Дисертації з теми "Eau continentale"
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Picon, Philippe. "Diagénèse précoce de la matière organique à l'interface eau-sédiment dans un environnement de marge continentale." Aix-Marseille 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX30044.
Incubations of radioactive tracers and measurements of Sediment Community Oxygen Consumption (SCOC) were performed on the Gulf of Lions and Balearic continental margins (N-W Mediterranean Sea) by the use of autonomous benthic chambers, SCOC, measured along a coast-slope transecl in the Gulf of Lions is characterized by spatial and temporal variations which reflect the benthic response to organic matter (OM) inputs to the seafloor. The SCOC values presented in this study range from 0. 6 mmol 02 m- 2j-1 in the deep stations of the continental slope to 48. 1 mmol 02 m-2j-1 in the coastal area. Mineralization rates were calculated from SCOC indicating that a high percentage of the organic carbon (OC) which reaches the bottom is remineralized at the sediment-water interface: approximately 50% on the slope and 70% on the continental shelf. .
Kuppel, Sylvain. "Assimilation de mesures de flux turbulents d'eau et de carbone dans un modèle de la biosphère continentale." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VERS0041.
Assimilating terrestrial ecosystem data is an approach increasingly used to fill the gap between experimental observations and the ecophysiological theory as embodied in process-based land surface models. In this thesis, we have sought to use the information content of eddy covariance measurements of net carbon dioxide (NEE) and latent heat (LE) fluxes made at the sites of the FLUXNET global network, aiming at optimizing key parameters of the ORCHIDEE vegetation model and at refining the uncertainty budget. A Bayesian statistical approach has been chosen, so as to account for prior knowledge of the uncertainties related to the model parameters, the model equations, and the measurements. The major line of work has been to develop a data assimilation method where observations from several flux sites are simultaneously used as a constraint, in order to optimize a unique set of parameters considered as generic within a given class of ecosystem. We found that this multi-site approach significantly improves the model-data agreement at seasonal and annual time scales, with performances fairly similar to those brought by site-scaled, independently optimized parameters (single-site approach). We notably discuss the fact that the multi-site parameters’ values are not always a mere average of their single-site counterparts. Making use complementary data, we also evaluated the ability of the multi-site optimizations to improve the simulation of the gross carbon fluxes (photosynthesis and respiration) at the site scale, while at the global scale we considered the modeled phenology of the leaf cover and the seasonal cycle of the atmospheric CO2 concentration. Within our methodological developments, we have also proposed a technique to infer the statistical structure of the error stemming from inadequate and/or missing process representations in a global vegetation model such as ORCHIDEE. Focusing on net carbon fluxes, our results suggest that this « model error » deserves an explicit representation in the uncertainty budget inherent to carbon cycle modeling
Buscail, Roselyne. "Le cycle du carbone sur une marge continentale : aspects biogéochimiques du transfert de la matière organique à l'interface eau-sédiment." Perpignan, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PERP0123.
Denis, Lionel. "Dynamique des flux d'oxygène et de sels nutritifs à l'interface eau-sédiment sur la marge continentale du Golfe du Lion (Méditerranée Nord-Occidentale)." Aix-Marseille 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX22076.
Mezri, Leila. "Rôle des fluides pendant l'exhumation continentale : modélisation hydro-thermo-mécanique." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066175.
Strain localization is essential to the existence of plate tectonic on Earth. Yet, it is the result of non-linear interaction across several temporal and spatial scales and to date no unique rheological model exists that captures the effect of all these interactions at crustal scale. The work presented here is an attempt to fill part of the gap between out- crop scale and crustal scale models, between petrological scale and crustal scale. The central question is how to measure the effects of fluids and fluid-rock interactions on the dynamics and the kinematics of continental metamorphic core complexes by the mean of crustal scale numerical models. To answer this question, we have tried to esta- blish an empirical model of fluid flow and fluid-rock interaction, which could be valid at the scale of the crust. At that specific scale, it is important to capture the effects of free fluids both on the density of rocks, because it determines the body forces that are driving the exhumation of the crust, and on the strength of rocks and particularly on shear zones which constitute the ’hand-break’, the surface tractions, which resist this exhumation. This empirical model is based on a first order observation related to the behaviour of metamorphic rocks along the retrograde P − T path of their exhumation. High-grade metamorphic rocks (amphibolite/granulite) are indeed exhumed to the sur- face with very little retromorphose except those located within the shear bands where deformation localises. This works first consisted in parameterising this observation in a manner that could be implemented into a 2D thermo-mechanical code as an hydro- thermo-mechanical coupling which could account for free-water/rock-water exchange. In second part, a simplified scheme is introduced to account for hydrothermal cooling of the crust in the late stage of exhumation. The results show that this parameterization al- lows to better account for field observation in a range of parameters that are compatible with laboratory experiments. Limiting the retromorphose of rocks by the availability of free water is shown to produce significantly different metamorphic domes kinematics as compared to prior studies. We indeed demonstrate that it is not necessary to introduce heterogeneity in crustal composition to form asymmetric structures but that the effect of water is modulated by the chemistry of the protolith rocks which influences strain localization
Behera, Abhinna. "Vers l’Extrapolation à l’échelle continentale de l’impact des overshoots sur le bilan de l’eau stratosphérique." Thesis, Reims, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REIMS011/document.
This dissertation aims at laying a foundation on upscaling work of the impact of stratospheric overshooting convection (SOC) on the water vapor budget in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) and lower stratosphere at a continental scale.To do so, we take advantage of the TRO-Pico field campaign measurements held at Bauru, Brazil, during two wet/convective seasons in 2012 and 2013, and perform accordingly several numerical simulations of the TTL which encompass through a large part of south America using the BRAMS mesoscale model.Firstly, we adopt a strategy of simulating a full wet season without considering SOC. This simulation is then evaluated for other typical key features (e.g., TTL temperature, convective clouds, gravity wave) of the TTL. In the absence of SOC and before upscaling its impact, we demonstrate that the model has a fair enough ability to reproduce a typical TTL. The importance of large-scale upwelling in comparison to the finite-scale deep convective processes is then discussed.Secondly, from fine scale BRAMS simulations of an observational case of SOC during TRO-Pico, we deduce physical parameters (mass flux, ice mass budget, SOC size) that will be used to set a nudging of the SOC impact in large-scale simulations. A typical maximum impact of about 2kt of water vapor, and 6kt of ice per SOC cell is computed. This estimation is 30% lower for another microphysical setup of the model. We also show that the stratospheric hydration by SOC is mainly due to two types of hydrometeors in the model
Pelfrène, Aurélie Grimaud Daniel. "Spéciation des métaux traces (Cd., Cu, Pb, Zn) dans les eaux d'un Planosol non pollué (Massif Central, France)." Tours : SCD de l'université de Tours, 2008. http://theses.abes.fr/2008TOUR4008.
Angeli, Nicolas Dambrine Etienne. "Evolution de la composition chimique des ruisseaux vosgiens Analyse rétrospective et effet d'un amendement calco-magnésien /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCD_T_2006_0096_ANGELI.pdf.
Yang, XiaoZhi. "Water content and H-O-Li isotopes in lower crustal granulite minerals." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPL028N/document.
For the first time, systematic investigations of water content and H-O-Li isotopic compositions of minerals in lower crustal granulites, as well as water content of minerals in mantle peridotites, from eastern China have been carried out by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and ion microprobe. The results show that: (1) Nominally anhydrous minerals, such as pyroxenes and plagioclase, in the lower crust generally contain trace amounts of structural water, with their content (H2O by wt.) varying from 200 to 2330 ppm for clinopyroxene, 60 to 1875 ppm for orthopyroxene, 65 to 900 ppm for plagioclase and 155 to 1100 ppm for the estimated bulk compositions. (2) Water contents of minerals in lower crustal granulites from eastern China, and their bulk values, are significantly higher than those in the underlying upper mantle, implying vertical heterogeneities of water distribution in the deep continental lithosphere; the contrast in water content even affect the rheological strength of the lithosphere. (3) The O-isotopic compositions of pyroxenes in the lower crustal granulites from eastern China are highly variable between different localities (~ 4.5 to 12.5‰, expressed in [delta]18OSMOW values), indicating variable influences from recycled crustal materials on their protoliths. (4) The H-isotopic compositions of granulite minerals from eastern China, are mostly in the range of -80 to -10‰ expressed in [delta]DSMOW values, and these minerals are usually in equilibrium with their [delta]D values. The relatively high [delta]D of granulite minerals may be related with degassing loss of H during the genesis of granulites. (5) The Li-isotopic compositions of granulite minerals from eastern China are usually in the range of -13 to 4.7‰, mostly lower than those of MORB (2-6‰). They reflect the source heterogeneity and are probably results of high-T Li diffusion during the intrusion of their original melts into the preexisting lower crust. (6) The large dispersion of Li and water contents and of H-O-Li isotopic results indicate the absence of any pervasive fluids in the lower crust
Maison, Eric. "Acidification d'une eau par l'acide sulfurique : toxicité à court et long terme vis à vis de Salmo gaidneri R." Toulouse, INPT, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987INPT021A.
Plénet, Sandrine. "Sensibilité et rôle des invertébrés vis à vis d'un stress métallique à l'interface eau superficielle-eau souterraine." Lyon 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO10038.
Vinot, Ingrid Pihan Jean-Claude. "Impact des rejets de cuivre et zinc en milieu aquatique circulation, spéciation, biodisponibilité, bioaccumulation, transfert et toxicité /." Metz : Université Metz, 2008. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/2004/Vinot.Ingrid.SMZ0432.pdf.
Duriez, Alban. "Origine et processus de minéralisation d'eaux thermales en milieu continental méditerranéen : Cas du système géothermal des thermopyles (Grèce)." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA112356.
Baudoin, Jean-Marc Guérold François. "Biodiversité et fonctionnement de cours d'eau forestiers de tête de bassin effet de l'acidification anthropique et d'une restauration /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2007. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/2007/Baudouin.J_M.SMZ0747.pdf.
Flipo, Nicolas. "Modélisation des Hydrosystèmes Continentaux pour une Gestion Durable de la Ressource en Eau." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00879449.
Radu, Ioana Bogdana. "Xenolites éclogitiques cratoniques - Origine et évolution du manteau lithosphérique sous-continental." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSES004/document.
This study is based on the most complete existing collection of cratonic eclogites (> 180 nodules), from the Siberian and South African cratons. Non-metasomatized Type IIA eclogites are typically more magnesian, LREE-enriched, with δ18O values of 3.7-7.5 ‰, positive Sr anomalies and corresponding to a low pressure-temperature (PT) layer. The whole-rock composition is consistent with a basaltic protolith. Type IIB eclogites are morsodic and aluminous, LREE-depleted, with δ18O values of 2.3-3.6‰, corresponding to equilibrium at high-PT. The whole-rock trace element composition is consistent with a pyroxenitic protolith. Coesite, kyanite and corundum-bearing eclogites ypically have jadeite-rich clinopyroxenes witlpositive Eu and Sr anomalies and grossular-rich gamets with corresponding positive Eu and negative Sr anomalies. PT-estimates indicate coe-kycor-bearing eclogites equilibrated in the lowermost part of the cratonic keel and reconstructed whole-rock trace element composition corresponds to a very depleted gabbroic protolith. This is consistent with the subduction of a hydrothermally altered, basaltic to websteritic sequence of an incompatible-element-depleted oceanic crust.Calculated water content of omphacite is a minmum estima te of ~930-1410 ppm by weight H2O and reconstructed estimates for whole-rock watercontent ~310-890 ppm HO) for the Obnazhennaya eclogites are significantly higher than those of the surrounding peridotites. Thus, mantle eclogite may be an important water reservoir at the base of the cratonic root, with major consequences for cratonic keel, longevity mantle rheology and global water cvcle
Gao, Qi. "Estimation des ressources en eau sur les surfaces continentales par télédétection micro-onde multi-capteurs." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30137.
The estimation of the water resources of the continental surfaces at a regional and global scale is fundamental for good water resources management. This estimation covers a wide range of topics and fields, including the characterisation of soils and water resources at the basin scale, hydrological modelling and flood prediction and mapping. In this context, the characterisation of the states of the continental surface, to obtain better input parameters for hydrological models, is essential to improve the precision in the simulation of flows, droughts, and floods. The estimation of the water content in the system, including the different water bodies and the free water in the soil, is especially necessary for a precise description of the hydrological processes and, in general, of the water cycle on the continental surfaces. To better characterise hydrological processes, human interventions cannot be neglected. Humans influence the water cycle, mainly through irrigation and the construction of reservoirs, which must be correctly quantified. The objective of the thesis is the improvement of the remote estimation of water resources, including the quantification of human factors, using several sensors recently launched, taking advantage of recent developments in remote sensing technology. With the arrival of the Sentinel constellations (Sentinel-1, 2, 3), we have better tools to estimate water resources, including human impacts, with greater precision and coverage. This thesis consists mainly of two parts where human interventions in the water cycle are considered: irrigation cartography (as an application of soil moisture), and the forcing of reservoirs in hydrological simulations (as an application of altimetry). Firstly, soil moisture is estimated from the statistical analysis of Sentinel-1 SAR data. Two methodologies are developed to obtain soil moisture with a spatial resolution of 100 m based on the interpretation of Sentinel-1 data collected with the VV polarization (vertical-vertical), which is combined with optical data of Sentinel-2 for the analysis of the effects of vegetation. Secondly, irrigation is mapped under various meteorological conditions, including high spatial and temporal resolution
Azzam, Ahcene Ameziane. "Contribution à la mise en place d'un système multicapteurs pour la surveillance des eaux de surface : fusion de données et aide à la décision." Nancy 1, 2005. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2005_0188_AZZAM.pdf.
The present thesis investigates the monitoring and the evaluation of the quality of a river which supplies a drinking water network. The raw data collected from a multi-sensors installation, are transformed into data fusion information. This fusion makes it possible to qualify pollutions after having taken down the answers of each sensor. This is done after having tested various pollutions in confined circuit, while using partly, the method of the experimental plans. On the basis of these states called "masks of pollution", the multi-criterion assistance for the decision makes it possible to quantify the degree of seriousness of these pollutions. Information thus produced, defines the degree of pollution, allows a decision aid to avoid the contamination of the drinking water network, guaranteeing an action, according to a level of alarm, which will decide to stop the water pumping for example
Alaux-Négrel, Gabrielle. "Etude de l'évolution des eaux profondes en milieu granitiques et assimilés : comportement des élements traces." Paris 7, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA077274.
Pachura-Bouchet, Sophie Vasseur Paule. "Toxicité et effets sur le développement d'Hydra attenuata des polluants hydriques et nonylphénol (NP)." Metz : Université Metz, 2008. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/2005/Pachura_Bouchet.Sophie.SMZ0520.pdf.
Guibourg, Angéline Donon. "Contribution à l'étude physico-chimique dans l'eau de quelques hydrocarbures halogénés à trois ou quatre atomes de carbone." Montpellier 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986MON20217.
Pimsee, Pranudda. "Étude du comportement des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) lors du déversement accidentel d'hydrocarbures en eaux continentales." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2014. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/12235/1/pimsee.pdf.
Darmoul, Yacine. "La mesure spectrophotométrique du pH et de l'alcalinité dans les eaux continentales : développement de la méthode et intégration dans un capteur de mesure in-situ haute fréquence." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GLOB0014.
The different compartments of the hydrosphere are major sinks or sources of CO2 and the role of freshwaters in the global carbon cycle has been recently reevaluated as substantial. Freshwaters show variations of the carbonate system variables at hourly time scales and in a large range. A key limitation for the carbonate system studies is the necessity of accurate, in-situ and high frequency measurements that would provide data with suitable spatial and temporal resolutions to enlighten the processes affecting the carbonate system. With the aim of in-situ and high frequency sensor development to assess the freshwaters whole carbonate system with the simultaneous measurement of the pH-Alkalinity couple, spectrophotometric measurement of these parameters is developped. This work focuses mainly on the spectrophotometric alkalinity (Alk) measurement, which is an original contribution. This new method, consists to neutralize all the basic species taken into account in the Alk by a weak acid (formic acid, HFo) mixed with a pH sensitive dye (bromophenol blue, BPB) to measure accurately the pH end point value and thus deduce the Alk of the sample. After a step of laboratory adjustement, the performance of the spectrophotometric methods is assessed in low pH buffer solutions for pH, commercial mineral and spring waters for Alk and natural freshwaters for both, by a comparison to conventional potentiometric measurements and theoretical calculations. PH measurements show a precision of ±0. 005; Alk measurements show a precision of ±7μM. For Alk measurement, the best accuracy is obtained by downplaying the excess acid term and thus its associed uncertainty. Additionnaly, for both pH and Alk, accuracy relies upon the performance of the spectrophotometer, carefully prepared and defined indicator solution and all very controlled and reliable thermodynamic constants with their temperature and ionic strength dependence. After this step that provide strong theoretical basis which precision and accuracy meet the requirements of scientist working on freshwaters systems, the spectrophotometric pH-Alk method was integrated as an in-situ and high frequency sensor. The integration started by a functioning assessment that leads to some modifications on the prototype. Additionnaly, the integration bring to light others optical, mechanical and chemical troubles that were solved before the method validation where previous performances were increased: pH measurements show a precision of ±0. 002 and Alk measurements show a precision of ±3μM. Finally, the prototype sensor was successfully tested on natural freshwaters (a carbonated french lake and the Seine river). These deployment shows the sensor sturdiness but reveal the difficulty of Alk measurement in waters with high turbidity, that necessitate a filtration step before spectrophotometric measurements
Robinet, Tony. "Mécanismes de persistance des assemblages piscicoles en eau douce : des bassins côtiers continentaux aux îles océaniques." La Rochelle, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LAROS117.
A fish assemblage is constituted by fish species living in a given system at a given time. The composition of the freshwater fish assemblage in a catchment depends of many multiscale factors. Insular freshwater systems, as continental coastal catchments or oceanic islands, are of interest to understand the persistence conditions of the fish species occurring there. At different degrees of insularity, this study analyses mechanisms of persistence of fish species in freshwaters according to their reproductive and migratory strategies. From the coastal catchments of the North-West of France to the Reunion Island in the Indian Ocean, we study the species assemblages, different at the taxonomic level, but comparable at the life-history traits level (movements ability, migration, reproduction). The persistence mechanisms of the fish assemblage are considered on the first hand at the river's scale, with multi-years surveys, in a small coastal and continental river (the Fremur) and in the 13 rivers of the Reunion Island. Then, the study of the density variations and extinction probability of species at the river's scale allows us to discuss on the specific composition of the fish assemblage at a regional scale in coastal continental rivers and oceanic islands. Among the various strategies developed to persist in different conditions of insularity, migratory or sedentary species, freshwater- or sea-spawning, anadromous, catdromous or amphidromous, the dispersal strategy of eels is present in all the catchments we studied. Thus, the estuarine and riverine recruitment of eels in the Reunion Island is presented with the results of a one-year survey, and the regional conditions of persistence of this particular strategy are discussed
Ahnish, Faraj Abdullah. "The international law of maritime boundaries and the practice of states in the Mediterranean sea /." Oxford : Clarendon press, 1993. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb374138245.
Hermida, Julio E. "Dispersion des eaux estuariennes de la Gironde sur le plateau continental." Bordeaux 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR10525.
Fekete, Ilona. "Évaluation complexe de la pollution environnementale du système de lacs Gödöllö - Isaszeg." Toulouse, INPT, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INPT003A.
Duval, Bastien. "Ecodynamics of trace metals and metalloids in Pyrenean lakes in relation to climate change and anthropogenic pressure." Thesis, Pau, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PAUU3046.
The management and conservation of Pyrenean high mountain lakes within the current context of climate change and increasing anthropogenic pressure require detailed knowledge of their biogeochemical functioning. In this doctoral thesis, five sampling campaigns were carried out (2017-2019) in more than 20 alpine lakes. The analysis of water samples allowed us to study the occurrence, the depth profiles, the geographical distribution and the seasonal trends of a large array of physico-chemical and biogeochemical parameters. Specifically, the cycle of carbon dioxide (CO2) and the fate of Potentially Harmful Trace Elements (PHTEs) were investigated. The mercury (Hg) was specially studied through the development of an analytical procedure for the measurement of trace concentrations in natural waters and through biogeochemical investigations on the distribution and the fate of Hg species in the water column, as well as in sediment archives.The new and robust procedure developed in this work to measure the total alkalinity (TA) and the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) allowed us to determine the other two parameters of the CO2 system, the pH and the fugacity of CO2 (fCO2). The bedrock characteristics of the watershed appear to be the most important parameters influencing the acid status of the studied lakes. Moreover, obtained fCO2 values indicate that lakes are sources of CO2 for the atmosphere.The measurement of various physico-chemical parameters allowed us to discriminate and classify the studied lakes according to their water geochemistry, highlighting the importance of the trophic status of the lakes, the geological background and the atmospheric inputs. The occurrence, sources and behaviour of the PHTEs were investigated with evidence of a contrast between geological and atmospheric inputs. Intensive monitoring revealed some PHTEs to be highly sensitive to environmental changes such as temperature and redox conditions.Monitoring natural concentrations of total Hg in aquatic systems remains a difficult challenge and there is a need for the development of low cost and easy handling analytical methods. The method for analysis of trace Hg concentrations developed and optimized in this work was successfully operational and exhibits a suitable limit of detection and an excellent reproducibility. Hg speciation results in the water column demonstrated the pristine state and the dynamic of the Pyrenean lakes. The homogeneity in the non-gaseous total Hg concentrations in the studied lakes confirmed the absence of local sources and the potential use of these ecosystems as sentinels of regional to global Hg contamination. While inorganic mercury (iHg) did not show seasonal variations, monomethylmercury(MMHg) was significantly higher in autumn 2018 and dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) varied strongly within and among lakes. In-situ experiments confirmed the conditions that promote Hg methylation (stratified anoxic waters), demethylation and photoreduction (intense UV light).The historical Hg record in sediment archives highlighted temporal trends in Hg accumulation rates (HgARs) with a progressive increase since the 16th Century and the industrialization, mirroring the Hg production in Almadén mines (Southern Spain). Besides, Hg stable isotopes allow the identification of distinct anthropogenic sources as well as past climate variability.Overall, environmental changes in lake ecosystems, induced by either climatic conditions (temperature, light intensity) or anthropogenic pressure (atmospheric inputs, eutrophication, atmospheric CO2) are likely to produce significant impacts among CO2, specific PHTEs and Hg biogeochemical cycles in mountainous ecosystems
Barthe, Xavier. "Les Suspensions dans les eaux du plateau continental du golfe de Gascogne." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37602693b.
Stéphanie, Singla. "Prévisibilité des ressources en eau à l'échelle saisonnière en France." Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00798280.
Tixier, Guillaume Guérold François. "L' acidification anthropique des eaux de surface : effets sur les communautés de macro invertébrés benthiques Autoécologie et réponses d'espèces caractéristiques des ruisseaux de tête de bassin des Vosges /." Metz : Université Metz, 2008. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/2004/Tixier.Guillaume.SMZ0433.pdf.
Doussan, Claude. "Transferts rivière-nappe et effet filtre des berges : application aux transferts de l'azote /." [Fontainebleau] : Ecole des mines de Paris, Centre d'informatique géologique, 1994. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb357233007.
Galle, Christian. "Comportement de l'aluminium dans l'organisme de deux variétés de poissons comestibles (Tilapia et Truite) vivant en eaux périodiquement acidifiées." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992CLF15002.
Rey, Jacqueline. "Information scientifique et morphologie lexicale : le système linguistique de l'écologie des eaux continentales." Lyon 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO31008.
This dissertation is based on the assumption that the meaning of the lexi : units of a specialized language (or sublanguage) may be partly inferred from the meanings of its components and that it should be possible to deduce an entire system of lexical relationships from a morphological analysis. The links between documentation and terminology are emphasized and then we investigate the morphological system of a field of a scientific activity - freshwater ecology - which borrows some of its concepts from various other scientific fields. The morphological study of sublanguages should be a great help to build controlled vocabularies and to retrieve information. The examination of words and of their structure provides clues to the recognition of lexical forms (prefixes, suffixes, stems, etc. ) and to the identification of classes of particular objects. An outline of thesaurus based on this theoretical basis is appended
Brilhante, Ogenis Magno. "Magnétisme et diagnostic de la pollution particulaire métallique dans l'environnement." Paris 12, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA120051.
Richert, Caroline. "Comparaison de marqueurs biochimiques chez les poissons (induction de l'activité éthoxyrésorufine-O-deéthylase et inhibition de l'activité acétylcholinestérase) et d'indicateurs écologiques (peuplement de macroinvertébrés) pour le diagnostic in situ de la pollution toxique dans les cours d'eau." Lyon 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO10356.
Poumaye, Nicole Mathilde. "Transformation chimique et structurale d’un constituant de brique en zéolite : application à l’élimination des contaminants métalliques dans le traitement des eaux." Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1R024.
In Central African Republic (CAR), potable water is not accessible to more than 70% of the total population despite important water resources in this country. This lack of potable water is further aggravated by the presence of soluble iron which leading to high turbidity and clogging with time. On this view, we have attempted to develop an adsorption process by using a local brick which contains metakaolinite. This mineral was generated through the dehydroxylation of kaolinite during the heating of local soils used for making brick. In order to activate this material, brick grains were treated with sodium hydroxide (0.6M and 0.8M). And in order to optimize the synthesis process, the chemical treatment was carried out at different reaction times and temperatures. The chemical, mineralogical and structural composition of synthesized compounds was determined by several techniques: X-ray diffraction; ICP-EAS, micro-Raman, MAS NMR and ESEM-EDS. These analyses revealed the formation of crystalline (cubic and spherical) structures identified as zeolites NaA and NaP. From batch and column experiments, the modified brick was employed successfully in the removal of metals (Cd2+, Co2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Pb2+ et Zn2+) from aqueous solutions. Metal adsorption took place according to a pseudo-second order kinetics. And at the solid-water interface, the adsorption process occurred via an ions exchange at the brick surface followed by an intra-particle diffusion. Calculated thermodynamic data indicated that the adsorption mechanism was spontaneous (ΔG°<0), endothermic (ΔH°>0), and proceeded with a positive entropy (ΔS° >0). The detailed study of this adsorbent in column also permitted us to determine filtration parameters (service time, adsorption capacity, minimal height of the bed …) and to optimize column performances. Finally, the zeolitized brick could be used as a low-cost adsorbent to be implemented in rural zones
Liu, Shaochen. "Water content and geochemistry of the Cenozoic basalts in SE China : implications for enrichment in the mantle source of intra-plate basalts." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0360/document.
The major and trace element contents, Sr-Nd-Pb isotope, H2O contents and the cpx phenocryst O isotope of Cenozoic basalts from 11 places with distinct geological backgrounds in SE China have been measured to decipher the relationship between the possible recycled components and mantle geochemical heterogeneities. Zhejiang basalts erupted in two stages, 20-27Ma and after 11Ma. Their H2O contents range from 1.3-2.6%. The estimated H2O contents of initial basaltic melts for the Shiheng basalts range from 1.3-2.4%; the Bailin diabases have “fake” basaltic melt water contents from 1.9-2.1%; and the Mingxi basalts have initial H2O contents of 0.3-0.5%, in Fujian. H2O content the basalts from Leihuling (LH), Dayang (DY) and Fujitian (FJT) areas in Hainan are 2.7 wt. %, 1.3 wt. %, and 2.6 wt. %. The Xilong basalts from Zhejiang, Mingxi basalts from Fujian and Leihuling basalts from Hainan involved recycled oceanic crust components in the mantle source, while the Gaoping and Shuangcai basalts from Zhejiang, Shiheng, Bailin, and Niutoushan basalts from Fujian as well as the Maanling, Dayang and Fujitian basalts from Hainan involved recycled oceanic sediments and crust components in their mantle source. Overall, the SE China Cenozoic basalts have involved the recycled oceanic materials in their mantle source. The recycled oceanic materials have different existential state and locations, when the geological history of SE China are considered. The subducted Pacific slab most likely effect the composition of mantle in SE China
Naghi, Fadi El. "Contribution à l'étude de la pollution par micropolluants (atrazine, benzène) de la nappe de la craie dans le nord de la France : évaluation du risque de pollution des captages d'eau potable d'Étaples et de Blendecques (Pas de Calais)." Lille 1, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2006/50376_2006_276.pdf.
A partir des résultats précédents et les caractéristiques du site d'Etaples qui présente une contamination en atrazine par utilisation plutôt urbaine qu'agricole, on a estimé les quantités probablement utilisées en se basant sur l'avis des experts ainsi que sur la bibliographie. Un modèle du bassin versant d'Etaples a ainsi été créé. En raison des limites du logiciel MODFLOW qui ne traite pas des problèmes de migration des pesticides, une approche inverse des phénomènes a été utilisée. Il parait de cette recherche que les modèles hydrodynamiques de nappe sont insuffisants pour simuler correctement le comportement de l 'atrazine dans son cheminement du sol vers la nappe, puis au sein de la nappe. Par approches numériques mettant en jeu une modélisation par Réseau de Neurones Artificielles (RNA) puis par correction graphique des résultats, on a pu mettre en évidence le phénomène de dégradation d'une grande partie de l'atrazine épandue, puis l'entraÎnement par lessivage en des pomts singuliers d'infiltration. La migration est donc rapide par cheminement dans le réseau de fissures de la craie à l'occasion de saturation temporaire de celui-ci. D'autre part, une étude de vulnérabilité de la nappe de la craie du bassin versant de l'Aa (Audomarois) est proposée pour des pollutions ponctuelles par un micropolluant type hydrocarbure (le Benzène), dans le but d 'aboutir à une optimisation de la protection des captages du SIDEN France et de la communaUlé d 'agglomération de Sain/-Omer à Blendecques
Louriño, Cabana Beatriz. "Comportement des éléments traces métalliques (ETM) dans deux systèmes aquatiques soumis à des activités minières et métallurgiques." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10033/document.
Trace-metals behaviour had been studied in two different aquatic systems contaminated by mining and metallurgical activities. The first study site is situated in two Norwegian rivers (Raubekken and Vorma). Cu, Fe and Zn concentrations in both rivers were measured by voltammetry by means of an automatic monitoring system developed by the NTNU (Norwegian University of Science and Technology). The most significant result of this study was the daily variability of these three metals in Vorma, with noticeable shifts of metal-content maxima detected. The second study site is situated in Deûle river, close to the ancient smelter Metaleurop. Although suspended particles and sediments were strongly contaminated by Pb, Zn and Cd, the global quality of the filtered water was found to be good. As for the water-sediment interface, the oxidation of biodegradable organic matter and the reduction of iron and manganese oxides result in an important release of trace metals in interstitial waters from surface sediments. Nevertheless, measured and calculated diffusive and benthic fluxes of trace metals from the sediment to the water column were weak with respect to daily metal-concentrations variations in the water column. During monitoring campaigns in winter, it was shown that an increase of dissolved zinc occurred in the water column a few hours after sediment resuspension events, whereas in spring this phenomenon is more dependent upon temperature variations between day and night and phytoplankton activity as key parameters of daily cycles
Goeury, Cédric. "Modélisation du transport des nappes d'hydrocarbures en zone continentale et estuarienne." Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1131/document.
The application of the European Water Framework Directive on water quality for human consumption and industrial activities creates a need for water quality assessment and monitoring systems. The MIGR'HYCAR research project (http://www.migrhycar.com) was initiated to provide decisional tools for risks connected to oil spills in continental waters (rivers, lakes and estuaries), which represent more than 50% of accidental spills in France. Within the framework of this project, a new numerical oil spill model has been developed, as part of the Telemac hydro-informatics system (see: (http://www.opentelemac.org), by combining Lagrangian and Eulerian methods. The Lagrangian model describes the transport of an oil spill near the free surface. The oil spill model enables to simulate the main processes driving oil plumes: advection, diffusion, oil beaching, oil re-floating, evaporation, dissolution, spreading and volatilization. Though generally considered as a minor process, dissolution is important from the point of view of toxicity. To model dissolved oil in water, an Eulerian advection-diffusion model is used. The fraction of dissolved oil is represented by a passive tracer. This approach is able to follow dissolved hydrocarbons in the water column. Laboratory experiments were conducted to characterise the numerous kinetics of the processes listed above. In addition, meso-scale dynamic experiments in artificial channels and test cases derived from the literature are used to validate the numerical model
Tourari, Abdellatif. "Effets de l'échauffement des eaux sur le cycle de reproduction de la moule d'eau douce dreissena polymorpha (Bivalve dreissanidae) : étude in situ et en laboratoire : aspects histologiques, histochimiques et biochimiques." Metz, 1988. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1988/Tourari.Abdellatif.SMZ8817.pdf.
The thermal effects on the biology of reproduction cycle of the bivalve Dreissena polymorpha are studied. The selection of two industrial sites allowed to test in situ differences of temprature from +2 to +7°C between control and overheated stations. The chronological stages of reproduction cycle nomenclature is established. Normally the gametogenic quiescence occurs in the cold season ; development and maturation of gametes begin in spring. The spawning activity occurs in late spring and continues during summer. The analysis of body weight variations and the main biochemical components (proteins, lipids and carbohydrates) enabled us to confirm and improve the interpretation of reproduction cycle in relation to hydrobiological water parameters. The histochemical and biochemical analysis complement each other and permit to affirm that lipids are important in the vitellogenic material. Lipid variations considered as indicators of spawing stage. The recovery of gametogenesis is precocious for mussels. During quiescence period, laboratory acclimation mussels to +8°C, induces recovery of gametogenesis and sexual maturation is reached precociously. There is evidence of histological alterations in mussels exposed to higher temperatures. The biochemical analysis of animals at worm stations showed a decrease of the lipid contents in spring indicating an early spawning. No significant differences have been found in protein content between control and test animals. In contrast, the carbohydrate contents are higher in test animals
Guérold, François. "L'acidification des cours d'eau : impact sur les peuplements de macroinvertébrés benthiques : application au massif Vosgien." Metz, 1992. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1992/Guerold.Francois.SMZ9243.pdf.
The acidification of streamwaters has been investigated in the Vosges Mountains in terms of physico-chemical characteristics and macroinvertebrates communities. A spatial as well as temporal survey of streams has shown that acid waters are charactized by very low alcanity, low pH, low mineralisation and high Al concentrations. In such stream all the major faunistic groups are affected. Molluscs, crustaceans and ephemeroptera have completely disappeared, diptera, trichoptera and coleoptera abundances and richnesses are strongly reduced. Plecoptera richness is lower but this group may be on the most abundant in acid waters. We have demonstrated that some sensitive species show osmoregulatory failures
Vallette, Chloé. "L'environnement s'invite en ville : l'action collective face aux risques environnementaux dans la Grande Aire Métropolitaine de San José (Costa Rica)." Caen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CAEN1695.
The Quebrada Seca River opens a desolate breach in the Great Metropolitan Area (GAM) of San José, Costa Rica’s capital. This small river, corseted between buildings, shows its grey rocks and brown dirt to neighbouring houses’ windowless walls. Clues of abandonment are everywhere. Yet, several collectives gathering inhabitants, technicians and scientists, take action in order to reduce environmental risks linked to Quebrada Seca (flooding, erosion, pollution). In formulating the tangible problems they are affected by in terms of environmental risks (Mormont, 2009), these collectives strongly criticize the urban socio-political organization. They question the accuracy of administrative territories and of communal identities. They propose specific types of territorial organization, and original collective commitment forms. Our thesis is that dealing with environmental risks allow these city dwellers to create a particular kind of urbanity (Capron and Monnet, 2000), a way of living together, that go beyond urban planning’s strict projections
Oberdorff, Thierry. "Structure des peuplements piscicoles des cours d'eau francais : application a la gestion des eaux continentales." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MNHN0002.
El, Jarjaf Abdellah. "Performance d'algues unicellulaires et d'une lentille d'eau dans le traitement d'eaux enrichies en nitrates et en métaux." Rouen, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ROUE05NR.
The purification of mediums containing nitrates and heavy metals (Cd, Cu and Mn) has been realised with three freshwater species : two microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris and Selenastrum capricornutum) and a duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza. The optimal growth conditions for all species are obtained with 150 mg/l of N03- for the microalgae and 200 mg/l for the duckweed. The nitrate toxicity threshold is over 800 mg/I for the three studied species. With low nitrate concentration (21 mg/l), the metals toxicity is very important. For high nitrate concentration, the metals toxicity decreases with time and initial NO3- level. These three metals alter nitrates metabolism by decreasing their absorption and their reduction to nitrites. Cd and Cu clearly inhibit nitrate reductase activity. The IC50 of these two metals, evalued by enzymatic inhibition assay, are very closed with those observed by algal assays. L'he nitrates fixation abilities (F. C. ) fluctuate with time and initial N03- medium. They can reach about 3000 mg N03-/algae gramms after 7 days treatment. The efficiency coefficients (EC) also fluctuate with time, nitrates concentration and especially with nutritif compounds concentration. Chlorella vulgaris and Selenastrum capricornutum comportments are very similar and they show a réal capacity to purifying waters with high nitrates concentrations. Spirodela polyrhiza tolerate higher metals concentrations than the two microalgae and shows a better middle and long term purification
Bruno, Valérie. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation du transfert du radium dans un écosystème aquatique simplifié." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20274.
Colombani-Bosinco, Sandrine. "Elimination du chrome hexavalent par adsorption et adsorption-réduction sur biomatériaux, application au traitement des eaux." Pau, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PAUU3034.
Lafont, Michel. "Contribution à la gestion des eaux continentales : utilisation des oligochètes comme descripteurs de l'état biologique et du degré de pollution des eaux et des sédiments." Lyon 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO10006.
Duong, Thi Thuy. "Réponses des diatomées fixées aux pollutions organiques et métalliques dans les hydrosystèmes Nhue-Tolich (Hanoi, Vietnam), et Lot-Riou Mort (France)." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13316.