Статті в журналах з теми "Exposed to violence"

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1

Kuc, Kamila, and Sam Jury. "Slow violence exposed." Cultural Studies 32, no. 6 (June 8, 2018): 1002–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09502386.2018.1481126.

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2

Slovak, Karen, and Mark Singer. "Gun Violence Exposure and Trauma Among Rural Youth." Violence and Victims 16, no. 4 (January 2001): 389–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.16.4.389.

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This study compared rural youth exposed to gun violence and rural youth not exposed to gun violence on a number of variables: anger, anxiety, dissociation, depression, posttraumatic stress, total trauma, violent behavior, parental monitoring, and levels of violence in the home, school, and community. One-fourth (25%) of the rural youth in this study reported having been exposed to gun violence at least once. Youth exposed to gun violence reported significantly more anger, dissociation, posttraumatic stress, and total trauma. In addition, youth exposed to the violence of guns reported significantly higher levels of violent behaviors and exposure to violence in other settings and also reported lower levels of parental monitoring. The present study contributes to the growing body of literature addressing the stereotype that rural communities are not immune to the violence of firearms. This stereotype acts as a barrier to mental health practice, research, and policy issues in rural communities.
3

Fairfax, Colita Nichols. "Children Exposed to Violence." Journal of Public Child Welfare 2, no. 1 (August 4, 2008): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15548730802237437.

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4

Alshehri, Fuaad Ali. "THE ROLE OF NURSES IN TREATING PERSONS EXPOSED TO VIOLENCE." INDIAN RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND SCIENCE 4, no. 3 (September 2017): 1153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/irjps.2017.4.3.9.

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5

MOHR, WANDA K., MEGAN J. NOONE LUTZ, JOHN W. FANTUZZO, and MARLO A. PERRY. "Children Exposed to Family Violence." Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 1, no. 3 (July 2000): 264–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838000001003004.

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6

Martin, Suzanne G. "Children Exposed to Domestic Violence." Holistic Nursing Practice 16, no. 3 (April 2002): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004650-200204000-00005.

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7

Øverlien, Carolina. "Children Exposed to Domestic Violence." Journal of Social Work 10, no. 1 (December 8, 2009): 80–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468017309350663.

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8

Rea, Jacqueline G., and B. B. Robbie Rossman. "Children Exposed to Interparental Violence." Journal of Emotional Abuse 5, no. 1 (April 14, 2005): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j135v05n01_01.

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9

Saunders, Benjamin E. "Understanding Children Exposed to Violence." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 18, no. 4 (April 2003): 356–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260502250840.

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10

Nurius, Paula S., and Rebecca J. Macy. "Heterogeneity Among Violence-Exposed Women." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 23, no. 3 (March 2008): 389–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260507312297.

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11

Reidy, D. E., M. C. Kearns, D. Houry, L. A. Valle, K. M. Holland, and K. J. Marshall. "Dating Violence and Injury Among Youth Exposed to Violence." PEDIATRICS 137, no. 2 (January 29, 2016): e20152627-e20152627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-2627.

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12

Harris, Allison Ashley. "Dating Violence and Injury Among Youth Exposed to Violence." Journal of Emergency Medicine 50, no. 5 (May 2016): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2016.03.017.

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13

Bookless-Pratz, Clara, and Peter Mertin. "The Behavioural and Social Functioning of Children Exposed to Domestic Violence: A Pilot Study." Children Australia 15, no. 3 (1990): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200002935.

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It is now established that there is a relationship between domestic violence and emotional and behavioural disorders in children, with research suggesting that childhood exposure to domestic violence can adversely affect both present mental health as well as adult life. The private setting and nature of such violence makes accurate estimations of the extent of the problem difficult. Such figures that have emerged however, indicate that domestic violence is occurring on a chronic repetitive basis. Elbow states that the violent family is characterized by rigid sex roles, the use of violence to control others, poor communication patterns, isolation both within and outside the family, and the inability to accept responsibility for actions. It is also suggested that the dysfuctional patterns of the violent marriage impair the ability of the parents to meet the developmental and emotional needs of their children.
14

Jevtic, Bisera. "Indicative demonstration exposed in peer violence." Godisnjak Pedagoskog fakulteta u Vranju 8, no. 1 (2017): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/gufv1701153j.

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15

CARLSON, BONNIE E. "Children Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence." Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 1, no. 4 (October 2000): 321–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838000001004002.

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16

Pfefferbaum, Betty, and James R. Allen. "Stress in Children Exposed to Violence." Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 7, no. 1 (January 1998): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1056-4993(18)30263-3.

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17

Eriksson, Maria, and Elisabet Näsman. "Interviews with Children Exposed to Violence." Children & Society 26, no. 1 (June 24, 2010): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-0860.2010.00322.x.

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18

Koverola, Catherine, Cristin A. Murtaugh, Kay Martel Connors, Gloria Reeves, and Mia A. Papas. "Children Exposed to Intra-Familial Violence." Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 14, no. 4 (July 12, 2007): 19–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j146v14n04_02.

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19

Feder, Gene S. "Women Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence." Archives of Internal Medicine 166, no. 1 (January 9, 2006): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.1.22.

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20

Geffner, Robert A., Robyn Spurling Igelman, and Jennifer Zellner. "Introduction-Children Exposed to Interparental Violence." Journal of Emotional Abuse 3, no. 1-2 (January 2003): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j135v03n01_01.

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21

Carter, Laurel, Steven J. Kay, Jacqueline L. George, and Pamela King. "Treating Children Exposed to Domestic Violence." Journal of Emotional Abuse 3, no. 3-4 (August 21, 2003): 183–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j135v03n03_02.

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22

Kim, Eunjoo, Heeseung Choi, and Ju Young Yoon. "Who Cares for Visiting Nurses? Workplace Violence against Home Visiting Nurses from Public Health Centers in Korea." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12 (June 13, 2020): 4222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124222.

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Visiting nurses are commonly exposed to workplace violence, but there is a lack of research on violence against these nurses. The purpose of this study was to identify visiting nurses’ workplace violence experiences during home visits. This study used a mixed method design. Survey data of 357 home visiting nurses from public health centers were collected for the quantitative data, and a focus group interview was conducted with six visiting nurses for the qualitative data. The quantitative data were analyzed using logistic regression, and the qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis. Younger, temporary visiting nurses and those who had previously been exposed to violent clients had a higher risk of workplace violence. The violence visiting nurses faced included not only violence during the visits but also unpredicted danger and harassment after the visit. After experiencing a violent event, visiting nurses’ attitudes and emotions changed toward nursing services. Visiting nurses were likely to deal with violence at the individual level given the insufficient organizational support system. An organizational-level safety management system should be established based on the characteristics of workplace violence risks and the nurses’ experiences in this study.
23

Kolar, Kathryn R., and Debrynda Davey. "Silent Victims: Children Exposed to Family Violence." Journal of School Nursing 23, no. 2 (April 2007): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10598405070230020501.

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Annually an estimated 3 million or more children are exposed to acts of domestic violence between adults in their homes. These children are at risk for abuse themselves as well as other immediate and long-term problems, especially if they have been exposed to repeated episodes of domestic violence. Multiple behavioral manifestations, including anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder, may be associated with violence exposure, and it is imperative that school nurses recognize these. All children should be screened for domestic violence exposure at regular intervals, and those who are at risk should have a more thorough health assessment. Planning for the safety of the child, nonoffending caregiver, and siblings and the school nurse involved in the situation is of utmost importance.
24

Basch, Corey H., Jan Mohlman, and Charles E. Basch. "An assessment of violent imagery in advertisements on city buses in Manhattan, New York City." Health Promotion Perspectives 10, no. 2 (March 30, 2020): 162–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/hpp.2020.26.

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Background: Violence or violent imagery, defined as any image that conveys an imminent physical or existential threat to person(s), property, or society, with or without weaponry, is often featured in advertising. However, the effects of exposure (sporadic or chronic) to such imagery are not fully understood. The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence and types of violence portrayed in advertising on public buses in New York City (NYC). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, from April to July 2019, researchers catalogued and coded the print advertising images present on the passenger entry side of all Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA) bus lines in Manhattan to determine whether images of violence or violent acts were present. Unlike images of alcohol and tobacco products (banned from MTA property in 2017 and 1992, respectively), there are no similar restrictions on violence or violent imagery. Results: A total of 23 out of 136 (17%) observed advertisements included images of violence and/or actual or imminent violent acts. One hundred percent of images involving violence were embedded in advertisements for mass media/entertainment purposes often featuring well known and favorably regarded actors and entertainment personalities or companies. Conclusion: People of all ages and backgrounds are passively exposed to bus advertisements in a variety of settings. This study contributes to the literature regarding the extent to which the public is passively exposed to violent advertising. Additional study is required to further understand the link between violent imagery and attitudes toward/tolerance of violence.
25

Dursun, Salih, and Sevinc Serpil Aytac. "The Prevalence of Violence against Healthcare Workers in Turkey and Employee Job Satisfaction." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 6 (June 30, 2021): 1607–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211561607.

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Aim: To reveal the different dimensions of workplace violence that healthcare workers are exposed to, and to evaluate the impact of exposure to violence on the job satisfaction of healthcare workers. Methods: The study sample comprises 169 people working in different positions in the hospital (doctor, nurse, secretary, assistant staff, etc.). The Workplace Violence Questionnaire and Job Satisfaction Scale were used to collect the study data. The questionnaire forms were distributed in closed envelopes according to the random sampling method, and were filled out by the volunteer participants themselves. Descriptive statistics and t-test were used to analyze the study data. Results: The results of the study show that more than half of the hospital staff (57.5%) had been exposed to violence in the last year; 54.8% of participants were exposed to verbal violence, 26% were exposed to physical violence, and 5.4% were exposed to sexual harassment. In addition, it was found that the job satisfaction levels of those individuals who were exposed to violence (16.71) were lower than the job satisfaction level of those who were not exposed to violence (18.59) (t = -2.793, p-value = 0.006). Conclusion: The study results show that healthcare workers are at serious risk of violence in the workplace. In addition, it is observed that exposure to violence negatively affects job satisfaction, which is important in regarding workplace attitude. Keywords: Health Workers, Workplace Violence, Job Satisfaction.
26

Laye, Adele M., and David B. Mykota. "Rural Canadian Youth Exposed to Physical Violence." Canadian Journal of School Psychology 29, no. 1 (February 28, 2014): 21–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0829573514521772.

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27

Jain, Sonia, Stephen L. Buka, S. V. Subramanian, and Beth E. Molnar. "Protective Factors for Youth Exposed to Violence." Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 10, no. 1 (December 22, 2011): 107–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541204011424735.

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28

Osofsky, Joy D. "Community outreach for children exposed to violence." Infant Mental Health Journal 25, no. 5 (2004): 478–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/imhj.20020.

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29

Koverola, Catherine, and Astrid Heger. "Responding to Children Exposed to Domestic Violence." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 18, no. 4 (April 2003): 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260503251115.

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30

Blechman, Elaine A., Jean E. Dumas, and Ronald J. Prinz. "Prosocial coping by youth exposed to violence." Journal of Child and Adolescent Group Therapy 4, no. 4 (December 1994): 205–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02548422.

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31

Wherry, Jeffrey N., Elizabeth A. Medford, and Kimberly Corson. "Symptomatology of Children Exposed to Domestic Violence." Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma 8, no. 4 (May 13, 2015): 277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40653-015-0048-x.

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32

Dikmen, Yurdanur, Dilek Yılmaz, and Yasemin Yıldırım Usta. "Violence faced by nursing students in clinical practicals and its effects: A questionnaire survey." Journal of Human Sciences 13, no. 3 (November 1, 2016): 4380. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v13i3.4111.

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Nursing students may be exposed to all the kinds of violence in clinical practice areas. Purpose: This study was conducted in order to determine the violence faced by nursing students in clinical practice areas, its effect on the gender factor and the feelings and behavior of students after the violence.Methods: The study took place at a Foundation University in Bolu, Turkey over the period 2013-2014. The students' levels of voilence were assessed second, third and fourth years of the program. The research population consisted of the 256 students in the nursing department at the school. The sample group of the study consisted of a total of 220 students. Data were collected with a Student Information Form prepared by the researchers.Results: 69.1% of students were exposed to violence during their practicals, and this mostly (70.5%) took the form of verbal violence. 83.4% of female students reported that they were exposed to physical violence, 53.3% of them reported verbal violence and 60% reported that they were exposed to sexual violence, while 70.6% of the male students reported that they were exposed to gender discrimination. Among the forms of violence experienced, it was found that there was a statistically significant relationship (p<0.05) to gender.Conclusions: These results showed that students were frequently exposed to violence in clinical areas, the form of violence was mostly verbal violence, the majority of male students were exposed to gender discrimination.
33

Littman, Rebecca, Suzanne Estrada, Michael Nick Stagnaro, Yarrow Dunham, David Rand, and Arielle Baskin-Sommers. "Community Violence and Prosociality: Experiencing and Committing Violence Predicts Norm-Enforcing Punishment but Not Cooperation." Social Psychological and Personality Science 11, no. 2 (June 17, 2019): 276–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550619849431.

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How does violence affect prosociality? Previous work shows that exposure to intergroup violence is positively related prosociality. Here, we test whether this finding extends to other types of community violence. In a sample of 100 residents from New Haven, CT, we examine the relationship between exposure to—and committing of—violence and economic games measuring prosociality (paying a cost to benefit others) as well as norm-enforcing punishment (paying a cost to impose a cost on selfish actors). We find that both exposure to violence and committing a violent crime are not associated with cooperation but are positively associated with norm-enforcing punishment. These results suggest that unlike during intergroup conflict, violence is unrelated to cooperation when it occurs in a community context. Rather, norm-enforcing punishment is more commonly employed by individuals who have been exposed to community violence and engaged in violent behaviors themselves.
34

Karayagiz Muslu, Gonca, Sibel Coşkun Cenk, and Deniz Sarlak. "An Analysis of the Relationship Between High School Students’ Tendency Toward Violence, Self-Esteem, and Competitive Attitude." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 23-24 (August 21, 2017): 5976–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517723742.

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This study analyzes the relationship among high school students’ tendencies toward violence, self-esteem, and competitive attitudes. It was conducted in Fethiye, Muğla, between September 2013 and January 2014. The population of the study consisted of 6,531 students from 11 high schools. The participants were determined using stratified random sampling, and the study data were collected from 1,600 students. A personal information form, the Violence Tendency Scale, the Competitive Attitude Scale, and the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Scale were used as data collection tools. In this study, the rate of the participants who were exposed to violence was 15.4%. Of them, 46.2% said that one of their family members was violent toward them, while 27.3% said that their teachers had been violent toward them. Of the participants that were exposed to violence, 55.8% reported psychological violence, 27.3% reported physical violence, and 10.8% reported sexual violence. In the study, tendency toward violence is a dependent variable, while competitive attitude and self-esteem are independent variables. Family type, exposure to violence, and demographics are control variables. Age, class, school, family attitude, and exposure to violence are the variables that created significant differences in the tendency for violence. The present study showed that there was an inverse and weak yet significant relationship between the students’ tendencies toward violence and competitiveness ( r = −.169), and a positive and weak relationship between tendency toward violence and self-esteem ( r = .238). Also, there was an inverse and low-level significant relationship between competitiveness and self-esteem ( r = −.121). The variables which affect the tendency toward violence are gender, exposure to violence, competitiveness, age, self-esteem, and extended family type in a descending order regarding their importance. The predictive power of the variables on the tendency toward violence was 16.8%, which is not statistically significant.
35

Kollek, Daniel, Michelle Welsford, and Karen Wanger. "Canadian Operational and Emotional Prehospital Readiness for a Tactical Violence Event." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 25, no. 2 (April 2010): 164–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00007913.

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Abstract Providing prehospital care poses unique risks. Paramedics are essentially the only medical personnel who are routinely at the scene of violent episodes, and they are more likely to be assaulted than are other prehospital personnel. In addition to individual acts of violence, emergency medical services (EMS) providers now need to cope with tactical violence, defined as the deployment of extreme violence in a non-random fashion to achieve tactical or strategic goals. This study reviewed two topics; the readiness of EMS crews for violence in their environment and the impact of violence on the EMS crew member. This latter also evaluated the access and effectiveness of emotional support available to caregivers exposed to violent episodes.The results of the survey indicate a significant lack of preparedness for situations involving tactical violence. A total of 89% of respondents either had never had such training or had been trained more than one year ago. Thirty-six percent of respondents had never engaged in a field exercise with other responding agencies, and 4.5% of respondents were not aware of who would be in charge in such an event. In addition, this study indicates that EMS crews are exposed to events with significant emotional impacts without access to appropriate training and adequate support.
36

Delgado, Naira, Armando Rodríguez-Pérez, Jeroen Vaes, Jacques-Philippe Leyens, and Verónica Betancor. "Priming Effects of Violence on Infrahumanization." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 12, no. 6 (October 21, 2009): 699–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430209344607.

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Two experiments examine whether exposure to generic violence can display infrahumanization towards out-groups. In Study 1, participants had to solve a lexical decision task after viewing animal or human violent scenes. In Study 2, participants were exposed to either human violent or human suffering pictures before doing a lexical decision task. In both studies, the infrahumanization bias appeared after viewing the human violent pictures but not in the other experimental conditions. These two experiments support the idea of contextual dependency of infrahumanization, and suggest that violence can prime an infrahuman perception of the out-group. Theoretical implications for infrahumanization and potential underlying mechanisms are discussed.
37

Baskale, Hatice, and Ayca Sozer. "Violence perception and victimization reasons of women exposed to spouse/partner violence." TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin 14, no. 6 (2015): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/pmb.1-1433339980.

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38

Inoue, Makoto, Fumiko Kaneko, and Hitoshi Okamura. "Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a Group Intervention Approach for Nurses Exposed to Violent Speech or Violence Caused by Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial." ISRN Nursing 2011 (June 18, 2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/325614.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a group intervention approach aimed at improving the mental health of psychiatric nurses exposed to violent speech/violence. Sixty-two nurses having experienced serious episodes of violent speech/violence were enrolled in this study. A group intervention approach was used in the intervention group. For both the intervention and the control groups, evaluations were conducted at three time points. Evaluations were conducted using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and Profile of Mood States (POMS). The results showed that changes in the flashback, hyper-arousal, avoidance behavior, and total scores on the IES-R and anxiety and depression scores on the POMS differed significantly between the two groups. These results suggest that a group intervention approach can lessen the psychological burden of nurses exposed to violence and reduce their mental stress.
39

Fosco, Gregory M., Renee L. DeBoard, and John H. Grych. "Making Sense of Family Violence." European Psychologist 12, no. 1 (January 2007): 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.12.1.6.

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Children who are exposed to interparental violence are at risk for a host of adjustment problems, but little is known about the processes that explain why children from violent families develop different patterns of adjustment. In this paper, we examine the role that children's perceptions and interpretations of aggression may play in shaping the impact of interparental violence on their short- and long-term functioning. Appraisals of interparental conflict have been linked to children's emotional and behavioral responses to conflict as well as their adjustment more broadly and offer a mechanism for understanding diverse outcomes in children who witness violence in the home. We explore how the appraisal process may differ in violent versus conflictual but nonviolent interactions, consider contextual factors that may influence this process, and outline directions for research investigating how children perceive and make sense of violence in intimate relationships.
40

Kilic, Elife Dogan. "Psychological Violence in Learning Organizations: a Case Study in Sanliurfa, Turkey." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 37, no. 7 (August 1, 2009): 869–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2009.37.7.869.

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The purpose of this study was to examine psychological violence in learning organizations. The researchers investigated whether teachers in primary schools have been exposed to violence based on gender, marital status, or experience. The sample included 310 teachers randomly selected from among teachers who work in Sanliurfa, Turkey, in the 2007-2008 academic year. Data were collected by means of a 23-item questionnaire measuring how often teachers had been exposed to psychological violence in schools. Results revealed that female teachers were more likely to be exposed to psychological violence than were males, and unmarried teachers were more likely to experience psychological violence than were married individuals. Moreover, it was found that there was a greater incidence of junior and senior teachers being exposed to psychological violence compared to mid-career teachers.
41

Indrašienė, Valdonė, Odeta Merfeldaitė, and Justinas Sadauskas. "Assistance to Children Exposed to Domestic Violance: Situation in Lithuania." SOCIETY, INTEGRATION, EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 3 (May 17, 2015): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2015vol3.363.

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<p><em>The purpose of the study is to assess the organisation of assistance for children after domestic violence experience in Lithuania</em><em>. The methods of scientific literature, analysis of strategic document and legal acts, synthesis and generalisation were used. The main findings:</em></p><em>Children in Lithuanian mostly experience physical aggression, but in recent year’s case of psychological violence are becoming more and more frequent. Increase of psychological violence against children allows to believe that specialists of Child‘s Rights Protection divisions as well as other specialists more actively and successfully identify the children that experience psychological violence and manifestations of such violence and apply corresponding measures. The legal framework for prevention of violence against the child is and the child‘s health care has been created. In cases of violence against children support to the victim and his/her family is provided and coordinated systematically by specialists of various fields and institutions, according to the needs of the victim. The complex support required by the children after experienced violence and their families (psychological, social, legal and psychiatric) is basically provided by non-governmental organizations the most of which are located in the major cities. In more remote places for the suffered children and their families it is really confusing to get support, especially the lasting one</em><p> </p>
42

LeBlanc, Monique M., Seandra J. Cosgrove, and Kimberly B. David. "Social Skills and School Readiness in Young Children Exposed to Violence." Violence and Victims 32, no. 2 (2017): 265–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-15-00151.

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Witnessing violence is associated with negative outcomes for preschool-aged children, including lowered school readiness; however, not all children evidence negative outcome, indicating the presence of protective factors. This study examined social skills as a moderator of the relation between violence exposure and school readiness in preschool-aged children. Seventy-eight children completed a measure of school readiness, and their caregiver completed measures of social skills, witnessed violence exposure, and direct victimization. Results revealed that social skills moderated the witnessed violence–school readiness association, controlling for direct victimization and family income. When children evidenced more appropriate social skills, witnessed violence and school readiness were inversely related. However, for children whose caregivers endorsed less appropriate social skills, there was no association between witnessed violence and school readiness.
43

Laubacher, A. "The Cycle of Violence - an Outdated Concept for Forensic Psychiatry?" European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70514-0.

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The cycle of violence theory proposed in the early sixties suggested that children growing up exposed to violence would themselves become violent.Testing this theory incidence studies found elevated levels of child abuse in offender populations compared to the general public, whereas prospective studies found significant associations between child abuse and subsequent adult criminality. However, prospective studies also showed that a large proportion of children exposed to violence did not grow up to become violent or criminal, which in turn lead to the assumption that the cycle of violence theory was to be rejected.Recent studies have found indications of more specific relationships between early traumata and subsequent adult criminality. For example elevated levels of both risky sexual behavior as well as adult sexual victimization experiences have been found in persons having suffered childhood sexual abuse (CSA). These findings have raised the question if a specific association exists between the experience of CSA and subsequent adult sex offending.
44

Lehmann, Peter, and Ellen J. Elliston. "Traumatic Responding in Children Exposed to Domestic Violence." Journal of Ethnic And Cultural Diversity in Social Work 10, no. 4 (June 2001): 81–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j051v10n04_05.

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45

Paterson, Brodie, David Leadbetter, and Vaughan Bowie. "Supporting nursing staff exposed to violence at work." International Journal of Nursing Studies 36, no. 6 (December 1999): 479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7489(99)00046-2.

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46

Ward, C. L., E. Martin, C. Theron, and G. B. Distiller. "Factors Affecting Resilience in Children Exposed to Violence." South African Journal of Psychology 37, no. 1 (April 2007): 165–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124630703700112.

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47

Jensen, S. B., E. Schaumburg, B. Leroy, B. Ø. Larsen, and M. Thorup. "Psychiatric care of refugees exposed to organized violence." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 80, no. 2 (August 1989): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1989.tb01313.x.

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48

Robbie Rossman, B. B. "Multiple Risks for Children Exposed to Parental Violence." Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 2, no. 2 (April 7, 2000): 207–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j146v02n02_10.

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49

Jaffe, Peter G., Marlies Sudermann, and Robert Geffner. "Emerging Issues for Children Exposed to Domestic Violence." Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 3, no. 1 (April 28, 2000): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j146v03n01_01.

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50

Robbie Rossman, B. B., and Joyce Ho. "Posttraumatic Response and Children Exposed to Parental Violence." Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 3, no. 1 (April 28, 2000): 85–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j146v03n01_07.

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