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Статті в журналах з теми "Economically most advantageous tender":
1
Marcarelli, Gabriella, and Andrea Nappi. "Multicriteria approach to select the most economically advantageous tender." Journal of Public Procurement 19, no. 3 (September 2, 2019): 201–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jopp-05-2018-0020.
Анотація:
Purpose This paper aims to show how the proposed approach (two analytic hierarchy process [AHP] models) may allow dealing with the best tender selection process in an organic and simple way and ensure the consistency check of the judgements, the necessary step for having reliable results. At first, this paper highlights some critical issues regarding the weighted sum model (WSM) and the algorithms frequently used to evaluate the most economic advantageous tender. Then, it proposes to extend the AHP approach to the evaluation of both the qualitative and quantitative components of a public procurement award. Finally, the WSM and the AHP are applied to the same case study to show, step by step, some criticisms of the former and some advantages of the latter. Design/methodology/approach This paper proposes to apply two AHP models to evaluate both qualitative and quantitative components of a public tender. The quality and cost models allow to identify and select the tender associated with the highest quality/cost ratio. Findings The assessment of the WSM and the AHP models, and some differences between them, build upon their application as an example of public procurement. A case study is used as a teaching device (Yin, 2003) to highlight why the AHP may provide different results. In particular, an important issue concerning the evaluation of qualitative requirements is explored: the consistency of judgements expressed by the committee members. Social implications This approach provides analytical tools for public management that allow appropriate implementation of their management function and allow a realisation of the strategic objectives of European Union law and Italian legislation on public procurement. It would help managers to prioritise their goals and criteria and evaluate them in a scientific way. The model integrates multiple qualitative and quantitative criteria, simplifies the selection process, achieves optimal use of funds and leads to cost savings. It allows to reduce the discretional power of both the contracting issuer, in the choice of the formula to adopt for calculating the coefficients, and the committee members, allowing tender evaluation to have more trust and ensure the fairness of public procurement matters and quality of the object purchased. Originality/value This paper proposes the use of two hierarchical models to evaluate qualitative and quantitative requirements and provide the ranking among several tenders.
2
Parikka-Alhola, Katriina, and Ari Nissinen. "Environmental impacts and the most economically advantageous tender in public procurement." Journal of Public Procurement 12, no. 1 (March 2012): 43–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jopp-12-01-2012-b002.
3
ONISHI, Tomoki, Kazuaki MIYAMOTO, and Takashi GOSO. "CALIBRATION OF PRICE AND QUALITY POINTS IN MOST ECONOMICALLY ADVANTAGEOUS TENDER." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. F4 (Construction and Management) 78, no. 1 (2022): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejcm.78.1_70.
4
Stilger, Przemyslaw S., Jan Siderius, and Erik M. Van Raaij. "A comparative study of formulas for choosing the economically most advantageous tender." Journal of Public Procurement 17, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 89–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jopp-17-01-2017-b004.
Анотація:
Choosing the best bid is a central step in any tendering process. If the award criterion is the economically most advantageous tender (EMAT), this involves scoring bids on price and quality and ranking them. Scores are calculated using a bid evaluation formula that takes as inputs price and quality, and their respective weights. The choice of formula critically affects which bid wins. We study 38 such formulas and discuss several of their aspects, such as how much the outcome of a tender depends on which formula is being used, relative versus absolute scoring, ranking paradox, iso-utility curves, protection against a winner with an extremely high price, and how a formula reflects the weights of price and quality. Based on these analyses, we summarize the (dis)advantages and risks of certain formulas and provide associated warnings when applying certain formulas in practice.
5
Lehtonen, Juha-Matti, and Kai Virtanen. "Choosing the most economically advantageous tender using a multi-criteria decision analysis approach." Journal of Public Procurement 22, no. 2 (March 10, 2022): 164–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jopp-06-2021-0040.
Анотація:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose and test a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) approach based on an additive value function (AVF) to select the most economically advantageous tender under European Union public procurement regulations. Design/methodology/approach A case study in which the AVF tender evaluation model is constructed by the procurement personnel and the results of the original, real-life public procurement evaluation model are compared to those discovered by the MCDA approach. Findings The AVF model captures the preferences of the procurement authority in a more reliable and transparent manner than commonly used evaluation models based on scoring formulas. Practical implications While commonly used in public procurement, relative scoring formulas can neither present the preferences of a procurement unit accurately nor do they enable bidders to draft bids according to these preferences. The proposed MCDA approach can achieve both. Originality/value The contribution of this paper is threefold. First, the successful construction of the AVF model with procurement personnel is introduced. Second, the model is used in an actual, real-life case. Third, a thoughtful comparison of features, structures and results of the AVF model and the evaluation model using scoring formulas is presented.
6
Lahdenperä, Pertti. "Determining ‘the most economically advantageous tender’ based on capability and fee-percentage criteria." Journal of Public Procurement 13, no. 4 (March 2013): 409–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jopp-13-04-2013-b001.
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ONISHI, Tomoki, and Kazuaki MIYAMOTO. "ISSUES OF ECONOMICALLY MOST ADVANTAGEOUS TENDER IN PROCURING PFI PROJECTS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. F4 (Construction and Management) 73, no. 4 (2017): I_76—I_87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejcm.73.i_76.
8
Perng, Yeng-Horng, Yi-Kai Juan, and Sheng-Fen Chien. "Exploring the Bidding Situation for Economically Most Advantageous Tender Projects Using a Bidding Game." Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 132, no. 10 (October 2006): 1037–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9364(2006)132:10(1037).
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Nemec, Peter, and Peter Džupka. "DETERMINANTS OF SME ACCESS TO PUBLIC PROCUREMENT: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM THE VISEGRAD GROUP COUNTRIES." Proceedings of CBU in Economics and Business 2 (October 24, 2021): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/peb.v2.257.
Анотація:
This article aims to investigate the factors influencing the success of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in public procurement in the Visegrad Group Countries. According to the European Union, tools such as the division of contracts into smaller lots or the evaluation of tenders based on the most economically advantageous tender (MEAT) increase the chances of SME’s winning contracts in public procurement. In particular, the evaluation of tenders based on MEAT rather than the lowest price is a tool favoring SMEs, as it boosts their innovative potential, which creates the preconditions for achieving the best value for taxpayers' money. By analyzing more than 150,000 contract award notices published in the Tenders Electronic Daily in 2019, we found a positive effect on SMEs' chances of winning a contract when using framework agreements or dividing contracts into smaller lots. Moreover, the results of multinomial logit regression suggest that the evaluation of tenders based on MEAT rather than lowest prices increases the chances of SMEs to win the contract by more than 50%. However, the findings that the share of SMEs in the total financial value of contracts is less than 20%, with SMEs winning more than 60% of all contracts, suggest that some obstacles of SMEs' access to public contracts, such as financial, administrative or technical complexity of projects may persist and require further research.
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Pellegrini, Laura, Mirko Locatelli, Silvia Meschini, Giulia Pattini, Elena Seghezzi, Lavinia Chiara Tagliabue, and Giuseppe Martino Di Giuda. "Information Modelling Management and Green Public Procurement for Waste Management and Environmental Renovation of Brownfields." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (August 1, 2021): 8585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158585.
Анотація:
Information Modelling and Management (IMM) methods for Most Economically Advantageous Tender (MEAT) can promote the adoption of environmentally sustainable practices. Despite the wide regulatory framework and existing drivers, Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) trends are still growing. The literature review analyzed IMM and CDW management implementation during design phases although few studies focused on Green Public Procurement (GPP) and CDW management integration from the Public Client’s point of view. This research aims at investigating the integration and efficiency of MEAT and IMM to promote the application of sustainable strategies focused on waste reduction and resource valorization. The study investigates the Public Client’s role in promoting sustainable practices, introducing digital material inventory and BIM during the design phases, and including environmental award criteria in the call for tender documents. A Design Build (DB) procurement model was considered in the case study of a brownfield renovation and the construction of a new school in northern Italy. The methodology provided the Public Client and included a method to evaluate the environmental impact of the bids, allowing for proper selective demolition planning, CDW decrease, and organization while promoting their integration in companies’ expertise and procedures. The replicability of the methodology is demonstrated by positive results of present and previous case studies.
Дисертації з теми "Economically most advantageous tender":
1
Stiti, Karim, and Shih Jung Yape. "Bid Forecasting in Public Procurement." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-260258.
Анотація:
Public procurement amounts to a significant part of Sweden's GDP. Nevertheless, it is an overlooked sector characterized by low digitization and inefficient competition where bids are not submitted based on proper mathematical tools. This Thesis seeks to create a structured approach to bidding in cleaning services by determining factors affecting the participation and pricing decision of potential buyers. Furthermore, we assess price prediction by comparing multiple linear regression models (MLR) to support vector regression (SVR). In line with previous research in the construction sector, we find significance for several factors such as project duration, location and type of contract on the participation decision in the cleaning sector. One notable deviant is that we do not find contract size to have an impact on the pricing decision. Surprisingly, the performance of MLR are comparable to more advanced SVR models. Stochastic dominance tests on price performance concludes that experienced bidders perform better than their inexperienced counterparts and companies place more competitive bids in lowest price tenders compared to economically most advantageous tenders (EMAT) indicating that EMAT tenders are regarded as unstructured. However, no significance is found for larger actors performing better in bidding than smaller companies.Offentliga upphandlingar utgör en signifikant del av Sveriges BNP. Trots detta är det en förbisedd sektor som karakteriseras av låg digitalisering och ineffektiv konkurrens där bud läggs baserat på intuition snarare än matematiska modeller. Denna avhandling ämnar skapa ett strukturerat tillvägagångssätt för budgivning inom städsektorn genom att bestämma faktorer som påverkar deltagande och prissättning. Vidare undersöker vi prisprediktionsmodeller genom att jämföra multipel linjära regressionsmodeller med en maskininlärningsmetod benämnd support vector regression. I enlighet med tidigare forskning i byggindustrin finner vi att flera faktorer som typ av kontrakt, projekttid och kontraktsplats har en statistisk signifikant påverkan på deltagande i kontrakt i städindustrin. En anmärkningsvärd skillnad är att kontraktsvärdet inte påverkar prissättning som tidigare forskning visat i andra områden. För prisprediktionen är det överraskande att den enklare linjära regressionsmodellen presterar jämlikt till den mer avancerade maskininlärningsmodellen. Stokastisk dominanstest visar att erfarna företag har en bättre precision i sin budgivning än mindre erfarna företag. Därtill lägger företag överlag mer konkurrenskraftiga bud i kontrakt där kvalitetsaspekter tas i beaktning utöver priset. Vilket kan indikera att budgivare upplever dessa kontrakt som mindre strukturerade. Däremot finner vi ingen signifikant skillnad mellan större och mindre företag i denna bemärkning.
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Charouli, Angeliki. "Les considérations sociales et environnementales dans la passation des marchés publics." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010259.
Анотація:
Moteur incontournable de l'économie publique, les marchés publics ont toujours fait l'objet de revendications diverses, voire opposées. L'efficacité de la gestion budgétaire et la transparence de la vie publique, s'agissant des ordres juridiques nationaux, la libre concurrence et le libre accès de tous les opérateurs économiques facilitant les échanges intracommunautaires, s'agissant du droit européen: tous ont tenté de monopoliser le droit de la commande publique, afin de se réaliser. Dans le même temps, la perspective de l'instrumentalisation de ce droit au service d'objectifs politiques qui ne lui sont pas directement attribués a suscité des intérêts très variés. Or, la question de la conciliation des politiques sociales et environnementales avec les prescriptions de nature principalement économique du droit des marchés publics s'inscrit dans une logique de valorisation de cet instrument juridique et financier. Ces politiques, répondant à la fois à des finalités d'intérêt général et à des objectifs prioritaires du droit communautaire, sont à la recherche de leur rôle et de leurs instruments en matière de marchés publics. Dans un contexte politique mouvant, la superposition des systèmes juridiques résultant des interventions réglementaires des États, en quête de leur pouvoir discrétionnaire dans la planification des leurs politiques, comme des interventions du droit communautaire dans le cadre de sa propre œuvre d'harmonisation des procédures de passation, vient redéfinir le rôle des politiques sociales et environnementales, tant au sein des objectifs endogènes du droit des marchés publics qu'en dehors de son cadre réglementaire, appelé dans ce cas à servir de levier.
3
Charouli, Angeliki. "Les considérations sociales et environnementales dans la passation des marchés publics." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010257.
Анотація:
Moteur incontournable de l’économie publique, les marchés publics ont toujours fait l’objet de revendications diverses, voire opposées. L’efficacité de la gestion budgétaire et la transparence de la vie publique, s’agissant des ordres juridiques nationaux, la libre concurrence et le libre accès de tous les opérateurs économiques facilitant les échanges intracommunautaires, s’agissant du droit européen : tous ont tenté de monopoliser le droit de la commande publique, afin de se réaliser. Dans le même temps, la perspective de l’instrumentalisation de ce droit au service d’objectifs politiques qui ne lui sont pas directement attribués a suscité des intérêts très variés. Or, la question de la conciliation des politiques sociales et environnementales avec les prescriptions de nature principalement économique du droit des marchés publics s’inscrit dans une logique de valorisation de cet instrument juridique et financier. Ces politiques, répondant à la fois à des finalités d’intérêt général et à des objectifs prioritaires du droit communautaire, sont à la recherche de leur rôle et de leurs instruments en matière de marchés publics. Dans un contexte politique mouvant, la superposition des systèmes juridiques résultant des interventions réglementaires des États, en quête de leur pouvoir discrétionnaire dans la planification des leurs politiques, comme des interventions du droit communautaire dans le cadre de sa propre œuvre d’harmonisation des procédures de passation, vient redéfinir le rôle des politiques sociales et environnementales, tant au sein des objectifs endogènes du droit des marchés publics qu’en dehors de son cadre réglementaire, appelé dans ce cas à servir de levierAs a fundamental driving force of public economy, public procurement has traditionally been an area of diverse and often competing interests. Such contradictory interests are the efficiency of budgetary management and transparency in public life within national legal systems, free competition and open access of financial stakeholders in award procedures within the European regulatory framework. At the same time, the instrumentalisation of public procurement in order to serve political goals not directly linked to it has triggered considerable debate. The attempt of conciliation of social and environmental considerations with the financial requirements of public procurement law aims at enhancing this legal and financial instrument. The role and the legal means for the integration of social and environmental considerations in public procurement, which serve general interest purposes and overriding European law objectives, have not yet been clarified. The regulatory interventions of the Member States, on the one hand, and the harmonization attempts of the European Union, on the other, create a constantly changing political climate. In that context, the role of social and environmental policies is redefined both within the framework of primary objectives of public procurement law, as well as outside this regulatory framework which is used as a policy tool in this context
4
Ku, Bi-Hung, and 古碧鴻. "Cases Study for economically most advantageous tender evaluation." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36404545388697625006.
Анотація:
碩士國立臺灣科技大學
建築系
93
Prior to conducting procurement on the basis of awarding to the most advantageous tender, an entity shall justify that the subject matter of procurement concerns heterogeneous constructions works, properties or services, and thus it is inappropriate to award contract to the lowest tender. Due to the looseness of laws and policies concerning government procurement, there are more entities have been preferred to adopt Economically Most Advantageous Tender (EMAT) corresponded with design-build (DB) as contracting strategies since the Government Procurement Law (GPL) went into effect in 1999. The number of cases and the amount of procurement value for government procurement projects adopted the EMAT has increased annually. However, the fairness and reasonableness of evaluation process in EMAT setting are uninterruptedly doubted. Related regulations have been steadily corrected for several times recently. It is expected that the EMAT evaluation would be deserved further research attentions. This research collects twenty public construction projects adopted the EMAT procedure and thus generalizes the common problems from these projects. The problems arose from the inexact policies, defective evaluation process, and misunderstood laws are analyzed and discussed as follows. First, the supplier who offers the most advantageous tender that satisfies the requirements of the tender documentation may become a candidate of negotiation and evaluation or selected as the winning supplier. Second, it is suggested that each committee member is required to give all suppliers the same score weights to reduce the discrepancy of the influences from these members. Third, overall evaluated score method corresponded with ranking method is better evaluated procedure. Fourth, it is feasible that examines the differences between the overall evaluated score method and overall evaluated score with ranking method. If there is a difference for the first-three rank, the chairperson shall present it to the committee for resolution or there shall be a re-evaluation according to the decision of the committee. Fifth, supplier presentation and on-site questioning and answering are not negotiation processes. If they are required to promise some extra services or presume to correct their tender documentation, it will be regarded as the differential treatment without due cause.
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Chou, Chun-Ho, and 周君和. "A Decision Support System for Preparing Economically Most Advantageous Tender Bid Proposal." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/78307469061330009604.
Анотація:
碩士國立臺灣科技大學
建築系
92
Economically Most Advantageous Tender (EMAT) has become more and more popular in the world nowadays. Bidders must modify bidding strategies for traditional lowest tender to increase the probability of winning project. This study adopted Porter’s differentiation strategy as a basis for systematically analyzing EMAT bidding strategy. A decision support system from Genetic Algorithm (GA) was proposed to simultaneously consider the characteristic of committee, long-term performance of bidders, and the costs, scores and threshold of differentiation strategies. This model could be useful in helping bidders for EMAT bidding preparation and decision of strategies. The result showed that the competitive strategies for EMAT bidding of construction project should include the identification of real buyer (committee), giving consideration to all evaluate criteria, control cost of strategies, and paying more attention to enterprise’s long-term performance.
6
Yeh, Jea-Jin, and 葉佳錦. "Study on improving efficiency of EMAT (Economically Most Advantageous Tender)-Example of engineering purchasing." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98628210382571639622.
Анотація:
碩士國立中央大學
營建管理研究所
92
This study is on improving the government purchasing of EMAT (economically most advantageous tender). The whole in the study, except a lot of things can not be postponed, reduce manpower, the more important thing is that reduces purchase risk that manpower increasing and dispute happening. The purpose is hoping the EMAT without doing again. It can be avoided the waste of above-mentioned meaningless situations by analysing and arranged positively in detail. First, definiens the purchasing of efficiency: (1) Time, (2) manpower, (3) risk, etc. three faces and analyse this procedure by reviewing the paper. Second, interview the purchase the unit. Third, feedback it to the procedure and improve its practicability. Propose finally that a set of procedure in handling purchases. Lessening organ manpower, reducing risk of dispute could be taken place or manpower might be increasen, and time wasting, etc. Then, it lets handling more smooth the work of purchasing really.
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Kong, Derick Teh-Lung, and 康德龍. "The Award Mechanism of The Economical Most Advantageous Tender." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/zmm9df.
Анотація:
碩士國立臺北科技大學
土木與防災研究所
93
The use of the Most Economical Advantageous Tenders on government procurement is to eliminate the Abnormally Low Tenders which was used in the past on public contractors. According to the Ministry of Audit, Jan. 2005, there were over 870 cases used under the benefit of the Most Economical Advantageous Tenders within the year of 2001 and 2003. Because of this, the total tenders cost has gone over 80 billion NT Dollars, and it is still escalating, 140% in 2003. On the contrary, the Award Mechanism on the Most Economical Advantageous Tenders gradually shows its disadvantage. This study was based on Multivariate Statistical Analysis by using Multi-Dimensional Scaling Analysis method. It is to calculate a better way to construct the Most Economical Advantageous Tenders and select the most qualified contractors during the process of government procurement. As the study found, after the real analysis, the method the researcher used was the most ideal method for the Most Economical Advantageous Tender during government procurement at this point. It could be standardized as a method to be used in the future for our government, in gaining the satisfaction in contracting the best contractors during the process.
8
Lin, ChunWei, and 林群為. "On Economically Most Advantageous Tenders for Build to Detailed Design Projects." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/69110640651204687197.
Анотація:
碩士國立臺灣科技大學
營建工程系
91
Economically most advantageous tender (EMAT) is a means that proposed by international community to prevent adverse effects caused by abnormal low tenders (ALTs) from the root. To comply with the requirement of the Government Procurement Agreement in accessing the World Trade Organization, the Government Procurement Law (GPL) of Taiwan was passed by the Legislative Yuan and went into effect on May 27, 1999. In addition to the traditional low bidding procurement process, the EMAT clauses were included in current GPL of Taiwan. A comprehensive literature survey is performed in this research to identify the problems relating to the EMAT practices after GPL of Taiwan went into effect. Types of construction projects suitable for EMATs are examined. Procurement document preparation is addressed. Evaluation criteria including qualification of tenders, as well as, quality, safety, duration, environmental protection issues and prices for build to detailed design projects are carefully studied in this research. Mechanisms to promote innovations and malpractice prevention are also proposed.
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Blahová, Alexandra. "Analysis of the effect of lowest price criterion in the selection process of public procurement." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-350160.
Анотація:
Public procurement in the Czech Republic is a complex process directly settled by the legal procurement framework which defines various contract-awarding procedures. This study focuses on the part of selection process when procurers can decide between using lowest price criterion or most economically advantageous tender (MEAT). We found an evidence of preference of lowest price criterion, especially in the recent years. The main goal of the study is therefore to provide a comprehensive analysis of the leading drivers of selection of specific criteria and their consequential effects. Taking into account various characteristics of public procurement processes, we found out that in general lowest price criterion is preferred by public contracting authorities and by procurers with larger number of employees. This type of selection process also consequently provides an interesting trade-off between higher competition in terms of number of bidders, higher stability in terms of less interventions by the Office for the Protection of Competition (OPC) but also higher probability of consequent extraworks.
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Sahánková, Barbora. "Hodnocení veřejných zakázek dle ekonomické výhodnosti." Master's thesis, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-416151.
Анотація:
Abtract The main aim of this diploma thesis is to analyze the evaluation of tenders in public procurement according to their economic advantageousness and at the same time to compare the current stage of the ability of contracting authorities to evaluate this economic advantageousness compared to the stage of effect of the previous legal regulation. The background information for the topic of this diploma thesis were obtained from the legal regulation of the Czech Republic and the European Union, professional literature (legal commentaries), professional articles of periodical publications dealing with public procurement, internet sources and the case law of the Office for the Protection of Competition, administrative courts of the Czech Republic and the Court of Justice of the European Union. The analytical approach, linguistic, teleological and comparative method of legal interpretation were used. This diploma thesis consists of six main chapters. The introductory chapter discusses the purpose and aim of the legal regulation of public procurement and in the following chapter the part of the tender procedure and the basic principles of public procurement, crucial for the whole process of public procurement. The third chapter is devoted to the core of this thesis, namely the economic advantage in the...
Частини книг з теми "Economically most advantageous tender":
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Sebastian, Bobowski, Gola Jan, Przybylska Monika, and Szydło Wojciech. "The Most Economically Advantageous Tender in the Public Procurement System in the European Union." In Eurasian Studies in Business and Economics, 403–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35040-6_26.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Economically most advantageous tender":
1
Keršulienė, Violeta, and Jūratė Butkienė. "CHOOSING THE MOST ECONOMICALLY ADVANTAGEOUS SOLUTION TO THE DECISION OF THE ISSUE." In Business and Management 2018. VGTU Technika, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2018.33.
Анотація:
Countries in conflict, trying to make a resolution, encounter a decision process. Often, in practice deci-sions are made based on groundless rationalization, therefore it is commonly believed that it is experi-ence and intuition that are key to the decision making process. Since decisions in law are usually based on logical reasoning, taking into account conflict circumstances and facts, the success of this decision can be determined with mathematical calculation. In recent decades, as the boundries be-tween scholarly disciplines blur, new ones are formed, which are not entirely indepedent, but bring in new research methods. Law and economics is a clear example of this interdisciplinery relation. The law system impacts the economical atmosphere, therefore before taking decision in law, economical aspects must be evaluated. Striving to resolve the disputes between parties at work mathematical cal-culations are used in order to analyze the expected behaviour of each party. Guidance for parties having dispute is the most economically viable option for completing the dispute.
2
Bexten, Thomas, Tobias Sieker, and Manfred Wirsum. "Techno-Economic Analysis of a Hydrogen Production and Storage System for the On-Site Fuel Supply of Hydrogen-Fired Gas Turbines." In ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-59073.
Анотація:
Abstract Hydrogen-fired gas turbines have the potential to play an important role in future CO2-neutral energy and industry sectors. A prerequisite for the operation of hydrogen-fired gas turbines is the availability of sufficient quantities of hydrogen. The combination of electrolysis and renewable power generation is currently considered the most relevant pathway for the large-scale production of CO2-neutral hydrogen. Regarding the fuel supply of hydrogen-fired gas turbines, this pathway is associated with various technical and economic challenges. This applies in particular to configurations in which electrolyzers and hydrogen storage capacities are installed directly at gas turbine sites to avoid hydrogen transport. Considering an exemplary system configuration, the present study extends prior model-based investigations by focusing on the economic viability of the on-site fuel supply of hydrogen-fired gas turbines. The impact of various design parameters and operational strategies is analyzed using the Levelized Cost of Hydrogen as the main economic indicator. The study reveals that the investigated on-site hydrogen production is not economically viable within the current (2019) framework of the German energy sector. Assuming the extensive availability of renewable power generation in the long-term, additional investigations indicate that on-site hydrogen production and storage systems for gas turbines could potentially become economically viable if various advantageous conditions are met. These conditions include a sufficient availability of inexpensive renewable power for the operation of electrolyzers as well as a sufficient utilization of on-site hydrogen storage capacities to justify corresponding capital expenditures.
3
Szczukiewicz, Sylwia, Nicolas Lamaison, Jackson B. Marcinichen, John R. Thome, and Peter J. Beucher. "Passive Thermosyphon Cooling System for High Heat Flux Servers." In ASME 2015 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems collocated with the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2015-48288.
Анотація:
The main aim of the current paper is to demonstrate the capability of a two-phase closed thermosyphon loop system to cool down a contemporary datacenter rack, passively cooling the entire rack including its numerous servers. The effects on the performance of the entire cooling loop with respect to the server orientation, micro-evaporator design, riser and downcomer diameters, working fluid, and approach temperature difference at the condenser have been modeled and simulated. The influence of the thermosyphon height (here from 5 to 20 cm with a horizontally or vertically oriented server) on the driving force that guarantees the system operation whilst simultaneously fulfilling the critical heat flux (CHF) criterion also has been examined. In summary, the thermosyphon height was found to be the most significant design parameter. For the conditions simulated, in terms of CHF, the 10 cm-high thermosyphon was the most advantageous system design with a minimum safety factor of 1.6 relative to the imposed heat flux of 80 W cm−2. Additionally, a case study including an overhead water-cooled heat exchanger to extract heat from the thermosyphon loop has been developed and then the entire rack cooling system evaluated in terms of cost savings, payback period, and net benefit per year. This approximate study provides a general understanding of how the datacenter cooling infrastructure directly impacts the operating budget as well as influencing the thermal/hydraulic operation, performance, and reliability of the datacenter. Finally, the study shows that the passive two-phase closed loop thermosyphon cooling system is a potentially economically sound technology to cool high heat flux servers of datacenters.
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Wang, Ting, and Henry A. Long. "Performance and Economic Analysis of Biomass/Coal Co-Gasification IGCC Systems With Supercritical Steam Bottom Cycle: Part 1 — Post-Combustion Carbon Capture." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-88430.
Анотація:
In recent years, Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) technology has been gaining steady popularity for use in clean coal power operations with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS). This study focuses on investigating two approaches to improve efficiency and further reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. First, replace the traditional subcritical Rankine steam cycle portion of the overall plant with a supercritical steam cycle. Second, add different amounts of biomass as feedstock to reduce emissions. Part 1 focuses on investigating post-combustion CCS and Part 2 on analyzing pre-combustion CCS, using both sour-shift and sweet-shift processes. Employing biomass as a feedstock has the advantage of being carbon neutral or even carbon negative if CCS is implemented. However, due to limited feedstock supply, such plants are usually small (2–50MW), which results in lower efficiency and higher capital and production costs. Considering these challenges, it is more economically attractive and less technically challenging to co-combust or co-gasify biomass wastes with coal. Using the commercial software, Thermoflow®, this study analyzes the baseline plants around 235MW and 267 MW for the subcritical and supercritical designs, respectively. The results clearly show that utilizing a certain type of biomass with low-grade coals up to 50% (wt.) can, in most cases, not only improve the efficiency and reduce overall emissions, but may be economically advantageous, as well. The CO2 emissions decrease by about 7,000 tons/MW-year, making both plants carbon-negative with only 10% biomass in the feedstock. In addition, implementing a supercritical steam cycle raises the efficiency (1.6 percentage points) and lowers the capital costs ($300/kW), regardless of plant layout. Implementing post-combustion CCS consistently causes a drop in efficiency (at least 7–8 points) from the baseline, and increases the costs by $3,000-$4,000/kW and $0.06-$0.07/kW-hr. The SOx emissions also decrease by about 190 tons/year (7.6 × 10−6 tons/MW-year), while the NOx emissions are all but eliminated through post-combustion CCS. Finally, the CCS cost is around $65-$72 per ton of CO2.
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Puffer, Raymond H., and Glen H. Hoppes. "Development of a Flexible Pilot High Temperature MEA Manufacturing Line." In ASME 2004 2nd International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2004-2523.
Анотація:
Despite the fact that the invention of the fuel cell is more than 160 years old, the fuel cell industry today is still in its infancy. While there are many large companies active in the industry, it is, for the most part, dominated by many small and startup companies focused on the design and development of fuel cell systems. Relatively little attention has been given to the cost effective high-volume (i.e., automated) manufacture of the resulting systems and components. If the wide spread commercial use of fuel cells is to become a reality, and we are to realize the potential benefits to our environment and mankind it is essential that we also put the appropriate level of attention on the enabling manufacturing technologies. Celanese Ventures GmbH is a “new venture” arm of Celanese AG, located in Frankfurt, Germany. They are focused on developing the market for their high temperature polybenzimidazole (PBI®)-based membrane material for use in Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cells. Several years ago Celanese realized that the best way to ensure the market for their membrane material is to develop the capability to produce complete membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) that can be incorporated into fuel cell systems being developed by other companies. Furthermore, such value-added processing can be economically advantageous. This paper will describe the multi-phased collaboration between Celanese, the Flexible Manufacturing Center (FMC) located at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), and Progressive Machine and Design (PMD) to develop a fully automated high temperature MEA pilot manufacturing line that began operation in September, 2002. The FMC has and continues to serve in a unique role for a university research center. The FMC has been involved in the concept development, laboratory proof of principle, acquisition management, technical representation during the design, build and implementation phases, and the ongoing optimization of and improvements to the operational pilot line. We will describe the unique properties of the high temperature PBI® membrane and the benefits of this form of membrane in PEM fuel cell operations. The specific role of the FMC during each phase of the project will be highlighted, and a description of the resulting pilot line will be provided. Finally, we will discuss the important role that effective technology transfer plays in a project with the magnitude and complexity described herein.
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Ortega, Germa´n E., and Pascinthe Saad. "Design Methodologies for Arctic Gas Pipelines." In ASME 2010 29th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2010-20938.
Анотація:
The need to install gas pipelines in more technically difficult locations, coupled with very tight competitive economics necessitates increased efforts to consider more refined design methodologies that provide higher levels of certainty and result in more economical designs. The design of onshore gas pipelines in arctic environment must also address a number of Geohazards which will impose various external loads on the pipeline in addition to the internal pressure and other stress inducing loads that non-arctic pipelines typically experience. These geohazards include frost heave, thaw settlement, and soil movement and will tend to deform the pipeline and induce longitudinal strain at levels well above the linear elastic limit. The different design methods must account for these loads in order to ensure a rational and fit for purpose design. Currently, a design engineer can rely on one of three distinct design methods for onshore gas pipelines: Allowable Stress Design (ASD), Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) or Reliability Based Design Assessment (RBDA). Each of the methods has advantages as well as disadvantages that could limit their applicability to a specific project. Clear understanding of the loads, the operational requirements, the environmental conditions and regulatory framework are all key factors in selecting the appropriate design method. Allowable Stress Design has been the traditional design method for onshore pipelines in the US and while the method leads to safe pipelines, the degree of safety and the inherent level of conservatism incorporated can often be improved. Gas pipelines can also be designed using probabilistic methods that require the consideration of credible modes of failure (limit states) and the calculation of the probability that these limits will be exceeded. Since the design engineer must evaluate each applicable mode of failure individually, the degree of conservatism and safety can be applied where needed the most. Probabilistic design methods can be used to achieve consistency and to provide a higher degree of certainty that pipelines would perform as designed [2]. Since probabilistic methodologies are typically applied only by small group of specialized consultants, a clear understanding of their strengths and limitations is required by all key personnel involved in the design and engineering decision making process. This paper will present a definition of the design methods as well as a direct comparison of all major components associated with each. Furthermore, it will provide a definition of commonly used terminologies associated with reliability and strain based design application in order to enhance the practical knowledge of the basis for each approach.