos resultats van evidenciar la viabilitat de recuperar les colònies de E.cavolini capturades accidentalment i retornar-les al seu hàbitat natural amb aquesta innovadora tècnica , anomenada “el mètode bàdminton”. Finalment, al quart i últim capítol, es va dur a terme una acció de restauració de les poblacions de E.cavolini a gran escala, amb la col·laboració de pescadors artesanals de la zona i al llarg de dues temporades de pesca consecutives aplicant la tècnica desenvolupada anteriorment. Un gran nombre de gorgònies (460 colònies) van ser re-introduïdes amb èxit i van sobreviure al final de l’acció (2 anys) a 80-100 m de profunditat. Els resultats van suggerir l'establiment inicial d'una nova població gorgònies, que potencialment evolucionarà cap a una població natural comparable en termes d’estructura de talles i estructura espacial, sempre i quan es produeix també un reclutament natural. D'altra banda, es va fer una avaluació econòmica, que va confirmar la rendibilitat d'aquest mètode dirigit a millorar la recuperació dels boscos de coralls d’aigua freda impactats. El desconeixement d'alguns processos ecològics claus en els ecosistemes de coralls d’aigua freda, així com les limitacions tècniques, dificulten una avaluació completa dels esforços de restauració realitzats. Tanmateix, aquesta tesi suposa una millora prometedora per a la conservació i recuperació dels coralls d’aigua feda, que es podria estendre a altres zones i regions.
Radu, Ioana Bogdana. "Xenolites éclogitiques cratoniques - Origine et évolution du manteau lithosphérique sous-continental." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSES004/document.
This study is based on the most complete existing collection of cratonic eclogites (> 180 nodules), from the Siberian and South African cratons. Non-metasomatized Type IIA eclogites are typically more magnesian, LREE-enriched, with δ18O values of 3.7-7.5 ‰, positive Sr anomalies and corresponding to a low pressure-temperature (PT) layer. The whole-rock composition is consistent with a basaltic protolith. Type IIB eclogites are morsodic and aluminous, LREE-depleted, with δ18O values of 2.3-3.6‰, corresponding to equilibrium at high-PT. The whole-rock trace element composition is consistent with a pyroxenitic protolith. Coesite, kyanite and corundum-bearing eclogites ypically have jadeite-rich clinopyroxenes witlpositive Eu and Sr anomalies and grossular-rich gamets with corresponding positive Eu and negative Sr anomalies. PT-estimates indicate coe-kycor-bearing eclogites equilibrated in the lowermost part of the cratonic keel and reconstructed whole-rock trace element composition corresponds to a very depleted gabbroic protolith. This is consistent with the subduction of a hydrothermally altered, basaltic to websteritic sequence of an incompatible-element-depleted oceanic crust.Calculated water content of omphacite is a minmum estima te of ~930-1410 ppm by weight H2O and reconstructed estimates for whole-rock watercontent ~310-890 ppm HO) for the Obnazhennaya eclogites are significantly higher than those of the surrounding peridotites. Thus, mantle eclogite may be an important water reservoir at the base of the cratonic root, with major consequences for cratonic keel, longevity mantle rheology and global water cvcle
Gao, Qi. "Estimation of water resources on continental surfaces by multi-sensor microwave remote sensing." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667771.
La estimación de los recursos hídricos de las superficies continentales a escala regional y global es fundamental para una buena gestión de los recursos hídricos. Esta estimación cubre una amplia gama de temas y campos, incluyendo la caracterización de los suelos y de los recursos hídricos a escala de cuenca, la modelización hidrológica y la predicción y la cartografía de inundaciones. En este contexto, la caracterización de los estados de la superficie continental, para obtener mejores parámetros de entrada para los modelos hidrológicos, es esencial para mejorar la precisión en la simulación de caudales, sequías e inundaciones. La estimación del contenido de agua en el sistema, incluidas las diferentes masas de agua y el agua libre en el suelo, es especialmente necesaria para una descripción precisa de los procesos hidrológicos y, en general, del ciclo del agua en las superficies continentales. Una caracterización precisa de los procesos hidrológicos requiere no descuidar las intervenciones humanas. El hombre influye en el ciclo del agua, principalmente mediante el riego y la construcción de embalses, lo que se debe cuantificar correctamente. El objetivo de la tesis es la mejora de la estimación remota de los recursos hídricos, incluyendo la cuantificación de los factores humanos, mediante el uso de varios sensores lanzados recientemente, aprovechando recientes desarrollos en la tecnología de teledetección. Con la llegada de las constelaciones Sentinel (Sentinel-1, 2, 3), disponemos de mejores herramientas para estimar los recursos hídricos, incluyendo los impactos humanos, con una mayor precisión y cobertura. Este trabajo de tesis consta principalmente en dos ejes de investigación donde se estiman las intervenciones humanas en el ciclo hidrológico: la cartografía del riego (como aplicación en humedad del suelo), y el forzamiento de embalses en simulaciones hidrológicas (como aplicación de la altimetría). En relación al primer eje, se estima la humedad del suelo a partir del análisis estadístico de los datos SAR de Sentinel-1. Se desarrollan dos metodologías para obtener la humedad del suelo con una resolución espacial de 100 m basándose en la interpretación de los datos de Sentinel-1 obtenidas con la polarización VV (vertical-vertical), que se combina con datos ópticas Sentinel-2 para el análisis de los efectos de la vegetación. Como aplicación de la humedad del suelo, se cartografía el riego en diversas condiciones meteorológicas, y con una alta resolución espacial y temporal. Se propone una metodología para la cartografía del riego mediante datos SAR obtenidos en polarizaciones VV (vertical-vertical) y VH (vertical-horizontal). A partir de la serie temporal Sentinel-1, se analizan diferentes estadísticas y métricas, incluyendo el valor medio, la varianza de la señal, la longitud de la correlación y la dimensión fractal, a partir de los cuales se clasifican los árboles irrigados, los cultivos irrigados y los cultivos no irrigados. En el segundo eje, se estima el nivel de los embalses a partir de los datos de altimetría de Sentinel-3, con el altímetro SAR (SRAL), basándose en diferentes algoritmos para mejorar la precisión. Este estudio presenta tres algoritmos especializados o retrackers destinados a obtener el nivel de la superficie de los cuerpos de agua estudiados, minimizando la contaminación de las formas de onda debido al suelo que los rodea. Se compara el rendimiento del método propuesto de selección de la porción de onda con tres retrackers, es decir, un retracker de umbral, el retracker del centro de gravedad (OCOG) y un retracker de base física de dos pasos. Se obtienen series temporales del nivel de la lámina de agua de embalses situados en la cuenca del río Ebro (España). Como aplicación, las series de nivel de los embalses obtenidas se utilizan para forzar los embalses en simulaciones hidrológicas.
The estimation of the water resources of the continental surfaces at a regional and global scale is fundamental for good water resources management. This estimation covers a wide range of topics and fields, including the characterisation of soils and water resources at the basin scale, hydrological modelling and flood prediction and mapping. In this context, the characterisation of the states of the continental surface, to obtain better input parameters for hydrological models, is essential to improve the precision in the simulation of flows, droughts, and floods. The estimation of the water content in the system, including the different water bodies and the free water in the soil, is especially necessary for a precise description of the hydrological processes and, in general, of the water cycle on the continental surfaces. To better characterise hydrological processes, human interventions cannot be neglected. Humans influence the water cycle, mainly through irrigation and the construction of reservoirs, which must be correctly quantified. The objective of the thesis is the improvement of the remote estimation of water resources, including the quantification of human factors, using several sensors recently launched, taking advantage of recent developments in remote sensing technology. With the arrival of the Sentinel constellations (Sentinel-1, 2, 3), we have better tools to estimate water resources, including human impacts, with greater precision and coverage. This thesis consists mainly of two parts where human interventions in the water cycle are considered: irrigation cartography (as an application of soil moisture), and the forcing of reservoirs in hydrological simulations (as an application of altimetry). Firstly, soil moisture is estimated from the statistical analysis of Sentinel-1 SAR data. Two methodologies are developed to obtain soil moisture with a spatial resolution of 100 m based on the interpretation of Sentinel-1 data collected with the VV polarization (vertical-vertical), which is combined with optical data of Sentinel-2 for the analysis of the effects of vegetation. Secondly, irrigation is mapped under various meteorological conditions, including high spatial and temporal resolution. A methodology for irrigation mapping is proposed using SAR data obtained in VV (vertical-vertical) and VH (vertical-horizontal) polarizations. With Sentinel-1 time series, different statistics and metrics are analysed, including the mean value, the variance of the signal, the correlation length and the fractal dimension, based on which the classification of irrigated trees, irrigated crops, and non-irrigated crops are derived. Finally, the level of the reservoirs is estimated from the Sentinel-3 altimetry data, with the SAR altimeter (SRAL), based on different algorithms to improve the accuracy. This study presents three specialised algorithms or retrackers designed to obtain the level of the surface of the studied inland bodies of water, minimising the contamination of the waveforms due to the surrounding soil. The performance of the selection method of the proposed wave portion is compared with three retrackers, that is, the centre of gravity retracker (OCOG) and the two-step physical-based retracker. Temporal series of the water level of reservoirs located in the basin of the Ebro River (Spain) are obtained. As an application, the level series of the reservoirs obtained are used to force the reservoirs in hydrological simulations.
L'estimation et le suivi des ressources en eau des surfaces continentales aux niveaux régional et global est essentielle pour la gestion du bilan hydrique, particulièrement dans le contexte des changements climatiques et anthropiques. Ils couvrent un large éventail de thèmes et de domaines, incluant la caractérisation des ressources en eau à l'échelle du bassin, la modélisation hydrologique ainsi que la prévision et la cartographie des inondations. Dans ce contexte, la caractérisation des états de surface, en tant que paramètres d’entrée dans les modèles hydrologiques, est essentielle pour obtenir une meilleure précision de la simulation, qui est liée à la précision prévisionnelle des débits des cours d’eau et le suivi des sécheresses et des inondations. L'estimation de la teneur en eau des surfaces continentales, incluant l’état hydrique du sol et les niveaux des surfaces couvertes d’eau, est particulièrement nécessaire pour une description précise des processus hydrologiques et plus généralement du cycle de l'eau sur les surfaces continentales. Afin de mieux comprendre les processus hydrologiques, l'influence humaine (l’effet anthropique) sur le cycle de l'eau nécessite une évaluation fine. Elle est particulièrement liée à la gestion de l’irrigation et la construction de barrages. L'objectif de la thèse était d'améliorer l'estimation des ressources en eau et une meilleure caractérisation des interventions anthropiques à travers l'utilisation de nouveaux capteurs satellitaires multi-configurations du programme européen Copernicus. Avec le développement de la technologie de télédétection spatiale, et plus particulièrement avec l’arrivée des constellations Sentinel (Sentinel-1, 2, 3) à haute résolution spatiale et temporelle, il existe un meilleur outil pour estimer les états des surfaces continentales. Ce travail de thèse comprend principalement deux priorités liées à des interventions humaines dans le cycle hydrologique:la cartographie de l'irrigation en tant que action humaine liée directement à l'humidité du sol et le forçage des barrages dans un modèle de simulation de rivière en tant qu'application liée à l’estimation du niveau de l'eau libre. Un premier axe de recherche a été basé sur une analyse statistique des données SAR Sentinel-1 pour caractériser l’état hydrique du sol. Deux méthodes ont été développées pour estimer ce paramètre avec une résolution spatiale de 100 m. Elles sont basées sur des approches de détection de changement à partir des données Sentinel-1 acquises en polarisation VV (verticale-verticale), combinées aux données optiques Sentinel-2 pour corriger les effets de la végétation. L’application consistait à cartographier l'irrigation, avec des résolutions spatiale et temporelle élevées. Une méthodologie de cartographie de l'irrigation utilisant des données SAR Sentinel-1 a été proposée. Elle estbasée sur les acquisitions en polarisations VV (vertical-vertical) et VH (vertical-horizontal). A partir de la série temporelle des mesures Sentinel-1, des paramètres statistiques tel que la valeur moyenne, la variance du signal, la longueur de corrélation temporelle et la dimension fractale, sont analysées, en fonction du type de culture; cultures annuelles irriguées, arbres irrigués et cultures pluviales. Des classifications supervisées utilisant les approches Random Forest et SVM sont testées. En deuxième axe, l'estimation de la hauteur de la surface de l'eau à partir des données altimétriques de Sentinel-3 avec l’altimètre SAR (SRAL) a été réalisée à l'aide de différents algorithmes afin d'améliorer la précision sur des petites surfaces. Cette étude présente trois algorithmes spécialisés (ou retrackers) dédiées à la minimisation de la contamination des sols par les formes d’ondes permettant de récupérer les niveaux d’eau à partir de données altimétriques SAR sur des masses d’eaux intérieures. Les performances de la méthode de sélection de portion de forme d'onde proposée avec trois retrackers, à savoir, le retracker à seuil, le retracker à centre de gravité décalé (OCOG) et le retracker à base physique à 2 étapes, sont comparées. Des séries chronologiques de niveaux d'eau sont extraites pour les masses d'eau du bassin de l'Èbre (Espagne). Une application des produits altimétriques est proposée. Le produit de niveau d’eau a été utilisé comme paramètre d’entrée pour analyser l’effet tampon des barrages dans les simulations de débits fluviaux.
Martinez, Baquero Guillermo Felipe. "CONTINENTAL SCALE DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION OF MONTHLY WATER BALANCE MODELS FOR THE UNITED STATES." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/145734.
Laurie, Angelique. "The formation of Earth’s early felsic continental crust by water-present eclogite melting." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80214.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The sodic and leucocratic Tonalite, Trondhjemite and Granodiorite (TTG) granitoid series of rocks characterise Paleo- to Meso- Archaean felsic continental crust, yet are uncommon in the post-Archaean rock record. Consequently, petrogenetic studies on these rocks provide valuable insight into the creation and evolution of Earth’s early continental crust. The highpressure (HP)-type of Archaean TTG magmas are particularly important in this regard as their geochemistry requires that they are formed by high-pressure melting of a garnet-rich eclogitic source. This has been interpreted as evidence for the formation of these magmas by anatexis of the upper portions of slabs within Archaean subduction zones. In general, TTG magmas have been assumed to arise through fluid-absent partial melting of metamafic source rocks. Therefore, very little experimental data on fluid-present eclogite melting to produce Archaean TTG exist, despite the fact that water drives magmatism in modern arcs. Consequently, this study experimentally investigates the role of fluid-present partial melting of eclogite-facies metabasaltic rock in the production of Paleo- to Meso-Archaean HP-type TTG melts. Experiments are conducted between 1.6 GPa and 3.0 GPa and 700 ºC and 900 ºC using natural and synthetic eclogite, and gel starting materials of low-K2O basaltic composition. Partial melting of the natural and synthetic eclogite occurred between 850 ºC and 870 ºC at pressures above 1.8 GPa, and the melting reaction is characterised by the breakdown of sodic clinopyroxene, quartz and water: Qtz + Cpx1 + H2O ± Grt1 = Melt + Cpx2 ± Grt2. The experimental melts have the compositions of sodic peraluminous trondhjemites and have compositions that are similar to the major, trace and rare earth element composition of HPtype Archaean TTG. This study suggests that fluid-present eclogite melting is a viable petrogenetic model for this component of Paleo- to Meso-Archaean TTG crust. The nature of the wet low-K2O eclogite-facies metamafic rock solidus has been experimentally defined and inflects towards higher temperatures at the position of the plagioclase-out reaction. Therefore, the results indicate that a crystalline starting material is necessary to define this solidus to avoid metastable melting beyond temperatures of the Pl + H2O + Qtz solidus at pressures above plagioclase stability. Furthermore, this study uses numerical and metamorphic models to demonstrate that for reasonable Archaean mantle wedge temperatures within a potential Archaean subduction zone, the bulk of the water produced by metamorphic reactions within the slabs is captured by an anatectic zone near the slab surface. Therefore, this geodynamic model may account for HP-type Archaean TTG production and additionally provides constraints for likely Archaean subduction. The shape of the relevant fluid-present solidus is similar to the shape of the pressure-temperature paths followed by upper levels of the proposed Archaean subducting slab, which makes water-fluxed slab anatexis is very dependant on the temperature in the mantle wedge. I propose that cooling of the upper mantle by only a small amount during the late Archaean ended fluid-present melting of the slab. This allowed slab water to migrate into the wedge and produce intermediate composition magmatism which has since been associated with subduction zones.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die reeks natruimhoudende en leukokraties Tonaliet, Trondhjemiet en Granodioriet (TTG) felsiese stollingsgesteentes is kenmerkend in die Paleo- tot Meso-Argeïkum felsiese kontinentale kors, maar is ongewoon in die post-Argeïese rots rekord. Gevolglik, petrogenetiese studies op hierdie rotse verskaf waardevolle insig in die skepping en evolusie van die aarde se vroeë kontinentale kors. Die hoë-druk (HD)-tipe van die Argeïkum TTG magmas is veral belangrik in hierdie verband as hulle geochemie vereis dat hulle gevorm word deur hoë druk smelting van 'n granaat-ryk eklogitiese bron. Dit word interpreteer as bewys vir die vorming van hierdie magmas deur smelting van die boonste gedeeltes van die blaaie in Argeïese subduksie sones. TTG magmas in die algemeen, is veronderstel om op te staan deur middel van water-afwesig gedeeltelike smelting van metamafiese bron rotse. Daarom bestaan baie min eksperimentele data op water-teenwoordig eklogiet smelting om Argeïkum TTG te produseer, ten spyte van die feit dat water magmatisme dryf in moderne boë. Gevolglik is hierdie studie ‘n eksperimentele ondersoek in die rol van water-teenwoordig gedeeltelike smelting van eklogiet-fasies metamafiese rots in die produksie van Paleo- tot Meso-Argeïkum HD-tipe TTG smelte. Eksperimente word uitgevoer tussen 1.6 GPa en 3.0 GPa en 700 ºC en 900 ºC met behulp van natuurlike en sintetiese eklogiet, en gel begin materiaal van lae-K2O basaltiese samestelling. Gedeeltelike smelting van die natuurlike en sintetiese eklogiet het plaasgevind tussen 850 ºC en 870 ºC te druk bo 1.8 GPa, en die smeltings reaksie is gekenmerk deur die afbreek van natruimhoudende klinopirokseen, kwarts en water: Qtz + Cpx1 + H2O ± Grt1 = Smelt + Cpx2 ± Grt2. Die eksperimentele smelte het die komposisies van natruimhoudende trondhjemites en is soortgelyk aan die hoof-, spoor- en seldsame aard element samestelling van HD-tipe Argeïkum TTG. Hierdie studie dui daarop dat water-teenwoordig eklogiet smelting 'n lewensvatbare petrogenetiese model is vir hierdie komponent van Paleo- tot Meso-Argeïkum TTG kors. Die aard van die nat lae-K2O eklogietfasies metamafiese rock solidus is eksperimenteel gedefinieër en beweeg na hoër temperature by die posisie van die plagioklaas-out reaksie. Daarom dui die resultate daarop dat 'n kristallyne materiaal nodig is om hierdie solidus te definieër en metastabiele smelting buite temperature van die Pl + H2O + Qtz solidus druk bo plagioklaas stabiliteit te vermy. Verder maak hierdie studie gebruik van numeriese en metamorfiese modelle om aan te dui dat die grootste deel van die water geproduseer deur metamorfiese reaksies binne die blaaie bestaan vir redelike Argeïkum mantel wig temperature binne 'n potensiële Argeïkum subduksie sone, en word opgevang deur 'n smelting sone naby die blad oppervlak. Daarom kan hierdie geodinamies model rekenskap gee vir HD-tipe Argeïkum TTG produksie en dit bied ook die beperkinge vir waarskynlik Argeïese subduksie. Die vorm van die betrokke waterteenwoordig solidus is soortgelyk aan die vorm van die druk-temperatuur paaie gevolg deur die boonste vlakke van die voorgestelde Argeïkum subderende blad, wat water-vloeiing blad smeltingbaie afhanklik maak van die temperatuur in die mantel wig. Ons stel voor dat afkoeling van die boonste mantel met slegs 'n klein hoeveelheid gedurende die laat Argeïese, die water-vloeiing smelting van die blad beëindig. Dit het toegelaat dat die blad water in die wig migreer en intermediêre samestelling magmatisme produseer wat sedert geassosieer word met subduksie sones.
Devineni, Naresh. "Seasonal Hydroclimatology of the Continental United States: Forecasting and its Relevance to Water Management." NCSU, 2010. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-03252010-193310/.
Woo, Lai Mun. "Summer circulation and water masses along the West Australian coast." University of Western Australia. Centre for Water Research, 2005. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2005.0122.
Colvocoresses, James Alden. "Abundance, seasonality and community structure of fishes on the Mid-Atlantic Bight continental shelf." W&M ScholarWorks, 1985. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539616615.
Rao, Alexandra Mina Fernandes. "Carbon and nitrogen cycling in permeable continental shelf sediments and porewater solute exchange across the sediment-water interface." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006, 2006. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-11152006-163727/.
Martial Taillefert, Committee Member ; Jay Brandes, Committee Member ; Markus Huettel, Committee Member ; Philip Froelich, Committee Member ; Ellery Ingall, Committee Member ; Richard A. Jahnke, Committee Chair.
Goteti, Gopalakrishna. "Quantifying seasonal variations in continental surface water storage using a catchment-based hydrologic and routing modeling system (CHARMS) with explicit surface water bodies." access full-text online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium, 2008. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?3321597.
Li, Wei [Verfasser]. "Deep-water sedimentary systems and processes on the continental margin offshore NW Africa / Wei Li." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1137206446/34.
Politi, Eirini. "Investigating the potential of remote sensing for long-term limnological analysis at pan-continental scales." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2010. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/3267974a-4902-4fcb-9205-7b81bcb98d84.
Cortes, Francisco O'Neill. "O clima de Portugal continental como factor determinante da escolha de vegetação em Arquitectura Paisagista." Master's thesis, ISA/UTL, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/4069.
The main goal of the present work is the study of the climate influence in the selection of plant species suitable to be used in landscape architecture in continental Portugal. The two climatic variables considered as conditioning the most the vegetation in the Portuguese continental territory were the average absolute minimum temperature (treated using USDA hardiness zones) and the annual potential water deficit. A map was produced for each one of these variables, for the study area. The maps were made using weather stations from the Portuguese Meteorology Institute (IM), and the interpolation method chosen was the multivariate regression with residual kriging. A cartographic application to the vegetation was made using four native plant species, for which a selection index was calculated for each crossed class of the two climatic maps and potential distribution maps made using the bioclimatic envelope method. It is intended that the two climatic maps produced here may be useful tools in the selection of vegetation in landscape architecture scope.
Novais, Maria Helena Batista da Costa Guerreiro de. "Estudo das diatomáceas bênticas em sistemas lóticos de Portugal Continental." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/18177.
Nameroff, Tamara J. "Suboxic trace metal geochemistry and paleo-record in continental margin sediments of the eastern tropical North Pacific /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8514.
Lopes, Fernando Bezerra. "Remote sensing as a surface water quality monitoring support in the semiarid region of Brazil." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=11302.
The contamination of surface water bodies due to antropic action has made water ever more scarce. Knowledge of the water quality is essential to determine instruments for it's management . Monitoring water quality in huge areas requires a high number of saimples for water quality control. This fact, allied to the high costs of water analysis, limits the evaluation that can be made of continental waters. Even though in later years geoprocessing and remote sensing techniques have been developed with important results in water quality studies, these techniques have yet to be applied in the study of aquatic systems in semiarid regions. Therefore, it was attempted to develop a methodology based on the spectral characteristics of water as a support method for the evaluation of water quality in semiarid regions. Water samples were collected in seven points from 2008 to 2010 (every two months) and in 20 points from 2011 and 2012 (every three months) . The campaigns for radiometric data acquisition occurred in 2011 and 2012, alongside the water sampling. The determinant factors and water similarity were identified by the multivariable analysis. Data from orbital and insitu remote sensing correlated with limnologic data were used. The determinant indicators for water quality in the Oros were defined mainly by the following factors: the geologic components of the soil; sediment transport by surface flow and organic pollution. The Cluster Analysis formed three distinct groups. The water similarity was defined by natural conditions and by the land use around the reservoir and along the basin. The models developed for limnologic variables, suspended inorganic solids, turbidity, transparency and electric conductivity, showed themselves to be trustworthy, indicating that these variables can be quantified remotely through remote sensing data. The models developed for the clorophile - a fitted well, indicating that this variable can be quantified accurately through in situand orbital remote sensing data. The general three banded model presented a better efficiency to that of the two band model. According to the developed model and the image use of the MERIS sensor, the Oros waters, as far as trophic state is concerned, presented 61.15% of it's water bater classified as eutrophic for the month of February, 2010. For the MERIS image of August 2011, 95.77% of it's waters were classified as eutrophic. Therefore, through remote sensing data it is possible to elaborate a water resources management at a lower cost, generating a usefull information for decision making by managers, vital for the implementation of public policies at county, regional, state and federal levels.
Com a contaminaÃÃo de corpos hÃdricos pela aÃÃo antrÃpica, a disponibilidade de Ãgua torna-se cada vez menor. O conhecimento da qualidade das Ãguas à essencial à proposiÃÃo de instrumentos de gestÃo das mesmas. O monitoramento em Ãreas extensas requer um elevado nÃmero de amostras para o controle da qualidade da Ãgua; este fato, aliado aos altos custos das anÃlises, limita a avaliaÃÃo do processo de degradaÃÃo das Ãguas interiores. Apesar do desenvolvimento, nos Ãltimos anos, das tÃcnicas de geoprocessamento e sensoriamento remoto, com a obtenÃÃo de informaÃÃes relevantes em estudo de qualidade de Ãguas, elas nÃo tÃm sido exploradas em estudos de sistemas aquÃticos de regiÃes semiÃridas. Com isso, objetivou-se desenvolver uma metodologia baseada nas propriedades espectrais da Ãgua como suporte a avaliaÃÃo de sua qualidade em ambientes semiÃridos. As amostras de Ãgua foram coletadas em sete pontos de 2008 a 2010 (bimestralmente) e em 20 pontos de 2011 a 2012 (trimestralmente). As campanhas para aquisiÃÃo de dados radiomÃtricos ocorreram em 2011 e 2012, concomitantes Ãs coletas das amostras de Ãgua. Os fatores determinantes e a similaridade das Ãguas foram identificados pelo emprego da anÃlise multivariada. Foram usados dados de sensoriamento remoto orbital e in situ, correlacionando com os dados limnolÃgicos. Os indicadores determinantes da qualidade das Ãguas do OrÃs sÃo definidos principalmente pelos seguintes fatores: processo natural de intemperismo dos componentes geolÃgicos do solo; carreamentos dos sÃlidos suspensos atravÃs do escoamento superficial das Ãguas e poluiÃÃo orgÃnica. A anÃlise de agrupamento formou trÃs grupos distintos. A similaridade das Ãguas foi definida pelas condiÃÃes naturais e pelas atividades antrÃpicas exercidas nas proximidades do reservatÃrio e ao longo da bacia. Os modelos desenvolvidos para as variÃveis limnolÃgicas, sÃlidos inorgÃnicos suspensos, turbidez, transparÃncia e condutividade elÃtrica, mostraram-se confiÃveis, indicando que essas variÃveis podem ser quantificadas remotamente a partir dos dados de sensoriamento remoto de campo. Os modelos desenvolvidos para a variÃvel clorofila-a sÃo confiÃveis, indicando que esta variÃvel pode ser quantificada remotamente a partir dos dados de sensoriamento remoto de campo e orbital com elevado grau de confiabilidade. O modelo geral de trÃs bandas apresentou desempenho superior ao modelo de duas bandas. De acordo com o modelo desenvolvido e com uso de imagens do sensor MERIS, as Ãguas do reservatÃrio OrÃs, quanto ao estado trÃfico, apresentaram 61,15% da sua bacia hidrÃulica classificadas como eutrÃfica, para o mÃs de fevereiro de 2010. Para a imagem MERIS de agosto de 2011, 95,77% das Ãguas foram classificadas como eutrÃficas. Portanto, com o uso do sensoriamento remoto à possÃvel elaborar um gerenciamento dos recursos hÃdricos de menor custo, gerando informaÃÃes Ãteis à tomada de decisÃes pelos gestores, vital para a implantaÃÃo de polÃticas pÃblicas em Ãmbito municipal, regional, estadual e federal.
Omosanya, Kamaldeen. "Seismic character and interaction of intrabasinal mass-transport deposits in deep-water continental margins (Espírito Santo Basin, SE Brazil)." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2014. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/68258/.
Dias, Francisco José da Silva. "Circulação e massas de água na plataforma continental leste do Ceará: modelagem numérica e observações." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/21/21132/tde-19042012-153907/.
The Continental Shelf of Ceará State was divided in: External (ECS), Middle (MCS) and Inner (ICS) Continental Shelf. The physical criteria of classification considered intrusions of Tropical Water (TW) transported onshore by the North Brazil Current (NBC); intensification of surface saline gradient; and mixing of different water masses. During the rainy season, the TW was retained the ECS at levels higher than 60 m, while an estuarine plume formation was observed in the PCI, occupying the two first meters of the water column, sinking top of the coastal water mass (CW) to 6 km off coast. The space-time variation of the currents in the subtidal frequency shows that wind stress was the main agent in the momentum transfer to continental shelf waters, generating a current to NW, parallel to the direction of the isobaths, in response to the stacking of water on the coast. This behavior associated to the thickness of the Ekman layer much larger than local depth, shows the dominance of the barotropic dynamic, generating currents in the wind direction, as response to its action. The barotropic mode was also dominant in the tidal currents, with semi-diurnals components (M2 e S2) characterized as the most energetic. The normal orientation of tidal ellipses, associated to clockwise rotation, were responsible for the highest current velocities in tidal frequency in MCS. Numerical model results show a barotropic response of waters to a stationary wind, with currents to NW, and highest values of currents and sea level ocurring closer the coast. Tidal currents and tidal ellipses orientation obtained by numerical model support the observations. In relation to Jaguaribe River estuary, the period of great river input led to unidirectional flows, which transport volumes of 97 x 106 m3, advecting the mixing process to the ICS region. However, during the dry season, river input decrease resulted in a larger tide influence in the region, controlling the spatial position of the mixing zone. For this time, the estuary was classified according to the parameters of estratification and circulation as a 2a type, partially mix
Ma, Ning, Guo-Yue Niu, Youlong Xia, Xitian Cai, Yinsheng Zhang, Yaoming Ma, and Yuanhao Fang. "A Systematic Evaluation of Noah-MP in Simulating Land-Atmosphere Energy, Water, and Carbon Exchanges Over the Continental United States." AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626444.
Borchers, Andreas. "Glaciomarine sedimentation at the continental margin of Prydz Bay, East Antarctica : implications on palaeoenvironmental changes during the Quaternary." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2010. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5262/.
Die Antarktis spielt im globalen Umweltsystem eine tragende Rolle. Mit ihrem mächtigen Eispanzer ist sie nicht nur der größte Süsswasserspeicher auf der Erde, in ihren Schelfregionen wird auch ein Großteil der globalen Bodenwassermassen gebildet, welche die globale thermohaline Zirkulation antreiben. Hauptziel dieser Arbeit, welche einen deutschen Beitrag zum Internationalen Polarjahr 2007/ 2008 liefert, war es, neue Erkenntnisse hinsichtlich der Stabilität des Ostantarktischen Eisschildes während des Quartärs zu liefern. Weiterhin sollten Aussagen über Variationen in der Bildung von Antarktischem Bodenwasser und deren Ursachen getroffen werden. Dazu wurde im Rahmen der ‚Polarstern‘ Expedition ANT-XXIII/9 eine Beprobung glaziomariner Sedimente zwischen Prydz Bucht und Kerguelen Plateau durchgeführt. Diese Region eignet sich zur Untersuchung der Ostantarktischen Eisdynamik besonders gut, da hier der Lambert Gletscher, etwa 16% des Ostantarktischen Eispanzers drainiert. Er transportiert dabei Sediment nach Norden, das schließlich die Prydz Bucht erreicht und durch direkten Transport über kalbende Eisberge oder durch Umlagerung und Verteilung mithilfe von Meeresströmungen weiter verfrachtet wird. Der wissenschaftliche Ansatz dieser Arbeit besteht darin, über die Verteilung dieser Sedimente in Raum und Zeit, d.h. über Variationen des glaziomarinen Paläoregimes, die Reaktion des Lambert Gletschers und des vorgelagerten Amery Schelfeises auf Klimaschwankungen während des Quartärs zu rekonstruieren. Dabei werden sowohl sedimentologische Methoden unter Einbeziehung neuer statistischer Möglichkeiten angewandt, um Sedimentationsprozesse zu charakterisieren, als auch mineralogische und (bio)geochemische Parameter verwendet, um Aussagen über die Herkunft der Sedimente und Änderungen in der Produktivität im Oberflächenwasser treffen zu können. Die Altersbestimmung der Sedimentkerne erfolgte mittels Paläomagnetik, Paläointensitäten, Biostratigraphie und Radiokarbondatierungen. Die Oberflächensedimente im Untersuchungsgebiet zeigen deutliche Unterschiede sowohl hinsichtlich ihrer Tonmineral- als auch Schwermineralzusammensetzung. Beide mineralogischen Parameter zeigen die größten Differerenzen auf dem Schelf. Dort lassen sich deutlich Sedimente der Prydz Bucht von Sedimenten des MacRobertson Shelfes differenzieren. Sie stellen daher ein gutes Hilfsmittel dar, um sowohl die Herkunft von eis- als auch strömungstransportiertem Material zu rekonstruieren. Die untersuchten Sedimentkerne decken den Zeitraum der letzten 1,4 Millionen Jahre (Kontinentalhang) bzw. der letzten 12,8 tausend kal. Jahre v. H. ab (MacRobertson Schelf). Die abgelagerten Sedimente wurden i. W. durch glaziale und ozeanographische Einflüsse geprägt, aber auch durch Bioproduktion (Schelf) bzw. durch Schmelzwassereinträge und möglicherweise gravitative Prozesse (Kontinentalhang). In den Sedimenten des Kontinentalhangs sind zwei starke Enteisungsereignisse überliefert: Das erste Ereignis steht mit dem mittelpleistozänen Klimaoptimum in Verbindung, das auch in anderen antarktischen Regionen nachgewiesen wurde. Es führte in der Prydz Bucht zu einem weitreichenden Rückzug des Lambert Gletscher-Amery Schelfeises (LAIS) und gleichzeitig zu einer hohen Primärproduktion. Danach herrschten bis etwa 400 - 500 tausend Jahre v. H. stabile glaziale Bedingungen. Kalbung von Eisbergen war wahrscheinlich auf den westlichen Teil des Lambert Gletschers begrenzt, wo eine tiefere Bathymetrie auch bei niedrigerem globalen Meeresspiegel noch Aufschwimmen des Gletschereises erlaubt. Zwischen 400 - 500 tausend Jahren v. H. und vermutlich dem letzten Interglazial wurde der Gletscher schließlich wieder dynamischer, um mit oder kurz nach dem letzten Interglazial (Meeresspiegel etwa 6 - 9 m höher) eine weitere Phase deutlichen Rückzuges zu durchlaufen. Beide Ereignisse lassen sich mit Phasen der Eisreduktion in den Prinz Charles Bergen korrelieren, d.h. der Rückzug des Lambert Gletschers hatte möglicherweise ein erhöhtes Nachfließen von Eismassen aus dem Hinterland zur Folge. An den Sedimenten des Schelfkernes wurde ein neu entwickeltes Verfahren der Endmember-Modellierung erfolgreich getestet. Der Eisrückzug auf dem MacRobertson Schelf begann etwa 12,8 tausend kal. Jahre v. H. und war gegen 5,5 tausend kal. Jahre v. H. abgeschlossen. Während des Holozäns kam es zu starken Schwankungen in der Bodenwasseraktivität, die höchst wahrscheinlich mit der Neubildungsrate von Meereis in der Kap Darnley Polynia in Zusammenhang stehen. Besonders auffallend war eine erhöhte Bodenwasseraktivität am Übergang von Warm- zu Kaltphasen bzw. ihr extremer Rückgang während des Mittel-Holozänen Klimaoptimums. Insgesamt zeigen die Ergebnisse der Arbeit, dass sich das LAIS während des Quartärs relativ stabil gegenüber Klimaveränderungen verhalten hat. Die Bodenwasserproduktion in Polynien dagegen reagierte sehr empfindlich auf relative geringe atmosphärische Veränderungen und bedarf in Zukunft verstärkter Aufmerksamkeit.
Attisano, Karina Kammer. "A oceanografia química e os processos oceanográficos presentes na plataforma continental das regiões de Santa Marta (SC) e Albardão (RS)." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FURG, 2007. http://repositorio.furg.br/handle/1/3523.
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A costa sul do Brasil, constituída pelas áreas costeiras e oceânicas do Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina, é conhecida como uma das regiões de maior potencial pesqueiro de todo o litoral brasileiro. Isto se deve, sobretudo, a presença de várias massas de água que interagem formando um sistema complexo, dinâmico e altamente produtivo. Além dos intensos processos de mistura, essas regiões apresentam frentes termohalinas e ação de ventos. O presente trabalho apresenta um diagnóstico comparativo, de enfoque químico, entre a plataforma das regiões de Santa Marta (SC) e Albardão (RS). Para tanto, são utilizados parâmetros hidroquímicos, amostrados em 33 estações oceanográficas importantes para a avaliação da produção biológica, e também a interpretação dos processos oceanográficos. Ao efetuar a comparação entre as referidas regiões de plataforma, durante o inverno de 2005, observou-se claramente maiores concentrações de nutrientes dissolvidos na região do Albardão, devido a menor influência da Água Tropical, apresentando-se submetida a processos oceanográficos mais intensos resultantes da proximidade à Convergência Subtropical, da intrusão da Água Subtropical de Plataforma (através do paleocanal), da formação da Frente Subtropical de Plataforma, frentes frias e do volume de descarga continental substancial proveniente do Rio do Prata, Lagoa dos Patos e do transporte subterrâneo que potencializam a dinâmica entre as massas de água, elevando a produtividade da região.
The southern Brazilian Coast comprises of the coastal and oceanic areas of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina and is a region with the highest fishing potential along the Brazilian coast. This is due to the presence of several water masses that interact form a complex, dynamic and highly productive system. Mixing is also provided by thermohaline fronts, upwelling and wind. The present work presents a diagnosis, using hydrochemical data, between Santa Marta Shelf (SC) and Albardão (RS) (33 oceanographic stations) to determine biological production and other oceanographical processes. During the 2005 winter there were higher nutrients concentrations in Albardão zone, due to less influence of Tropical Water. There is high productivity in the region due to mixing of water masses by proximity to Subtropical Convergence, intrusion of the Subtropical Water on to the Shelf (through the paleochannel), formation of Subtropical Shelf Front, groundwater transport, cold fronts discharge from Prata River, Patos Lagoon.
Phoel, William C. "Community structure of demersal fishes on the inshore U.S. Atlantic continental shelf: Cape Ann, MA. to Cape Fear, N.C. (United States, cluster analysis, Massachusetts, North Carolina)." W&M ScholarWorks, 1985. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539616807.
Yang, XiaoZhi. "Water content and H-O-Li isotopes in lower crustal granulite minerals." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPL028N/document.
For the first time, systematic investigations of water content and H-O-Li isotopic compositions of minerals in lower crustal granulites, as well as water content of minerals in mantle peridotites, from eastern China have been carried out by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and ion microprobe. The results show that: (1) Nominally anhydrous minerals, such as pyroxenes and plagioclase, in the lower crust generally contain trace amounts of structural water, with their content (H2O by wt.) varying from 200 to 2330 ppm for clinopyroxene, 60 to 1875 ppm for orthopyroxene, 65 to 900 ppm for plagioclase and 155 to 1100 ppm for the estimated bulk compositions. (2) Water contents of minerals in lower crustal granulites from eastern China, and their bulk values, are significantly higher than those in the underlying upper mantle, implying vertical heterogeneities of water distribution in the deep continental lithosphere; the contrast in water content even affect the rheological strength of the lithosphere. (3) The O-isotopic compositions of pyroxenes in the lower crustal granulites from eastern China are highly variable between different localities (~ 4.5 to 12.5‰, expressed in [delta]18OSMOW values), indicating variable influences from recycled crustal materials on their protoliths. (4) The H-isotopic compositions of granulite minerals from eastern China, are mostly in the range of -80 to -10‰ expressed in [delta]DSMOW values, and these minerals are usually in equilibrium with their [delta]D values. The relatively high [delta]D of granulite minerals may be related with degassing loss of H during the genesis of granulites. (5) The Li-isotopic compositions of granulite minerals from eastern China are usually in the range of -13 to 4.7‰, mostly lower than those of MORB (2-6‰). They reflect the source heterogeneity and are probably results of high-T Li diffusion during the intrusion of their original melts into the preexisting lower crust. (6) The large dispersion of Li and water contents and of H-O-Li isotopic results indicate the absence of any pervasive fluids in the lower crust
Pimsee, Pranudda. "Étude du comportement des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) lors du déversement accidentel d'hydrocarbures en eaux continentales." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2014. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/12235/1/pimsee.pdf.
Read, Caroline M. (Caroline Margaret) 1972. "Fluid flow during continental reworking : a study of shear zones in the Arunta Inlier, central Australia." Monash University, School of Geosciences, 2002. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/7847.
Gorbach, Kathleen R. "Benthic Community Structure Response to Flow Dynamics in Tropical Island and Temperate Continental Streams." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1354226302.
Krois, Joachim, Achim Schulte, Vigo Edwin Pajares, and Moreno Carlos Cerdan. "Temporal and spatial characteristics of rainfall patterns in the Northern Sierra of Peru – A case study for La Niña to El Niño transitions from 2005 to 2010." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Centro de Investigación en Geografía Aplicada, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/119763.
Las condiciones climáticas de la sierra norte del Perú están marcadas por la interacción de diferentes rasgos climáticos a escalas macro y meso, tal como el fenómeno ENSO o los Complejos Convectivos a Meso-escala (MCC) y la estacionalmente móvil Zona de Interconvergencia Intertropical (ITCZ), pero también por rasgos climáticos a escala local tales como la heterogeneidad topográfica y los campos de vientos locales. La zona de estudio se ubica en las cercanías de la divisoria de aguas continentales de Sudamérica (CWD), provee la oportunidad de estudiar las interacciones de las disturbancias occidental y oriental en un ambiente de alta montaña y sus efectos en la variabilidad de las precipitaciones. En general la variabilidad de las precipitaciones se relaciona con patrones de convección diurna, reforzada por los sistemas de brisas de valle y modulada por anomalías de vientos a escala local. El desplazamiento de masas de aire a baja altura provenientes del Pacífico que remontan los Andes es frecuente. Aunque los efectos directos del ENSO en la variabilidad de las precipitaciones andinas está todavía en debate, nuestras investigaciones muestran que la mayoría de las mediciones hechas para este estudio siguen una señal El Niño/seco y La Niña/húmedo. Sin embargo, las zonas altas de lasescarpas occidentales de los Andes se benefician de abundante lluvia nocturna que parcialmente completa los déficits de precipitaciones durante El Niño. Nuestros datos sugieren que la cobertura espacial de este pulso húmedo del Este se limita a áreas que se ubican encima de los 3000 msnm. Los ciclos ENSO contribuyen a la variabilidad de las precipitaciones cerca del CWD en la sierra norte del Perú mediante la modulación del régimen estacional de lluvias que causa una anomalía de temperatura positiva.
Fontanelli, Paola de Rossi. "Proveniência dos arenitos-reservatório de água profunda do Campo de Jubarte, Bacia de Campos, margem continental brasileira." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/12520.
The application of integrated techniques of provenance analysis, including quantitative petrography using the Gazzi-Dickinson point-counting method, conventional heavy mineral analysis, garnet mineral chemistry and U-Pb zircon geochronology, allowed the identification of source-rocks and the sedimentary supply pattern for the Maastrichtian deep-water reservoir sandstones of the Jubarte Field, Campos Basin. The sandstones are poorly-sorted with angular to sub-angular grains denoting fast transportation. They present a detrital composition rich in feldspars (arkoses sensu Folk, 1968) and poor in finely-crystalline lithic fragments, with provenance from continental blocks of uplifted basement (sensu Dickinson, 1985). The heavy mineral assemblages indicate provenance from high-grade metamorphic rocks, derived from aluminous metapelites metamorphosed at high temperatures and low to medium pressures, from granites and from subordinate mafic rocks (metabasites), belonging to the Cabo Frio Tectonic Domain and the Oriental (Costeiro) terrain of the Ribeira orogen. The main sedimentary supply route during late Cretaceous was from southwest to northeast, indicated mainly by the presence of kyanite in the Cabo Frio Domain source-rocks. A possible dispersal pattern from northwest to southeast, coinciding with the Colatina shear zone, can be discarded. The fourth and fifth-order depositional sequences analyzed show no variation in major composition through time, although displaying a discrete variation of the apatite:tourmaline ratio, which thus present potential to be used as a parameter for sandstone correlation within the field. A low ZTR index coupled to the absence of low-grade heavy minerals and meta-sedimentary rock fragments suggest that at late Cretaceous the erosive processes had already removed the supracrustal, low-grade meta-sedimentary rocks, exposing the infracrustal plutonic terrains. The resulting quartz-feldspathic composition favored the quality of the reservoirs. The integrated analysis of compositional data suggests a tectonically-active source-area located close to the basin, where rapid tectonic uplift produced a large amount of sediments under a weathering-limited regime of erosion. Soon after being eroded from the bedrocks, these sediments were transported from short mountain rivers and/or by alluvial fans, directly to deep-water. The high-frequency variation inapatite:tourmaline ratio support direct derivation of Jubarte sandstones from a relatively proximal alluvial system.
Liu, Shaochen. "Water content and geochemistry of the Cenozoic basalts in SE China : implications for enrichment in the mantle source of intra-plate basalts." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0360/document.
The major and trace element contents, Sr-Nd-Pb isotope, H2O contents and the cpx phenocryst O isotope of Cenozoic basalts from 11 places with distinct geological backgrounds in SE China have been measured to decipher the relationship between the possible recycled components and mantle geochemical heterogeneities. Zhejiang basalts erupted in two stages, 20-27Ma and after 11Ma. Their H2O contents range from 1.3-2.6%. The estimated H2O contents of initial basaltic melts for the Shiheng basalts range from 1.3-2.4%; the Bailin diabases have “fake” basaltic melt water contents from 1.9-2.1%; and the Mingxi basalts have initial H2O contents of 0.3-0.5%, in Fujian. H2O content the basalts from Leihuling (LH), Dayang (DY) and Fujitian (FJT) areas in Hainan are 2.7 wt. %, 1.3 wt. %, and 2.6 wt. %. The Xilong basalts from Zhejiang, Mingxi basalts from Fujian and Leihuling basalts from Hainan involved recycled oceanic crust components in the mantle source, while the Gaoping and Shuangcai basalts from Zhejiang, Shiheng, Bailin, and Niutoushan basalts from Fujian as well as the Maanling, Dayang and Fujitian basalts from Hainan involved recycled oceanic sediments and crust components in their mantle source. Overall, the SE China Cenozoic basalts have involved the recycled oceanic materials in their mantle source. The recycled oceanic materials have different existential state and locations, when the geological history of SE China are considered. The subducted Pacific slab most likely effect the composition of mantle in SE China
Canani, Luís Gustavo de Castro. "Diatomáceas perifíticas de cursos d´agua do Parque Estadual de Ibitipoca (PEI), Minas Gerais , Brasil: composição florística." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/142706.
The periphyton is composed by a complex community of organisms adhered to an organic or inorganic substrate, and diatoms (Bacillariophyta) constitute an important part of it. More recent floristic inventories in lotic systems that include benthic diatoms increased the knowledge of the Neosubtropical Neotropical flora for the region, but most environments remains unexplored, especially those with oligotrophic and low pH waters in altitude sites. Such ecosystems in general have a very peculiar flora and are important indicators of water quality. Thus, the present study aimed to contribute to the knowledge of periphytic diatom flora of Ibitipoca State Park, located in the Mantiqueira ridge, in Minas Gerais. As a result, we identified 15 genera, 18 species and two taxonomic varieties. Two new species of Eunotia are proposed and three species of the genus Nupela could not be identified according to the literature, and are probably new to science. Sixteen new records were made for the state of Minas Gerais, including four first occurrences for Brazil. The taxonomic composition of the periphytic diatoms of Ibitipoca State Park share similarities with other oligo-dystrophic environments already surveyed in the Neotropics.
FERNANDES-VANDERLEI, LAZARO. "Etude geochimique des sediments marins actuels d'une cote a plateau continental etroit : exemple des alpes maritimes." Nice, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NICE4120.
Filho, André Palóczy. "Intrusions of South Atlantic Central Water on the Espírito Santo Basin shelf (18ºS-22ºS, Brazil)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/21/21135/tde-28082015-141105/.
Os caminhos e os mecanismos físicos associados ao fenômeno de intrusão da Água Central do Atlântico Sul (ACAS) na plataforma continental da Bacia do Espírito Santo (BES) ao largo da costa sudeste (18°S-22°S) são investigados nesta dissertação. A abordagem consiste da análise de experimentos numéricos de equações primitivas simplificados, combinados com a análise de um modelo numérico mais completo, e com análise de observações disponíveis. Conclui-se que a circulação na direção perpendicular às isóbatas é fortemente dominada pelo vento, de acordo com resultados pretéritos. Nos experimentos numéricos, a ACAS ingressa na plataforma da BES através de dois caminhos preferenciais de intrusão no Embaiamento de Tubarão (ET, 19,5°S-22°S). Estes caminhos de intrusão coincidem com áreas em que uma Força do Gradiente de Pressão na direção paralela às isóbatas (PGFy∗), com magnitude de ∼2 x 10-6 m s-2, se forma em resposta ao vento. A PGFy∗ se encontra essencialmente em balanço geostrófico, e impulsiona um escoamento na direção da costa. A Corrente do Brasil (CB) induz uma PGFy∗ adicional favorável à intrusão. O balanço de momentum revela que o resíduo ageostrófico da PGFy∗ é balanceado principalmente pela advecção de momentum e pelo atrito de fundo. O mecanismo de desligamento da camada de Ekman de fundo por empuxo (tradução livre de buoyancy arrest) pode ser importante em eventos mais intensos de intrusão de ACAS, em razão das estimativas do número de Burger de inclinação (tradução livre de slope Burger number) observado (0,32-0,92). O efeito de soerguimento da termoclina ligado à CB aparenta diminuir em ∼1,4 °C a temperatura da água que aflora em eventos de ressurgência costeira. A CB também parece produzir intrusões locais na borda da plataforma por efeitos inerciais, de acordo com as estimativas de ∼0,3-0,5 para o número de Rossby ao longo da borda da plataforma. Por fim, o efeito β planetário também é associado a uma PGFy∗ básica na direção do equador. Adicionalmente, a resposta estacionária da plataforma continental a um campo de pressão periódico ao longo da borda da plataforma é comparada com as soluções numéricas. Um simples modelo analítico do tipo Onda Topográfica Aprisionada (OTA, tradução livre de Arrested Topographic Wave) representa as características gerais das soluções numéricas. As escalas de decaimento Neperiano (e) na direção perpendicular à plataforma estimadas a partir das soluções numéricas são comparáveis à escala de penetração q-1 = [-2r/(lfs)]½ = 10 km prevista pela OTA, onde r é um coeficiente linear de atrito de fundo, l é o número de onda da forçante, f é o parâmetro de Coriolis e s é a inclinação do fundo. O uso de uma parametrização quadrática para o atrito de fundo prevê parte da diminuição da e. A escala de penetração quadrática é qquadratic-1 = [-2CD/(lfs)]½[Ubot]½, onde CD é um coeficiente quadrático de atrito de fundo e Ubot é a magnitude da velocidade próxima ao fundo. Este tipo de resposta estacionária da plataforma a uma forçante periódica ligada ao oceano profundo pode ajudar a elucidar processos físicos em outras plataformas continentais que se encontram sob a influência de correntes de limite oeste.
Dadalto, Tatiana Pinheiro. "Distribuição do material particulado em suspensão na plataforma continental e talude superior entre Ubatuba (SP) e o cabo Búzios (RJ)." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5006.
A pesquisa aqui apresentada amostrou a plataforma continental e talude superior entre Ubatuba (SP) e o cabo Búzios (RJ), em dois projetos de escala local e de meso-escala. A campanha entre Ubatuba e o cabo Frio foi realizada no âmbito do projeto Oceano-Rio: levantamentos oceanográficos integrados ao largo do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, realizado em colaboração com o Ministério de Ciência e Tecnologia (MCT) e com a cooperação da Marinha do Brasil (MB), a bordo do Navio Hidro-oceanográfico Cruzeiro do Sul. Dos dados coletados nesta campanha oceanográfica, foram analisados os dados de CTD, concentração de oxigênio dissolvido, fluorescência, transmissividade, atenuação, retro-espalhamento além de amostras de água para a determinação direta da concentração de material particulado em suspensão (MPS). No experimento de menor escala, entre o cabo Frio e o cabo Búzios, além destes dados, foi realizado um fundeio entre 02 e 30 de julho de 2011, que amostrou a intensidade do eco, as correntes e as ondas. As análises realizadas permitiram observar uma grande abrangência da massa dágua característica da Ressurgência sobre a plataforma continental entre Ubatuba (SP) e cabo Búzios (RJ), inclusive em regiões muito rasas. A ressurgência nem sempre ocorreu associada aos ventos NE, sugerindo que a ocorrência de vórtices tem grande influência sobre o Sistema de Ressurgência de Cabo Frio. O padrão de distribuição de MPS na região é muito influenciado pela ressuspensão dos sedimentos de fundo (aumentada durante as tempestades, quando a coluna dágua passa a apresentar maiores concentrações de MPS), produção fitoplanctônica e aporte das baías costeiras. Outros processos que parecem influenciar este padrão são os vórtices e as ondas internas no talude. A complexidade da interação destas diferentes fontes de MPS e processos associados à sua distribuição ficou evidenciada no processo de conversão dos sinais óticos do transmissômetro e nefelômetro em concentração de MPS. Apesar desta dificuldade associada à grande variabilidade das características do MPS, as análises dos testes de conversão do sinal ótico em concentração de MPS permitem concluir que as melhores conversões podem ser obtidas após a inspeção visual das concentrações de MPS medidos (filtração) e remoção das amostras que não seguem a tendência geral esperada de dispersão sinal ótico versus concentração de MPS.
The research presented here sampled the continental shelf and upper slope from Ubatuba (SP) to Búzios cape (RJ) on two projects at local and meso-scale. The cruise between Cape Frio and Ubatuba was performed under the project Oceano-Rio: levantamentos oceanográficos integrados ao largo do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, conducted in collaboration with the Ministry of Science and Technology (MCT) and the Brazilian Navy aboard the Cruzeiro do Sul Hydro-Oceanographic vessel. Of oceanographic data collected in this campaign, we analyzed data from CTD, dissolved oxygen, fluorescence, transmissivity, attenuation, back-scattering as well as water samples for the direct determination of the concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM). In the experiment between Cabo Frio and Búzios capes, in addition to these data, an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) was positioned near the bottom and collected data from the echo intensity, currents and waves, between 02 and 30 July 2011. The analysis allowed to observe a wide range of water mass characteristic of upwelling on the continental shelf from Ubatuba (SP) to Búzios cape (RJ), even in very shallow regions. The resurgence was not always associated with the NE winds, suggesting that the occurrence of vortices has a great influence on the Upwelling System of Cabo Frio. The distribution pattern of SPM in the region is strongly influenced by resuspension of bottom sediments (enhanced during storms, when the water column begins to show higher concentrations of SPM), phytoplankton production and supply of coastal bays. Other processes that seem to influence this pattern are the vortices and internal waves on the slope. The complexity of the interaction of these different sources of MPS and processes associated with its distribution was evident in the process of converting the optical signals (transmissivity, attenuation and back-scattering) at a concentration of SPM. Despite this difficulty associated with the high variability of the characteristics of the SPM, the analysis of several tests that were carried out to convert optical signals into concentrations of SPM revealed that significantly improved results may be achieved after visual inspection of the directly determined values (through filtration of water samples) and removal of samples that do not follow the expected trend in regressions of the optical signals against concentrations.
Barbosa, Romina Vanessa. "Modelagem de Adequabilidade de Habitat de Corais Azooxantelados na Margem Continental do Brasil, com ênfase na Bacia de Campos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/21/21134/tde-21022017-145718/.
In this thesis I studied the deep-sea coral distribution along the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean and the effect of the environmental variables resolution on habitat suitability models (HSM). In the second chapter, I developed HSM based on the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) algorithm to identify the potential distribution of deep-water corals. To perform the models, I have used species presence data from existing datasets together with new species records and global environmental variables. I used the main environmental variables to identify suitable areas by modeling niches of different coral taxa. The studied taxa were Scleractinia and Octocorallia, as well as four reef-forming scleractinian species (Solenosmilia variabilis, Lophelia pertusa, Madrepora oculata and Enallopsammia rostrata), and two non-reef-building scleractinians (Cladocora debilis and Deltocyathus spp.). Furthermore, I used multivariate approach to compare their environmental occupied niche in order to assess the spatial niche overlap and test niche similarity and equivalence. The resulting cold-water coral models showed that the most suitable areas occur along the west and southwestern continental margin of Brazil, which permitted to determine areas of priority for future exploration/research to determine conservation areas. Specific environmental niches suggested lower tolerance to high temperatures for Scleractinia than for Octocorallia. Besides, octocorals occupied a wider range of the environmental gradient, which was mainly related to particulate organic carbon, oxygen and temperature. This probably enables them to inhabit the northern part of Brazil where scleratinian models classified as poor habitats for this group. In addition, the Southwestern Brazilian continental margin encloses the most suitable habitats for deep reef-building species. This has important implications for conservation plans in that area already facing gas and oil exploitation and probably future mineral extraction. On the other hand, results suggest that different scleractinian cold-water coral species occupy similar environmental niches and, for this reason, I concluded that changes in environmental conditions, such as those associated to climate change, may affect them all. However, their niches are not equivalent and this suggests that each environmental factor could affect each species in different ways. In the third chapter, I performed HSM based on Maximum Entropy for Solenosmilia variabilis, Lophelia pertusa, Madrepora oculata and Enallopsammia rostrata with two different environmental variables resolution, a low (i.e., a coarse resolution data with pixel size of ca. 1000 m2) and a high resolution (pixel of ca. 100 m2) to determine the effect of the environmental variables resolution on habitat suitability model performances and spatial extent of predicted suitable areas. From the final suitability maps, the changes in area extent depending of both resolution models were measured based in different thresholds. The results showed different performances of the models depending on data resolution, with higher performance at higher resolution. Furthermore, the predicted area varied between resolutions and threshold chosen. These results highlight the importance of environmental variables resolution and their implications for the use of HSM in planning and managing Marine Protected Areas (MPAs).
Nutz, Alexis. "La déglaciation du bassin du Lac Saint-Jean (Wisconsinien/Holocène, Québec, Canada) : enregistrement d'une régression forcée glacio-isostatique et de l'hydrodynamique d'un système fermé contrôlé par le vent." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAH016/document.
In this study, a certain number of continental enclosed basins including several depositional systems such as lakes, inland seas or lagoons have been grouped in a new sort of sedimentary system referred to as Wind driven Water Body. To characterize the sedimentary evolution and record of a WWB basin, an integrated sedimentological study has been carried out on the quaternary Saint-Jean basin (Québec, Canada) based on field onshore geology and offshore geophysics (CHIRP 2D).At the system-tract scale, the glacial to paraglacial sedimentation and the glacio-isostatic rebound controlled at first-order the lithofacies succession and large-scale architectures to generate an original Falling Stage System Tract (FSST). Within this FSST, since 8.5 cal. ka BP a WWB related sedimentary evolution overprinted the glacial to paraglacial evolution. This expressed in the form of the emplacement of an important coastal dynamics, occasionally accompanied by a lake-scale hydrodynamics at the origins of bottom currents during strong wind to storm events.Finally, the sedimentological analysis of the Saint-Jean basin brought numerous interpretations related to (1) the sedimentary evolution of WWB systems and (2) deglaciation sequences in previously glaciated domains. In addition, this work supplements the regional quaternary framework concerning the latest deglaciation evolution in southeast Quebec
Keune, Jessica [Verfasser]. "Integrated terrestrial simulations at the continental scale : Impact of groundwater dynamics and human water use on groundwater-to-atmosphere feedbacks during the European heatwave in 2003 / Jessica Keune." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1188732455/34.
Colombo, Pedro. "Modelling dense water flows through sills in large scale realistic ocean models : demonstrating the potential of a hybrid geopotential/terrain-following vertical coordinate." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAU017/document.
Overflows play an important role distributing the heat and salt fluxes in the ocean, feeding deep boundary currents and most of the world ocean deep waters. Therefore, an unrealistic representation of overflows in global models may have impacts over many aspects of the simulated state of the ocean.To achieve a realistic representation of overflows is still a challenge for ocean modelling. This work addresses this problem using the community ocean general circulation model NEMO with a regional configuration of the Denmark Strait Overflow (DSO) at eddying resolutions. This work first proposes a definition of the DSO in order to characterize its associated water masses and to find the main caveats in a control simulation that uses the most standard parameters of the commonly used global configurations of NEMO (e.g. Drakkar configurations).Thanks to this definition we then study the impacts on the DSO of a large number of model parameters through a range of eddy-permitting to eddy-resolving resolutions (e.g. 1/12° and 1/60°) in the classic z-coordinate system used in NEMO. Main findings were found increasing the horizontal and vertical resolution, but most model parameters have no significant impacts. In particular it was found that increasing vertical resolution without using a coherent horizontal resolution degrades the solution. The main reason is the EVD parameterisation that propagates the dense vein of fluid along a grid-slope, instead the topographic slope. Coherent and very high resolution both in the horizontal and in the vertical is needed in order to resolve Ekman bottom boundary layer dynamics and keep the EVD localized to the very bottom.We also study the representation of the DSO with a hybrid terrain-following (s) and geopotential (z) coordinate system and obtained considerable improvements for a relatively small increase in computational cost. Finally, we propose a mixed s-z vertical coordinate that relies on a local implementation of s-coordinates within the z-coordinate model, limited to the area where DSO waters are produced. This local implementation is such that it minimizes the effects of pressure gradient errors linked to this type of coordinate, smoothly connects to the global z-coordinate, and does not add any significant computational cost. The improvement of the DSO is found to be drastic.This work emphasizes the utility of adapting the vertical coordinate system to the main physical problem. A modeling challenge would be to have a vertical coordinate system that is locally adapted to the most critical ocean process
Gu, Xiaoyan. "Melt-rock interaction signatures in peridotite from sub-continental mantle (French Massif Central) : A trace element, H, Li and δ7Li approach". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0052/document.
Peridotite xenoliths sampled from two volcanoes erupting in different modes in two localities, Allègre and Mont Coupet, in the southern domain of the French Massif Central (FMC), have been investigated to constrain the evolution of the sub-continental lithospheric mantle beneath the FMC and the behaviors of Li and H during melt-rock reactions. To answer these questions, a set of 6 representative xenoliths was selected for each locality, and described for their mineralogy and petrography. In-situ measurements were then performed for major and trace elements in Ol, Cpx and Amp when existing, via EPMA and LA-ICP-MS respectively, for Li concentrations and isotopic compositions in pyroxenes and Ol (via SIMS), and water concentrations in minerals (via FTIR and SIMS). Negative HFSE anomalies and markedly high LREE/HREE ratios reflect a carbonatite-related metasomatism following an earlier partial melting process in the lithospheric mantle under Allègre. The Ti and Nb negative anomalies in Cpx from all the Mont Coupet samples and Zr-Hf negative anomalies in Cpx from two most strongly metasomatized samples MC38 and MC34 also point to a carbonatite-related mantle metasomatism. Amp in samples MC36 and MC53, whose origin should be associated with fluids from the subducting slab, have equilibrated most of the trace element composition with coexisting Cpx and the modal metasomatism responsible for the Amp genesis haven’t refertilized Cpx in LREE and LILE. Lithium isotope systematics indicates that Allègre xenoliths were overprinted by (at least) a two-stage metasomatism by melts of different origins. Exceptionally high Li concentrations in Cpx (up to 50 ppm by weight) and slightly increased Li contents at Ol rims are ascribed to a diffusive Li uptake from infiltrating melts derived from the host magma. On the other hand, extremely light Li isotopic compositions preserved in Ol cores (with δ7Li as low as -25‰) suggest another metasomatic event prior to xenolith entrainment by the host magma. In contrast, xenoliths from Mont Coupet have Li concentrations in constituent minerals similar to the normal mantle, and display nearly equilibrated inter-mineral Li partitioning and homogeneous intragranular Li distribution in every phase. The negative δ7Li values of Cpx and Opx in some samples were brought by the exchange with a small-volume melt with Li concentration similar to the normal mantle and light Li isotopic compositions. The preservation of inter-mineral large Li isotopic fractionation currently observed in these samples indicates that the percolation of the melt should occur shortly prior to the entrainment of Mont Coupet peridotite xenoliths by the host magmas. The metasomatic agents, accounting for negative δ7Li values in Ol cores in Allègre xenoliths and in Cpx and Opx in some Mont Coupet xenoliths, are related to a subduction environment. In the regional framework of the FMC, the subduction event most likely occurred during the Variscan orogeny. Water content in Allègre xenoliths ranges from 10.6 to 12.4 ppm in weight, much lower than the water content in the MORB source mantle. It implies that water were lost during the degassing of the host magma during slow cooling of the lava lake. No core-rim variations from profile analysis suggest that xenoliths have achieved water diffusive equilibrium with the host magmas. Peridotite xenoliths from Mont Coupet have retained their original water content from the mantle depths. Partial melting has controlled the water content in most samples from Mont Coupet. However, the subsequent carbonatite-related metasomatism has affected the sample MC34, which had the highest water content among the Mont Coupet xenoliths. And the aqueous agent responsible for presence of Amp in samples MC36 and MC53 has not lead to the considerable increase of water content
Gomes, Melina Franchini. ""Variações espaciais e sazonais na composição e estrutura da comunidade macrobêntica na Plataforma Continental e Talude Superior de Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/21/21131/tde-17102006-132042/.
The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the composition and spatial and seasonal structure of the macrobenthic fauna off Cabo Frio (RJ). The temporal scale was investigated in the light of the seasonal coastal upwelling. This phenomenon occurs due to changes in bottom topography and in the coastline direction, and specially, because of the prevailing seasonal NE winds in the area. The interaction of these factors enables the South Atlantic Central Water (SACW) to rise up and reaches the surface, intensively during the summer months. Large amounts of nutrients are then brought to the euphotic zone, enhancing primary productivity. This high productivity increases food supply for benthic communities by sinking of particulate organic carbon. In this way, the benthic communities are an important link in the ecosystem. The density of organisms, biomass, species richness and evenness and also the trophic group of Polychaeta were analyzed in a depth gradient from 40 to 1000m during the 2001 winter and 2002 summer and spring. Faunal distributional patterns and species composition correlated with environmental variables, especially depth and sediment types. The faunal structure also showed temporal changes along the sample period, especially in the stations located in the continental shelf due to the input of organic matter to the sea floor.
Marcon, Gabrielli Teresa Gadens. "Inferências paleoambientais e paleoclimáticas para o quaternário continental do sul do Brasil baseadas em análises de palinofácies e de geoquímica orgânica de ambientes influenciados por diferentes regimes hidrológicos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/131968.
The present research focuses on the interpretation of the palynofacies and organic geochemistry analyses performed on three sedimentary cores (T1, T2 and T3) from continental wetlands influenced by different hydrological regimes in the sub-tropical climatic belt during the Quaternary in southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul State), with the main goal of demonstrating the usefulness of these analyses for obtaining paleoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental data. Palynofacies analysis was performed for the cores T1-Mina do Museu (7963 years before present - BP) and T2-Mina Modelo (9542 years BP) from Ametista do Sul, and for the T3-Iraí core (10586 years BP) from Iraí and revealed a high dominance of the Phytoclast Group. The Palynomorph is the second most dominant group and the Amorphous Product is the least abundant group. This kind of analysis was particularly effective in the interpretations of rainfall events and vegetation succession in Ametista do Sul, because the hydrological isolation renders the ephemeral ponds at high altitude highly sensitive to climatic effects. The fluctuations in the water depth are inferred from the concentration of the autochthonous elements (especially Botryoccocus and other algae), which predominate in the basal intervals and tend to decrease progressively towards the top. Pseudoschizaea, in its turn, appears to act as a biological marker for transitional intervals. The increasing frequency and variety of the terrestrial sporomorphs in the topmost interval indicate an increased vegetal diversity and is most likely related to the process of successional evolution of the area. For Ametista do Sul, the results allowed to determine that the oscillations in the moisture pattern resulted in the intermittent feature of pond water level and this may reflect the regional climate changes or perhaps the global scale changes related to the Bond events. In Iraí, the better represented organic fraction consists of elements derived from terrestrial plants, a characteristic typical of organic matter preserved in peat bogs. This kind of wetland never dried completely, since the moisture content was subsidized by different factors, such as the groundwater, the flood events of the Uruguay River and the rainfall water. The very low occurrence of algae, however, indicates that the water was not deep enough for the development of algalic biomass, although the anoxic, reducing environment may also have limited the expansion of this group. The organic geochemistry parameters were particularly useful for interpretation of anoxia events and changes of hydrological regimes in the peaty sediment. The total organic carbon (TOC) and the total sulfur (TS) contents are higher in the basal portion of the profile, decreasing towards the top and could be linked to hydrologic regimes or to anthropogenic interference in the landscape dynamics. The anomalous TS content observed in one of the samples from Iraí might be due to an external source and perhaps related to the presence of thermal springs in the region. The present research has potential as a modern reference that can be applied in the reconstruction of past analogous continental paleoenvironments associated to wetland areas in subtropical belts.
Sá, Sara Maria Fardilha Alves de. "Floating debris in the Portuguese continental offshore waters." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/12737.
Floating marine debris are present throughout the oceans and may have negative impacts on marine fauna, such as entanglement, ingestion and transport of exotic species. The present work aims at obtaining estimates of abundance and density of floating marine debris and vessels, as well as their spatial distributions along the entire study area. It also aims at identifying areas of spatial overlap between marine debris, cetaceans and vessels. The sighting surveys were performed during the summer of 2011, aboard the sailing vessel Santa Maria Manuela. This campaign was part of the project LIFE+ MARPRO - Conservation of marine protected species in Mainland Portugal, and the study area ranged between the 50 and the 220 nautical miles west of Portugal mainland, covering an area of about 252833 Km2. The survey was conducted along line transects, following a methodology that allowed to using conventional distance sampling methods to estimate the abundance and density of floating marine debris and vessels. Mean density (objects per km2) of debris in the study area overall was 2.96 objects per km2 and the total abundance was 747720 floating pieces. Floating plastic was the most common type of debris. In respect of vessels, mean density was 0.0013434 vessels per km2 and the estimated total abundance was 340 vessels.
Os detritos flutuantes estão presentes em todos os oceanos do mundo, podendo ter impactos negativos na fauna marinha, tais como o enredamento, ingestão e o transporte de espécies exóticas. O presente trabalho tem como objectivos obter estimativas de abundância e densidade de detritos flutuantes e navios, assim como as suas distribuições espaciais ao longo da área de estudo e tentar identificar áreas de sobreposição espacial entre os detritos, a cetáceos e os navios. A pesquisa foi realizada durante o verão de 2011, a bordo do veleiro Santa Maria Manuela. Esta campanha faz parte do projecto LIFE+ MARPRO – Conservação de espécies marinhas protegidas em Portugal continental, e a região abrangida desde as 50 às 220 milhas náuticas totalizou uma área de 252833 Km2. A pesquisa foi realizada ao longo de transectos lineares, seguindo uma metodologia que permitiu usar métodos convencionais de distance sampling para estimar a abundância e densidade dos detritos flutuantes e navios. A densidade média dos detritos em toda a área de estudo foi 2.96 objectos por km2 e a abundância total foi 747720 objectos flutuantes. O plástico flutuante foi o tipo de detrito mais comum. No que diz respeito aos navios, a densidade média obtida foi 0.0013434 embarcações por km2 e a abundância total foi 340 embarcações.
Elias, Carmen Lopes. "Effect of global changes and spatial scale on diatom communities of temperate rivers: dealing with implications in bioassessment." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/22393.
Diatoms are generally the most frequent and abundant algae in streams and are known by their responsiveness to changes in the environmental conditions of streams. Diatoms are frequently the only biological quality element representative of the aquatic flora in small streams. As a result, diatoms are nowadays a mandatory biological element in the evaluation of the ecological quality of European rivers, according to the Water Framework Directive. Nevertheless, there is still a relative lack of knowledge of key effects of global changes and spatial scale on diatoms. To bridge this gap, this work aims to study the effect of relevant global changes as well as spatial scale on diatom communities of temperate rivers and to deal with its implications in bioassessment. The relevant global changes were assessed in streams from the central Portuguese littoral region which is highly populated and suffers from high anthropogenic impacts. The effect of spatial scale on diatom communities was investigated by a laboratorial experiment (mesocosm experiment) and by using diatom data from temperate regions of the United States of America and Australia. In order to achieve the main aim, three global questions were raised: (1) How to deal with the historical anthropogenic influences in the bioassessment?; (2) Are extreme events due to climatic changes reflected in diatom communities? A comparison with macroinvertebrate communities; (3) How are diatom communities influenced at the spatial scale (small-scale: habitats; large-scale: inter-continental). A strong anthropogenic influence on the streams and rivers of the Portuguese littoral region was confirmed as well as the lack of true reference sites. Sites in the Least Disturbed Condition (LDC) had considerable high nutrient concentrations. As the strong anthropogenic pressures (e.g., alteration of the riparian vegetation, morphological condition and sediment load) prevented an adequate definition of reference conditions for streams in this area an alternative procedure to define suitable reference conditions was investigated, consisting of a combination of modelling and filter approach. This procedure is suitable to deal with the implications of global changes on diatom and on macroinvertebrate communities. The communities observed in the different streams were less homogeneous than those predicted for the same streams under reference conditions (i.e., through the filter approach), as would be expected in sites having variable levels of anthropogenic change. Along with the development of this new approach a new multimetric diatom index was developed. This index produced strong correlations with the selected pressures, providing a more comprehensive assessment of biological quality than the Indice de Polluosensibilité Spécifique (IPS) officially adopted for Portugal. To answer the second global question a smaller set of streams were used within the Portuguese littoral region that were affected by an unusual drought event that lead to the complete drying of the stream channels. Diatoms, as well as macroinvertebrates, were affected by the drought event considering trait proportions, community’s composition and bioassessment classifications. However, the diatom communities had a faster recovery response than macroinvertebrates. The type of substrate – hard and soft –representing the small spatial scale affected diatom communities by changing its composition and trait proportions but not water quality classification in a mesocosm experiment. However, the differences found in the epipsammic and epilithic diatom communities in the streams that were used to answer the first global question were more evident than those found in the mesocosm experiment. In fact, with the mesocosm results, and under the same physical and chemical conditions the IPS differences between substrates disappeared contrasting with the differences that were found in the streams. Additionally, the diatom communities were different between continents with the same type of climate, suggesting that diatom communities are also influenced at the large-scale (even at the order level). Therefore, constraints other than climate are likely to have contributed to the inter-continental differences in diatom community composition found at all taxonomical levels (e.g., geology, historical biogeographic processes and hydrology). On the whole, the results obtained during this study bring new information and new approaches to deal with the bioassessment. However, some more work must be done in order to investigate e.g., based in the global warming predictions, the effects of the temperature increase, on the water quality assessment based on diatom communities.
As diatomáceas são as algas que se encontram mais frequentemente e em maior abundância em cursos de água doce. São conhecidas pela capacidade dos diferentes taxa responderem a variações das condições ambientais dos rios e por serem frequentemente o único elemento de qualidade biológica representativo da flora aquática em pequenos rios e ribeiras. Em consequência destas características, e de acordo com a Directiva Quadro da Água, as diatomáceas são presentemente um dos elementos biológicos obrigatórios na avaliação da qualidade ecológica dos rios europeus. No entanto, ainda existe algum desconhecimento acerca dos efeitos das alterações globais e da escala espacial nas diatomáceas. Para colmatar esta lacuna, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar o efeito de alterações globais relevantes e da escala espacial nas comunidades de diatomáceas de rios temperados assim como estudar a melhor forma de lidar com as suas implicações na biomonitorização. O efeito das alterações globais foi estudado em rios e ribeiras da região centro litoral de Portugal continental dado tratar-se de uma região densamente povoada e sujeita a impactos antropogénicos significativos. O efeito da escala espacial nas comunidades de diatomáceas foi investigado através de uma experiência laboratorial (mesocosmos) e também com recurso a informação estatística de comunidades de diatomáceas de várias regiões temperadas, incluindo as costas ocidentais dos Estados Unidos da América e da Austrália. De modo atingir o objetivo principal deste trabalho, três questões globais foram colocadas: (1) Como lidar com as influências antrópicas históricas na biomonitorização?; (2) Será que as comunidades de diatomáceas reflectem os eventos extremos causados pelas alterações climáticas? Uma comparação com as comunidades de macroinvertebrados; (3) Como são as comunidades de diatomáceas influenciadas pela escala espacial (pequena escala: habitats; grande escala: inter-continental). Verificou-se uma influência antropogénica considerável nos rios e ribeiras da região centro litoral de Portugal continental assim como a inexistência de verdadeiros locais de referência. Mesmo os locais considerados como estando em condições de menor perturbação apresentaram concentrações de nutrientes consideravelmente elevadas na água. Uma vez que as fortes pressões antropogénica (p.e., alteração da vegetação ripária, condição morfológica e carga de sedimentos) não permitiram o estabelecimento de condições de referência adequadas para os rios desta região, foi proposto um procedimento alternativo baseado numa combinação de dois métodos – modelação e filtros ambientais. A aplicação deste procedimento na definição de condições de referência revelou-se útil para lidar com os efeitos das alterações globais na biomonitorização com recurso a comunidades de diatomáceas e macroinvertebrados. De facto, como seria de esperar, as comunidades observadas em rios sujeitos a alterações antropogénicas revelaram-se menos homogéneas do que as previstas em condições de referência para esses mesmos rios, i.e., através da aplicação dos referidos filtros ambientais. Em conjunto com o desenvolvimento deste novo procedimento, foi também proposto um novo índice multimétrico de diatomáceas. Este novo índice revelou-se fortemente correlacionado com as pressões selecionadas, fornecendo uma avaliação da qualidade biológica mais abrangente do que o índice oficial adotado por Portugal, o Indice de Polluosensibilité spécifique (IPS). Para responder à segunda questão global apenas um subconjunto de ribeiras da região litoral de Portugal foi selecionado, o qual engloba as ribeiras cujos leitos secaram durante uma vaga de calor invulgar que ocorreu em Portugal em 2011/2012. Verificou-se que, de facto, quer as comunidades de diatomáceas quer de macroinvertebrados foram afetadas pelo evento de seca extrema tendo-se observado alterações ao nível das proporções de traits, composição e a classificação da qualidade biológica. No entanto, as diatomáceas apresentaram uma recuperação significativamente mais rápida que os macroinvertebrados. Os tipos de substratos usados na experiência de mesocosmos realizada neste trabalho (duro vs. macio; pequena escala espacial) também mostraram afetar as comunidades de diatomáceas, uma vez que houve diferenças quer na sua composição quer nas proporções de traits. Esta resposta ao tipo de substrato foi mais evidente em condições físico-químicas controladas do que aquela sugerida pelas diferenças entre as comunidades epipsâmicas e epilíticas dos rios monitorizados neste trabalho. Não obstante, durante a experiência de mesocosmos verificou-se que ao nível de IPS as diferenças entre substratos não eram relevantes quando comparadas com as que se haviam verificado nos rios. As diferenças observadas entre as comunidades de diatomáceas dos vários continentes (Europa, América e Austrália) sugerem que variações ao nível da grande escala também ocasionam diferenças nas comunidades, apesar de influenciados pelo mesmo tipo de clima. Isto sugere que outros factores para além do clima (p.e., geologia, processos biogeográficos históricos e hidrologia) podem ter contribuído para as diferenças inter-continentais verificadas ao nível da composição das comunidades de diatomáceas, a todos os níveis taxonómicos estudados. De um modo geral, os resultados obtidos durante este estudo trazem novas informações e novas abordagens para lidar com a biomonitorização. No entanto, mais trabalho será necessário a fim de investigar, por exemplo, os efeitos do aumento da temperatura previstos devido ao aquecimento global na avaliação da qualidade da água com base em comunidades de diatomáceas.
RAMIREZ, CAROLINE. "Contribution à l'étude des ondes internes non-linéaires en milieu tournant." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10221.
Bariac, Thierry. "Les isotopes stables (**(18)o, **(2)h) de l'eau dans le continuum sol-plante-atmosphere : consequence pour la vapeur d'eau atmospherique." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066040.
Rosa, Ricardo Granés Tavares Duarte. "Índices de seca. Aplicação ao continente português." Master's thesis, ISA/UTL, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/4488.
The Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) was tested along with two indices resulting from modifying its original formulation, one concerning the replacement of the Thornthwaite equation to compute potential evapotranspiration (ETP) by the FAO Penman-Monteith method, and the other consisting in replacing the soil water balance model and the ETP computation that passes to correspond to the ETP of an olive orchard, generating a new index: the MedPDSI. A factor for the normalization of the index, the climate characteristic (K), was reviewed and the index was calibrated for each analyzed location. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) for the 9 and 12 month time-scales was also tested and compared with the three variants of the PDSI. The results revealed that the modification of K improved the standardization of the PDSI and that the calibration produced statistically improved results. It was found that the MedPDSI anticipates the initiation of droughts over the original PDSI, either with ETP Thornthwaite or with ETP FAO Penman-Monteith, and tends to classify droughts more severely than the first. The use of 9 month time-scale in the SPI is the one that best relates to the PDSI, since it clearly anticipates the onset of droughts relative to the 12 month scale.
Prigge, Enno [Verfasser]. "Factors challenging the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) stock recovery in continental waters / Enno Prigge." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1031667016/34.
Ratilal, Purnima 1971. "Remote sensing of submerged objects and geomorphology in continental shelf waters with acoustic waveguide scattering." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/91377.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 347-354).
The long range imaging of submerged objects, seafloor and sub-seafloor geomorphology in continental shelf waters using an active sonar system is explored experimentally and theoretically. A unified model for 3-D object scattering and reverberation that takes into account the coupling between propagation and scattering in a stratified medium is developed from wave theory. The conditions necessary for scattering in a waveguide to become diffuse is derived directly from Green's Theorem. Simulations with the unified model indicate that the detection of submerged target echoes above diffuse seafloor reverberation is highly dependent upon waveguide properties, bandwidth, array aperture, measurement geometry, and the scattering properties of the target. Analysis with the unified model shows that it is theoretically plausible for coherent returns from the scattering of evanescent waves by extended but discrete sub-bottom geologic features to stand significantly above diffuse or incoherent returns arising from small-scale roughness of the waveguide boundaries. A long-range bistatic sonar system was deployed in a field experiment and used to image extensive networks of buried river channels and inclined sub-seafloor strata over tens of kilometers in nearreal time. Such a capability is of great advantage in geophysical applications. Since buried river channels are expected to be ubiquitous in continental shelf environments, sub-seafloor geomorphology will play a major role in producing "false alarms" or cluster in long-range sonar systems that search for submerged objects such as underwater vehicles.
(cont.) A generalized extinction theorem for object scattering in a stratified medium is derived that can be applied to detect and classify objects from the total field in the forward scatter direction in a waveguide. Analytic expressions are derived for the attenuation and dispersion in the forward propagated field due to scattering from random surface and volume inhomogeneities in a waveguide. The unified model is applied to show that the active sonar equation is not in general valid for scattering in a waveguide. It is shown that the sonar equation may be made approximately valid in a waveguide by lowering the active frequency of operation sufficiently for the given measurement scenario to simplify analysis for target classification and localization.
by Purnima Ratilal.
Ph.D.
Duval, Bastien. "Ecodynamics of trace metals and metalloids in Pyrenean lakes in relation to climate change and anthropogenic pressure." Thesis, Pau, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PAUU3046.
The management and conservation of Pyrenean high mountain lakes within the current context of climate change and increasing anthropogenic pressure require detailed knowledge of their biogeochemical functioning. In this doctoral thesis, five sampling campaigns were carried out (2017-2019) in more than 20 alpine lakes. The analysis of water samples allowed us to study the occurrence, the depth profiles, the geographical distribution and the seasonal trends of a large array of physico-chemical and biogeochemical parameters. Specifically, the cycle of carbon dioxide (CO2) and the fate of Potentially Harmful Trace Elements (PHTEs) were investigated. The mercury (Hg) was specially studied through the development of an analytical procedure for the measurement of trace concentrations in natural waters and through biogeochemical investigations on the distribution and the fate of Hg species in the water column, as well as in sediment archives.The new and robust procedure developed in this work to measure the total alkalinity (TA) and the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) allowed us to determine the other two parameters of the CO2 system, the pH and the fugacity of CO2 (fCO2). The bedrock characteristics of the watershed appear to be the most important parameters influencing the acid status of the studied lakes. Moreover, obtained fCO2 values indicate that lakes are sources of CO2 for the atmosphere.The measurement of various physico-chemical parameters allowed us to discriminate and classify the studied lakes according to their water geochemistry, highlighting the importance of the trophic status of the lakes, the geological background and the atmospheric inputs. The occurrence, sources and behaviour of the PHTEs were investigated with evidence of a contrast between geological and atmospheric inputs. Intensive monitoring revealed some PHTEs to be highly sensitive to environmental changes such as temperature and redox conditions.Monitoring natural concentrations of total Hg in aquatic systems remains a difficult challenge and there is a need for the development of low cost and easy handling analytical methods. The method for analysis of trace Hg concentrations developed and optimized in this work was successfully operational and exhibits a suitable limit of detection and an excellent reproducibility. Hg speciation results in the water column demonstrated the pristine state and the dynamic of the Pyrenean lakes. The homogeneity in the non-gaseous total Hg concentrations in the studied lakes confirmed the absence of local sources and the potential use of these ecosystems as sentinels of regional to global Hg contamination. While inorganic mercury (iHg) did not show seasonal variations, monomethylmercury(MMHg) was significantly higher in autumn 2018 and dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) varied strongly within and among lakes. In-situ experiments confirmed the conditions that promote Hg methylation (stratified anoxic waters), demethylation and photoreduction (intense UV light).The historical Hg record in sediment archives highlighted temporal trends in Hg accumulation rates (HgARs) with a progressive increase since the 16th Century and the industrialization, mirroring the Hg production in Almadén mines (Southern Spain). Besides, Hg stable isotopes allow the identification of distinct anthropogenic sources as well as past climate variability.Overall, environmental changes in lake ecosystems, induced by either climatic conditions (temperature, light intensity) or anthropogenic pressure (atmospheric inputs, eutrophication, atmospheric CO2) are likely to produce significant impacts among CO2, specific PHTEs and Hg biogeochemical cycles in mountainous ecosystems
Behera, Abhinna. "Vers l’Extrapolation à l’échelle continentale de l’impact des overshoots sur le bilan de l’eau stratosphérique." Thesis, Reims, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REIMS011/document.
This dissertation aims at laying a foundation on upscaling work of the impact of stratospheric overshooting convection (SOC) on the water vapor budget in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) and lower stratosphere at a continental scale.To do so, we take advantage of the TRO-Pico field campaign measurements held at Bauru, Brazil, during two wet/convective seasons in 2012 and 2013, and perform accordingly several numerical simulations of the TTL which encompass through a large part of south America using the BRAMS mesoscale model.Firstly, we adopt a strategy of simulating a full wet season without considering SOC. This simulation is then evaluated for other typical key features (e.g., TTL temperature, convective clouds, gravity wave) of the TTL. In the absence of SOC and before upscaling its impact, we demonstrate that the model has a fair enough ability to reproduce a typical TTL. The importance of large-scale upwelling in comparison to the finite-scale deep convective processes is then discussed.Secondly, from fine scale BRAMS simulations of an observational case of SOC during TRO-Pico, we deduce physical parameters (mass flux, ice mass budget, SOC size) that will be used to set a nudging of the SOC impact in large-scale simulations. A typical maximum impact of about 2kt of water vapor, and 6kt of ice per SOC cell is computed. This estimation is 30% lower for another microphysical setup of the model. We also show that the stratospheric hydration by SOC is mainly due to two types of hydrometeors in the model
Marrec, Pierre. "Dynamics of the carbonate system and air-sea CO2 fluxes in western European shelf waters : a multi-scale approach." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066656/document.
The raise of atmospheric CO2 due to anthropogenic activities is a major driver of the climate change. The ocean plays a key role in the uptake of this anthropogenic CO2. The constraint of air–sea CO2 fluxes and their variability at various time and spatial levels remain a central task in global carbon cycle and climate studies. The contribution of open ocean to this uptake is presently rather well quantified, whereas the role of the coastal ocean to this process remains ambiguous due to the diversity and the high spatio-temporal variability of the CO2 system and air-sea CO2 fluxes in these ecosystems. This PhD thesis investigated the spatial and temporal variability of the CO2 system and air-sea CO2 fluxes in contrasted ecosystems of the north-west European continental shelf. These highly dynamic biogeochemical ecosystems host numerous key hydrographical structures (permanently well-mixed, seasonally stratified, frontal structures, estuarine) of temperate zones, in which the dynamic of the CO2 system were poorly documented. From tidal to multi-annual variability, from a fixed station off Roscoff to the north-west European continental shelf and from seawater samples to satellite data, this PhD thesis provides an integrative overview of the complexity of the CO2 system dynamics in coastal seas and the ongoing challenges to achieve