Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Echinacea spp"

The results of many years of field research on the effect of stocking density of different types of Echinacea spp. on its productivity are discussed. It was found that when the Echinacea purpurea crops were thickened, the collected raw material had a high percentage (more than 50%) of stems, which negatively affected its quality. An increase in the density of Echinacea pallida crops has less effect on the formation of generative shoots. Long-term research has revealed patterns that determine the productivity of Echinacea spp. at different planting densities. This made it possible to calculate and recommend for production the density of plants at which the optimal yield of the agrocenosis will be achieved: for Echinacea purpurea – 100-110 thousand/ha, and for Echinacea pallida – 120-140 thousand/ha.

Summary. Extracts of Echinacea spp. are widely used as therapeutic immunostimulants with such activity being attributed in part to the alkamide fractions of these plants. Using high performance liquid chromatography, the levels of 8 alkamides, including 2 tetraene alkamides (dodeca-2E, 4E, 8Z, 10E/Z-tetraenoic acid isobutylamide), were quantitatively determined in 2 Australian-grown Echinacea spp. Overall, the levels of alkamides in Australian-grown E. angustifolia were found to be comparable with levels obtained in this study and other studies for USA and European Echinacea spp. However, results obtained for one sample of E. angustifolia suggested that it may have been mislabelled and that it was most likely a sample of E. pallida. Levels of tetraene alkamides in Australian-grown E. purpurea were also similar to, if not higher, than levels which have been reported for the same species grown in Germany and the USA. Preliminary studies on the stability of alkamide compounds in E. angustifolia indicated that they are susceptible to degradation, with a 13% loss of alkamide level over 2 months. Overall, results indicate that there is considerable potential to develop Echinacea as a viable crop in Australia.

The rising interest in medicinal plants has brought several species of the genus Echinacea to the attention of many scientists. Echinacea angustifolia , E. pallida , and E. purpurea are the most important for their immunological properties, well known and widely used by the native Americans. The three species are easily distinguishable on the basis of their morphological characteristics, but it would be difficult, if not impossible, to distinguish them in commercial preparations of ground, dry plant parts of E. purpurea (the most valuable species for chemotherapeutic properties) mixed with the other two species. Species-specific molecular markers could be useful to address this issue. In the present work, using fresh material collected from cultivated Echinacea spp., AFLP analysis was used to discriminate the three species and to detect species-specific DNA fragments. By using 14 primer combinations it was possible to detect a total of 994 fragments, of which 565 were polymorphic. Overall, 89 fragments were unique to E. purpurea, 32 to E. angustifolia, and 26 to E. pallida. E+CAC/M+AAT or E+CAC/M+AGC alone provided 13, 9, and 4 or 7, 5, and 5 specific fragments for E. purpurea, E. angustifolia, and E. pallida, respectively. A validation trial to confirm the results was carried out on bulked samples of 23 accessions covering most of the genetic diversity of the three species. The results are discussed in terms of practical applications in the field of popular medicine, detecting frauds, and implications for the genus Echinacea.

AbstractThe use of DNA-based methods to authenticate botanical dietary supplements has been vigorously debated for a variety of reasons. More comparisons of DNA-based and chemical methods are needed, and concordant evaluation of orthogonal approaches on the same products will provide data to better understand the strengths and weaknesses of both approaches. The overall application of DNA-based methods is already firmly integrated into a wide array of continually modernizing stand alone and complementary authentication protocols. Recently, the use of full-length chloroplast genome sequences provided enhanced discriminatory capacity for closely related species of Echinacea compared to traditional DNA barcoding approaches (matK and rbcL). Here, two next-generation sequencing approaches were used: (1) genome skimming and (2) PCR amplicon (metabarcoding). The two genetic approaches were then combined with HPLC-UV to evaluate 20 commercially available dietary supplements of Echinacea representing “finished” products. The trade-offs involved in different DNA approaches were discussed, with a focus on how DNA methods support existing, accepted chemical methods. In most of the products (19/20), HPLC-UV suggested the presence of Echinacea spp. While metabarcoding was not useful with this genus and instead only resolved 7 products to the family level, genome skimming was able to resolve to species (9) or genus (1) with the 10/20 products where it was successful. Additional ingredients that HPLC-UV was unable to identify were also found in four products along with the relative sequence proportion of the constituents. Additionally, genome skimming was able to identify one product that was a different Echinacea species entirely.

We developed an adaptable, transparent tool that can be used to quantify and compare vulnerability to overharvest for wild collected medicinal plants. Subsequently, we are creating a list of the most threatened medicinal plants in temperate North America. The new tool scores species according to their life history, the effects of harvest, their abundance and range, habitat, and demand. The resulting rankings, based on explicit criteria rather than expert opinion, will make it easier to discuss areas of vulnerability and set conservation priorities. Here we present scores for 40 species assessed using the At-Risk Tool and discuss the traits that led to different scores for six example species: echinacea (Echinacea angustifolia DC. Asteraceae), peyote (Lophophora williamsii (Lem. ex Salm-Dyck) J.M. Coult. Cactaceae), sandalwood (Santalum spp. L. Santalaceae), stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L. Urticaceae), American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L. Araliaceae) and mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum L. Berberidaceae).

The research presented in this thesis addressed knowledge gaps for three medicinal plant taxa, Souroubea spp. (Marcgraviaceae) and Platanus (Platanaceae) as well as Echinacea spp. (Asteraceae). The primary pharmacological mechanism of Souroubea sympetala and Platanus occidentalis were well established, with pentacyclic triterpenes identified as major active principles. My results indicate that major triterpenoids, and crude plant extracts, selectively inhibited monoacyglycerol lipase (MAGL) activity but not fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) activity. These data suggest a possible secondary anxiolytic mechanism of action through the endocannabinoid system (ECS). My study of herb-drug interactions of Souroubea and Plantanus products showed some potential risk when combined with a classic benzodiazepine class drug, diazepam, and I proposed a mechanism through in vitro CYP450 enzyme inhibition. The pharmacokinetic study revealed the difficulty of detecting betulinic acid in animal blood. To support the development a commercial botanical composed of these medicinal plants, an extraction method and a highly sensitive and selectivity HPLC-APCI-MS based quantification method was successfully developed and validated. Part II of this thesis focused on the impact of phytochemical variation and hepatic metabolism on the ECS activity of Echinacea spp. and explored the potential for new applications of Echinacea spp. as a natural health product. My research indicated that considerable variability in the content of phenolic and alkylamide (AKA) compounds reflected similar variability in in vitro bioactivity at ECS-related pharmacological targets. Following biochemometric analysis, several phenolic compounds and AKAs in Echinacea spp. were found to be significant independent variables determining FAAH inhibition and CB receptor activation. Hepatic metabolism was also found to affect the FAAH inhibition of AKA, as increased FAAH inhibitory effects were observed after CYP450-mediated metabolism of both individual AKAs and crude extracts of E angustifolia and E. purpurea, suggesting a “pro-drug” mechanism. Dose dependent activities were observed with oral administration of both E angustifolia and E. purpurea root extract in rat paw model of inflammation and pain. Further tests indicated these activities can be partially blocked by co-administration of CB1 and CB2 receptor antagonists AM251 and AM630, respectively. This evidence suggests activity for peripheral pain was at least partially mediated through the ECS.

The fatty acid amides, a structurally diverse endogenous congener of molecules active in cell signaling, may prove to have diverse activity due to their interface with a number of receptor systems, including, but not limited to cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) and PPARγ. Select extracts of Echinacea spp. contain the fatty acid amides known as alkylamides. These extracts were a previously popular remedy relied on by U.S. physicians, one of the top sellers in the natural products industry and are currently a frequently physician prescribed remedy in Germany. In the series of experiments contained within, Galenic ethanolic extracts of Echinacea spp. root were used for the quantification, identification, degradation and bioactivity studies. On extraction, depending on the ratio of plant to solvent and fresh or dry, the data indicate that there is variability in the alkylamide classes extracted. For example the acetylene alkylamides appear to extract under different concentrations, as well as degrade faster than the olefinic alkylamides. In addition, the alkylamides are found to degrade significantly in both cut/sift and powdered forms of echinacea root. Human liver microsome oxidation of the major alkylamide dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10Z-tetraenoic acid isobutylamide generate hydroxylated, caboxylated and epoxidized metabolites. The carboxylated metabolite has, thus far, shown different immune activity than the native tetraene isobutylamide. Bioactivity studies, based on cytokine modulation of the alkylamides have been assumed to be due to a classic CB2 response. However, the results of experiments contained herein suggest that IL-2 inhibition by the alkylamide undeca-2E-ene-8,10-diynoic acid isobutylamide, which does not bind to CB2, is due to PPARγ activation. These data, combined with data generated by other groups, suggest that the alkylamides of Echinacea spp. are polyvalent in effect, in that they modulate multiple biochemical pathways.

Echinacea purpurea is a rich source of biologically active compounds, which are attributed to several therapeutic effects. This thesis is focused on the optimization of the extraction process, considered these substances. Maceration was chosen as a type of extraction, due to its simplicity. The Optimal conditions were solid-solvent ratio 1: 5, 40% ethanol, 60 °C, 60 minutes. An extract from the dried flowers of Echinacea purpurea was prepared by this optimized process. The content of total phenolic compounds was set on 365.18 ± 3.51 [mg_GAEl^(-1)] and the antioxidant activity was 507.50 ± 6.89 [mg_TEACl^(-1)]. The percentage of radical scavenging activity ABTS•+ was 95.45 ± 1.30. The antimicrobial activity of the extract was tested against 3 microorganisms – Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus and Candida glabrata. There was not detected inhibitory effect on the growth of microorganisms. In a total, 39 volatile compounds were identified, and the biggest group were represented sesquiterpenes (70.9%). The obtained results confirm that Echinacea extract has antioxidant activity and contains several interesting aromatic substances, In the future, it can be used as a natural resource of nutritionally and sensory valuable compounds, e.g., into various foods and delicacies.

碩士
國立中興大學
農藝學系
93
Summary Echinaeca, also known as the purple coneflower, is a traditional North American perenial medicinal herb that has gained popularity in recent years through claims that it beneficially stimulates the human immune system. The increasing popularity of Echinacea products has led to the expansion of wildcrafting and commercial cultivation to meet the growing demand for plant material. Collection of wild plant, however, does not provide the uniform plant material necessary for standardized drugs and over-harvest of plants can destroy wild population. Thus, programs for developing purple coneflower for cultivation should be initiated. Introduction of a species into cultivation requires screening plant materials suitable for local environment and an understanding of agronomic characteristics that lead to high yields. Therefore, as part of the cultivar breeding program for Echinacea purpurea at the Department of Agronomy in Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, efforts were made to determine the best species suitable for Taiwan cultivation and time for plant harvest to ensure high yields and high concentration of active constituents. In species/cultivars screening test, Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea paradoxa, Echinacea purpurea cv. Magnus, and Echinacea purpurea cv. White Swan were introduce to evaluate their growth potential and phytochemical level in different plant parts. Samples (10 plants or more) were collected for determination of plant height, shoots number per plant, flowering heads per plant, flower dry weight, stems dry weight, leaves dry weight, rhizomes dry weight, root dry weight, aerial parts yield, and ground parts yield. HPLC method was used for analysis of various phenolic compounds and alkamide 8/9 in Echinacea species. The results were analyzed for statistically significant difference by the procedures of SAS/GLM. Screening data show that plant performances and total plant production in E. purpurea was significantly greater than the others, but roots yield in E. paradoxa was highest among them. In E. purpurea, E. purpurea cv. Magnus, and E. purpurea cv. White Swan, cichoric acid was the main phenolic compounds in roots, leaves, and flowers, but echinacoside and alkamide 8/9 were the major phytochemicals in E. paradoxa roots, leaves, and flowers. Caftaric acid was the other main phenolic compound in E. purpurea, E. purpurea cv. Magnus, and E. purpurea cv. White Swan roots and tops. Flowers contained the most total caffeic acid derivatives, total phenolics and alkamide 8/9 of all the sampled tissues, except in E. purpurea cv. White Swan roots. The yield and content of active compounds in Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench. were studied to define the best harvest time. Plant roots, stems, leaves, and flowers were collected from three growing season at seed-filling stage in perennial cultivation. Plant performances and yields were highest for the 1-year old plants harvested at summer season followed by the 0.5-year and 1.5-year old plants harvested at winter season. However, concentration of phenolic compounds in leaves and flowers were higher for winter harvested plants than summer harvested plants. In 0.5-year and 1.5-year old plants harvested at winter season, flowers contained the most total caffeic acid derivatives and total phenolics of all the sampled tissues, although leaf blades also contained relatively large concentrations. Cichoric acid was the major phenolic in E. purpurea leaves (mean 4.03% first growing season, 0.63% second growing season, 2.93% third growing season) and flowers (mean 9.49% first growing season, 8.59% second growing season, 9.48% third growing season). Caftaric acid was the other main phenolic compound in E. purpurea leaves (mean 2.06% first growing season, 0.67% second growing season, 1.59% third growing season) and flowers (mean 2.39% first growing season, 2.37% second growing season, 2.50% third growing season).

碩士
國立中興大學
農藝學系
91
Summary Echinacea, also known as the purple coneflower, is an herbal medicine that has been used for centuries, customarily as a treatment for the common cold, coughs, bronchitis, upper respiratory infection, and some inflammatory conditions. Echinacea research is currently conducted in many countries but there are totally absent in Taiwan. In this study, dried root and aerial samples of Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida, and Echinacea purpurea grown in Taiwan were analyzed for the total antioxidant capacity and medicinally active constituents, caffeic acid derivatives and total phenolic acids. The results summary as follows: 1.Different drying methods were applied to fresh harvested Echinacea purpurea roots, stems, leaves and flowers to determine optimal drying procedures for preserving caffeic acid derivatives. To preserve higher levels of caffeic acid derivatives, freeze-dried was found to be the best method. 2.Comparisons the extract methods were showed that ultrasonic extraction twice of dried samples with 70% methanolic solution gave good yields of caffeic acid derivatives and total phenolics (recovery about 95%). Sonication obtained more phenolic compounds than shaking during extraction. 3.Methanol extracts of freeze-dried Echinacea (E. angustifolia, E. pallida, and E. purpurea) roots and various aerial parts were examined for total antioxidant capacities and medicinally constituents. Total antioxidant capacities, total phenolic contents, and caffeic acid derivative levels differed significantly among roots, stems, leaves, flowers and seeds. Significant differences in those characters also found among Echinacea species. Aerial samples (except seeds) contained more phenolic acid derivatives than root and rhizome. 4.Caffeic acid derivatives differed between flower developmental stages and petal were distinguished from other plant parts by higher levels of the cichoric acid. The cichoric acid concentration in ligulate florets was 70-80 mg/g. 5.Ethanolic extracts of freeze-dried roots for two days could obtain maximum concentration of caffeic acid derivatives. Enzymatic deterioration during long time extraction would reduce the measured levels of phenolic compounds, whereas extract infiltration could preserve the constituents.