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Agroecology is increasingly promoted by scientists, non-governmental organisations (NGO’s), international organisations and peasant movements as an approach to foster the transition to sustainable and equitable food systems. The challenges to agroecological transitions are not the same for all farmers, as they can face different social and bio-physical conditions. We developed a farm typology combining participatory and quantitative methodologies to assess and categorise farm diversity and its implications for developing strategies to promote agroecological transitions. The participatory typology was developed during workshops to acquire insights on local farmers’ perceptions and knowledge, and to generate hypotheses on family farm diversity. The participatory-based hypotheses were tested in the quantitative farm characterisation, which provided information on household characteristics, production strategies, land use, participation in public policies and extension services. Farms were located in Zona da Mata, Minas Gerais, Brazil, which harbour a wide diversity of farmers and where different actors have been engaged in agroecological transitions for the past 30 years. Our main findings were: (i) In the face of agroecological transitions, farmers differ in their management strategies, practices and principles; (ii) farmers identified as agroecological typically had stronger engagements in a network composed of farmers’ organisations, universities and NGO’s; (iii) agroecological farms showed great potential to provide a wide range of ecosystem services as they featured a higher crop diversity and a higher number of crops for self-consumption; (iv) to promote agroecology, it is crucial to recognise peasant knowledge, to change the dominant discourse on agriculture through social movement dynamics, and to generate support from public policies and funds; and (v) participatory and quantitative methodologies can be combined for more precise and relevant assessments of agroecological transitions.
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Leonard, Susan Hautaniemi, Glenn D. Deane, and Myron P. Gutmann. "Household and farm transitions in environmental context." Population and Environment 32, no. 4 (July 6, 2010): 287–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11111-010-0118-9.
Foran, B., and B. Allan. "Assessing Options for Farming Systems Transitions in New Zealand's Mountainlands." Rangeland Journal 17, no. 2 (1995): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9950166.
The transition of an agricultural ecosystem from a less to a more sustainable or desirable state is dependent as much on the routes and tactics used to effect the transition, as it is on the management ideas and the biological components used. Against the background of the failure of farmers to take up an integrated "all grass wintering system" in the mountain lands of the South Island of New Zealand, we compared a wide range of transitional opportunities and evaluated them in economic terms over a 20 year period. Farm structure at the start of the transition was a rather obvious but key criterion for success of the transition. Transition from a farm structure where supplementary feeding cost NZ$90,000 per year into the new system, allowed a position better than the "do nothing" option to be achieved in as little as 8 to 9 years. Transitions from smaller farm structures of $60,000 and $30,000 took from 12 to more than 20 years to achieve a cash position better than the "do nothing" option. Herein lies the quandary for all farming systems which might aim to make transitions and to "do it better". We explore the sensitivity of these general results to the effects of product price and interest rates, wool growth and lambing rates, whether transition should be gradual or fast, and the incumbent debt levels that can be serviced in addition to the new development. In conclusion we note some essential components of any study of transition of pastoral systems. It is important that dynamic tools are used in any transition study since the route taken in the transition can be more important than the end point. The economic advantage offered by new pastoral technology is important, particularly the time it takes to become fully implemented. Sensitivity analyses should be undertaken for key production and price assumptions. It is helpful to present these analyses as three-dimensional diagrams to allow biological and economic risk to be assessed against each other. While increased animal numbers bring better economic returns, both industry attitudes and the management of ecological risk may require the maintenance of present animal numbers. Increased profitability will then rely on individual animal performance, and higher quality livestock products.
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Biorn, E., and H. M. Bjornsen. "What motivates farm couples to seek off-farm labour? A logit analysis of job transitions." European Review of Agricultural Economics 42, no. 2 (June 25, 2014): 339–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbu025.
Wang, Shukun, Dengwang Li, Tingting Li, and Changquan Liu. "Land Use Transitions and Farm Performance in China: A Perspective of Land Fragmentation." Land 10, no. 8 (July 28, 2021): 792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10080792.
Land fragmentation (LF) is widespread worldwide and affects farmers’ decision-making and, thus, farm performance. We used detailed household survey data at the crop level from ten provinces in China to construct four LF indicators and six farm performance indicators. We ran a set of regression models using OLS methods to analyse the relationship between LF and farm performance. The results showed that (1) LF increased the input of production material and labour costs; (2) LF reduced farmers’ purchasing of mechanical services and the efficiency of ploughing; and (3) LF may increase technical efficiency (this result, however, was not sufficiently robust and had no effect on yield). Generally speaking, LF was negatively related to farm performance. To improve farm performance, it is recommended that decision-makers speed up land transfer and land consolidation, stabilise land property rights, establish land-transfer intermediary organisations and promote large-scale production.
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Molnar, Joseph J., and Greg Traxler. "People Left Behind: Transitions of the Rural Poor." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 23, no. 1 (July 1991): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200017842.
AbstractCompared to their urban counterparts, the rural poor are more likely to be employed, more apt to be members of married-couple families, less likely to be children, less likely to be minority, and more likely to have assets but a negative income. This paper examines poverty rates and factors that affect mobility in and out of poverty among major categories of the rural poor. Particular attention is paid to farm workers and the rural farm population in the South. It endeavors to identify both structural conditions that perpetuate rural poverty and government interventions that ameliorate human suffering and break the cycle of poverty reproduction.
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HUGHEY, KENNETH F., MARY J. HEPPNER, JOSEPH A. JOHNSTON, and THOM D. RAKES. "Farm Families in Career Transitions: Descriptive Characteristics and an Intervention." Journal of Counseling & Development 67, no. 8 (April 1989): 475–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1989.tb02121.x.
Wang, Hao, Jan Fidrmuc, Qi Luo, and Mingzhong Luo. "Exploring the determinants of on-farm transitions: Evidence from rural China." Applied Economics 52, no. 52 (June 21, 2020): 5667–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2020.1770194.
Smith, Andrew P., and Andrew D. Moore. "Whole farm implications of lucerne transitions in temperate crop-livestock systems." Agricultural Systems 177 (January 2020): 102686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2019.102686.
Seidel, G. E. "Effects of Transitions in North American Animal Agriculture on Animal Well-being: Personal Observations." Journal of Applied Animal Ethics Research 1, no. 1 (March 25, 2019): 41–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25889567-12340005.
Abstract People involved with production animal agriculture in the U.S., including owners and workers, are often portrayed as callous to animal welfare. While callous people exist in any population, I maintain that most people who own and work with farm animals do consider animal welfare, both for moral and economic reasons. It is rare that stressed, unhealthy or injured animals are more profitable than healthy, unstressed ones. Furthermore, the owners of farm animals and related facilities overwhelmingly are families or individuals (~97%), not corporations; most owners of so-called industrial farms are but a generation removed from so-called family farms, and most of these owners still have values similar to those of traditional family farms, although their hired workers may not. Farmers need to have income, so husbandry practices need to be profitable for farms to be sustainable. However, production animal agriculture has not been very profitable, partly because most products are commodities, and this low profitability has been a major cause of the huge decrease in numbers of farmers and farm units over the past century. The net result is larger units with less attention paid to individual animals, which can be problematic, but does not necessarily result in decreased animal welfare. Modern genetic tools and facilities can be used to promote animal welfare simultaneously with improving production efficiency and economic viability.
Nikkanen, Hanna. "A wealth of soil : Social-ecological traps, economy and agency on Finnish farms." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-194321.
Food systems are facing increasing pressure to adapt to the local, regional and global implications of the climate crisis while reducing the environmental impacts of food production and retaining their competitiveness on increasingly connected agri-food markets. Many suggested aspects of a more resilient, sustainable model of food production are directly linked to decisions made on individual farms. However, there are known social-ecological traps that limit farmers’ capacity to break away from unsustainable paths. This thesis investigates the impact of trap dynamics on the incidence of sustainability transitions on Finnish farms – for example, transitions from animal to plant agriculture, or from monoculture to crop diversity. I use national tax records and interviews with regenerative farmers to identify patterns and circumstances that preclude farmers’ ability to carry out sustainability transitions, and to describe strategies used by regenerative farmers to enhance their agency and avert traps. My findings indicate that rigid governance and market structures, an increasing burden of debt and intensifying ecological pressures converge to create, sustain and exacerbate social-ecological traps. Finally, this thesis suggests that the existence of farm-level traps may hamper attempts to address food system lock- ins across scales, diminishing the system’s capacity to respond to shocks and changing circumstances.
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Smith, Stephanie Mary. "Virginia Farmer Retirement and Transition Planning." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32500.
This study focuses on determining how Virginia farmers are planning for farm retirement and succession and whether they will be financially prepared for their retirement years. The Virginia farming population is aging, life expectancy is increasing, and Social Security benefits are not a stable source of retirement income presenting challenges for Virginia farmers who are planning to either retire from the family farm or transition it to the next generation. In this study a 59-item survey was sent to 2000 randomly selected Farm Credit agricultural customers. Results from the survey were analyzed using chi-square tests and correlations to determine statistically significant relationships between the variables. The analysis indicates that Virginia farmers planning to retire from the farm face high levels of debt and plan to sell the farm operation. Virginia farmers planning to transition the farm are generating higher profits from the farm operation and their successor has been identified. The majority of Virginia farmers are financially prepared for retirement with Social Security support; however, without supplemental income from Social Security the majority of the Virginia farming population is not financially prepared for retirement. The results indicate necessary action from the private, academic, and public sectors. Financial professionals should offer retirement planning seminars, academia should continue to research the issues, and the government should consider developing a savings plans specifically for the agricultural community that offer tax advantages. Master of Science
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Moore, Russell T. "Organic transition schemes for a Morris county Kansas grain farm." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/757.
Cameron, D. F., and n/a. "A study of individuals in transition during a skills enhancement programme." University of Canberra. Education, 1989. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060623.151744.
The ability to maximise learning efficiently is of
concern to all who are involved in an educational
environment. The process of learning that will
facilitate change is well documented. This documentation
suggests that:
(1) the understanding of what is occurring in the
process of change is essential for it to be
successful, and
(2) this process includes certain specific traits that
will facilitate change.
In this study, a design to acquire data from individuals
involved in this process of change is developed. To
acquire the data sought in this study, observation was
made of ten trainees involved in a skills enhancement
programme at Caloola Farm; a training centre sponsored by
the Federal Government and operated through the Baptist
Community Services (A.C.T.). The conclusion reached
supported the original premise that recognisable traits
exist and aid in the process of accepting change.
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Harbaugh, Isabel. "Non-farm Rural Employment in Latin America: Help Small Landowners Make the Transition." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/682.
For many of Latin America’s small farmers, a future in agriculture may be short lived. Due to increasing mechanization, land consolidation, and globalization, the demand for agricultural labor is declining, and small landowners are feeling the brunt of this change. Given this reality, the non-farm rural economy should become a much greater priority on the rural development agenda. Many non-farm positions demonstrate significant potential for poverty alleviation, but these jobs often present substantial barriers to entry. In order for smallholders to access these positions rather than low-skilled, low-productivity, and low-paying jobs, government involvement is essential. By helping small farmers build non-farm skills and knowledge, facilitating profitable land transactions, and fostering a business environment that supports rural job creation, governments can ensure that small farmers are not only able to transition to non-farm employment, but that they are able to do so in a way that maximizes the impact on overall rural welfare.
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Cao, Heping. "Precautionary savings behavior of Chinese farm households during institutional transition in the 1990s /." The Ohio State University, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1486397841221776.
Rosburg, Britney. "Inter-generational transition strategy assessment: the case of Rosburg farms." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35381.
Master of Agribusiness Department of Agricultural Economics Terry Griffin Rosburg Farms is a crop farm in Northwest Iowa that specializes in corn and soybean production. The oldest farm operator, Richard was looking ahead to retirement while the next generation, Brian has been working to identify an entry strategy into the operation as a beginning farmer. The purpose of this research was to identify and evaluate candidate alternatives that Brian could bring to Rosburg Farms and to understand if the operation was at a point where Brian was needed as full time labor. Three candidate scenarios including renting additional crop acreage, building a hog facility, and building a poultry layer house were evaluated via SWOT analyses. The SWOT analysis results indicated that renting additional crop acres was the best candidate alternative for the farming operation. To understand how adding the additional acreage to crop production affects the timeliness of the operation and to identify binding resources a whole-farm linear programming planning model was parameterized. Parameters included available labor, machinery, days suitable for field work, crop rotations and available acreage. Production enterprise budgets for corn and soybean production and a projected cash flow were developed to understand if this acreage expansion would be profitable for the multi-family farming operation. The results of the planning model indicated that the field work operations would be completed with the available labor, machinery, and days suitable for fieldwork. The production budgets and cash flow results indicated that Rosburg Farms would remain profitable once farm size was expanded with additional rented acreage. Considering Brian employed off the farm, it was not necessary for him to quit his job to farm full time at this point. Future analysis should be used to understand at what farm size are needed to justify Brian leaving his off-farm employment to farm full time. These results are applicable beyond the Rosburg farm and are of interest to beginning farmers, farms anticipating transition to next generation, and professional specializing in succession planning.
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Grover, Amy. "The Amish Farm in Transition: The Amish Response to Modernization in Northern Indiana, 1900-1920." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5230.
This study explored the responses of Amish agrarians in northern Indiana to the mechanization and modernization of rural life in the early twentieth century. This period was marked by a shift towards agribusiness as well as the increased usage of farm machines. In addition to the increased emphasis on farm efficiency, reformers sought to modernize or update rural life. Within the context of these transformations, the Amish maintained their identity by exploring the necessity and the consequences of adapting to life in the modern world. Their responses to modernization defined not only their cultural boundaries in the modern world but also created their identity in twentieth century America. In stark contrast to the ideal of the independent farmer, the Amish used the strength of their community (both Amish and non-Amish) and their agrarian roots to endure and overcome the challenging events of the early twentieth century. The purpose of this study was to expand the scholarship of Amish studies in northern Indiana as well as place the Amish experience within the context of agrarian historiography. Resources used to examine this period included Amish writings, farm publications from Indiana and data from the agricultural census. ID: 031001352; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Title from PDF title page (viewed April 22, 2013).; Thesis (M.A.)--University of Central Florida, 2012.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 94-99). M.A. Masters History Arts and Humanities History; Public History
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Vassiliou, Agapi. "Farm structure optimisation of, and the impact of widespread transition to ecological olive production systems." Thesis, Cardiff Metropolitan University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402381.
Latruffe, Laure. "Farm technical efficiency, credit and investment in a transition country : a microeconomic analysis in Poland." Paris 10, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA100091.
Le premier mai 2004, la Pologne a fait son entrée dans l'Union Européenne après quinze ans de transition d'un régime communiste à une économie de marché. L'objectif de cette thèse était de connaître les raisons de la persistance de structures anciennes et obsolètes dans le secteur agricole. La productivité des exploitations agricoles polonaises a été g^enée par un manque de terres agricoles et un excès de capital et de main d'oeuvre. Les meilleures performances ont été réalisées par des agriculteurs jeunes et diplômés, endettés et avec des terres de qualité. Les imperfections sur le marché du crédit rural polonais ont contraint les décisions d'investissement des exploitations les plus productives, alors que les moins productives n'ont pas été affectées. L'adhésion du pays à l'UE pourrati avoir des implications favorables à l'amélioration de la productivité et à la prévention d'un désastre social On the first May 2004 Poland became a member of the European Union (EU) after 15 difficult years of transition from communist regime to market economy. This thesis' objective was to investigate the reasons for the persistence of small farms, abundant labour and obsolete capital on farms. Farms' productivity was hampered by a lack of land and an excess of capital and labour. The best performers were young and educated farmers who were indebted and had good land quality. The imperfections on the rural credit market constrained the investment decisions of the most productive farms, while the least productive farms were not affected. The accession to the EU could be beneficial to the productivity improvement and to avoid a social disaster
Harbaugh, Isabel. Smallholders and the Non-Farm Transition in Latin America. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137487162.
Peterson, R. Neal. Correcting for nonresponse in transition matrices calculated from longitudinal data. [Washington, DC]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Agriculture and Rural Economy Division, 1991.
Peterson, R. Neal. Correcting for nonresponse in transition matrices calculated from longitudinal data. [Washington, DC]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Agriculture and Rural Economy Division, 1991.
DiGiacomo, Gigi. Organic transition: A business planner for farmers, ranchers and food entrepreneurs. College Park, MD: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE), 2015.
Magne, Marie-Angélina, Guillaume Martin, Marc Moraine, Julie Ryschawy, Vincent Thenard, Pierre Triboulet, and Jean-Philippe Choisis. "An Integrated Approach to Livestock Farming Systems’ Autonomy to Design and Manage Agroecological Transition at the Farm and Territorial Levels." In Agroecological Transitions: From Theory to Practice in Local Participatory Design, 45–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01953-2_4.
Anderson, Colin Ray, Janneke Bruil, M. Jahi Chappell, Csilla Kiss, and Michel Patrick Pimbert. "Conceptualizing Processes of Agroecological Transformations: From Scaling to Transition to Transformation." In Agroecology Now!, 29–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61315-0_3.
AbstractIn this chapter, we survey the recent literature that speaks directly to the issue of bringing agroecology to scale. We discuss the shift towards analytical frameworks that consider not only the farm level but rather whole food system transformations. We then introduce the multi-level perspective on sustainability transitions which we adopt for the purpose of this book. Moving beyond the technical analysis often found in research on sustainability ‘transitions’, our approach thus adopts agency-centric approach to food systems ‘transformation’. To do this, we introduce the notion of domains of transformation, which represent discrete areas where the conflict between agroecology and the dominant food regime manifests and where the potential for collective and transformation is transformation is most potent.
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Feitshans, Theodore A. "Estate planning and farm transition." In Agricultural and Agribusiness Law, 134–46. Second edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429467837-11.
Lamine, Claire, Mireille Navarrete, and Aurélie Cardona. "Transitions Towards Organic Farming at the Farm and at the Local Scales: The Role of Innovative Production and Organisational Modes and Networks." In Organic Farming, Prototype for Sustainable Agricultures, 423–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7927-3_23.
Harbaugh, Isabel. "Promoting Non-Farm Employment." In Smallholders and the Non-Farm Transition in Latin America, 54–73. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137487162_4.
Zrimšek, Petra, Janko Mrkun, Marjan Kosec, Ožbalt Podpečan, Zlata Flegar-Meštrić, Sonja Perkov, Jože Starič, Mirna Robić, Maja Belić, and Romana Turk. "Dynamics of metabolic and oxidative stress parameters in dairy heifers during transition period." In Farm animal proteomics 2013, 238–41. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-776-9_60.
Sharma, Arun K. "Farm-Diversity Management for Sustainable Production Systems." In Transition Strategies for Sustainable Community Systems, 145–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00356-2_13.
Harbaugh, Isabel. "Promoting Non-Farm Skills and Knowledge." In Smallholders and the Non-Farm Transition in Latin America, 15–33. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137487162_2.
Le Berre, M., Y. Pomeau, E. Ressayre, A. Tallet, H. M. Gibbs, D. L. Kaplan, and M. J. Rose. "From deterministic chaos to noise in retarded feedback systems." In Far from Equilibrium Phase Transitions, 157–75. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-50643-8_38.
Harbaugh, Isabel. "Introduction: Smallholders and the Non-Farm Rural Economy." In Smallholders and the Non-Farm Transition in Latin America, 1–14. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137487162_1.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Farm transitions":
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EL BILALI, Hamid, Michael HAUSER, Sinisa BERJAN, Otilija MISECKAITE, and Lorenz PROBST. "RURAL LIVELIHOODS TRANSITIONS: TOWARDS AN INTEGRATION OF THE SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS APPROACH AND THE MULTI-LEVEL PERSPECTIVE." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.242.
In rural areas, especially in low and middle-income countries, livelihoods have to diversify to include new on- and off-farm activities. However, sustainable livelihood concepts have so far not sufficiently accommodated transition dynamics. Mostly, rural livelihoods and sustainability transitions are addressed separately in the scientific literature. The aim of this review paper is to explore opportunities to integrate the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA) and the Multi-Level Perspective (MLP) on transitions. We provide an overview of the SLA and MLP. We then focus on the conceptual linkages between SLA and MLP, in particular regarding livelihood diversification strategies. Our review shows that the conceptual overlaps of the SLA and the MLP allow for a meaningful combination of both approaches to harness their respective strengths. Vulnerabilities from the SLA perspective (e.g. shocks, trends, changes) are considered at the landscape level in MLP. Policies, institutions, processes in SLA are part of ‘regime’ in the MLP heuristic. The livelihood diversification in SLA, e.g. the development of new on- and off-farm activities, can be described as niches in MLP. Some empirical work on agricultural transitions from the MLP perspective has adopted a territorial approach to take into consideration the pluri-activity of farms and the interactions between different subsystems (food, energy and tourism). This resonates well with the idea of livelihood diversification as a strategy in SLA. We conclude that integrating SLA and MLP will help to better understand livelihood diversification processes and we provide a preliminary proposal for a livelihood transition framework.
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ČESONIENĖ, Laima, Daiva ŠILEIKIENĖ, and Laura EIGIRDAITĖ. "CHANGE OF ECOLOGIC FARM AREAS AND CULTIVATED CULTURES WITHIN THE TERRITORY OF LITHUANIA IN 2010–2014." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.075.
Research objective is to evaluate the change of ecological farm areas and cultivated cultures within the territory of Lithuania within the period from 2010 to 2014. In 2010–2014 the data from certification institutions (databases) were used for the purpose of evaluation of change of ecological farm areas, which provide all ecological farm areas declared and certified in Lithuania within the whole reported period and agricultural plants cultivated on the areas within the set period. ArcGIS software was used for demonstration of layout of ecological farm areas within the territory of Lithuania. It was established that the major areas of ecological farms analysed within the period were located in the North-East of Lithuania, less areas in the Northern and Southern parts of middle Lithuania. During the whole period the major planted acreage of the ecological farms was taken by meadows, pastures, perennial grass; these cultures annually made almost a half of the declared planted acreage. Less declared planted acreage of the ecological farms within the research period was taken by root plants and vegetables; area planted with the cultures usually made 1 per cent from all declared planted acreage of the ecological farms. Strong correlation exists between the areas of ecological farms and pastures (r = 0.70, when p = 0.0001), complex agriculture (r = 0.76, when p = 0.0001), transition forest stage and bushes (r = 0.85, when p = 0,0001), broad-leaved forests (r = 0.84, when p = 0.0001), needle-leaved forests (r = 0.72, when p = 0.0001) and mixed forests (r = 0.84, when p = 0.0001). Weak correlation exists between ecological farm area and agricultural areas with natural plant insertions (r = 0.47, when p = 0.0001).
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Vergeest, Joris S. M., Chensheng Wang, Yu Song, and Sander Spanjaard. "Towards New Transitions Among Shape Representations." In ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/cie-48183.
Four classes of shape representation are dominating nowadays in computer-supported design and modeling of products, (1) point clouds, (2) surface meshes, (3) solid/surface models and (4) design/styling models. To support applications such as high-level shape design, feature-based design, shape modeling, shape analysis, rapid prototyping, feature recognition and shape presentation, it is required that transitions among and within the four representation classes take place. Transitions from a “lower” representation class to “higher” class are far from trivial, and at the same time highly demanded for reverse design purposes. New methods and algorithms are needed to accomplish new transitions. A characterization of the four classes is presented, the most relevant transitions are reviewed and a relatively new transition, from point cloud directly to design/styling model is proposed and experimented. The importance of this transition for new methods of shape reuse and redesign is pointed out and demonstrated.
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Kumar, Ravi, Ojing Siram, Niranjan Sahoo, and Ujjwal K. Saha. "Characterizing the Transitional Behavior of Wind Turbine Wake From Near to Far Wake Regimes." In ASME 2021 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2021-65959.
Abstract Knowledge of wind energy harvesting is an ever-growing process, and to meet the enormous energy demand, wind farms shall have a significant role. An efficient wind farm is required to have an in-depth knowledge of turbine wake characteristics. This article presents an experimental investigation of the wake expansion process defined by the transition of wake from near to far wake regimes. The study has been performed on models horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) composed of NACA 0012 profile, keeping the ratio of root chord to tip chord length is 5:2. A constant temperature hot-wire anemometer (HWA) has been used to examine the rotor’s fluctuating flow field. The subsequent time-averaged normalizes velocity deficit, and vortex shedding frequency are used for the flow characteristics. Time-averaged velocity deficit measurement suggests a drop in upstream velocity by 20–30% within the vicinity of rotor tip downstream of the rotor plane. The study shows that flow recovery is initiating from the near wake regime around 1.08R. Further, the spectral findings indicates the low frequency dominance within 4R (R being the rotor radius), and the Strouhal number falls close to 0.23. The present wind tunnel study on wake characteristics throws significant insight into further enhancing the WT wake modeling.
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Magnier, Eugene A. "YSOs in transition." In The seventh astrophysical conference: Star formation, near and far. AIP, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.52832.
KOZLOVA, Natalia, Aleksandr BRIUKHANOV, Eduard VASILEV, and Ekaterina SHALAVINA. "ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF LIVESTOCK FARMS IN RUSSIA." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.189.
The paper focuses on quantitative assessment of nitrogen flows in a livestock farm under transition to best available techniques BAT system in Russia. Comparative analysis of quantitative estimates of ammonia emissions from housing for dairy cows, fattening pigs, farrowing sows and laying hens was conducted using available literature data and information obtained through a survey of pilot livestock farms in Leningrad Region. Ammonia emission data for existing Russian enterprises were found in the range of BREF emission levels associated with BAT. The nitrogen farm-gate balance was calculated for the farm with 810 dairy cows, 2600 ha of agricultural land and milk yield of 22 kg/day. The nitrogen surplus was 48.3 kg/ha, which was below the limit values and indicated the possibility to increase the application amount of nitrogen fertilisers, however, nitrogen use efficiency of 0.21 was significantly below the European average. The viability of manure storage and spreading techniques recommended by European BREF, namely compost heaps covering and immediate incorporation of organic fertilisers after spreading, was estimated for this farm. The calculated values of total nitrogen losses are reduced by 20%; the saving of mineral fertilizers owing to higher nitrogen content in applied organic fertilisers can be 18 t / year. For the rough assessment of technologies on the initial stage of Russian reference books creation it is practicable to use the data from EU BREF on intensive rearing of pigs and poultry. When farms are assessed on the stage of integrated permits issue, it is feasible to use the measured air concentrations of hazardous substances along with the estimation of the whole-farm environmental impact by nitrogen use efficiency. For such estimates to be applied in Russia, the data needs to be collected and systematised for different categories of farms and for different climatic regions.
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Avanessian, Tadeh, and Gisuk Hwang. "Adsorption and Capillary Condensation in Nanogap With Nanoposts." In ASME 2017 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2017-4782.
Adsorption isotherm and adsorption-capillary transition theories have been developed based on homogeneous micro-/nanoporous materials and structures. However, material and structures are often heterogeneous including local surface roughness and defects, where no predictive tool is available so far. In this study, the adsorption isotherm and the adsorption-capillary transition is examined for Ar-filled Pt nanogap (Lz = 5 nm) with nanoposts (one surface only) using Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations. Results show that the presence of the nanoposts causes a bimodal capillary transition and reduces the capillary transition pressure compared to the nanogap with both bare surfaces. The pressure difference between the bimodal transitions is pronounced with decreasing the nanopost pitch size. The larger nanopost height also leads to the early capillary transition, but the bimodal transition is pronounced for moderate heights of the nanoposts. A stronger solid-fluid interaction reduces the adsorption-capillary transition pressure at given temperature and increases the transition pressure difference between the nanogaps with or without nanoposts. The obtained results provide new insights of the role of surface nanostructure (nanoposts) into adsorption isotherm and capillary transition.
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Vadasz, Johnathan J., and Joseph E. A. Roy-Aikins. "Sudden and Smooth Transitions to Weak Turbulence in Porous Media Convection." In ASME 2003 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2003-47379.
The fundamental understanding of the transition from laminar to turbulent convection in porous media is far from being conclusive. In isothermal flow in porous media no experiments identifying the three dimensional nature of a transition from the Darcy regime, via an inertia dominated regime, towards turbulence are available. In particular this detailed description of turbulence is missing in the problem of porous media convection where an additional non-linear interaction appears as a result of the coupling between the equations governing the fluid flow and the energy equation. The latter can typically cause a transition to a non-steady and non-periodic regime (referred to as weak turbulent) at much lower values of the parameter controlling the flow, when compared to the corresponding isothermal system. The present paper identifies the conditions for sudden and smooth transitions. In addition it attempts to address the question related to the reason for the subcritical transition to weak turbulence and the existence of a range of values of the porous media Rayleigh number over which the transition occurs, i.e. the Lorenz attractor.
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BORYGA, Marek, Paweł KOŁODZIEJ, and Krzysztof GOŁACKI. "Clothoid as a Transition Curve of the Manipulator End-effector Trajectory for Harvesting Tomatoes in a Greenhouse." In IX International ScientificSymposium "Farm Machinery and Processes Management in Sustainable Agriculture". Departament of Machinery Exploittation and Management of Production Processes, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/fmpmsa.2017.10.
Schade, U., L. Puskar, M. Berg, E. Ritter, I. Efthimiopoulos, A. Marcelli, M. Ortolani, W. Xu, Y. Liu, and L. Zhao. "Phase Transitions in SnSe probed by Far Infrared Spectroscopy." In 2018 43rd International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz 2018). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irmmw-thz.2018.8510168.
Adelaja, Adesoji, Justin George, Thomas Jayne, Milu Muyanga, Titus Awokuse, Adebayo Aromolaran, and Lenis Saweda O. Liverpool-Tasie. How Conflicts Affect Land Expansion by Smallholder Farmers: Evidence from Nigeria. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2020.015.
The expansion of smallholder farms into larger farm sizes is a key strategy for growing agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa. This strategy could simultaneously expand farm incomes while addressing poverty since the majority of farms in sub-Saharan Africa are smallholder farms. There is limited existing research on the possible role of conflicts in stymying the ability of smallholder farmers to transition into larger-scale farming and on the impacts of conflicts in areas that are not directly within active conflict zones. In this paper, we investigate the impacts of conflict on the ability of smallholder farmers to transition to larger scales in two regions that are not in a traditional conflict zone, by developing a household utility maximisation model to explain choices made by farm households in response to conflict.
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TRUE, R. R. Implementation Plan for Tank Farm Transition Projects Suspect and Counterfeit Items. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/801879.
Perdigão, Rui A. P., and Julia Hall. Spatiotemporal Causality and Predictability Beyond Recurrence Collapse in Complex Coevolutionary Systems. Meteoceanics, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46337/201111.
Causality and Predictability of Complex Systems pose fundamental challenges even under well-defined structural stochastic-dynamic conditions where the laws of motion and system symmetries are known. However, the edifice of complexity can be profoundly transformed by structural-functional coevolution and non-recurrent elusive mechanisms changing the very same invariants of motion that had been taken for granted. This leads to recurrence collapse and memory loss, precluding the ability of traditional stochastic-dynamic and information-theoretic metrics to provide reliable information about the non-recurrent emergence of fundamental new properties absent from the a priori kinematic geometric and statistical features. Unveiling causal mechanisms and eliciting system dynamic predictability under such challenging conditions is not only a fundamental problem in mathematical and statistical physics, but also one of critical importance to dynamic modelling, risk assessment and decision support e.g. regarding non-recurrent critical transitions and extreme events. In order to address these challenges, generalized metrics in non-ergodic information physics are hereby introduced for unveiling elusive dynamics, causality and predictability of complex dynamical systems undergoing far-from-equilibrium structural-functional coevolution. With these methodological developments at hand, hidden dynamic information is hereby brought out and explicitly quantified even beyond post-critical regime collapse, long after statistical information is lost. The added causal insights and operational predictive value are further highlighted by evaluating the new information metrics among statistically independent variables, where traditional techniques therefore find no information links. Notwithstanding the factorability of the distributions associated to the aforementioned independent variables, synergistic and redundant information are found to emerge from microphysical, event-scale codependencies in far-from-equilibrium nonlinear statistical mechanics. The findings are illustrated to shed light onto fundamental causal mechanisms and unveil elusive dynamic predictability of non-recurrent critical transitions and extreme events across multiscale hydro-climatic problems.
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Chen, Xianglei, and Susan Rotermund. Entering the Skilled Technical Workforce After College. RTI Press, April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2020.rb.0024.2004.
This research brief uses nationally representative data from the 2012/17 Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study (BPS:12/17) to examine post-college transitions of US undergraduates into the skilled technical workforce (STW), defined here as workers in a collection of occupations that require significant levels of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) knowledge but not necessarily a bachelor’s degree for entry. Thus far, empirical research on the STW has been limited by a dearth of data; however, based on newly available data from BPS:12/17, the findings in this report indicate that STW employment provides workers with above-median salaries, more equitable wages, a variety of benefits, and clear career paths. STW jobs attract diverse populations, especially those from underrepresented groups (e.g., Hispanics, individuals from low-income backgrounds, and those whose parents do not have college education). US community colleges and sub-baccalaureate programs play a large role in developing the STW.
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Wunderlich, Carmen, Harald Müller, and Una Jakob. WMD Compliance and Enforcement in a Changing Global Context. The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/wmd/21/wmdce02.
The regimes for the control of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) are essential ingredients of the global order. Yet this order is currently in transition: the bipolarity of the Cold War has given way to a more complex, multipolar world order characterized by conflicts of interest and great power competition rather than cooperative security. This competition brings with it rising strategic uncertainties which endanger stability and have far reaching implications for WMD-related agreements. To better understand the implications of this changing global context for WMD arms control and disarmament measures this report looks at the past, present and future prospects for WMD-related treaties. The report begins by outlining four broad yet interlinked approaches to arms control and disarmament before considering how these have been applied to chemical, biological and nuclear weapons in the past and how these measures could be applied in the future.
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Yusgiantoro, Luky A., Akhmad Hanan, Budi P. Sunariyanto, and Mayora B. Swastika. Mapping Indonesia’s EV Potential in Global EV Supply Chain. Purnomo Yusgiantoro Center, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33116/br.004.
• Energy transition in the transportation sector is indicated by the gradual shifting from the use of internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles to electric vehicles (EVs) globally. • The transportation sector consumed 43% of total global energy and emitted 16.2% of total global emissions in 2020. Similarly, the transportation sector in Indonesia consumed 45% of the total energy and contributed to 13.6% of CO2 emission in 2019. • Global EV development and utilization are increasing exponentially, especially in developed countries, and there were 10 million EVs in 2020 worldwide. • China has successfully dominated global EVs, both in EV utilization and manufacturing with 45% global EVs Stock and 77% global EV batteries production. • Geopolitically, the abundance of Indonesian nickel reserves provides Indonesia a great opportunity to be one of the main players in EV battery manufacturing. • With an annual average growth of 6%, the projected motorized vehicles growth in Indonesia will reach 214 million in 2030. The right government policies would make Indonesia become the Southeast Asia EV market hub as Indonesia has the largest automotive sales and production market among ASEAN countries. • Measurable and realistic national EV development targets and plans supported by executing policies such as fiscal incentives and hardware standardization, sufficient EV charging infrastructure, and other supporting infrastructures are key elements that drive successful EV development in several countries. • Insufficient domestic industries and technology, and the absence of policies that comprehensively cover the customers and producers directly to support EV development and utilization in Indonesia, resulting in the achieved number of EVs and EV infrastructures in Indonesia are far from the updated target or even the initial target (RUEN, 2017).
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Leis, Sherry. Vegetation community monitoring at Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial: 2011–2019. National Park Service, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2284711.
Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial celebrates the lives of the Lincoln family including the final resting place of Abraham’s mother, Nancy Hanks Lincoln. Lincoln’s childhood in Indiana was a formative time in the life our 16th president. When the Lincoln family arrived in Indiana, the property was covered in the oak-hickory forest type. They cleared land to create their homestead and farm. Later, designers of the memorial felt that it was important to restore woodlands to the site. The woodlands would help visitors visualize the challenges the Lincoln family faced in establishing and maintaining their homestead. Some stands of woodland may have remained, but significant restoration efforts included extensive tree planting. The Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network began monitoring the woodland in 2011 with repeat visits every four years. These monitoring efforts provide a window into the composition and structure of the wood-lands. We measure both overstory trees and the ground flora within four permanently located plots. At these permanent plots, we record each species, foliar cover estimates of ground flora, diameter at breast height of midstory and overstory trees, and tree regeneration frequency (tree seedlings and saplings). The forest species composition was relatively consistent over the three monitoring events. Climatic conditions measured by the Palmer Drought Severity Index indicated mild to wet conditions over the monitoring record. Canopy closure continued to indicate a forest structure with a closed canopy. Large trees (>45 cm DBH) comprised the greatest amount of tree basal area. Sugar maple was observed to have the greatest basal area and density of the 23 tree species observed. The oaks characteristic of the early woodlands were present, but less dominant. Although one hickory species was present, it was in very low abundance. Of the 17 tree species recorded in the regeneration layer, three species were most abundant through time: sugar maple (Acer saccharum), red bud (Cercis canadensis), and ash (Fraxinus sp.). Ash recruitment seemed to increase over prior years and maple saplings transitioned to larger size classes. Ground flora diversity was similar through time, but alpha and gamma diversity were slightly greater in 2019. Percent cover by plant guild varied through time with native woody plants and forbs having the greatest abundance. Nonnative plants were also an important part of the ground flora composition. Common periwinkle (Vinca minor) and Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) continued to be the most abundant nonnative species, but these two species were less abundant in 2019 than 2011. Unvegetated ground cover was high (mean = 95%) and increased by 17% since 2011. Bare ground increased from less than 1% in 2011 to 9% in 2019, but other ground cover elements were similar to prior years. In 2019, we quantified observer error by double sampling two plots within three of the monitoring sites. We found total pseudoturnover to be about 29% (i.e., 29% of the species records differed between observers due to observer error). This 29% pseudoturnover rate was almost 50% greater than our goal of 20% pseudoturnover. The majority of the error was attributed to observers overlooking species. Plot frame relocation error likely contributed as well but we were unable to separate it from overlooking error with our design.
