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Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 19 червня 2021
Оновлено: 5 лютого 2022

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1

Foundation, Joseph Rowntree. The Financial circumstances of early retirement. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2003.

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2

Kane, Edward J. Designing financial safety nets to fit country circumstances. Washington, DC: World Bank, Development Research Group, Finance, 2000.

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3

Zarb, Gerry. The financial circumstances of disabled people in Northern Ireland. Belfast: Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency, 1997.

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4

Jean, Martin. The financial circumstances of disabled adults living in private households. London: H.M.S.O., 1988.

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5

Arthur, Sue. Money, choice and control: The financial circumstances of early retirement. Bristol, UK: Policy Press, 2003.

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6

Smyth, Malcolm. The financial circumstances of families with disabled children living in private households. London: H.M.S.O., 1989.

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7

Bordo, Michael D. Under what circumstances, past and present, have international rescues of countries in financial distress been successful? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1998.

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8

Rocha, Bolívar Moura. Development financing and changes in circumstances: The case for adaptation clauses. London: Kegan Paul International, 1999.

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9

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs. Swiss banks and the status of assets of Holocaust survivors or heirs: Hearing before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Fourth Congress, second session, on the circumstances surrounding the deposit of assets into Swiss banks by European Jews and others, the methodology utilized by the financial institutions in recording and maintaining these accounts, and the response by Swiss banks to claims and inquiries made by Holocaust survivors or heirs regarding these accounts, April 23, 1996. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1996.

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10

United States. President (1993-2001 : Clinton). Exchange Stabilization Fund financing: Message from the President of the United States transmitting his notification that unique or emergency circumstances require the ESF financing to be available for more than 6 months to the Banco Central do Brasil, pursuant to 31 U.S.C. 5302(b). Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1999.

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11

Kane, Edward J. Designing Financial Safety Nets to Fit Country Circumstances. The World Bank, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-2453.

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12

Ann, Davis, and National Development Team, eds. Normal lives?: The financial circumstances of people with learning disabilities. Manchester: National Development Team, 1993.

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13

Christine, Benham, Gibson Diane 1954-, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare., and Australia. Dept. of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs., eds. Independence in ageing: The social and financial circumstances of older overseas-born Australians. Canberra, ACT: Dept. of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, 2000.

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14

Independence in ageing: The social and financial circumstances of older overseas-born Australians. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2000.

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15

C, Power, ed. Access to higher education: Financial circumstances of higher education students and policy implications. Bedford Park, S.A: National Institute of Labour Studies, 1985.

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16

Arthur, Sue. Money Choice and Control: The Financial Circumstances of Early Retirement (Transitions After 50 Series). Policy Press, 2004.

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17

Oregon. Adult and Family Services Division. Fiscal Analysis, Research, and Contracts., ed. Characteristics and financial circumstances of families served by aid to families with dependent children. Salem, Or: Dept. of Human Resources, Adult and Family Services Division, 1993.

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18

Gilmore, Stephen, and Lisa Glennon. 6. Financial support for children. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811862.003.0006.

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This chapter discusses the law governing child support. Child support is regulated by one or more of several statutes depending on the circumstances: the Child Support Act 1991 (CSA 1991), as amended; Schedule 1 to the Children Act 1989; the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973; and the Civil Partnership Act 2004. The applicability of the CSA 1991 in a particular case can limit to some extent the use of the other statutes mentioned.
19

Greater Manchester Research and Information Planning Unit., ed. More data on the disabled: The financial circumstances of families with disabled children living in private households : OPCS surveys of disability report 5. Oldham: Greater Manchester Research and Information Planning Unit, 1991.

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20

George, Walker, Purves Robert, and Blair Michael. Part III Financial Sectors and Activities, 16 Banks and Banking. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198793809.003.0016.

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This chapter examines the statutory regime for the regulation of banks and banking in the UK. It first considers the development of UK banking supervision before discussing the traditional nature of bank supervision and the role and function of the Bank of England. It then reviews earlier and more recent crises in UK banking markets, including with regard to Northern Rock, and the circumstances surrounding the transfer of responsibility for bank supervision initially from the Bank of England to the Financial Services Authority (FSA) and then from the FSA to the Prudential Regulation Authority. It also analyses the main provisions contained in the Bank of England Act 1998, later amendments under the the Banking Act 2009 and the Financial Services Act 2012, and relevant sections of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (FSMA). Finally, it explores the most recent changes announced with regard to ring-fencing, recovery planning, and resolution.
21

Royal Association for Disability and Rehabilitation., ed. Summary of the findings of the first two OPCS surveys into the prevalence and financial circumstances of disabled adults in Great Britain (excluding Northern Ireland). London: Royal Association for Disability and Rehabilitation, 1988.

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22

Zachary, Douglas, and Bodnar Andrew. Part V Financial Wrongdoing and Private International Law, 16 Dishonest Assistance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198716587.003.0016.

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This chapter deals with issues relating to dishonest assistance. To succeed with an equitable claim for dishonest assistance, the claimant must establish, firstly, the existence of a trust or fiduciary relationship, secondly, which has been breached, thirdly, with the assistance of the defendant, and fourthly, in circumstances where the defendant has been dishonest. The claim for dishonest assistance is not a restitutionary claim; it is a form of accessory liability based on fault, and hence the defendant’s state of mind assumes a critical role in the cause of action. If the defendant is liable for dishonest assistance, then he is personally liable to account to the claimant and hence the remedy is personal and not proprietary. Although described as an equitable claim, and notwithstanding that the quantum of damages is usually calculated by reference to the value of the breach of trust, the remedy for dishonest assistance is damages. The chapter then looks at a real scenario of a case of dishonest assistance. It also examines the relevant jurisdiction and applicable law, including the characterization of the issue of liability for dishonest assistance.
23

Rocha, Bolivar Moura. Development Financing and Changes in Circumstances. Kegan Paul, 1997.

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24

Great Britain. Office of Population Censuses and Surveys. and Royal Association for Disability and Rehabilitation., eds. Summary of the findings of OPCS reports 3 and 5 concerning the prevalence of disability amongst children and the financial circumstances of families with disabled children living in private households. London: RADAR, 1989.

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25

James, Evans. Part IV The Private Law of Financial Crime, 12 Claims Arising under UK Private Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198716587.003.0012.

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Banks are in the front line of the battle against fraud and money laundering. The importance of denying banking facilities to criminals and fraudsters, especially where there is corruption among those who hold public office and the trust of their people, has been recognized in the context of claims made against banks under English law. An abiding theme of English commercial law is the desire to establish rules that are certain so that participants in commercial activity ‘know what ground to go upon’. However such certainty is difficult to achieve in circumstances where legal obligations will arise from subjective matters, such as a bank employee’s suspicion that a customer might be involved in unlawful activity. This notwithstanding, the chapter states, English law seeks to ensure that agents and professionals are obliged to provide information to relevant authorities and that sufficient protection is provided to suspicious agents (including banks). The overall purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of claims which may be made under English law against or by a bank (or financial institution) involved in a dispute with a customer or third party relating to the source, fate, ownership of, or freedom to deal with, money held by the bank or institution.
26

United States. Office of Family Assistance. Office of Policy & Evaluation, ed. Aid to families with dependent children: Findings of the May 1981-May 1982 aid to families with dependent children study : recipient characteristics financial circumstances : the effects of the Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1981. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Social Security Administration, Office of Family Assistance, Office of Policy & Evaluation, 1985.

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27

Quennouëlle-Corre, Laure. Paris. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817314.003.0004.

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This chapter discusses Paris as an international financial centre and focuses on the role played by financial services and the numerous and various criteria that affect a financial centre’s competitiveness. It stresses both the long-term trends and the new circumstances that influence its current strengths and weaknesses compared to its main European competitors. The chapter analyses to what extent and how the Global Financial Crisis affected the financial activities of the French capital. Its banking stability, its active asset management industry, and its highly skilled labour market remain decisive advantages. The main uncertainty in the near future comes from the Brexit negotiations between the UK and the European Union, but there is also uncertainty arising from the development of technological delocalization of global firms’ financial activities.
28

Gerard, McMeel. Part II Causes of Action, 5 Claims in Contract. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198705956.003.0005.

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This chapter considers a number of issues which are crucial to financial advice and financial products. First, it looks into the circumstances in which a court will decide that financial advice has been proffered under the terms of an applicable contract. In particular, it addresses the question of whether the doctrine of consideration is satisfied where the adviser is not directly paid by the recipient. Secondly, it considers incorporation and the implication issues of particular concern in a financial services context. Thirdly, it examines the modern approach to interpreting contracts, which has been honed as a result of the problems arising from financial services cases. Fourth, the chapter deals with the twin requirements of the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999.
29

Germano, Roy. Optimism in Times of Crisis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190862848.003.0004.

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Using a variety of survey datasets, this chapter explores the impact of remittances in fifty Latin American, Caribbean, Middle Eastern, North African, and sub-Saharan African countries. The first part of this chapter provides an overview of trends in the flow of migrants and remittances throughout these developing regions. The remainder of the chapter uses survey data to analyze the effects of remittances on economic grievances during the global food and financial crises that struck many economies between 2008 and 2011. The results indicate that remittances are strongly associated with feelings of economic security and optimism. Remittance recipients are less likely to describe their personal economic circumstances or national economic conditions negatively. They are furthermore less likely to predict that their personal economic circumstances or the national economic conditions will deteriorate in the future.
30

John, Virgo. Part VII Bringing and Defending Claims, 23 Defences. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198705956.003.0023.

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This chapter first considers the available defences (both complete and partial) to claims for the mis-selling of financial products. It then discusses the provisions of the Limitation Act 1980; the concept of causation; situations in which contributory negligence may arise; circumstances in which recourse for contribution may be available against third parties where a defendant becomes exposed to a claim for mis-selling; and the defence of contractual estoppel.
31

Paul J, Conderman, and Chalanouli Nikoleta. Part II Commentaries to Typical Sofa Rules, 25 Tax and Customs Exemptions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198808404.003.0025.

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This chapter deals with tax and customs exemptions. Aside from the exercise of criminal jurisdiction, the most visible power of a sovereign State is the power to levy and collect taxes. Governments are free to decide who should pay taxes, what kinds of taxes are to be imposed, and how they are calculated. When nations enter into treaties for mutual support, the goal of collective security overrides any notion of financial gain by either the Sending or Receiving State as a result of the presence of Visiting Forces in the Receiving State. This is not to say that there are no circumstances under which a Visiting Force or its personnel may be subject to the fiscal laws of the Receiving State, but the Receiving State should not in general benefit financially as a result of the mere presence of foreign forces whose responsibility it is to assist in its defence.
32

Simon, Morris. 14 Redress. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199688753.003.0014.

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This chapter concerns the seven principal aspects of redress under the Financial Services and Markets Act (FSMA) 2000. Redress may be due when the primary goal of consumer protection has failed to attain its objective and a customer suffers loss or inconvenience. This chapter considers the Financial Conduct Authority’s (FCA) requirements for firms with regard to complaint handling. It also looks at the process by which disputes between retail customers and regulated firms can be brought to the Financial Ombudsman Service (FOS) and the way in which the FOS will decide a dispute. The process by which a designated consumer body can bring complaints to the FCA regarding consumer interests, and the role of the Financial Services Compensation Scheme (FSCS), are explained. Finally, the role of consumer redress schemes, restitution orders, and other circumstances where consumers may obtain redress are explained.
33

Simon, Morris. 12 Enforcement. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199688753.003.0012.

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This chapter concerns the topic of enforcement. It explains the regulators’ powers to gather information and perform investigations, and it lists the fifteen circumstances in which the regulator can issue a supervisory notice. The processes which the regulators must follow—specifically issuing ‘statutory notices’—when taking formal decisions are explained. The extent of the disciplinary powers of the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) and Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA) are then assessed. The jurisdiction, procedure, and track record of the tribunal of first instance for referrals of statutory notices under Financial Services Markets Act (FSMA) 2000 (the Upper Tribunal (Tax and Chancery Chamber) (the ‘Tribunal’)) are assessed. The regulator’s use of injunctions is considered, and the possible criminal offences under the FSMA 2000 and Financial Services Act (FSA) 2012 are given.
34

Rocha. Development Financing and Changes in Circumstances: The Case for Adaption Clauses. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.

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35

Stephen, Jagusch. 15 Enforcement. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199687862.003.0015.

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This chapter discusses the enforcement of financial awards in international financial disputes. It explains the presumptive validity of arbitral awards and the ‘pro-enforcement’ approach to the recognition and enforcement of awards under the New York Convention and national arbitration statutes. It considers the limited grounds on which enforcement of an award may be challenged under Article V of the New York Convention, and the circumstances in which the courts of Contracting States may adjourn or suspend recognition proceedings pending the resolution of actions to annul an award in the arbitral seat. It summarizes overviews of the enforcement schemes provided under the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), Panama, and Geneva Conventions, and certain practical issues surrounding the tracking of assets of scofflaw award debtors.
36

David, Scorey, Geddes Richard, and Harris Chris. Part II The Bermuda Form in Detail, 10 Attachment Point, Underlying Coverage, Limits of Liability. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198754404.003.0010.

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This chapter discusses Article II of the Bermuda Form, which addresses the mathematics of the policy. The Article lays out the framework that translates the general grant of coverage into an actual financial response. It sets out the principles that determine at what point the insurer's liability to the policyholder is engaged; the relevance and consequences of underlying insurance; how the level of policy response to an excess liability is determined; and how it is limited. It also addresses the financial complications that may develop when a policyholder notifies an occurrence to the insurer, and subsequently notifies an integrated occurrence that includes the earlier notified individual occurrence. Finally, the Article addresses the special circumstances relevant to the presence of an insured joint venture, partnership, or other similarly organized, non-corporate entity in the equation.
37

Boland, Lawrence A. Building models of non-clearing markets. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190274320.003.0015.

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This chapter examines the extent to which Keynesian models can overcome the limits of equilibrium models without violating the methodological individualism that is required in all neoclassical equilibrium models. This chapter discusses an approach that involves a generalized version of Keynesian liquidity preference due to John Hicks. It goes beyond financial liquidity by recognizing the possible desirability of deliberate excess capacity. The generalized version involves endogenously deliberate disequilibria during which participants with incomplete knowledge of the market’s future are understood not to use all their resources, but to keep some in reserve thereby allowing flexibility in dealing with unforeseen circumstances.
38

Tonry, Michael. Doing Justice, Preventing Crime. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195320503.001.0001.

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In the 2020s, no informed person disagrees that punishment policies and practices in the United States are unprincipled, chaotic, and much too often unjust. The financial costs are enormous. The moral cost is greater: countless individual injustices; mass incarceration; the world’s highest imprisonment rate; extreme disparities, especially affecting members of racial and ethnic minority groups; high rates of wrongful conviction; assembly-line case processing; and a general absence of respectful consideration of offenders’ interests, circumstances, and needs. The main ideas in this book about doing justice and preventing crime are simple: Treat people charged with and convicted of crimes justly, fairly, and even-handedly, as anyone would want done for themselves or their children. Take sympathetic account of the circumstances of peoples’ lives. Punish no one more severely than he or she deserves. Those propositions are implicit in the rule of law and its requirement that the human dignity of every person be respected. Three major structural changes are needed. First, selection of judges and prosecutors, and their day-to-day work, must be insulated from political influence. Second, mandatory minimum sentence, three-strikes, life without parole, truth in sentencing, and similar laws must be repealed. Third, correctional and prosecution systems must be centralized in unified state agencies.
39

Kohn, Robert, Jessica Warner, Wendy Verhoek-Oftedahl, and Emily Murphy. Elder Abuse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374656.003.0021.

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There are five principal domains of elder abuse: physical abuse, psychological abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, and financial abuse. This chapter discusses the prevalence, prediction, and assessment of elder abuse as well as other factors related to abuse. The incidence of elder abuse is 24 times greater than the number of cases referred to social service, law enforcement, or other legal authorities. Caregiver factors, rather than risk factors associated with the abused elder, may be more important in predicting abuse. Lack of compliance with medical regimens, delay in seeking medical care, disparity in explanations given for injuries, unexplained injuries, and implausible or vague explanations may be warning signs. Elder financial victimization can be classified as door-to-door scams, professional swindles, and caregiver abuse. Elder abuse increases mortality, emergency room visits, hospitalizations, and skilled nursing home placement. The psychiatric assessment may raise red flags of suspected elder abuse and may necessitate reporting to adult protective services. Interventions should be tailored to the circumstances and the resources available.
40

Cowhey, Peter F., and Jonathan D. Aronson. National Innovation Systems. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190657932.003.0001.

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Innovation is the key driver of economic prosperity. It is the product of an ecosystem of at least five interlinked building blocks: social networks and dynamic labor markets, shared assets that lower costs for innovative companies, flexible business models, financial models to support innovation, and appropriate government policies. National innovation systems transform periodically and public policy significantly influences their evolution. Since 1945, the United States has had two dominant systems of innovation. The first relied on vertically integrated firms such as AT&T or DuPont. More recently a second system, the Silicon Valley model of venture capital dominated. A comparison of the U.S. system with that of Korea shows how other countries have adapted the U.S. innovation system to their circumstances.
41

Roger, Mccormick, and Stears Chris. Part VI Early Perceptions of Legal Risk, 20 A Landmark Case and its Aftermath. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198749271.003.0021.

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This chapter discusses the case of Hazell v Hammersmith and Fulham London Borough Council, which had a profound effect on how the City of London perceived the dangers posed by legal risk. It involved a House of Lords decision on an ultra vires point — specifically, the power of the council in question to enter into ‘swap’ transactions. The case arose because this power was challenged by the auditor appointed by the Audit Commission. The surrounding circumstances and the unprecedented manner in which the City of London responded to the case provide both the classic case study and a historical explanation of why legal risk is seen to be so important and how seriously it is taken by those concerned with orderly financial markets.
42

Papadopoulos, Alex G. Becoming “Boystown” in Neoliberal Chicago. Edited by Larry Bennett, Roberta Garner, and Euan Hague. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040597.003.0008.

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The chapter studies the circumstances under which, Boystown, Chicago’s iconic LGBT community/village, emerged in the 1960s, as well as the changing urban forms and structures that have defined it. It situates the Boystown phenomenon within broader urban development events in Chicago in the post WWII era, and explores linkages between local change and urban and financial regulatory frames at the city, regional, state, and national scales. The study focuses on the geographic core of Boystown, which is identified as the North Halsted Street-Broadway Corridor. It traces urban morphological change in the Corridor (its town plan of lots, blocks, streets, and open spaces, built forms, and building- and land-uses), as a means of illuminating the causes, agents, and structural forces that have produced Boystown.
43

Kadama, Patrick, and Peter Eriki. Health for the whole population. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198703327.003.0020.

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Chapter 20 describes the way in which the support system provided by the traditional African extended family has given way in recent years to a new dependency by individuals on state organized health systems, charities, and private concerns. It discusses that the result has been increasing health costs and growing inequalities, and how it is now the poorest people who pay proportionately the highest amount for their healthcare out of their own pockets. The chapter sets out in broad terms the challenges faced by countries seeking to offer universal access to health and healthcare for their citizens. These are challenges that, as discussed in earlier chapters, require countries to find a way to meet these challenges that is based both on their culture and history, and on their financial capabilities and circumstances.
44

Godsey, William D. Toward a “Military, Cameral, and Debt System,” 1733–48. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809395.003.0006.

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This chapter examines the Estates against the background of the war-induced crisis of government that began in 1733. It shows that the Habsburg fiscal-military state was more effective in this period in one of its central territories than has been assumed. The ordinary and extraordinary sums approved by the Estates for the government in the last couple of years of the War of the Austrian Succession roughly equaled the sum that would be negotiated as the reformed Contribution in 1748. The leading opponent of the reformed Contribution at the level of the central government, the grand aulic chancellor, Count Friedrich Harrach, belonged to a family that had dominated the Lower Austrian Estates in the previous generation. Harrach’s personal and financial circumstances cast illuminating light on the forces of resistance to reform at the territorial level.
45

Yamamoto, Koji. Contexts and Contours. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198739173.003.0002.

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This chapter sketches the contours of projecting as a discourse and the concrete activities during the period covered by the book. Combining data drawn from patents for inventions and the English Short Title Catalogue, it identifies two peaks of projecting, first in the 1630s and 1640s, and then from the end of the seventeenth century. The first is related to monopolies and fiscal exactions authorized by prerogative during the Personal Rule of Charles I, the second to joint-stock companies and patented inventions in the age of the financial revolution. Existing accounts have tended to treat them separately. Projects across these evolving circumstances, however, display certain commonalities if we set them against medieval antecedents. This chapter thereby establishes projecting in early modern England as a tangible subject for historical inquiry. It concludes by juxtaposing English and European trajectories.
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Roger, Mccormick, and Stears Chris. Part VIII Examples of Legal Risk, 27 Vague Laws. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198749271.003.0028.

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This chapter continues the discussion of examples of legal risk, focusing on over-ambitious legislation, the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (POCA 2002), and market abuse. In the UK, there is a tendency pass laws with ambitious titles, that suggest they can, for example, ‘prevent’ fraud or terrorism. However, the truth of the matter is that no amount of legislation will ever eradicate bad behaviour simply by making it an offence. Over time, legislation may have an influence on moral perceptions in society and that, in turn, may affect the way a substantial number of people behave. One example of over-ambitious legislation is the POCA 2002. This law has been criticized by the Financial Markets Law Committee as giving rise to legal uncertainty, especially with regard to ‘in what circumstances conduct outside England and Wales is criminal within the meaning of POCA’.
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et, Mokal. Examples for Implementing the Modular Approach beyond Specific Economic and Institutional Backgrounds. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799931.003.0007.

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This chapter presents four examples of how the Modular Approach could be designed and implemented in specific economic, institutional, and socio-economic frameworks. The country examples are fictional countries, but the factual background for each example is drawn from common characteristics of jurisdictions in the region. They illustrate how specific module choices can be made to create a fair, effective, and efficient MSME insolvency system. The first example is a European developed economy; the second is an Asia-Pacific newly industrialized economy; the third is an African emerging nation; and, finally, there is a European emerging nation country example, which could also apply to a central Asian emerging nation. These country examples are not proposing the optimal combination of modules; rather, they are to illustrate the types of choices that could be made, given particular socio-economic, financial, and institutional circumstances.
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Boyer, Robert. Expectations, Narratives, and Socio-Economic Regimes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820802.003.0002.

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The chapter proposes a history of the grand narratives associated with a succession of recent socio-economic regimes. Since the 2000s, radical uncertainty has greatly increased, given widespread innovation, and the unprecedented complexity of domestic and international interdependencies. In these circumstances, actors cannot form fully rational expectations because the past is a poor predictor of the future. This agony of the rational expectation hypothesis has opened a wide space to consider the role played by economic narratives in conditions of uncertainty. These narratives are generally rather simple in form and promise a drastic reduction of radical uncertainty and system complexity. Businesses use storytelling to convince markets to finance daring, uncertain projects, and economic policy-makers rely on it to coordinate action. In this way, imaginaries and narratives are crucial in moving capitalist spirits—but at the cost of recurring financial and economic crises as each is found wanting in turn.
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Wenn, Stephen R., and Robert K. Barney. Contemporary Globalization and Recent Olympic Leadership. Edited by Robert Edelman and Wayne Wilson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199858910.013.29.

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Through the lens of contemporary globalization, this chapter examines the presidential leadership of Juan Antonio Samaranch and Jacques Rogge. Deane Neubauer’s thoughts on contemporary globalization offer a frame for examining the International Olympic Committee’s (IOC) full embrace of commercial revenue through the sale of television rights and the genesis of the Olympic Program (now Olympic Partners). Samaranch’s vision with respect to revenue generation, necessitated in large measure due to the IOC’s compromised financial circumstances in the late 1970s, transformed the organization. Globalization and its pervasive effects on the world’s economy and industry of sport were central considerations for both Samaranch and Rogge. No longer an institution that avoids commercial links for fear of their influence on the Olympic message, as was the case under the likes of Avery Brundage (1952–1972), the IOC today is staffed by skilled professionals whose focus is nurturing the Olympic brand and courting corporate executives.
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Slorach, J. Scott, and Jason Ellis. 27. Choice of business medium. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198787686.003.0027.

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This chapter makes a comparison between companies, on the one hand, and partnerships or sole traders, on the other, in order to explain the various factors which should be taken into account when choosing the two business media. It considers factors such as risk of capital, expense, publicity, taxation, interest relief, capital gains, inheritance tax, pensions and social security Due to the range of variables, the desirability of limited liability means that incorporation may be the only viable option, although this can also be achieved by setting up a limited liability partnership. Where limited liability is not of great importance, the tax factors will be more significant and these would have to be examined from a number of perspectives, including the size of anticipated profits, the particular financial circumstances of the promoters of the business, and any particular expectations they had about their stake in the business.
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