Статті в журналах: "Continental water"

1

Wigginton, N. S. "Continental global water filter." Science 349, no. 6244 (July 9, 2015): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.349.6244.150-e.

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2

Bauch, D., S. Torres-Valdes, I. Polyakov, A. Novikhin, I. Dmitrenko, J. McKay, and A. Mix. "Halocline water modification and along-slope advection at the Laptev Sea continental margin." Ocean Science 10, no. 1 (February 25, 2014): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-10-141-2014.

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Abstract. A general pattern in water mass distribution and potential shelf–basin exchange is revealed at the Laptev Sea continental slope based on hydrochemical and stable oxygen isotope data from the summers 2005–2009. Despite considerable interannual variations, a frontal system can be inferred between shelf, continental slope and central Eurasian Basin waters in the upper 100 m of the water column along the continental slope. Net sea-ice melt is consistently found at the continental slope. However, the sea-ice meltwater signal is independent from the local retreat of the ice cover and appears to be advected from upwind locations. In addition to the along-slope frontal system at the continental shelf break, a strong gradient is identified on the Laptev Sea shelf between 122° E and 126° E with an eastward increase of riverine and sea-ice related brine water contents. These waters cross the shelf break at ~ 140° E and feed the low-salinity halocline water (LSHW, salinity S < 33) in the upper 50 m of the water column. High silicate concentrations in Laptev Sea bottom waters may lead to speculation about a link to the local silicate maximum found within the salinity range of ~ 33 to 34.5, typical for the Lower Halocline Water (LHW) at the continental slope. However brine signatures and nutrient ratios from the central Laptev Sea differ from those observed at the continental slope. Thus a significant contribution of Laptev Sea bottom waters to the LHW at the continental slope can be excluded. The silicate maximum within the LHW at the continental slope may be formed locally or at the outer Laptev Sea shelf. Similar to the advection of the sea-ice melt signal along the Laptev Sea continental slope, the nutrient signal at 50–70 m water depth within the LHW might also be fed by advection parallel to the slope. Thus, our analyses suggest that advective processes from upstream locations play a significant role in the halocline formation in the northern Laptev Sea.

3

Bauch, D., S. Torres-Valdes, I. Polyakov, A. Novikhin, I. Dmitrenko, J. McKay, and A. Mix. "Halocline water modification and along slope advection at the Laptev Sea continental margin." Ocean Science Discussions 10, no. 5 (September 12, 2013): 1581–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-10-1581-2013.

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Abstract. A general pattern in water mass distribution and potential shelf-basin exchanges is revealed at the Laptev Sea continental slope based on hydrochemical and stable oxygen isotope data from summers 2005–2009. Despite considerable interannual variations, a frontal system can be inferred between shelf, continental slope and central Eurasian Basin waters in the upper 100 m of the water column along the continental slope. Net sea-ice melt is consistently found at the continental slope; however the sea-ice meltwater signal is independent from the local retreat of the ice cover and appears to be advected from upwind locations. In addition to the along-slope frontal system at the continental shelf break a strong gradient is identified on the Laptev Sea shelf between 122 and 126° E with an eastward increase of riverine and sea-ice related brine water contents. These waters cross the shelf break at ~ 140° E and feed the Low Salinity Halocline Water (LSHW, salinity S < 33) in the upper 50 m of the water column. Extremely high silicate concentrations in Laptev Sea bottom waters may lead to speculation on a link to the local silicate maximum found within the salinity range of ~ 33 to 34.5, typical for the Lower Halocline Water (LHW) at the continental slope. But brine signatures and nutrient ratios from the central Laptev Sea differ from those at the continental slope. Thus a significant contribution of Laptev Sea bottom waters to the LHW at the continental slope can be excluded. The silicate maximum within the LHW at the continental slope may be formed locally or at the outer Laptev Sea shelf. Similar to the advection of the sea-ice melt signal along the Laptev Sea continental slope the nutrient signal at 50–70 m water depth within the LHW might also be fed by advection parallel to the slope. Thus, our analyses suggest that advective processes from upwind locations play a significant role in the halocline formation in the northern Laptev Sea.

4

Koster, Randal D., D. Perry de Valpine, and Jean Jouzel. "Continental water recycling and H218O concentrations." Geophysical Research Letters 20, no. 20 (October 22, 1993): 2215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93gl01781.

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5

Greenway, Margaret. "Wetlands and shallow continental water bodies." Aquatic Botany 52, no. 1-2 (September 1995): 158–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770(95)90006-3.

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6

Kusky, Timothy M., Mingguo Zhai, and Wenjiao Xiao. "The evolving continents: understanding processes of continental growth – introduction." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 338, no. 1 (2010): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp338.1.

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7

Briggs, K. B. "Microtopographical roughness of shallow-water continental shelves." IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 14, no. 4 (1989): 360–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/48.35986.

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8

van Dam, T., J. Wahr, P. C. D. Milly, A. B. Shmakin, G. Blewitt, D. Lavallée, and K. M. Larson. "Crustal displacements due to continental water loading." Geophysical Research Letters 28, no. 4 (February 15, 2001): 651–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000gl012120.

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9

Nikanorov, A. M., and V. P. Yemelyanova. "Comprehensive evaluation of continental surface water quality." Water Resources 32, no. 1 (January 2005): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11268-005-0008-1.

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10

Shaw, D. M. "Boron, tourmaline and water in continental cratons." Chemical Geology 70, no. 1-2 (August 1988): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(88)90406-8.

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11

Petty, Alek A., Daniel L. Feltham, and Paul R. Holland. "Impact of Atmospheric Forcing on Antarctic Continental Shelf Water Masses." Journal of Physical Oceanography 43, no. 5 (May 1, 2013): 920–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-12-0172.1.

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Abstract The Antarctic continental shelf seas feature a bimodal distribution of water mass temperature, with the Amundsen and Bellingshausen Seas flooded by Circumpolar Deep Water that is several degrees Celsius warmer than the cold shelf waters prevalent in the Weddell and Ross Seas. This bimodal distribution could be caused by differences in atmospheric forcing, ocean dynamics, ocean and ice feedbacks, or some combination of these factors. In this study, a highly simplified coupled sea ice–mixed layer model is developed to investigate the physical processes controlling this situation. Under regional atmospheric forcings and parameter choices the 10-yr simulations demonstrate a complete destratification of the Weddell Sea water column in winter, forming cold, relatively saline shelf waters, while the Amundsen Sea winter mixed layer remains shallower, allowing a layer of deep warm water to persist. Applying the Weddell atmospheric forcing to the Amundsen Sea model destratifies the water column after two years, and applying the Amundsen forcing to the Weddell Sea model results in a shallower steady-state winter mixed layer that no longer destratifies the water column. This suggests that the regional difference in atmospheric forcings alone is sufficient to account for the bimodal distribution in Antarctic shelf-sea temperatures. The model prediction of mixed layer depth is most sensitive to the air temperature forcing, but a switch in all forcings is required to prevent destratification of the Weddell Sea water column.

12

Sabatés, Ana, Jordi Salat, and M. Pilar Olivar. "Advection of continental water as an export mechanism for anchovy, Engraulis encrasicolus, larvae." Scientia Marina 65, S1 (July 30, 2001): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2001.65s177.

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13

Barnes, Margaret. "Continental shelves." Marine Chemistry 26, no. 4 (July 1989): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(89)90043-1.

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14

Charlotte Huneke, Wilma Gertrud, Andreas Klocker, and Benjamin Keith Galton-Fenzi. "Deep Bottom Mixed Layer Drives Intrinsic Variability of the Antarctic Slope Front." Journal of Physical Oceanography 49, no. 12 (December 2019): 3163–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-19-0044.1.

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AbstractThe Antarctic Slope Front (ASF) is located along much of the Antarctic continental shelf break and helps to maintain a barrier to the movement of Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) onto the continental shelf. The stability of the ASF has a major control on cross-shelf heat transport and ocean-driven basal melting of Antarctic ice shelves. Here, the ASF dynamics are investigated for continental shelves with weak dense shelf water (DSW) formation, which are thought to have a stable ASF, common for regions in East Antarctica. Using an ocean process model, this study demonstrates how offshore bottom Ekman transport of shelf waters leads to the development of a deep bottom mixed layer at the lower continental slope, and subsequently determines an intrinsic variability of the ASF. The ASF variability is characterized by instability events that affect the entire water column and occur every 5–10 years and last for approximately half a year. During these instability events, the cross-shelf density gradient weakens and CDW moves closer to the continent. Stronger winds increase the formation rate of the bottom mixed layer, which causes a subsequent increase of instability events. If the observed freshening trend of continental shelf waters leads to weaker DSW formation, more regions might be vulnerable for the ASF variability to develop in the future.

15

Ishigooka, Yasushi, Tsuneo Kuwagata, Shinkichi Goto, Hitoshi Toritani, Hiroyuki Ohno, and Shin-ichi Urano. "Modeling of continental-scale crop water requirement and available water resources." Paddy and Water Environment 6, no. 1 (January 15, 2008): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10333-007-0098-2.

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16

Cresswell, G. R., J. L. Peterson, and L. F. Pender. "The East Australian Current, upwellings and downwellings off eastern-most Australia in summer." Marine and Freshwater Research 68, no. 7 (2017): 1208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf16051.

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The complex influences of the East Australian Current (EAC) and winds on the waters of the continental shelf were addressed with a ship survey, moored and drifting instruments, satellite images and wind and sea level measurements. The study revealed intrusions of continental slope water reaching the inner continental shelf when the EAC was near the shelf edge and wind stress was near zero or upwelling favourable (northerly). The process was the onshore movement of a southward flowing stream of water originally from the continental slope. One event was captured near Cape Byron and Evans Head when these waters upwelled to the surface. When the wind stress turned northward, it reversed the inner shelf current and drove downwelling. Variations in the wind stress also modulated the strength of the EAC out across the shelf to the upper slope. The strength of the EAC per se varied with a time scale of 2–3 months; these variations decreased in amplitude westward until they were undetectable at the inner shelf. The EAC had a subsurface speed maximum of up to 1.6ms–1 at 100–150-m depth above the continental slope and was seen to accelerate with both time and distance southward along the 190-km length surveyed by the ship.

17

Dortch, Charles. "Prehistory Down Under: archaeological investigations of submerged Aboriginal sites at Lake Jasper, Western Australia." Antiquity 71, no. 271 (March 1997): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x0008460x.

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Much of Australian prehistory lies under water. Although confined to the continent's extreme southwestern corner, field studies described in this report show that this submerged prehistoric component is very real, with numerous archaeological sites and former land surfaces awaiting investigation on the floors of Australia's lakes, rivers and estuaries, and on its submerged continental margins.

18

Alves, T. M., R. E. Bell, C. A. L. Jackson, and T. A. Minshull. "Deep-water continental margins: geological and economic frontiers." Basin Research 26, no. 1 (January 17, 2014): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bre.12053.

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19

Condie, Scott A. "Descent of dense water masses along continental slopes." Journal of Marine Research 53, no. 6 (November 1, 1995): 897–928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/0022240953212936.

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20

Hisoriev, H. "Euglenophyta of continental water bodies of the globe." International Journal on Algae 3, no. 4 (2001): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/interjalgae.v3.i4.10.

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21

Bice, Karen L., Eric J. Barron, and William H. Peterson. "Continental runoff and early Cenozoic bottom-water sources." Geology 25, no. 10 (1997): 951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0951:craecb>2.3.co;2.

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22

Ou, Hsien-Wang. "Dynamics of Dense Water Descending a Continental Slope*." Journal of Physical Oceanography 35, no. 8 (August 1, 2005): 1318–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo2758.1.

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Abstract A reduced-gravity model is used to examine the dynamics of dense water descending a continental slope. The model solves for the geostrophically adjusted state before it is subjected to significant frictional decay. For such bottom-mounted flow, it is argued that frictional torque would dominate the net vorticity balance to equalize the edge flows, resulting in double velocity cores. Constrained by the geostrophic balance, the dense water thus may settle only over a concave bottom and is sheetlike, covering typically the whole slope rise. As such, the adjustment is characterized by a spreading rather than sinking of the layer—with little descent of the upper edge but a swift downslope current propelling the lower edge. Through the mechanical energy balance, it is found in addition that a greater density anomaly would increase the total entrainment flux to more strongly dilute the original anomaly, yielding a product water that is less varied in the water-mass properties. Model predictions compare favorably with some observed dense outflows, in support of the entrainment and friction control of the geostrophic adjustment.

23

VEAR, A. "Deep-water plays of the Mauritanian continental margin." Geological Society, London, Petroleum Geology Conference series 6, no. 1 (2005): 1217–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/0061217.

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24

Swenson, Sean, and John Wahr. "Monitoring Changes in Continental Water Storage with GRACE." Space Science Reviews 108, no. 1/2 (2003): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1026135627671.

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25

SCHMIDT, R., P. SCHWINTZER, F. FLECHTNER, C. REIGBER, A. GUNTNER, P. DOLL, G. RAMILLIEN, A. CAZENAVE, S. PETROVIC, and H. JOCHMANN. "GRACE observations of changes in continental water storage." Global and Planetary Change 50, no. 1-2 (February 2006): 112–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2004.11.018.

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26

Thomas, G., and A. Henderson-Sellers. "Global and continental water balance in a GCM." Climatic Change 20, no. 4 (April 1992): 251–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00142422.

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27

Hellmer, H. H., O. Huhn, D. Gomis, and R. Timmermann. "On the freshening of the northwestern Weddell Sea continental shelf." Ocean Science Discussions 7, no. 6 (December 8, 2010): 2013–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-7-2013-2010.

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Abstract. We analysed hydrographic data from the northwestern Weddell Sea continental shelf of three austral winters (1989, 1997 and 2006) and two summers following the last winter cruise. During summer a thermal front exists at ~64° S separating cold southern waters from warm northern waters that have similar characteristics as the deep waters of the central basin of the Bransfield Strait. In winter, the whole continental shelf exhibits southern characteristics with high Neon (Ne) concentrations, indicating a significant input of glacial melt water. The comparison of the winter data at the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, spanning a period of 17 years, shows a salinity decrease of 0.09 for the whole water column. We interpret this freshening as a reduction in salt input to the water masses being advected northward on the western Weddell Sea continental shelf. Possible causes for the reduced winter salinification are a southward retreat of the summer sea ice edge together with more precipitation in this sector. However, the latter might have happened in conjunction with an increase in ice shelf mass loss, counteracting an enhanced salt input due to sea ice formation in coastal areas formerly occupied by Larsen A and B ice shelves.

28

Döll, P., H. Hoffmann-Dobrev, F. T. Portmann, S. Siebert, A. Eicker, M. Rodell, G. Strassberg, and B. R. Scanlon. "Impact of water withdrawals from groundwater and surface water on continental water storage variations." Journal of Geodynamics 59-60 (September 2012): 143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2011.05.001.

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29

Piola, A. R., N. Martínez Avellaneda, R. A. Guerrero, F. P. Jardón, E. D. Palma, and S. I. Romero. "Malvinas-slope water intrusions on the northern Patagonia continental shelf." Ocean Science 6, no. 1 (March 8, 2010): 345–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-6-345-2010.

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Abstract. The Patagonia continental shelf located off southeastern South America is bounded offshore by the Malvinas Current, which extends northward from northern Drake Passage (~55° S) to nearly 38° S. The transition between relatively warm-fresh shelf waters and Subantarctic Waters from the western boundary current is characterized by a thermohaline front extending nearly 2500 km. We use satellite derived sea surface temperature, and chlorophyll-a data combined with hydrographic and surface drifter data to document the intrusions of slope waters onto the continental shelf near 41° S. These intrusions create vertically coherent localized negative temperature and positive salinity anomalies extending onshore about 150 km from the shelf break. The region is associated with a center of action of the first mode of non-seasonal sea surface temperature variability and also relatively high chlorophyll-a variability, suggesting that the intrusions are important in promoting the local development of phytoplankton. The generation of slope water penetrations at this location may be triggered by the inshore excursion of the 100 m isobath, which appears to steer the Malvinas Current waters over the outer shelf.

30

Piola, A. R., N. M. Avellaneda, R. A. Guerrero, F. P. Jardón, E. D. Palma, and S. I. Romero. "Malvinas-slope water intrusions on the northern Patagonia continental shelf." Ocean Science Discussions 6, no. 3 (December 2, 2009): 2939–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-6-2939-2009.

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Abstract. The Patagonia continental shelf located off southeastern South America is bounded offshore by the Malvinas Current, which extends northward from northern Drake Passage (~55° S) to nearly 38° S. The transition between relatively warm-fresh shelf waters and Subantarctic Waters from the western boundary current is characterized by a thermohaline front extending nearly 2500 km. We use satellite derived sea surface temperature, and chlorophyll-a data combined with hydrographic and surface drifter data to document the intrusions of slope waters onto the continental shelf near 41° S. These intrusions create vertically coherent localized negative temperature and positive salinity anomalies extending onshore about 150 km from the shelf break. The region is associated with a center of action of the first mode of non-seasonal sea surface temperature variability and also relatively high chlorophyll-a variability, suggesting that the intrusions are important in promoting the local development of phytoplankton. The generation of slope water penetrations at this location may be triggered by the inshore excursion of the 100 m isobath, which appears to steer the Malvinas Current waters over the outer shelf.

31

Jacobs, Stanley S., and Claudia F. Giulivi. "Large Multidecadal Salinity Trends near the Pacific–Antarctic Continental Margin." Journal of Climate 23, no. 17 (September 1, 2010): 4508–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3284.1.

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Abstract Ocean temperature and salinity measurements on and near the Antarctic continental shelf in the southwest Pacific sector are evaluated for evidence of temporal change. Shelf water in the southwest Ross Sea has declined in salinity by 0.03 decade−1 from 1958 to 2008, while its temperatures have increased in proportion to the influence of salinity on the sea surface freezing point. Modified deep-water intrusions that reach the central Ross Ice Shelf have freshened at a similar rate and cooled by ∼0.5°C since the late 1970s. Salinity has decreased by 0.08 decade−1 in the westward coastal and slope front currents, consistent with increased melting of continental ice upstream in the Amundsen Sea. Overturning of those near-surface waters during winter sea ice formation and mixing across the slope front is sufficient to account for the 5-decade shelf water salinity change. A strong correlation between the freshening and change in the southern annular mode index suggests a link with the large-scale atmospheric circulation. Salinity has decreased by ∼0.01 decade−1 in bottom and lower deep waters north of the continental slope between 140E° and 180°. Accompanying abyssal temperature changes are minor and variability is high, but density has declined along with salinity. Continued increases in water column stratification will modify the mode and formation rate as well as the properties of bottom and deep waters produced in this region.

32

Heywood, Karen J., Sunke Schmidtko, Céline Heuzé, Jan Kaiser, Timothy D. Jickells, Bastien Y. Queste, David P. Stevens, et al. "Ocean processes at the Antarctic continental slope." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 372, no. 2019 (July 13, 2014): 20130047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2013.0047.

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The Antarctic continental shelves and slopes occupy relatively small areas, but, nevertheless, are important for global climate, biogeochemical cycling and ecosystem functioning. Processes of water mass transformation through sea ice formation/melting and ocean–atmosphere interaction are key to the formation of deep and bottom waters as well as determining the heat flux beneath ice shelves. Climate models, however, struggle to capture these physical processes and are unable to reproduce water mass properties of the region. Dynamics at the continental slope are key for correctly modelling climate, yet their small spatial scale presents challenges both for ocean modelling and for observational studies. Cross-slope exchange processes are also vital for the flux of nutrients such as iron from the continental shelf into the mixed layer of the Southern Ocean. An iron-cycling model embedded in an eddy-permitting ocean model reveals the importance of sedimentary iron in fertilizing parts of the Southern Ocean. Ocean gliders play a key role in improving our ability to observe and understand these small-scale processes at the continental shelf break. The Gliders: Excellent New Tools for Observing the Ocean (GENTOO) project deployed three Seagliders for up to two months in early 2012 to sample the water to the east of the Antarctic Peninsula in unprecedented temporal and spatial detail. The glider data resolve small-scale exchange processes across the shelf-break front (the Antarctic Slope Front) and the front's biogeochemical signature. GENTOO demonstrated the capability of ocean gliders to play a key role in a future multi-disciplinary Southern Ocean observing system.

33

JACOBS, STANLEY S. "Bottom water production and its links with the thermohaline circulation." Antarctic Science 16, no. 4 (November 30, 2004): 427–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095410200400224x.

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For more than a century it has been known that the abyssal basins of the world ocean are primarily occupied by relatively cold and fresh waters that originate in the Southern Ocean. Their distinguishing characteristics are acquired by exposure of surface and shelf waters to ‘ventilation’ by the polar atmosphere and to the melting and freezing of ice over and near the Antarctic continental shelf. Subsequent mixing with deep water over the continental slope results in ‘Bottom Water’ that forms the southern sinking limb of the global ‘Thermohaline Circulation.’ Over recent decades, oceanographers have wrestled with a variety of bottom water and thermohaline circulation problems, ranging from basic definitions to forcing and formation sites, source components and properties, generation processes and rates, mixing and sinking, pathways and transports. A brief review of these efforts indicates both advances and anomalies in our understanding of Antarctic Bottom Water production and circulation. Examples from ongoing work illustrate increasing interest in the temporal variability of bottom water in relation to climate change.

34

Andreev, A. G. "Water circulation in the north-western Bering sea studied by satellite data." Исследования Земли из Космоса, no. 4 (August 17, 2019): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0205-96142019440-47.

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The surface water circulation in the Bering Sea for the period from 2002 to 2017 has been investigated using satellite data. In January, the main stream of surface waters was directed to the south-west along the continental slope, and anticyclonic water circulation was observed on the shelf. In July, the surface water flow was oriented to the northeast along the continental slope, and on the shelf the cyclonic movement of water prevailed. The formation of mesoscale anticyclones in the winter period was caused by the supply of shelf waters with low temperature and salinity. The temporal variability of the currents during the summer is associated with coastal upwelling caused by the winds of the southern points over the western part of the Bering Sea. The presence of upwelling and anticyclonic eddies should be considered as one of the factors leading to the formation of a region with a high concentration of chlorophyll near the coast in the summer season.

35

Madon, Mazlan. "Exploration And Exploitation Of Non-Living Natural Resources On The Continental Shelf Beyond 200 Nautical Miles: A Status Review." Bulletin Of The Geological Society Of Malaysia 70, no. 1 (November 30, 2020): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7186/bgsm70202002.

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Activities by coastal States in relation to the exploration and exploitation of non-living natural resources (namely hydrocarbons and deep-sea minerals) on the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles (M) from their territorial sea baselines are reviewed. Geological conditions dictate such that hydrocarbons are likely to occur where there are thick accumulations of sediments (at least 2-3 km is needed for organic matter to generate significant amounts of hydrocarbons), whereas deep-sea minerals are found on or beneath the seabed of the deep oceans, which are generally “starved” of sediment. Thus, in general, sites for hydrocarbon exploration and for deep-sea mineral exploration are unlikely to overlap. On a ‘normal’ geological shelf with an average width of say ~60-100 km, hydrocarbon exploration is carried out generally within the 200 M limit of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the coastal State. Within the last decade, however, necessitated by depleting resources in the shallow waters of the shelf and slope, exploration has gradually moved from the geological shelf (water depth typically < 200 m) further out into deeper waters, and in some cases, beyond the 200 M limit. Thus far, only in a few places is oil and gas exploration being carried out on the continental shelf beyond 200 M. Examples include Australia, New Zealand, Norway, Argentina and Canada. Such activities mainly involve geological and geophysical investigations and assessment of the hydrocarbon potential, while some have resulted in commercial production. Besides the conventional hydrocarbons (oil and gas), continental margin sediments may also host significant accumulations of gas hydrates, which are regarded as a potentially important energy resource of the future. Along non-polar continental margins, gas hydrates are generally found beneath the continental slope and the continental rise, i.e. beyond the continental shelf proper, in water depths typically greater than 500 m but still mainly within 200 M of the territorial sea baselines. Where the continental margin is exceptionally wide, however, gas hydrates may occur in areas beyond the 200 M limit, on the extended continental shelf.

36

Ghaffari, P., H. A. Lahijani, and J. Azizpour. "Snapshot observation of physical structure and stratification in deep-water of the South Caspian Sea (western part)." Ocean Science Discussions 6, no. 3 (November 10, 2009): 2555–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-6-2555-2009.

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Abstract. In this article, we describe physical parameters structures and different water masses using CTD measurements in southwestern part of the Caspian Sea (CS) in adjacent to Anzali Port (AP). CTD profilings were conducted along a transect perpendicular to the coastline over 13 stations from the coast down to 720 m in winter 2008. According to the results the continental shelf waters are located in surface mixed layer. Surface mixed layer extends itself down to almost 100 m in outer areas of the continental shelf with a weak seasonal thermocline layer between 80 to 140 m. Freshwaters inflow of local rivers is clearly seen outside continental shelf at the surface layers. Investigating the dissolved oxygen reveals that winter convection is traceable down to 500 m in the lateral waters over the shelf break. Among the deeper stations that are located in continental rise and abyssal plain, 350 m seems to be threshold for penetration of seasonal changes; therefore deeper waters tend to be impermeable against seasonal variances. Despite to the small variations, stability is positive in most region of the study area and temperature plays an important role in static stability and in triggering the lateral mixing. In view of both temperature-salinity and temperature-oxygen distributions in the southwestern part of the CS, three different water masses are separable in cold phase. Snapshot observation of physical properties in the early winter 2008, to some extent revealed that a mixing was triggered at least in the lateral waters of the study area.

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Gasparini, G. P., A. Bonanno, S. Zgozi, G. Basilone, M. Borghini, G. Buscaino, A. Cuttitta, et al. "Evidence of a dense water vein along the Libyan continental margin." Annales Geophysicae 26, no. 1 (February 4, 2008): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-26-1-2008.

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Abstract. For the first time it was possible to investigate a still poorly known region of the eastern Mediterranean Sea, the Libyan continental margin. An oceanographic cruise, performed during summer 2006, revealed an important and novel feature: a dense vein flowing along the continental slope. The paper describes the vein evolution with some insights on its dynamic and furnishes an estimate of its transport, which results to be comparable with the Adriatic Deep Water production rate. The cascading into a steep canyon which incises the continental shelf suggests that the vein may play an important role in ventilating the deep layers of the Ionian Sea.

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Ghaffari, P., H. A. Lahijani, and J. Azizpour. "Snapshot observation of the physical structure and stratification in deep-water of the South Caspian Sea (western part)." Ocean Science 6, no. 4 (October 7, 2010): 877–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-6-877-2010.

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Abstract. The physical parameters structures and different water masses using CTD measurements in southwestern part of the Caspian Sea (CS) adjacent to Anzali Port (AP) are investigated. CTD profiles were conducted along a transect perpendicular to the coastline on 13 stations from the coast down to 720 m on 22 January 2008. According to the results the continental shelf waters are located in the surface mixed layer. The surface mixed layer extends itself down to almost 100 m in outer areas of the continental shelf with a weak seasonal thermocline layer between 80 to 140 m Freshwaters inflow of local rivers is clearly seen outside the continental shelf at the surface layers. Investigating the dissolved oxygen reveals that winter convection is traceable down to 500 m in the lateral waters over the shelf break. Among the deeper stations that are located in continental rise and abyssal plain, 300 m seems to be a threshold for penetration of seasonal changes; therefore deeper waters tend to be impermeable against seasonal variances. Despite the small variations, stability is positive in the study area and temperature plays an important role in static stability and in triggering the lateral mixing. In view of both temperature-salinity and temperature-oxygen distributions in the southwestern part of the CS, two different water masses are separable in cold phase. Snapshot observations of physical properties in the early winter 2008, to some extent revealed that a mixing was triggered at least in the lateral waters of the study area.

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Attisano, Karina Kammer, Isaac Rodrigues Santos, Carlos Francisco Ferreira de Andrade, Mariele Lopes de Paiva, Idel Cristina Bigliardi Milani, and Luis Felipe Hax Niencheski. "Submarine groundwater discharge revealed by radium isotopes (Ra-223 and Ra-224) near a paleochannel on the Southern Brazilian continental shelf." Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 61, no. 3 (September 2013): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592013000300004.

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Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD) has been recognized as an important component of the ocean-continent interface. The few previous studies in Brazil have focused on nearshore areas. This paper explores SGD on the Southern Brazilian Continental Shelf using multiple lines of evidence that include radium isotopes, dissolved nutrients, and water mass observations. The results indicated that SGD may be occurring on the Continental Shelf in the Albardão region, near a paleochannel located 50 km offshore. This paleochannel may thus be a preferential pathway for the delivery of nutrient- and metal-enriched groundwater and porewater into continental shelf waters.

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Ryan, P. D., and C. Mac Niocaill. "Continental Tectonics: an introduction." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 164, no. 1 (1999): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1999.164.01.02.

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41

Lamarre, Denis. "L'eau à la surface des continents : une approche zonale (Continental liquid water : a zonal approach)." Bulletin de l'Association de géographes français 73, no. 2 (1996): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bagf.1996.1895.

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42

Stewart, Andrew L., and Andrew F. Thompson. "Eddy Generation and Jet Formation via Dense Water Outflows across the Antarctic Continental Slope." Journal of Physical Oceanography 46, no. 12 (December 2016): 3729–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-16-0145.1.

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AbstractAlong various stretches of the Antarctic margins, dense Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) escapes its formation sites and descends the continental slope. This export necessarily raises the isopycnals associated with lighter density classes over the continental slope, resulting in density surfaces that connect the near-freezing waters of the continental shelf to the much warmer circumpolar deep water (CDW) at middepth offshore. In this article, an eddy-resolving process model is used to explore the possibility that AABW export enhances shoreward heat transport by creating a pathway for CDW to access the continental shelf without doing any work against buoyancy forces. In the absence of a net alongshore pressure gradient, the shoreward CDW transport is effected entirely by mesoscale and submesoscale eddy transfer. Eddies are generated partly by instabilities at the pycnocline, sourcing their energy from the alongshore wind stress, but primarily by instabilities at the CDW–AABW interface, sourcing their energy from buoyancy loss on the continental shelf. This combination of processes induces a vertical convergence of eddy kinetic energy and alongshore momentum into the middepth CDW layer, sustaining a local maximum in the eddy kinetic energy over the slope and balancing the Coriolis force associated with the shoreward CDW transport. The resulting slope turbulence self-organizes into a series of alternating along-slope jets with strongly asymmetrical contributions to the slope energy and momentum budgets. Cross-shore variations in the potential vorticity gradient cause the jets to drift continuously offshore, suggesting that fronts observed in regions of AABW down-slope flow may in fact be transient features.

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Goessling, H. F., and C. H. Reick. "Continental moisture recycling as a Poisson process." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 10 (October 23, 2013): 4133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4133-2013.

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Abstract. On their journey over large land masses, water molecules experience a number of precipitation–evaporation cycles (recycling events). We derive analytically the frequency distributions of recycling events for the water molecules contained in a given air parcel. Given the validity of certain simplifying assumptions, the frequency distribution of recycling events is shown to develop either into a Poisson distribution or a geometric distribution. We distinguish two cases: in case (A) recycling events are counted since the water molecules were last advected across the ocean–land boundary. In case (B) recycling events are counted since the water molecules were last evaporated from the ocean. For case B we show by means of a~simple scale analysis that, given the conditions on earth, realistic frequency distributions may be regarded as a mixture of a Poisson distribution and a geometric distribution. By contrast, in case A the Poisson distribution generally appears as a reasonable approximation. This conclusion is consistent with the simulation results of an earlier study where an atmospheric general circulation model equipped with water vapor tracers was used. Our results demonstrate that continental moisture recycling can be interpreted as a Poisson process.

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Goessling, H. F., and C. H. Reick. "Continental moisture recycling as a Poisson process." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 4 (April 19, 2013): 5057–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-5057-2013.

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Abstract. On their journey across large land masses, water molecules experience a number of precipitation-evaporation cycles (recycling events). We derive analytically the frequency distributions of recycling events for the water molecules contained in a given air parcel. Given the validity of certain simplifying assumptions, continental moisture recycling is shown to develop either into a Poisson distribution or a geometric distribution. We distinguish two cases: in case (A) recycling events are counted since the water molecules were last advected across the ocean-land boundary. In case (B) recycling events are counted since the water molecules were last evaporated from the ocean. For case B we show by means of a simple scale analysis that, given the conditions on Earth, realistic frequency distributions may be regarded as a mixture of a Poisson distribution and a geometric distribution. By contrast, in case A the Poisson distribution generally appears as a reasonable approximation. This conclusion is consistent with the simulation results of an earlier study where an atmospheric general circulation model equipped with water vapor tracers was used. Our results demonstrate that continental moisture recycling can be interpreted as a Poisson process.

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Yessilkanov, G. M., M. T. Dyussembayeva, L. P. Rikhvanov, N. Zh Mukhamediyarov, and A. Zh Tashekova. "Ecological and Geochemical Features of the Underground Waters of the Semipalatinsk Test Site." Ecology and Industry of Russia 24, no. 11 (November 18, 2020): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2020-11-30-35.

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The results of the study of ecological and geochemical features and assessment of the water quality of water sources located on the territory of the Semipalatinsk test site are presented. The studied waters are diverse in chemical composition: 14 % of the samples had hydrocarbonate, 69 % – sulfate, and 17 % – chloride types of waters. On the basis of the revealed features of the elemental composition of the underground waters of the Semipalatinsk test site, decreasing series of excess of the average concentrations of elements in water in relation to the composition of waters of the zones of hypergenesis and continental salinization were constructed: U14 > Mo8 > Sr8 > V3 (hypergenesis zone), U5 > Mo3 > Sr3 > V2 (zone of continental salinization). For the groundwater of the Semipalatinsk test site, specific elements were identified, such as U, Mo, Sr and V. The water quality was assessed for the studied chemical components based on comparison with the standards of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the World Health Organization (SaNPiN No. 209, WHO 2011).

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Marques, Wanessa S., Eldemar de A. Menor, Alcides N. Sial, Valdir A. V. Manso, and Satander S. Freire. "Oceanographic parameters in continental margin of the State of Ceará (northeastern Brazil) deduced from C and O isotopes in foraminifers." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 79, no. 1 (March 2007): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652007000100015.

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Specimens of Recent foraminifera of Amphistegina radiata, Peneroplis planatus and Globigerinoides ruber, from fifty samples of surface sediments of the continental margin of the State of Ceará, Brazil, have been analyzed for carbon and oxygen isotopes to investigate oceanographic parameters and determine the values of delta18O of the oceanic water. From a comparison between values of delta18O obtained for ocean water using the linear equations by (Craig and Gordon 1965) and the one by Wolff et al. (1998), it became evident that the former yielded a more reliable value (0.2‰ SMOW) than the latter. Lower values of delta18O for the ocean water in this continental margin resulted from continental water influence. Values of 18O (-0.3‰ to -1.5‰ PDB for benthic foraminifera and -0.6‰ to -2.4‰ PDB for planktic foraminifera), attest to a variation of temperatures of oceanic water masses, in average, between 20 to 22ºC in deep water and 24 to 27ºC, in surface water. Values of delta13C from +3.2‰ to -0.2‰ PDB (benthic foraminifera) reflect a variation in the apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) in the continental margin and indicate that the environments of bacteriological decomposition of organic matter are not continuous along the investigated area.

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Le Brocq, A. M., A. J. Payne, M. J. Siegert, and R. B. Alley. "A subglacial water-flow model for West Antarctica." Journal of Glaciology 55, no. 193 (2009): 879–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214309790152564.

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AbstractThe current generation of continental-scale ice-sheet models cannot successfully reproduce the complex ice/water/sediment interactions of the West Antarctic ice sheet (WAIS) in a physically meaningful manner. The potential of a thin-film-based subglacial water-flow model for incorporation into a continental-scale coupled ice/water flow model of the WAIS is evaluated in this paper. The subglacial water-flow model is applied to the Ross Sea sector of the WAIS, in both a steady-state and time-dependent form, to derive the equilibrium water depth for the present-day configuration. The potential for coupling the model to an ice-flow model is then demonstrated, using a variable sliding parameter that is a function of the subglacial water depth. A coupled ice/water flow model, using the parameterization tested in this paper, could have the potential for reproducing the surface elevation, velocity and thermal regime of the WAIS successfully. These requirements are crucial in modelling the evolution of the WAIS, and must be addressed before reliable continental-scale predictive models can be utilized.

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Botha, Elizabeth J., Janet M. Anstee, Stephen Sagar, Eric Lehmann, and Thais A. G. Medeiros. "Classification of Australian Waterbodies across a Wide Range of Optical Water Types." Remote Sensing 12, no. 18 (September 16, 2020): 3018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12183018.

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Baseline determination and operational continental scale monitoring of water quality are required for reporting on marine and inland water progress to Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). This study aims to improve our knowledge of the optical complexity of Australian waters. A workflow was developed to cluster the modelled spectral response of a range of in situ bio-optical observations collected in Australian coastal and continental waters into distinct optical water types (OWTs). Following clustering and merging, most of the modelled spectra and modelled specific inherent optical properties (SIOP) sets were clustered in 11 OWTs, ranging from clear blue coastal waters to very turbid inland lakes. The resulting OWTs were used to classify Sentinel-2 MSI surface reflectance observations extracted over relatively permanent water bodies in three drainage regions in Eastern Australia. The satellite data classification demonstrated clear limnological and seasonal differences in water types within and between the drainage divisions congruent with general limnological, topographical, and climatological factors. Locations of unclassified observations can be used to inform where in situ bio-optical data acquisition may be targeted to capture a more comprehensive characterization of all Australian waters. This can contribute to global initiatives like the SDGs and increases the diversity of natural water in global databases.

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Anderson, Leif G., Göran Björk, Ola Holby, Sara Jutterström, Carl Magnus Mörth, Matt O'Regan, Christof Pearce, et al. "Shelf–Basin interaction along the East Siberian Sea." Ocean Science 13, no. 2 (April 27, 2017): 349–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-13-349-2017.

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Abstract. Extensive biogeochemical transformation of organic matter takes place in the shallow continental shelf seas of Siberia. This, in combination with brine production from sea-ice formation, results in cold bottom waters with relatively high salinity and nutrient concentrations, as well as low oxygen and pH levels. Data from the SWERUS-C3 expedition with icebreaker Oden, from July to September 2014, show the distribution of such nutrient-rich, cold bottom waters along the continental margin from about 140 to 180° E. The water with maximum nutrient concentration, classically named the upper halocline, is absent over the Lomonosov Ridge at 140° E, while it appears in the Makarov Basin at 150° E and intensifies further eastwards. At the intercept between the Mendeleev Ridge and the East Siberian continental shelf slope, the nutrient maximum is still intense, but distributed across a larger depth interval. The nutrient-rich water is found here at salinities of up to ∼ 34.5, i.e. in the water classically named lower halocline. East of 170° E transient tracers show significantly less ventilated waters below about 150 m water depth. This likely results from a local isolation of waters over the Chukchi Abyssal Plain as the boundary current from the west is steered away from this area by the bathymetry of the Mendeleev Ridge. The water with salinities of ∼ 34.5 has high nutrients and low oxygen concentrations as well as low pH, typically indicating decay of organic matter. A deficit in nitrate relative to phosphate suggests that this process partly occurs under hypoxia. We conclude that the high nutrient water with salinity ∼ 34.5 are formed on the shelf slope in the Mendeleev Ridge region from interior basin water that is trapped for enough time to attain its signature through interaction with the sediment.

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Corrêa, Iran Carlos Stalliviere, Svetlana Medeanic, Jair Weschenfelder, Elírio Ernestino Toldo Júnior, José Carlos Nunes, and Ricardo Baitelli. "THE PALAEO-DRAINAGE OF THE LA PLATA RIVER IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL CONTINENTAL SHELF." Revista Brasileira de Geofísica 32, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.22564/rbgf.v32i2.481.

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ABSTRACT. This paper addresses the characterization of the geomorphology and palaeo-evolution of the La Plata River on the south Brazilian continental shelf,through bathymetric data and sedimentary and palynological analysis from sediment core samples. The analysis allowed us to characterize a transgressive depositionalsequence in the La Plata River palaeo-channel. The palynological sequences revealed continental fresh water environments, that involved into lagoonal and mixohalineenvironments and then into shallow marine environments towards the top, thus characterizing a fluvial-estuarine environment. These new data offer sufficient informationto establish the palaeo-geographic evolution of the La Plata River palaeo-channel and its local influence on the sedimentation of the Rio Grande do Sul Statecontinental shelf.Keywords: palaeo-valley, continental shelf, marine transgression, La Plata River. RESUMO. O presente trabalho trata da evolução e caracterização geomorfológica do paleocanal do rio de La Plata sobre a plataforma continental sul-brasileira.A partir da análise de dados de levantamento batimétrico e da obtenção de testemunhos no paleocanal, coletados para fins de estudo morfológico, sedimentológico epalinológico, foi possível identificar sequências deposicionais transgressivas. Os registros palinológicos evidenciaram ambientes com influência continental de água doce, migrando para lagunar, mixohalino e marinho raso, em direção ao topo dos testemunhos, caracterizando um ambiente fluvio-estuarino. Os resultados obtidoscontribuem para o estabelecimento da evolução paleogeográfica e da influência do paleocanal do rio de La Plata na sedimentação, de parte, da plataforma continentaldo Rio Grande do Sul.Palavras-chave: paleovale, plataforma continental, transgressão marinha, rio de La Plata.

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