Дисертації з теми "Divine Road of the Earth"

This thesis aims to do what the poem Job 28 is trying to do in the Book of Job, which is to focus on prescribed biblical wisdom practice in order to ‘bring wisdom back down to earth’ within a discussion concerning divine justice (Job 22-31). Chapter 1 introduces what a “wisdom reading” is and why it is necessary. Chapters 2-5 of this thesis give a close reading of Job 28:1-28 and includes an intentional dialogue between how the words, phrase, and theological concepts are used in the poem and in the main three bible wisdom texts (Job, Proverbs and Qoheleth). Chapter 6 discusses the implications of reading Job 28 in light of its biblical wisdom tradition. Job 28 speaks of a hidden wisdom, but it is not obvious how this prescribed wisdom (“fear of God and avoiding evil”) is connected to divine justice until the poem is read within the of context of the three main biblical wisdom books (Job, Proverbs, Qoheleth). A close reading of Job 28:1-1 and 12-28 within the context of the biblical wisdom tradition, challenges the reader to redefine what the book of Job is saying about wisdom in ethical terms and, therefore, also provokes a redefinition of the divine gaze upon the earth in terms of divine justice. In this thesis, we shall see how wisdom and divine justice are both rooted in earthly matters. It is only when viewed as “down-to-earth” matters that we see that they are related to each other in sapiential literature, especially in Job 28. If ‘wisdom’ is understood as proper conduct on earth (avoiding evil action, Job 28:28b) prompted by an understanding that God gazes on this earth he created (fear of the Lord, Job 28:28a), then divine justice is to be understood as divine regulation of that proper conduct and attitude.

Cormac McCarthy's The Road and Dante's the Inferno contain textual and thematic comparisons. While the Inferno creates a world that exhibits the worst fears of the medieval Catholic subconscious of Dante's time, The Road paints a world of the darkest fears of the current American subconscious. Both texts reflect a critical dystopia that speculates on human spirituality and offers a critique of society through a tour of sin and suffering in a desolate setting.

Extraction of streets from Google earth imagery is a hot research topic. The main purpose of this paper is to create a method to extract streets information from satellite image automatically. It is exceedingly difficult to achieve, because every road has different characters and there are a lot of noises (e.g. shadow, building, and vehicle) in the image. By using generic color model and the image analysis techniques, we build up the automatic road extraction system. It extracted road successfully from mid-size city image with a very high extraction rate. Some interesting discoveries and unique creative solution are proposed in this paper.

This research programme is concerned with the design of road traffic noise barriers, in particular, the use of multiple-walls on the ground and on top of earth mound type barriers. As part of this research, a comprehensive up-to-date review of the research carried out on noise barriers was undertaken. A number of areas requiring further research were identified. The discussion of these resulted in the proposal of a simplified noise barrier selection method which would be of use particularly to non-acousticians. This method indicated that acoustic information available for the design of earth mounds was limited, although this barrier type is commonly used in practice and is known to have a number of non-acoustic benefits. Initial investigations showed that the performance of an earth mound could be enhanced by the use of multiple-walls on its top. A detailed investigation was undertaken into the acoustic performance of multiple-walls both on the ground and on top of earth mounds. Both physical and numerical modelling techniques were used for this purpose. The physical scale modelling experiments were carried out both under uniform field conditions and in two different semi-anechoic chambers in the presence of a continuous noise source, using a model scale of 1: 10. The numerical modelling was applied using indirect boundary element method formulation. The commercial software named SYSNOISE was employed for the computations. It was found that numerical modelling results and the semi-anechoic chamber experiments generally agreed very well. The level of accuracy of the uniform field experiments depended on the choice of source and receiver locations as well as the size of the model geometry. This investigation resulted in acoustic advice on the use of multiple walls both on their own and on top of earth mounds. Under favourable conditions, the multiple-wall configurations were shown to provide substantial attenuations of up to 26dB. The physical parameters involved in their design and their noise attenuation mechanisms were identified. In addition to long-wave scattering and diffraction effects, it was identified that surface wave generation mechanisms and interference effects played a role in attenuating noise. The acoustic advice for the design of earth mounds was extended to the applications of single, double and multiple-walls on their top. This work also showed that uniform field conditions in conjunction with a continuous noise source could be used for physical modelling. It was found that for small-sized geometries good agreements were observed between physical modelling (both types) and numerical simulations. There were lesser agreements between the sets of data for larger geometries. The multiple-wall configurations investigated as part of this research programme could be used as noise mitigating measures in central reservations of dual carriageways. However, further research would be required into their acoustic performance and engineering design. The results obtained from this investigation have led to the identification of a number of research areas which could be undertaken in the future.

Chloride concentrations at the Greenbrook well field in Kitchener, Ontario, have been steadily increasing over the past several decades and may soon pose a threat to drinking water quality. Drinking water limits at some wells have already been exceeded. The Regional Municipality of Waterloo (RMOW) relies mainly on local groundwater resources for its drinking water supply, and the Greenbrook well field is the oldest of 50 municipal well fields contributing to this supply. Urban growth and the expansion of city limits over the years has surrounded the well field, placing it in a high risk area in need of protection. As such, protection of this water supply is essential until alternative sources can be found. Road salt has been identified as the prime source of the chloride contamination, and various management alternatives and remediation strategies are currently being studied. In order to characterize the behaviour of chloride in the subsurface, an understanding of the mechanisms that control travel of chloride to the water table and through the groundwater system is needed. For the first phase of this work, a 2-D variably-saturated flow and transport model (SWMS-2D) was used to evaluate the effect of seasonal fluctuation in chloride loading to a generic aquifer system. Chloride was applied over the surface of the model in seasonal pulses that correlated with temperature and precipitation. The model showed a dampening of the seasonal response with depth that lead to the conclusion that long-term transport models can neglect seasonal changes in solute loading. For the second phase of this work, a proven 3D finite element transport model (Waterloo Transport Code: WTC) was used to simulate road salt impacts to the well field. Road salt was applied over selected roads throughout the steady-state capture zone via a type 3 (Cauchy) boundary that varies both temporally and spatially with road type and location. After calibrating the model from 1945 to 2002 to chloride concentrations using the weighted average of 5 Greenbrook production wells, the model was run to the year 2041 to assess future implications. Remediation strategies were also investigated via 6 predictive scenarios in which chloride applications were reduced by varying degrees. The results of this phase will be used by the RMOW in cost-benefit analyses of alternative de-icing approaches versus de-chlorination treatment of the well water.

Construction machines, also referred to as engineering vehicles or earth movers, are used in a variety of tasks related to infrastructure development and material handling. While modern construction machines represent a high level of sophistication in several areas, their suspension systems are generally rudimentary or even nonexistent. This leads to unacceptably high vibration levels for the operator, particularly when considering front loaders and dump trucks, which regularly traverse longer distances at reasonably high velocities. To meet future demands on operator comfort and high speed capacity, more refined wheel suspensions will have to be developed. The aim of this thesis is therefore to investigate which factors need to be considered in the fundamental design of suspension systems for wheeled construction machines. The ride dynamics of wheeled construction machines are affected by a number of particular properties specific to this type of vehicle. The pitch inertia is typically high in relation to the mass and wheelbase, which leads to pronounced pitching. The axle loads differ considerably between the loaded and the unloaded condition, necessitating ride height control, and hence the suspension properties may be altered as the vehicle is loaded. Furthermore, the low vertical stiffness of off-road tyres means that changes in the tyre properties will have a large impact on the dynamics of the suspended mass. The impact of these factors has been investigated using analytical models and parameters for a typical wheel loader. Multibody dynamic simulations have also been used to study the effects of suspended axles on the vehicle ride vibrations in more detail. The simulation model has also been compared to measurements performed on a prototype wheel loader with suspended axles. For reasons of manoeuvrability and robustness, many construction machines use articulated frame steering. The dynamic behaviour of articulated vehicles has therefore been examined here, focusing on lateral instabilities in the form of “snaking” and “folding”. A multibody dynamics model has been used to investigate how suspended axles influence the snaking stability of an articulated wheel loader. A remote-controlled, articulated test vehicle in model-scale has also been developed to enable safe and inexpensive practical experiments. The test vehicle is used to study the influence of several vehicle parameters on snaking stability, including suspension, drive configuration and mass distribution. Comparisons are also made with predictions using a simplified linear model. Off-road tyres represent a further complication of construction machine dynamics, since the tyres’ behaviour is typically highly nonlinear and difficult to evaluate in testing due to the size of the tyres. A rolling test rig for large tyres has here been evaluated, showing that the test rig is capable of producing useful data for validating tyre simulation models of varying complexity. The theoretical and experimental studies presented in this thesis contribute to the deeper understanding of a number of aspects of the dynamic behaviour of construction machines. This work therefore provides a basis for the continued development of wheel suspensions for such vehicles.
QC 20110531

The purpose of this study is to determine the most suitable remediation techniques via engineering geological assessment of the landslide that occurred during the construction of Artvin-Savsat Junction - Meydancik Provincial Road at Km: 12+200 in an active landslide area. For this purpose, the geotechnical parameters of the mobilized geological material which is colluvium along the sliding surface were determined by back analyses of the landslide at three geological sections. The landslide were then modeled along the most representative section of the study area by considering the landslide mechanism, the parameters determined from the geotechnical investigations, the size of the landslide and the location of the slip circle. In addition, pseudostatic stability analyses were performed comprising the earthquake potential of the site. The most suitable slope remediation technique was determined to be a combination of surface and subsurface conditions. A static analysis of the landslide shall also be performed through utilizing finite element analyses. The static analyses were compared with the inclinometer readings in the field to verify the direction of the movement. Consequently, shear strength parameters were specified as c = 0 kPa and f = 10°
for the landslide material and pre-stressed anchoring and rock buttressing were considered as a remediation method.

Darbe aptariama Petro Dirgėlos romanų ciklo „Karalystė“ pirmosios dalies „Benamių knygos“ antrasis romanas „Giria“. P.Dirgėla yra istorinio lietuvių romano reformatorius, istoriosofinio Lietuvos valstybės vaizdo kūrėjas. Visai autoriaus kūrybai būdingos sąsajos su istoriniais kultūros simboliais, sudėtingos metaforos, perkeltinės pasakojimo reikšmės. Darbe aptariamos simbolinės archetipinių ženklų reikšmės. Konkrečiai analizuojama žemės, kelio, ugnies, žmogaus, Dievo simbolinė raiška. Pagrindiniais, būdingais visam romanų ciklui, laikomi du iš jų: žemė ir kelias. „Girios“ veikėjų likimus žemė susieja su gamta, jos deivėmis, motinyste, žemdirbyste ir kitomis vertybėmis. Kelias veikėjams reiškia visos tautos istorinę patirtį, gyvenimą, namų ir valstybės ieškojimą. Kelionės motyvas yra svarbus visiems be išimties ,,Girios” personažams, tačiau ypač pagrindinei veikėjai Teresei Kerpienei. Kelias reiškia tautos gyvenimą, namų ir valstybės ieškojimą. Ugnies simbolika susieja žmogų su Dangumi. Žmogaus kaip vyro ir moters opozicijų simbolinės reikšmės, žmogaus prisikėlimas siejamas su Dievo simbolika. Teresės šeimos istorija susieta su visais analizuojamais simboliniais archetipiniais ženklais. Darbe atlikta simbolių analizė atskleidžia sudėtingą romano ,,Giria” (ir viso romanų ciklo ) intertekstualumą ir jo kultūrinius kontekstus: biblinį, istorinį, folklorinį ir kt.
This research paper analyses Petras Dirgela‘s novel ‘‘Forest‘‘, the second part of the ‘‘Homeless Book‘‘ from the book series ‘‘Kingdom‘‘. P. Dirgela is the reformer of historical Lithuanian novel and the creator of the historiosphic view of Lithuania. There is a considerable number of historical cultural symbols, complex metaphors and figurative meanings in most of the author‘s works. This paper deals with symbolic meanings of archetipical signs in the novel. A special enphasis is put on the symbolic meanings of earth, road, human being, and God. The main elements which are prominent in the whole book series are earth and road. Earth connects the destiny of the characters in ‘‘Forest‘‘ with nature, its godesses, motherhood and other virtues. Road, on the other hand, is perceived as historical experience and life of the whole nation and the search for their homeland. The motif of journey is important to all the characters of ‘‘Forest‘‘ but it is especially significant to the protagonist of the novel Terese Kerpiene. The story of her life is strongly related to all the symbolic archetipical signs analysed in the paper. The analysis of symbolic meanings in the research paper reveals complicated intertextuality and its biblical, historical and foloclore contexts in both the novel ‘‘Forest‘‘ and the whole book series.

The purpose of this study is to determine the most suitable remediation technique via geotechnical assessment of the landslide that occurred during the construction of Bursa-inegö
l-Bozü
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k Road at KM: 72+000-72+200 in an ancient landslide area. For this purpose, the geotechnical parameters of the mobilized soil along the slide surface was determined by back analyses of the landslide at four profiles by utilizing the Slope/W software. The landslide was then modeled using coupled analyses (with the Seep/W and Slope/W softwares) along the most representative profile of the study area by considering the landslide mechanism, the parameters determined from the geotechnical investigations, the size of the landslide and the location of the slip circle. In addition, since the study area is located in a second degree earthquake hazard region, pseudo-static stability analyses using the Slope/W software were performed incorporating the earthquake potential. The most suitable slope remediation technique was determined to be a combination of surface and subsurface drainage, application of rock buttress at the toe of the slide and unloading of the landslide material. A static and dynamic analyses of the landslide was also performed through utilizing finite element analyses. The static analyses were calibrated using the inclinometer readings in the field. After obtaining a good agreement with the inclinometer readings and finite element analyses results, the dynamic analyses were performed using acceleration time histories, which were determined considering the seismic characteristics of the study area.

Geophysical surveys in the Republic of Ireland and elsewhere rarely have the opportunity to receive direct, meaningful and quantitative feedback from ground observed excavations, despite their frequent occurrence as a subsequent phase of development-led archaeological projects. This research critically reappraises the largest and most coherent geophysical archive maintained by a single end-user over a ten year period. The geophysical archive has been collated from 170 reports on linear road schemes as a result of commercially-driven assessments in Ireland, to facilitate the biggest analysis of geophysical survey legacy data and subsequent detailed excavations. The analysis of the legacy data archive has reviewed and tested the influence of key variables that have, in some circumstances, affected the methods and outcomes of geophysical assessments in Ireland over the last 10 years. By understanding the impact of those key variables upon the legacy data - which include archaeological feature type, geology, sampling strategy and seasonality - appropriate and new ways to research linear corridors have been suggested that should be employed in future geophysical survey assessments for a range of environments and archaeological site types. The comprehensive analysis of geophysical surveys from the legacy data archive has created definitive statements regarding the validity of geophysical techniques in Ireland. Key failures that occurred in the past have been identified and a thorough investigation of new and novel techniques or methods of survey will facilitate a more robust approach to geophysical survey strategies in the future. The outcomes of this research are likely to have ramifications beyond the Irish road corridors from which the legacy data derives.
National Roads Authority (NRA)

Geophysical surveys in the Republic of Ireland and elsewhere rarely have the opportunity to receive direct, meaningful and quantitative feedback from ground observed excavations, despite their frequent occurrence as a subsequent phase of development-led archaeological projects. This research critically reappraises the largest and most coherent geophysical archive maintained by a single end-user over a ten year period. The geophysical archive has been collated from 170 reports on linear road schemes as a result of commercially-driven assessments in Ireland, to facilitate the biggest analysis of geophysical survey legacy data and subsequent detailed excavations. The analysis of the legacy data archive has reviewed and tested the influence of key variables that have, in some circumstances, affected the methods and outcomes of geophysical assessments in Ireland over the last 10 years. By understanding the impact of those key variables upon the legacy data - which include archaeological feature type, geology, sampling strategy and seasonality - appropriate and new ways to research linear corridors have been suggested that should be employed in future geophysical survey assessments for a range of environments and archaeological site types. The comprehensive analysis of geophysical surveys from the legacy data archive has created definitive statements regarding the validity of geophysical techniques in Ireland. Key failures that occurred in the past have been identified and a thorough investigation of new and novel techniques or methods of survey will facilitate a more robust approach to geophysical survey strategies in the future. The outcomes of this research are likely to have ramifications beyond the Irish road corridors from which the legacy data derives.

Improving Sinkhole Mapping Using LiDAR Data and Assessing Road Infrastructure at Risk in Johnson City, TN. Kingsley Fasesin1, Dr. Ingrid Luffman 1, Dr. Eileen Ernenwein 1 and Dr. Arpita Nandi1 1 Department of Geosciences, College of Arts and Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN; Abstract Predicting infrastructure damage and economic impact of sinkholes along roadways requires mapping of sinkhole distribution and development of a model to predict future occurrences with high accuracy. The study is carried out to define the distribution of sinkholes in Johnson City, TN and risks they pose to roads in the city. The study made use of a 2.5 ft Digital Elevation Model (DEM) derived from Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data acquired from Tennessee Geospatial clearing house (TNGIS) and an inventory of known sinkholes identified from topographic maps. Depressions were identified using the LiDAR-derived DEM by subtracting a filled-depressions DEM from the original study area DEM. Using a spatial join, mapped sinkholes were matched to depression polygons identified from the LiDAR-derived DEM. For all matched sinkhole-polygon pairs, three indices were calculated: circularity index, area ratio of minimum bounding rectangle, and proximity to train tracks and roads. The dataset was partitioned into training (70%) and validation (30%) subsets, and using the training dataset, thresholds for each index were selected using typical values for known sinkholes. These rules were calibrated using the 30% validation subset, and applied as filters to the remaining unmatched depression polygons to identify likely sinkholes. A portion of these suspected sinkholes were field checked. The future direction of this research is to generate a sinkhole formation model for the study area by examining the relationship between the mapped sinkhole distribution, and previously identified sinkhole formation risk factors. These factors include: proximity to fault lines, groundwater and streams; depth to bedrock; and soil and land cover type. Spatial Logistic Regression analysis will be used for model development, and results will be used to generate a sinkhole susceptibility map which will be overlain on the road network to identify the portions of interstate and state highways at risk of sinkhole destruction.

As Shakespeare composed the three history plays discussed here, English culture faced a shift in its dominant belief system from an animistic perspective that valued nature and superstition to a humanistic perspective based on reason and personal relationships. In Richard II, Shakespeare creates characters that fall on either side of this divide, and he shows humanism triumph over animism when Henry deposes Richard. In 1 Henry IV, Shakespeare shows that this binary is not so easily reconciled, and Hal (the future Henry V) creates a dual nature that subsumes the tenets of both animism and humanism. After the death of his father and his rejection of Falstaff in 2 Henry IV, Hal demonstrates that the only solution to the humanism/animism debate is to entirely reject the tenets of both and, instead, blend the two viewpoints together. The result is a newly formed conception of kingship and a hero-king.

Though born a century apart, American poets Emily Dickinson and Sylvia Plath share several similarities: Both were born in New England, both fought for their rights by writing, and both broke new poetic ground.          In this thesis, I look at their poetry through a movement in space, which begins with the poets’ precarious position as societal outliers and ends with ascension. I examine what crossing the threshold meant to them, physically and metaphorically, and how it is mirrored in their poems, I look at how the physical space in which they wrote color their poetry, I examine windows as a space of transit, and finally I take a closer look at the shape ascension takes in selected poems. I propose this road, this movement in space, is mirrored in both Dickinson’s and Plath’s poetry.      I use as my method deconstruction, to uncover hints and possibilities. I scan letters and journals, biographies and memoirs. As my theoretical framework, I use Walter Benjamin’s ideas about the threshold as a place of transit, as well as his thoughts about the flaneur as the observer of the crowd, both of which are presented in The Arcades Project. To further examine the threshold as a space for pause, reconsideration, retreat, or advance, I rely on Subha Mukheriji and her book Thinking on Thresholds: The Poetics of Transitive Spaces. I further use Gaston Bachelard’s seminal The Poetics of Spaceto investigate the poets’ response to the physical space in which they wrote. I look at ascension through the prism offered by the ideas of Mircea Eliade as presented in Myths, Dreams, and Mysteries: The Encounter Between Contemporary Faiths and Archaic Realities.

As estradas de terra têm um importante papel pelo escoamento de produtos, serviços e pessoas. No entanto, sofrem com a erosão acelerada, sendo importantes contribuintes de sedimentos para rios, nascentes e reservatórios. A cultura da cana-de-açúcar, que se encontra em uma nova fase de grande expansão, contém os carreadores em seus canaviais - estradas que circundam e entremeiam os talhões - fazendo parte da malha viária que serve a agroindústria da cana e sendo responsáveis pelo escoamento de toda a produção do campo às usinas. No presente estudo foi analisada a produção quantitativa e qualitativa de sedimentos em carreadores de cana-de-açúcar em função da ocorrência de chuvas naturais. O local do estudo observacional foi uma fazenda de cana situada na bacia hidrográfica do Ribeirão do Feijão (SP). Foram instaladas 4 parcelas observacionais em carreadores internos diferentes, tendo sido colhidas amostras de 30 eventos chuvosos de cada parcela. Além das perdas de sedimentos foram também determinados a granulometria, teores de nitrogênio total, fósforo total e matéria orgânica. Pôde ser observada uma produção acumulada de 116 kg, 241 kg, 149 kg e 491 kg nas parcelas 1, 2, 3 e 4, respectivamente. A parcela 4 apresentou as maiores produções quantitativas e também qualitativas. As produções acumuladas de nitrogênio total para o período estudado foram de aproximadamente 1,5 kg, 2 kg, 7 kg e 25 kg, respectivamente para as parcelas 1, 2, 3 e 4. Embora menos expressiva, houve uma produção de fósforo total nas 4 parcelas: 6 g (P1), 6 g (P2), 12 g (P3) e 92 g (P4). Tal diferença de produção de sedimento nas parcelas pode ser atribuída à declividade (P1 - 5%; P2 - 5%; P3 - 6%; P4 - 7%).
Dirt roads have an important role for the transportation of products, services and people. However they suffer from accelerated erosion, being important contributors of sediment to rivers, streams and reservoirs. The cultivation of sugar cane, which is in a new phase of major expansion, contains earth roads on their sugar plantations - roads surrounding and crossing the planting fields - which are part of the roads that serve the sugarcane agroindustry, being responsible for the transportation of all cane production from the field to the industrial plants. In this study quantitative and qualitative production of sediments in the cane earth roads was analyzed on the basis of the occurrence of natural rainfall. The location of the observational study was a sugarcane farm situated in the basin of the Ribeirão do Feijão (SP). Four observational plots were installed in different internal earth roads having been retracted samples from 30 rainy events at each plot. In addition to the waste of sediment, particle size, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and organic matter were also determined. A cumulative production of 116 kg 241 kg, 149 kg, 491 kg in was found in the plots 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Plot 4 presented the largest productions both quantitative and qualitative. Accumulated total nitrogen production for the period studied were 1,5 kg, 2 kg, 7 kg and 25 kg, respectively for plots 1, 2, 3 and 4. Although less expressive, there was a production of total phosphorus at the 4 installments: 6 g (P1), 6 g (P2), 12 g (P3) and 92 g (P4). This difference in production of sediment on the plots can be attributed to the slope (P1 - 5%; P2 - 5%; P3 - 6%; P4 - 7%).

The subject of this diploma thesis is the elaboration of a construction technological project for the construction of a residential complex Nový Žižkov in Poděbrady, where I will focus on the technological stage of the gross building of the main building SO-01 apartment building – section BI+BII (56 dwelling units). The supporting system of the building is composed of a combination of monolithic reinforced concrete structures and ceramic blocks. The foundation of a residential building is designed as a reinforced concrete basin with reinforcing ribs. The diploma thesis contains a text and attachment part.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
地理學系
86
The ways that roadside earth disposal give off sediments include rill erosion, inter - rill erosion and slumping. This study is focused on soil erosion on the road dumps of the industrial roads in Pin - Shi village. Erosion pins method was adopted to observe the erosion processes in 8 disposal sites. The age of the stacked disposal can divide into four stages from beginning to 2 years old. One other small observation plot was installed to collect runoff and sediments. Automatic device was installed for continuous rainfall and runoff recordings. Both inter - rill erosion and rill reosion were measured on these observatuons plots which were of 30 - 40 degree slope, since slopes steeper than 40 degree are too dangerous to conduct measurement. This study reveals that the average and single erosion depth of the erosion pin on inter - rill erosion and rill erosion area were over 10 mm and 92 mm respectivelyduring the first 6 month after the road was built. These measurements are 7 times and 73 time much the global averge erosion depth of 2.5 mm/year. The inter - rill erosion in 8 disposal sites reached a stable state 6 month after disposal. Because of the runoff effect, the rill erosion was different from inter - rill erosion. The total precipitation collected pen was 3163.2 mm from Octoer 1996 to June 1997 and the total sediment collected from the 7 m2 observation plot was about 14.529 kg. Since observation started 5 months after the road was built. It is very likely that erosion was even more severe during the fist 5 months after the road construction. Analysis of data reveals that both effective runoff and erosion rate decrease with increasing age of road dumps, which might be attributed to vegetation growth and soil crust.

碩士
逢甲大學
交通工程與管理所
95
The conventional construction method to mountainside road projects impact on the environment is great, and construction materials from the acquisition, construction of the construction, operation, maintenance of the recovery of using the life cycle, and each link all of the Earth''s environment impact. Reinforced earth construction method stressed to the security of infrastructure under the prerequisite of creating a quality environment, leveraging the power of local conditions, according to the type of construction and the environmental characteristics adopt the most appropriate level of response governance mechanisms. The study, with the "level of analysis (AHP)" to undertake expert survey, and statistical analysis to calculate the levels of decision-making and assessment guidelines weights as mountainside road construction reinforced earth construction method and the conventional construction method based on the integrated assessment that the road safety under the prerequisite that on the ecological level, the environmental aspects, economic aspects and dimensions such as construction of four levels for the appraisal and analysis. In an actual mountain road rehabilitation projects, for instance, compared with the traditional method stiffening at all levels considerations selected findings, in order to test the Institute to establish a comprehensive assessment of the correctness of policy makers to determine strategies for references.

博士
國立中正大學
中國文學系暨研究所
100
The “aerated endless flow” of the body, the principle followed by people in ancient China, constructs the entire access to cognition, self-cultivation, treatment and practice. The utilization of the same corresponding relationships can also be found in the classic novels. The space images of the theater are used to embody the concept of the aerated endless flowing body in The Journey to the West. . “ The Road to Paradise in the West ” is the metaphor of the body field of “the Earth Journey ". It offers a “platform” for “shuttling” interaction, which is an "continuously flowing abode”. "Flowing characteristics ”, and "flowing patterns” here can be explored by the forward movement of the team of the monk and his followers. Climbing over the mountains and walking across the waters, the whole team moves through the earth body, just as the flow of the Qi in the body exports the energy, which moves along the channel on certain particular routes, and triggers the swing effect especially in "difficult" points. Each point ,like the nature of acupuncture points, would cause the swing effect in the body while pressing it. The flow of the Qi constantly updates and accumulates new creativity, which is the basic of physical health and the power theory of earth Feng Shui self-healing. The flow of the Qi is modified as dramatical patterns of the story. The new route of “literature, medical treatment, Qi, body" is expanded and combines the view of the “object living” in ancient myths. Through the roles of different personalities, the mutual agitation of everything on earth is activated. In the text , “ the Road to Paradise in the West " is a mini version of incessantly-creating universe drama . The earth journey theater exhibited here describes the flow of the Qi inside meridians, the gearing effect of resonance, the overall view of“the Unity of Heaven and Man” in the universe. The exploration of the mysteries of "flow, Qi, body” can start from here.

English, Afrikaans and Zulu summaries
While there is increasing interest in the effect of landscape on ancient imagination, less attention has been paid to the impact of restless karst hydrology on ancient beliefs. By identifying shared themes, this study compares and contrasts the way Hittites and Aegean people in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages reshaped peripheral karst landscapes into physical and imagined transitional zones. Karst geology underpins much of the Aegean and Anatolian landscape, allowing subterranean zones to be visible and accessible above ground via caves, springs, sinking streams, sinkholes and other unusual natural formations. In both cultures, certain dynamic landscapes were considered to be sacred porous points where deities, daemons, heroes and mortals could transit between cosmic realms. Evidence suggests that Hittites and Aegean people interpreted dramatic karst landscapes as liminal thresholds and spaces situated between the world of humans and the world of deities. Part One investigates physical zones of transition via the karst ecosystems of rural sanctuaries. Part Two considers the creative interpretation in myth and iconography of karst phenomena into metaphysical zones of transition. The examples reveal the way in which Hittites and Aegean people built their concept of the sacred on the extraordinary characteristics of karst geology. Numinous karst landscapes provided validity and a familiar reference point for the creation of imagined worlds where mortal and divine could connect.
Vandag is daar toenemende belangstelling in die effek van die landskap op die verbeelding van die mensdom in die oudheid - maar minder aandag word bestee aan die impak van die rustelose karst landskap op die mens se gelowigheid in die oudheid. Deur die identifisering van sekere gemene temas, vergelyk hierdie verhandeling die manier waarop die Hetiete en die Egeïese volkere in die Laat Brons- en vroeë Ystertydperke die omliggende karstlandskap herskep het in fisiese en denkbeeldige oorgangszones. Die Egeïese en Anatoliese landskap bestaan grotendeels uit karst geologie, met tot gevolg dat ondergrondse zones bo die grond sigbaar en toeganklik is in die vorm van grotte, bronne, sinkgate en ander uitsonderlike natuurlike formasies. In beide bogenoemde kulture is sekere landskapstonele beskou as heilige en poreuse punte waar gode, demone, helde en sterwelinge tussen die kosmiese zones kon beweeg. Die getuienis van die tyd suggereer dat die Hetiete en die Egeïese volkere die dramatiese karst landskappe as grense of drempels tussen hulle wêreld en dié van die gode beskou het. Deel Een ondersoek die fisiese oorgangszones deur te kyk na die karst ecostelsels waarin plattelandse heiligdomme hulle bevind het. Deel Twee beskou die kreatiewe gebruik van karst verskynsels as voorstellings van metafisiese oorgangszones in die gekrewe bronne en ikonografie. Die geselekteerde voorbeelde dui aan die manier waarop die Hetiete en Egeïese volke hulle konsepte van heiligdom gebaseer het op die buitengewone verskynsels van karst geologie. Numineuse karst landskappe het hulle idees gestaaf en ‘n bekende verwysingspunt uitgemaak waar die menslike en die goddelike met mekaar in kontak kon kom.
Ngenkathi intshisekelo ekhulayo yethonya lokwakheka komhlaba emcabangweni wasendulo, kunakwe kancane umthelela we-karst hydrology engenazinkolelo ezinkolelweni zasendulo. Ngokukhomba izingqikithi okwabelwana ngazo, lo mqondo uqhathanisa futhi uqhathanise indlela amaHeti nabantu base-Aegean kweLate Bronze kanye ne-Early Iron Ages abuye abuye abumbe kabusha imigwaqo ye-karst yomngcele ibe yizingxenye zesikhashana zomzimba nezicatshangwe. I-Karst geology isekela kakhulu indawo yezwe i-Aegean ne-Anatolian evumela ukuthi izindawo ezingaphansi komhlaba zibonakale futhi zifinyeleleke ngaphezu komhlaba ngemigede, iziphethu, imifudlana ecwilayo, imigodi yokushona nokunye ukwakheka okungokwemvelo okungajwayelekile. Kuwo womabili amasiko izindawo ezithile eziguqukayo zazithathwa njengezindawo ezingcwele zokungena lapho onkulunkulu, amademoni, amaqhawe nabantu abafayo bengadlula phakathi kwezindawo zomhlaba. Ubufakazi bukhombisa ukuthi amaHeti nabantu base-Aegean bahumusha imidwebo emangazayo yekarst njengemikhawulo yemikhawulo nezikhala eziphakathi komhlaba wabantu nezwe lonkulunkulu. Ingxenye yokuqala iphenya izindawo eziguqukayo zomzimba ngokusebenzisa imvelo ye-karst yezindawo ezingcwele zasemakhaya. Ingxenye Yesibili ibheka ukutolikwa kokudala kunganekwane nakwizithonjana zezinto ze-karst kube izingxenye eziguqukayo zenguquko. Izibonelo ziveza indlela abantu abangamaHeti nabantu base- Aegean abawakha ngayo umqondo wabo ongcwele ngezimpawu ezingavamile ze-karst geology. Amathafa amahle we-karst ahlinzeka ngokusebenza kanye nephuzu elijwayelekile lesethenjwa lokwakhiwa kwamazwe acatshangelwe lapho abantu abafayo nabaphezulu bangaxhuma khona.
Biblical and Ancient Studies
M. A. (Ancient Near Eastern Studies)

Les changements climatiques mesurés dans le Nord-ouest canadien au cours du XXIe siècle entraînent une dégradation du pergélisol. Certaines des principales conséquences physiques sont la fonte de la glace interstitielle lors du dégel du pergélisol, l’affaissement du sol et la réorganisation des réseaux de drainage. L’effet est particulièrement marqué pour les routes bâties sur le pergélisol, où des dépressions et des fentes se créent de façon récurrente, rendant la conduite dangereuse. Des observations et mesures de terrain effectuées à Beaver Creek (Yukon) entre 2008 et 2011 ont démontré qu’un autre processus très peu étudié et quantifié dégradait le pergélisol de façon rapide, soit la chaleur transmise au pergélisol par l’écoulement souterrain. Suite aux mesures de terrain effectuées (relevé topographique, étude géotechnique du sol, détermination de la hauteur de la nappe phréatique et des chenaux d’écoulement préférentiels, température de l’eau et du sol, profondeur du pergélisol et de la couche active), des modèles de transfert de chaleur par conduction et par advection ont été produits. Les résultats démontrent que l’écoulement souterrain dans la couche active et les zones de talik contribue à la détérioration du pergélisol via différents processus de transfert de chaleur conducto-convectifs. L’écoulement souterrain devrait être pris en considération dans tous les modèles et scénarios de dégradation du pergélisol. Avec une bonne caractérisation de l’environnement, le modèle de transfert de chaleur élaboré au cours de la présente recherche est applicable dans d’autres zones de pergélisol discontinu.
Climate changes affecting the North West portion of Canada alter the thermal state of the permafrost and promote permafrost degradation. The results are permafrost thawing, ground ice melting, surface drainage changes and soil subsidence. Road infrastructures built on permafrost are particularly sensitive to permafrost stability and integrity. Depressions in the road pavement and development of cracks and potholes are recurrent problems for northern infrastructure. Field measurements done along a road transect in the discontinuous permafrost zone near Beaver Creek (Yukon) between 2008 and 2010 demonstrated that another process, advective heat transfer induced by groundwater flow, is promoting permafrost degradation. This process remains poorly known and has not been quantified sufficiently in permafrost environments. Field data on topography, soil geotechnical properties, water table and preferential flowpath characterization, ground and water temperature and active layer and permafrost depth were collected to build coupled models of seepage (mass transfer) and heat transfers. Results indicate that convective heat transfer processes associated with groundwater flow can have a substantial impact on permafrost degradation. Groundwater flow processes should therefore be taken into account in permafrost evolution models and climate warming scenarios. With a good characterization of the environment, the model that has been developed in this present research is relevant in other discontinuous permafrost environments.

Le Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune (MRNF) a mandaté la compagnie de géomatique SYNETIX inc. de Montréal et le laboratoire de télédétection de l’Université de Montréal dans le but de développer une application dédiée à la détection automatique et la mise à jour du réseau routier des cartes topographiques à l’échelle 1 : 20 000 à partir de l’imagerie optique à haute résolution spatiale. À cette fin, les mandataires ont entrepris l’adaptation du progiciel SIGMA0 qu’ils avaient conjointement développé pour la mise à jour cartographique à partir d’images satellitales de résolution d’environ 5 mètres. Le produit dérivé de SIGMA0 fut un module nommé SIGMA-ROUTES dont le principe de détection des routes repose sur le balayage d’un filtre le long des vecteurs routiers de la cartographie existante. Les réponses du filtre sur des images couleurs à très haute résolution d’une grande complexité radiométrique (photographies aériennes) conduisent à l’assignation d’étiquettes selon l’état intact, suspect, disparu ou nouveau aux segments routiers repérés. L’objectif général de ce projet est d’évaluer la justesse de l’assignation des statuts ou états en quantifiant le rendement sur la base des distances totales détectées en conformité avec la référence ainsi qu’en procédant à une analyse spatiale des incohérences. La séquence des essais cible d’abord l’effet de la résolution sur le taux de conformité et dans un second temps, les gains escomptés par une succession de traitements de rehaussement destinée à rendre ces images plus propices à l’extraction du réseau routier. La démarche globale implique d’abord la caractérisation d’un site d’essai dans la région de Sherbrooke comportant 40 km de routes de diverses catégories allant du sentier boisé au large collecteur sur une superficie de 2,8 km2. Une carte de vérité terrain des voies de communication nous a permis d’établir des données de référence issues d’une détection visuelle à laquelle sont confrontés les résultats de détection de SIGMA-ROUTES. Nos résultats confirment que la complexité radiométrique des images à haute résolution en milieu urbain bénéficie des prétraitements telles que la segmentation et la compensation d’histogramme uniformisant les surfaces routières. On constate aussi que les performances présentent une hypersensibilité aux variations de résolution alors que le passage entre nos trois résolutions (84, 168 et 210 cm) altère le taux de détection de pratiquement 15% sur les distances totales en concordance avec la référence et segmente spatialement de longs vecteurs intacts en plusieurs portions alternant entre les statuts intact, suspect et disparu. La détection des routes existantes en conformité avec la référence a atteint 78% avec notre plus efficace combinaison de résolution et de prétraitements d’images. Des problèmes chroniques de détection ont été repérés dont la présence de plusieurs segments sans assignation et ignorés du processus. Il y a aussi une surestimation de fausses détections assignées suspectes alors qu’elles devraient être identifiées intactes. Nous estimons, sur la base des mesures linéaires et des analyses spatiales des détections que l’assignation du statut intact devrait atteindre 90% de conformité avec la référence après divers ajustements à l’algorithme. La détection des nouvelles routes fut un échec sans égard à la résolution ou au rehaussement d’image. La recherche des nouveaux segments qui s’appuie sur le repérage de points potentiels de début de nouvelles routes en connexion avec les routes existantes génère un emballement de fausses détections navigant entre les entités non-routières. En lien avec ces incohérences, nous avons isolé de nombreuses fausses détections de nouvelles routes générées parallèlement aux routes préalablement assignées intactes. Finalement, nous suggérons une procédure mettant à profit certaines images rehaussées tout en intégrant l’intervention humaine à quelques phases charnières du processus.
In order to optimize and reduce the cost of road map updating, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Wildlife is considering exploiting high definition color aerial photography within a global automatic detection process. In that regard, Montreal based SYNETIX Inc, teamed with the University of Montreal Remote Sensing Laboratory (UMRSL) in the development of an application indented for the automatic detection of road networks on complex radiometric high definition imagery. This application named SIGMA-ROUTES is a derived module of a software called SIGMA0 earlier developed by the UMRSL for optic and radar imagery of 5 to 10 meter resolution. SIGMA-ROUTES road detections relies on a map guided filtering process that enables the filter to be driven along previously known road vectors and tagged them as intact, suspect or lost depending on the filtering responses. As for the new segments updating, the process first implies a detection of potential starting points for new roads within the filtering corridor of previously known road to which they should be connected. In that respect, it is a very challenging task to emulate the human visual filtering process and further distinguish potential starting points of new roads on complex radiometric high definition imagery. In this research, we intend to evaluate the application’s efficiency in terms of total linear distances of detected roads as well as the spatial location of inconsistencies on a 2.8 km2 test site containing 40 km of various road categories in a semi-urban environment. As specific objectives, we first intend to establish the impact of different resolutions of the input imagery and secondly establish the potential gains of enhanced images (segmented and others) in a preemptive approach of better matching the image property with the detection parameters. These results have been compared to a ground truth reference obtained by a conventional visual detection process on the bases of total linear distances and spatial location of detection. The best results with the most efficient combination of resolution and pre-processing have shown a 78% intact detection in accordance to the ground truth reference when applied to a segmented resample image. The impact of image resolution is clearly noted as a change from 84 cm to 210 cm resolution altered the total detected distances of intact roads of around 15%. We also found many roads segments ignored by the process and without detection status although they were directly liked to intact neighbours. By revising the algorithm and optimizing the image pre-processing, we estimate a 90% intact detection performance can be reached. The new segment detection is non conclusive as it generates an uncontrolled networks of false detections throughout other entities in the images. Related to these false detections of new roads, we were able to identify numerous cases of new road detections parallel to previously assigned intact road segments. We conclude with a proposed procedure that involves enhanced images as input combined with human interventions at critical level in order to optimize the final product.

The meaning of loss is love. I know this through attention to experience. Whether loss or love is experienced in abundance or in absence, the meaning is mystical with an opening of body, mind, heart and soul to spirit. And so, in the style of a memoir, in the way of contemplative prayer, I contemplate and share my soul as a promise kept in the mystical reach through loss. With the first, initiating loss, the loss of my nine-year-old nephew, Caleb, I experience an epiphany that gives me spiritual instructions that will not be ignored. I experience loss as an abundance of meaning that comes to me as gnosis, as “knowledge of the heart” according to Elaine Pagels or divine revelation in what Evelyn Underhill calls mystical illumination in the experience of “losing-to-find” in union with the divine. Then, with gnostic import, in leaving the ordinary for the extraordinary, I enter the empty room in the painful yet liberating experience of the loss of my self. In the embrace of emptiness, I proceed to the first wall, the second wall, the third wall, the dark corner of denial, the return to centre, and, finally, to breaking the fourth wall in the empty room so as to keep my promise to you. Who are “you”? You are God. You are Caleb. You are spirit. You are my higher soul or self. And, you are the reader. You are my dear companion in silence. And then, through a series of broken promises and more loss, within what John of the Cross calls, “the dark night of the soul,” I am stopped by the ineffability of the dark corner of denial, the horror of separation and the absence of meaning, which is depicted as the grueling gap between the spiritual abyss and the breakthrough. What does it mean to keep going through a solemn succession of losses? I don’t know. In going into the empty room, I simply put pain to work in order to reach you. Through loss, though there are infinite manifestations, there is only one way: keep going. And so, in a triumph of the spirit, I keep going so as to be: a promise kept in the mystical reach through loss. As for you, through my illumined and dark experiences of loss, what is my promise to you? I keep going to reach the unreachable you. In the loss of self, with embodied emptiness, in going into the dark corner of denial, with a return to the divine centre of my emptied self, in an invitation to you, I give my soul to you in union with you.
Graduate
2020-06-25