Дисертації з теми "Housing Regimes"

Italy is the only country in Europe that has institutionalized a completely parallel and segregating housing system - the camp system for Roma people. These camps were created purely based on an elusive nomadic character innate to the population. Over the decades, with further migratory flows of Roma people reaching the country, conditions have only worsened, developing a system so much tethered to the Italian society that the country has even been renamed ‘Campland’. Over time, this same exclusion has been problematized, resulting in the criminalisation of Roma people, at the same time bringing to light the exceptionality of their living conditions. The first part of this study is devoted to understanding the process of discursive legitimization of said exclusion. The approach, inspired by a Foucaldian understanding, involved also grasping the dialectical relationship between discourse and social structures (Fairclough, 1992) - in this sense, it entailed situating it outside its boundaries of exceptionality and inside the broader context of wider housing exclusion affecting Italy. The aim of this thesis was thus to reconstruct both the specific condition of Roma exclusion, and the structural inequalities innate to the Italian housing regime which enabled its development. The concept of social exclusion (Levitas et al, 2007) is implemented in the study first as a way to understand the overall condition faced by Roma people, and as a way to bring forward reflections on the role of housing as one of its fundamental dimensions. The study illustrates how the implementation of the camps and its relative discourse were enabled by the constant retreat of the State from the provision of housing, and how the current institutional incapacity to solve the Roma Question is directly connected to the inability to answer the housing needs of wider segments of the population. The only proposed institutional responses, in both cases, are only ‘filler’ solutions embedded in ideas of temporality, thus failing to address the underlying problem: the structural shortage of public housing.

This thesis presents research into the housing pathways of newcomers in Ireland who receive status to remain in the country and come through the Irish direct provision reception system. In the global context of financialisation of housing and local context of state reliance on the private market to provide housing to all sections of society, cities in Ireland are experiencing severe housing crises like many other cities across the globe, characterised by shortage, increasing rents and persistent homelessness rates. Meanwhile, in response to increased migration and heightened border anxieties, Ireland has sought to deter forced migrants, in this case with dispersed and unattractive direct provision reception centres. What happens then to newcomers with status to remain in Ireland, an already particularly vulnerable group in the housing system, when they have to enter this system in crisis after year-long stays in dispersed reception centres? This thesis addresses this question, looking at the specific effects of the Irish housing regime, with its unique local and recognisable global characteristics, and Irish reception policy, with its particular direct provision system, on newcomers’ search for housing. For context, the historical development and current features of the Irish housing regime, as well as migration and reception policy are traced and outlined. The thesis then tracks previous literature from international and Irish settings that deals with the issue of housing for newcomers in the Global North, including the historical development of the field and its current trends. The research design makes use of a cross-sectional, mixed-method approach to achieve its objectives. Using a constructionist housing pathways framework of analysis, accompanied by important concepts from thinkers such as Lefebvre, Agamben and Bengtsson & Borevi, the research draws on a mixture of surveys and follow-up interviews to examine the constraints, structures, strategies and outcomes of households when they have been granted status to remain in Ireland and must leave reception centres and find their own housing. The research identifies identity and power as two crucial factors in the navigation of housing pathways for newcomers and shows the detrimental effect of the retreat of the state from housing provision and reliance on marketised social housing provision on the right to housing for this group. Finally, the thesis recommends potential future studies and the policy implications of the research, in light of the difficulties of finding housing through the HAP scheme reported in this research, urge caution for proposed further reliance on marketised social housing provision for newcomers.

A partir da observação da precariedade presente em atendimentos habitacionais com diferentes modalidades executadas pelo Poder Público, cuja população que recebeu os determinados programas habitacionais ainda está distante de alcançar melhorias significativas nas suas condições de vida, buscou-se a compreensão dos motivos pelos quais, mesmo após ter o problema habitacional resolvido ou melhorado, sua condição de vida, de modo geral, não apresenta salto de qualidade significativo ou não consegue se integrar à cidade formal. Ao longo do trabalho, discorre-se sobre a origem do problema habitacional no país, apresenta-se breve resumo de como o Poder Público atuou historicamente e se lança a discussão sobre as ações que podem se somar às atuais Políticas Públicas de Habitação, para que a precariedade possa ser minimizada no cotidiano das comunidades. Constatou-se que a precariedade está relacionada a diversos fatores como a descontinuidade da presença do Estado na área e também pela relação deficitária entre a população atendida e o Estado. Ademais, verificou-se que a dificuldade do acesso à terra e o alto valor da habitação formal sempre foi um fator de exclusão para a grande maioria da população. Porém, no sistema jurídico brasileiro atual já existem instrumentos legais suficientes para amenizar a exclusão, basta que seja efetivado seu uso e sejam propostas novas alternativas de propriedade. Para o alcance de melhorias na continuidade do atendimento habitacional de interesse social, uma série de diálogos entre todos os envolvidos precisa ser estimulada e desenvolvida, de forma que resulte em ações planejadas no intuito de diminuir as insuficiências identificadas na pesquisa.
From the observation of the precariousness presents in residential care, with different modalities implemented by the State, whose population that was supported by the housing programs is still far from achieving significant improvements in its living conditions, it was sought to understand the reasons why people, even after getting the housing problem solved or improved, their living conditions, in general, do not present significant breakthrough or are unable to be integrated into the formal city. Throughout the essay, the origin of the housing problem in the country is discussed, a brief abstract about how the State historically proceeded in this issue is presented and also the discussion about the actions that can support the current Public Housing Programs, so that the precariousness can be reduced in the daily life of the communities. It was verified that the precariousness is related by several factors: the absence of State\'s support in the area and also by the lack of a suitable relationship between the population and the State. In addition, it was verified that the difficulty of land access and the high cost of a usual housing have always been a factor of exclusion for the population\'s majority. However, in the Current Brazilian Legal System, there are sufficient legal instruments in order to settle the exclusion, it only needs to get its procedure effective and suggest new properties alternatives. To achieve improvements in the prosecution of social interest housing, a series of dialogues between all those involved participants have to be encouraged and developed, so that it results in planned actions to reduce the identified shortcomings in the research.

Problem statement: Accurate and reliable forecasts of trends in the housing market can be useful information for market participants as well as policy makers. This information may be useful to minimize risk related to market uncertainty. Since the burst of the housing bubble in the early 1990s the price level of single-family houses has risen sharply in Sweden. The Swedish housing market has experienced an unusually long period of high growth rates in transaction prices which has opened up for discussions about the risk of another housing bubble. Business and property cycles have shown to contain asymmetries, which linear models are unable to pick up and therefore inappropriate to analyze cycles. Approach: Therefore, this study uses non-linear models which are able to pick up the asymmetries. The estimated models are variations of the Markov-switching regression model, i.e. the Markov-switching autoregressive (MS-AR) model and the Markov-switching dynamic regression (MS-DR) model. Results: Our ndings show that the MS-AR(4) model allowing for varying variance across regimes estimated using the growth rate of FASTPI produce superior forecasts over other MSAR models as well as variations of the MS-DR model. The average expected duration to remain in a positive growth regime is between 6.3 and 7.3 years and the average expected duration to remain in a negative growth regime is between 1.2 to 2.5 years. Conclusion: The next regime shift in the Swedish housing market is projected to occur between 2018 and 2019, counting the contraction period in 2012 as the most recent negative regime. Our ndings support other studies ndings which indicate that the longer the market has remained in one state, the greater is the risk for a regime shift.
Problemformulering: Noggranna och tillforlitliga prognoser om utvecklingen pa bostadsmarknaden kan vara anvandbar information for marknadsaktorer samt beslutsfattare. Denna information kan vara anvandbar for att minimera risken relaterad till osakerheten pa marknaden. Sen bostadsbubblan sprack i borjan av 1990-talet har prisnivan for smahus okat kraftigt i Sverige. Den svenska bostadsmarknaden har upplevt en ovanligt lang period av hog tillvaxt i transaktionspriser som har oppnat upp for diskussioner om risken for en ny bostadsbubbla. Konjunkturoch fastighetscykler har visat sig innehalla asymmetrier som linjara modeller inte kan uppfanga och darfor visat sig vara olampliga for att analysera cykler. Tillvagagangssatt: Darfor anvander den har studien icke-linjara modeller som kan uppfanga dessa asymmetrier. De skattade modellerna ar variationer av Hamiltons Markov-switchingmodell, dvs. en autoregressiv Markov-switchingmodell (MS-AR) och en dynamisk Markov-switchingmodell (MS-DR). Resultat: Resultatet visar att MS-AR(4)-modellen som tar hansyn till varierande varians over regimerna estimerad med tillvaxten av FASTPI producerar overlagsna prognoser jamfort med andra MS-AR-modeller samt variationer av MS-DR-modellen. Den genomsnittliga forvantade varaktigheten att benna sig i en positiv regim ar mellan 6,3 och 7,3 ar och den  genomsnittliga forvantade varaktigheten att benna sig i en negativ regim ar mellan 1,2 till 2,5 ar. Slutsats: Nasta regimskifte pa den svenska bostadsmarknaden beraknas ske mellan 2018 och 2019, antaget att nedgangen under 2012 ar den senaste negativa regimen. Resultatet stodjer tidigare studier, som tyder pa att ju langre marknaden har varit i ett tillstand, desto storre ar risken for ett regimskifte.

From past research post-tensioned concrete masonry walls have performed well due to in-plane loading, yet despite the advantage of being more aesthetically pleasing, post-tensioned clay brick masonry walls have not been investigated under this loading. Five half scale structural specimens using this system were constructed and tested, and the results from these tests plus a proposed force-displacement analysis procedure are included herein. The results show that post-tensioned clay brick masonry walls are well suited for seismic regions when the walls are grouted and unbonded, and the presence of confinement plates in the compression region greatly enhances the overall performance of the wall. In addition, the force-displacement analysis shows that in order to account for the overall behavior of the wall, cyclic degradation characteristics must be included.

Using a cross-national comparative approach, this thesis examines the Native housing crisis in the Northwest Territories, Alaska, and northern USSR from 1980 to 1990. The affordability, adequacy, and suitability of public and private sector housing is analyzed, as well as their structural and cultural limitations in a northern context. This study found that many low and moderate-income Natives in these regions are unable to afford expensive market rental housing, are ineligible for government or company accommodation or sheltered in overcrowded public housing. Premised on non-Native values and market assumptions, public and private sector housing is exclusionary and discriminates against a Native way of life, and has created the conditions in which people are polarized based on income and tenure. Given the failure of public and private sector housing to meet the shelter requirements of Natives, this thesis argues that there is a need for community-based housing alternatives. Housing co-operatives have the potential to increase security of tenure as well as the stock of decent and affordable housing, and to reduce cultural cleavages and socio-tenurial polarization through meaningful social and income-mixing. By responding to Native housing needs in such a culturally-sensitive manner, co-operatives have the potential to reduce dependencies on housing agencies and the private sector by effectively shifting control of housing to the community as a whole. Given the potential of housing co-operatives, however, this tenure has made relatively few inroads into the Northwest Territories, Alaska, and northern USSR. This study concludes that problems of implementation and affordability, privatism and inertia in housing policy, and a dependency on public and private sector housing have impeded the wider development of northern co-operatives.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate

During the last few decades, Saudi Arabia, as one of the developing countries, has witnessed a noticeable and rapid development with regard to different development sectors and fields. This is mainly attributed to the increased revenues from oil exports. While, a huge increase in population numbers has accompanied this development, as well as higher rates of migration to the cities. In addition, there has been significant governmental support given to the development of cities and raising the living standards of citizens (Bahammam, 2002). Of late, there has been a huge increase in the size and population numbers in Saudi Arabia, more specifically in the main Region and cities. Accordingly, and due to other economic and social changes, the housing crisis has become a more serious issue in Saudi Arabia. The main objective of this research was to explore the views of Saudi citizens regarding the current housing situation, how far their needs are matched, identifying their housing needs, preferences and aspirations with regard to future housing in the main Region of Saudi Arabia, as well as the various dimensions of the housing issue from the residents’ points of view. Moreover, the city of Jeddah was selected as a micro case study. This research is built upon a theoretical framework, achieved via the review of practical studies and previous reports related to the subject of this research. In addition, a descriptive analytical framework was used for the collection of the data relating to the main objective of this study, collected through questionnaires and interviews with residents and specialists. Then, it was analysed in order to determine results and final recommendations. The results demonstrated a low level of residents’ satisfaction and a lack of offered products that meet their needs and financial capabilities. Therefore, this contributes significantly to the difficulties of sourcing suitable housing and exaggerates the housing issue further. Moreover, the results also showed that, for ownership, residents generally prefer to possess detached houses, such as villas and duplexes. However, the most common type of housing in Saudi Arabia are apartments, despite there being less desire to own them as permanent houses. Furthermore, the desires relating to homeownership and matching financial capabilities were not entirely complimentary for most of the respondents. This is clearly reflected in the residents’ high expectations in terms of bigger houses as compared to their actual income. The respondents mainly carry the housing crisis, to higher property and housing units’ prices, on one side. On the other side, to the ministry of housing as an official authority in charge of the housing sector. This study recommends that more attention be paid to the promotion of cultural awareness among Saudi Arabia’s residents in order to eliminate misconceptions related to housing. Cultural misconceptions are linked to the ingrained cultural and social characteristics of the society. The main issue is promoting better use of space. In addition, a good option would be to speed up the process of providing new housing solutions that match both the housing needs and the financial capabilities of the citizens. This study is an attempt to help public and private housing authorities and sectors with regard to the development and improvement of the housing sector in Saudi Arabia through providing information that may aid better understanding in terms of the needs and desires of the residents. It may also help determine ways in which to provide suitable and affordable housing solutions. This, in turn, will create housing stability for the residents through the realisation of their expectations and better understanding of their problems, which will thus mitigate the overall housing issues.
Durante las últimas décadas, Arabia Saudita, como uno de los países en desarrollo, ha sido testigo de un rápido y evidente progreso en diferentes campos y sectores de desarrollo. Esto ha contribuido principalmente al aumento de ingresos de las exportaciones de petróleo. El crecimiento significativo de la población ha acompañado a este progreso y a los altos índices de migración a las ciudades. Además, ha habido un importante apoyo gubernamental al desarrollo de las ciudades y al aumento de los estándares del nivel de vida de los residentes (Bahammam, 2002). Recientemente ha habido un gran incremento en el tamaño y número de poblaciones en Arabia Saudita, específicamente en las principales regiones y ciudades. De acuerdo con esto y debido a otros cambios económicos y sociales, la crisis de vivienda en Arabia Saudita ha comenzado a agravarse. El principal objetivo de la investigación es conocer el punto de vista de los ciudadanos de Arabia Saudita acerca de la vivienda actual, qué tanto cumple con sus necesidades; descubrir sus necesidades, preferencias y aspiraciones de vivienda para futuras casas en las regiones principales de Arabia Saudita; y encontrar la dimensión del problema de vivienda desde el punto de vista de los residentes. Adicionalmente, la ciudad de Jeddah fue elegida para realizar un micro caso de estudio. Esta investigación depende de un marco teórico a través de la revisión de estudios prácticos e informes previos relacionados al objeto de la misma. Además, se utiliza un marco analítico descriptivo para la recolección de la información del principal objetivo de este estudio mediante cuestionarios y entrevistas con los residentes y especialistas. Posteriormente se analizó para obtener los resultados y las recomendaciones finales. Los resultados muestran un bajo nivel de satisfacción de los residentes, así como una falta de oferta de productos que cumplan con sus necesidades y capacidades económicas. Esto contribuye significativamente a las dificultades de encontrar casas adecuadas y exagera el problema de vivienda. Los resultados muestran que para ser propietario de una vivienda, generalmente se prefiere tener casas independientes, como villas y dúplex. Esto hace frente a la alta oferta de apartamentos, ya que son el tipo de vivienda más común en todo Arabia Saudita, y es menos deseable tener apartamentos como hogares permanentes. Y los deseos de ser propietario de una casa que cumpla con las capacidades económicas no fueron muy claros para la mayoría de los encuestados. Evidentemente, esto se refleja en mayores expectativas de áreas y espacios más amplios en comparación con los ingresos. Por un lado, los encuestados de este estudio llevan la crisis de vivienda a mayores precios de propiedades y unidades habitacionales. Por otro lado, lo hace el ministerio de vivienda, como una autoridad oficial encargada de dicho sector. El estudio recomienda que se ponga una mayor atención a la promoción de la conciencia cultural entre los individuos de la sociedad para eliminar algunos conceptos erróneos relacionados a la construcción. Estas ideas erróneas están vinculadas a aspectos culturales y sociales que están profundamente arraigados entre los individuos de la sociedad, y eso promovería un mejor uso de los espacios. Además, que se acelere el proceso de proporcionar nuevos productos de vivienda que cumplan con las necesidades tanto de vivienda como financieras. Este estudio intenta ayudar a las autoridades y sectores de vivienda públicos y privados en el desarrollo y mejora del sector de vivienda. Esto a través de la provisión de información que ayudaría a entender mejor las necesidades y deseos de los residentes, lo que hará que estén disponibles viviendas adecuadas y accesibles. Esto, a su vez, creará una estabilidad de vivienda para los residentes a través del cumplimiento de sus expectativas y una mejor comprensión de sus problemas, lo que mitigará el problemas generales de vivienda

The thesis inquires into the entanglement between the unsettlement of the Greek model of social reproduction that heavily relies on self-regulated property ownership and the emergence of vigilant violence on behalf of local property owners against undocumented migrants in the relegated neighborhood of Ksiladika in Thessaloniki’s West End. It probes the extent to which incidents of vigilant violence can be used as indicators of the structural deficiencies in the Greek housing system and property paradigm. 
 First, the thesis points to the distinct historic trajectory of the Greek housing system and property regime that is carved by a strategy of minimal involvement of state authority since the end of the Greek Civil War (1949). In contrast to the (North) European paradigm, the Greek model of social reproduction is marked by a normalized laissez-faire attitude in the domain of housing and by the hypertrophy of the family institution that emerged as a substitute system of social protection vis- a-vis the atrophy of administration. The thesis then points to a political discourse investing in the figure of the householder, sketched as the ‘normal’ Greek subject par excellence, within which self- government connects up with the imperatives of good government, in times when access to housing has become scarce and social insecurity widespread. 
 I focus my study on the neighborhood of Ksiladika in Thessaloniki, where as of late a vigilant campaign of evictions of undocumented migrant squatters on behalf of local property holders was launched. I suggest that this campaign of vigilance is not an act of ‘pure racism’ but is linked with the unsettlement of the Greek model of social reproduction, the scarcity of outright homeownership as a resource of symbolic and material value and the particularity of Ksiladika, that is at once a stigmatized neighborhood and a land of promise. 
 I rely on data collected through micro-ethnographic fieldwork, participant observation and semi-structured interviews with local property holders in Ksiladika. I use the conceptual tools of social space, field of power and symbolic power found in the work of Pierre Bourdieu and Loïc Wacquant, as heuristic tools to identify the significance of property and home ownership in shaping perceptions of local property holders towards their neighborhood and in defining their actions. I present my empirical findings clarifying the diversity of choices, expectations and actions of different actors, active in this propertied field of power in the studied area. 
 The thesis draws to an end by using the findings from Ksiladika to contribute to a discussion that revolves around Wacquant’s three basic theses on the emergence of advanced urban marginality as an effect of the neoliberal state crafting on a global scale. First, I argue that in regions where the social state was inexistent, the implementation of neoliberal policies did not happen in a way identical to what can be observed in the North and do not entail a reengineering of the state. Then I suggest that Wacquant's schematization of a Janus-like Centaur state that performs liberalism for those at the top of the social scale and punitive paternalism for those at the social bottom immured in precarity does not hold, due to the expanding zone of precarity. Eventually, I suggest that neoliberal governing is not attained merely by the penal apparatus of the neoliberal Leviathan, but via a governing through subjects who internalize the postulates of the entrepreneurial ideology mediated through homeownership in times when the resource is scarce.

This thesis investigates the knowledge and governance practices that surround the way government has pursued sustainable communities by trying to balance housing markets in supposedly low demand areas. The government‘s housing market renewal initiative has been characterised by fifteen-year masterplans proposing a mix of housing redevelopment and refurbishment to attract higher income households. Academic research has been drawn upon to argue that this approach is evidence based. However, opponents of the approach dispute the dominant vision of progress, fearing a loss of heritage, home and community. The thesis shows how the housing market research which has justified and directed renewal was informed by previous attempts at slum clearance, and by the centralisation and marketisation of housing policy. The investigation disputes the objectivity of that research, highlighting instead its use to uphold a discursive technology, or black box, which joined up the interests of housing and local government institutions with central government decision making arenas. The co-ordinating qualities of this black box were initially pivotal to securing funding for deprived, depopulated and hard-to-manage areas. However, as renewal schemes progressed, the black box cultivated an increasingly rigid and opaque approach to decision making. This approach satisfied a demand for co-ordination within a distinctive governance regime, which is referred to as a part-linear, part-network regime. The linear component of this regime is made up of central government technologies of control, based on universal ideas of how cities work and linear, statistical attempts at measurement. The network element is made up of alliances of regional, sub-regional and local actors from the public, private and third sectors. Central government seeks to use the part-linear, part-network regime to maintain control, while allowing sub-regional and local actors enough flexibility to co-ordinate the interests of a fragmented local state spanning public and private sectors. The dynamics of the regime have encouraged the development of guarded alliances between organisations working together to pursue public and private funding in a period of macro-economic housing market boom. This has crowded out less well connected interests and narratives, even when these have had an informed and coherent epistemological basis. The subjugation of these arguments runs counter to knowledge-based policy making, which requires earnest consideration of the way issues are understood by different actors. For these conceptual reasons, housing market analysis approaches to policy making risk being ineffective and socially unjust.The thesis uses an exploration of housing market renewal schemes, principally in Liverpool, Merseyside and Whitefield in Lancashire, to test the conceptual argument above. It illustrates the importance of institutional cultures and local networks of opposition to the way that the housing market renewal black box has been imposed. The local state in Liverpool is highly co-ordinated and well connected. Multiple pots of funding are located within a meta-partnership regime, which employs black boxed housing market narratives to demonstrate joined up policy. Despite vociferous opposition, and successful legal challenges, this strong form of organisation has driven through centrally prescribed proposals for the redevelopment of part of the Kensington neighbourhood. The level of organisation in Liverpool contrasts with the less well co-ordinated and less well funded environment in Whitefield. Expert-led proposals for clearance of the Whitefield neighbourhood were challenged at a public inquiry and compromise was negotiated through an enquiry-by-design. Even so, highly organised objectors were unable to break open the housing market renewal black box and therefore could not generate discussion around the viability of alternative problem framings and responses. The cases highlight a conflict between the need for mechanisms of long distance persuasion and control to distribute central funding to shrinking cities, and the capacity to exploit local knowledge and opportunities when designing responses. In both of the cases above, the end of a boom period in the housing market adds a new layer of complexity to the disputes. Schemes are at risk of being undermined by the recession and solutions are needed if a legacy of neighbourhood blight is to be avoided. The thesis concludes with a personal suggestion that more equitable and effective approaches to renewal require deliberation around less capital intensive responses to creating local employment and tackling neighbourhood blight.

The tremendous increase of population in Egypt has caused the Egyptian government to rethink its settlement policy by planning for the development of new desert communities in remote arid regions outside of the Nile Valley. Presented here is a methodology for generating appropriate energy design guidelines for desert housing in these new communities. The methodology also takes into account the culture, climate and economy of the country. This interdisciplinary study starts by examining the current government national policy for regional and urban development in Egypt with emphasis on the new desert settlement programs in general and on the Sadat City in particular. The criteria which determines human thermal comfort requirements for the indigenous people of Egypt is then presented. This part of the study also includes a climatic analysis of Egypt showing the major climatic components, the factors modifying the climate, the country's major climatic zones, and microclimatic considerations. In the next chapter on energy analysis, the concepts and the mathematical basis of the methodology are presented. The process is based on balancing the incremental cost/benefit of conservation and passive solar designs in an optimum mix yielding the best performance and economic advantages for any given set of weather characteristics. Finally, the method is generalized and reduced to a set of formulas which generate energy guidelines for conservation levels with selected passive solar system(s). A computer model of the method is developed and energy guidelines for six major locations in Egypt are illustrated. In conclusion, a preliminary design for low-energy cluster houses at the new desert community Sadat City is developed using the computer generated guidelines for that region. The energy results are then validated using the CalPas3 energy simulation program, and a matrix is also developed for assessing the socio-cultural aspects of the design model.

Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, February 2012.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
"02-2012." Cataloged from student submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 85).
The thesis was inspired by the excellent mechanical properties of bamboo and its positive environmental effects. Despite its abundance and great qualities, the material has not been incorporated into the history of standard light frame wood construction and is therefore not used to its full potential, especially in regions of economic constraint in greatest need of housing structures. Can we design a light-frame construction system that allows for the non-standard nature of bamboo members and is inspired by the unique properties of the material? Can we reveal its contemporary uses and therefore allow for its cultural acceptance? The research investigates how a grid of members behaves as a system - incorporating imperfections and variations of individual elements. Along with the structural exploration, the work addresses the cultural misconception of bamboo as the "poor man's lumber" The exercises are aimed towards creating a housing unit that incorporates available materials into contemporary design elements.
by Yuliya D. Bentcheva.
M.Arch.

This paper uses a factor-augmented vector autoregressive model to examine the impact of monetary policy shocks on housing prices across metropolitan and micropolitan regions. To simultaneously estimate the model parameters and unobserved factors we rely on Bayesian estimation and inference. Policy shocks are identified using high-frequency suprises around policy announcements as an external instrument. Impulse reponse functions reveal differences in regional housing price responses, which in some cases are substantial. The heterogeneity in policy responses is found to be significantly related to local regulatory environments and housing supply elasticities. Moreover, housing prices responses tend to be similar within states and adjacent regions in neighboring states.
Series: Working Papers in Regional Science

Esta tese discute a paisagem gerada por políticas de habitação social latino-americanas, observando especificamente casos da Região Metropolitana de Santiago do Chile (RMS) e da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo-SP (RMSP). Foca-se a análise nas práticas sociais em espaços livres de empreendimentos de habitação social, observando resultados de 2009 a 2016 da faixa 1 do Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida na RMSP e de 2006 a 2016 dos Programas de Bairro na RMS. Observam-se as práticas sociais nos espaços livres, tanto públicos quanto privados, pelo olhar da paisagem, que possibilita à análise ser ampliada para as relações sociais cotidianas que ocorrem nesses espaços. Para tanto, observa-se a formação de ambas as Regiões Metropolitanas, o histórico das políticas habitacionais, o modus operandi de produção habitacional social que concentrou empreendimentos em trechos sem cidade, analisando o impacto de modelos urbanos e arquitetônicos aplicados em situações de vulnerabilidade social e econômica para o cotidiano das práticas sociais. O cotidiano intramuros, resultado do modelo de condomínio habitacional social, amplamente aplicado em ambos os países, é confrontado com os programas chilenos de bairro, que se focam nas práticas sociais em espaços livres públicos. As análises demonstraram que, apesar de diversas alterações nos programas políticos, mantêm-se as práticas de construir conjuntos habitacionais pautados nos aspectos quantitativos, em um modelo de inspiração neoliberal, ou de mitigar os impactos do modelo com programas de recuperação de bairros, que esbarram em dificuldades pelo contexto vulnerável do local, resultando em espaços pouco representativos para a completude das práticas sociais. Salienta-se a necessidade de se criarem ações voltadas para as práticas sociais, em que haja a possibilidade de se superar o dia a dia alienado, e apontam-se as qualidades e fragilidades das políticas de ambos os países para os cotidianos praticados ou (des)praticados.
This thesis discusses the landscape created by Latin American social housing policies, specifically cases related to the Metropolitan Region of Santiago de Chile (MRS) and the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo-SP (MRSP). The analysis focuses on social practices in open spaces of social housing projects, considering results from 2009 to 2016 of the first data compilation of the federal government\'s housing program Minha Casa Minha Vida in the MRSP and from 2006 to 2016 of the Neighborhood Programs in the MRS. Social practices in the public and private open spaces are observed, in light of the view of the landscape, which allows expanding the analysis to the everyday social relations that occur in these spaces. Therefore, the formation of both Metropolitan Areas is observed, as well as the history of housing policies, the modus operandi of social housing production which concentrated developments in fringe areas without a city, analyzing the impact of urban and architectural models applied in situations of social and economic vulnerability for the daily life of social practices. The intramural daily life, a result of the gated community social housing model and widely applied in both countries, is compared with Chilean neighborhood programs which focus on social practices in public spaces. The analysis evidenced that, despite a number of changes in the political programs, the practices of constructing housing projects based on quantitative aspects, a neoliberal inspired model, or based on mitigating the impacts of the model with neighborhood rehabilitation programs continue, notwithstanding the difficulties they face due to the location\'s vulnerable context and which result in spaces that are not really representative of social practices. It is necessary to create actions aimed at social practices, with the possibility of overcoming the alienated day-to-day reality, and identify the qualities and weaknesses in the policies of both countries for the daily practices which are practiced or un-practiced.

In this study interest centers on regional differences in the response of housing prices to monetary policy shocks in the US. We address this issue by analyzing monthly home price data for metropolitan regions using a factor-augmented vector autoregression (FAVAR) model. Bayesian model estimation is based on Gibbs sampling with Normal-Gamma shrinkage priors for the autoregressive coefficients and factor loadings, while monetary policy shocks are identified using high-frequency surprises around policy announcements as external instruments. The empirical results indicate that monetary policy actions typically have sizeable and significant positive effects on regional housing prices, revealing differences in magnitude and duration. The largest effects are observed in regions located in states on both the East and West Coasts, notably California, Arizona and Florida.
Series: Working Papers in Regional Science

In the Peruvian Andes, inadequate housing represents an important problem for the local rural people. Over 3000 meters above sea level, communities suffer from very low indoor temperatures this becomes an issue which affects the health and indoor thermal comfort of the building. At early winter mornings, outdoor temperatures can occasionally go down to -15°C and indoor temperatures can drop below zero. Previous work in the field has been done by the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru PUCP, to address thermal comfort in Langui, Peru involving participatory design techniques, multidisciplinary approaches and a focus on sustainability. Their most recent design is based on an attached passive solar heating system similar to a Trombe wall. The effect of housing environment on human health has been an acknowledged issue for many years. In the area, the occupants live with high levels of air infiltration, dirt floor (soil), simple windows, metallic or wood doors, roof most commonly made of corrugated metal sheets, adobe walls, no additional insulation attached and no house heating system. This thesis aims to contribute to a current body of research on thermal comfort and provide insights on how the building environment in Langui can be improved. The main objective is to improve thermal comfort in residential buildings in Andean regions of Peru. An improvement was made by installing a Heat Transfer Rocket which increased the temperature while the relative-humidity stayed steady. Overall, the study shows that indoor improvements can increase thermal comfort in Andean regions of Peru.

Master of Science
Department of Architecture
David R. Seamon
Kamaiya is a system of Nepalese agriculture bonded labor. In typical wage labor, one can enter or withdraw from the labor market as an independent agent; in the case of bonded labor, however, a worker cannot control his or her labor power. The Kamaiyas were liberated by the Nepalese government in 2000, and promised land to build houses. Without enough money for construction, however, many of these “ex-Kamaiyas,” as they are now called, are without housing or live in sub-standard units. This thesis examines the housing possibilities for the ex-Kamaiyas and aims at creating basic guidelines for planning and designing low-cost, self-help housing. The thesis is an attempt to design affordable and environmentally responsive housing that draws on Nepalese vernacular traditions but incorporates some modern materials and construction methods. The research and designs are based on interviews with ex-Kamaiyas living in the Nepalese villages of Tesanpur, Janatanagar, and Bhuri Gaun. The thesis serves as a guide for non-profit organizations working to provide housing for the ex-Kamaiyas and consists of guidelines, termed “design patterns,” for laying out ex-Kamaiya neighborhoods and for designing and constructing individual houses. The thesis also provides step-by-step construction guidelines for building the houses. The thesis’s last chapter evaluates the proposed housing system and identifies strengths and weaknesses.

Segregation refers to the uneven spatial distribution of social groups over space. Segregation can be perceived as the spatial representation of social, cultural, and economic exclusion. There is no accepted standard way segregation is measured; instead, studies have used a wide range of methods, measurements, and indices to estimate levels of segregation. Existing studies are seldomly longitudinal in character, mostly because of lack of data, and have only been conducted until 2010 for Stockholm. The aim of this thesis is to investigate trends of residential poverty segregation in Stockholm County for the period 1991-2016. This study has utilized the isolation index, the dissimilarity index, percentile plots and location quotients on data aggregated to both administrative units and individualized neighborhoods on multiple scales to assess how these common techniques influence results. Results show that segregation patterns vary depending on technique, but most results indicate increasing levels of segregation of individuals at risk of poverty for the period 1991-2011, in line with previous research. On the other hand, the results indicate stagnating or decreasing levels of poverty segregation in recent years. Poverty segregation varies substantially by scale level, and therefore this thesis recommends multiscalar methods in segregation studies.

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The right to housing is a human right, as recognized by international law, and a fundamental social right, as is provided for in the Federal Constitution. It exercises both the role of law and defense of the right to benefits, divided into these materials and regulatory benefits. In a normative activity of real estate has proven to be an effective instrument of access to decent housing. It is an activity which is characterized by the construction and sale, total or partial, of real estate units autonomous being constructed or still under construction. And why involve the disposal of future thing, the incorporative business presents a high risk of loss to the purchasers, which can be alleviated significantly with the adoption of the appropriated assets of the real estate regime, instrument that is characterized by the segregation of the net assets of each incorporation of general assets of the developer. It protects the purchaser of the real estate unit against any bankruptcy or insolvency civil of the developer, or undue delay in execution of work. Occurring of these situations, the general meeting shall decide the buyer or the continuation of the work by the liquidation of net assets. In either case, the developer is away from the direction of the project and representatives commission of the purchasers assumes administration of the enterprise affected, if feasible the construction, continue execution of the work, or liquidate the net assets of their incorporation affected. However, as the regime of affectation is of optional implantation, the discretion of the developer, it needs stimulus to offset the restrictions arising from the regime of affectation. For this purpose, the special tax regime was instituted for such appropriated assets, with the aim of simplifying and reducing the tax burden of affected incorporation in relation to federal taxes levied on the incorporative activity, compared with the usual forms of taxation by the developer of real income regime or the presumed profit regime.
O direito à moradia é considerado um direito humano, porque reconhecido pelo direito internacional, e um direito social fundamental, porque se encontra previsto na Constituição Federal. Ele exerce, simultaneamente, a função de direito de defesa e de direito a prestações, estas divididas em prestações materiais e normativas. Na esfera normativa, a atividade de incorporação imobiliária tem demonstrado ser um eficaz instrumento de acesso à moradia digna. Trata-se de atividade que se caracteriza pela construção e alienação, total ou parcial, de unidades imobiliárias autônomas a serem construídas ou em construção. E por envolver a alienação de coisa futura, o negócio incorporativo apresenta elevado risco de perdas para os adquirentes, que pode ser significativamente minorado com a adoção do regime do patrimônio de afetação da incorporação imobiliária, instrumento que se caracteriza pela segregação do acervo patrimonial de cada incorporação do patrimônio geral do incorporador. Ele protege o adquirente da unidade imobiliária contra eventual falência ou insolvência civil do incorporador, ou de atraso injustificado na execução da obra. Ocorrendo uma dessas situações, a assembleia geral dos adquirentes decidirá pelo prosseguimento da obra ou pela liquidação do acervo patrimonial. Em qualquer dos casos, o incorporador é afastado da direção do empreendimento e a comissão de representantes dos adquirentes assume a administratação do empreendimento afetado para, se viável a construção, continuar a execução da obra, ou liquidar o acervo patrimonial da respectiva incorporação afetada. Entretanto, como o referido regime de afetação é de implantação opcional, ao alvedrio do incorporador, este necessita de estímulos para compensar as restrições decorrentes do regime de afetação. Para esse fim, foi instituído o regime especial de tributação para o referido patrimônio de afetação, com o objetivo de simplificar e reduzir a carga tributária da incorporação afetada, em relação aos tributos federais incidentes sobre a atividade incorporativa, quando comparada com as formas de tributação normal do incorporador pelo regimes de lucro real ou pelo regime de lucro presumido.

Cette thèse de géographie sociale et radicale traite des rapports de domination à Beyrouth à travers l’habiter des travailleurs migrants dans les marges urbaines. Population aux ressources faibles et stigmatisée dans une ville fragmentée, les migrants originaires d’Afrique et d’Asie tentent malgré tout de prendre place dans la capitale libanaise. L’approche micro et croisée de lieux – Bourj Hammoud, Karm al-Zeitoun, Sabra et le camp palestinien de Mar Elias – et de leurs habitants montre l’imbrication des temps longs et courts des migrations, les frottements entre les logiques communautaires et mercantiles des établis et celles plus chaotiques des nouveaux venus. Si les marges beyrouthines constituent des « sas » d’insertion où s’enchevêtrent des dynamiques multi-scalaires, elles n’en restent pas moins des espaces d’exclusion et de pauvreté animées et fragilisées par les injustices sociales et les inégalités citoyennes. À travers l’étude des mobilités, du système locatif et de l’accès au logement, et du dispositif commercial ethnique, ce travail, basé sur une enquête qui mobilise l’observation des espaces, les entretiens réalisés avec les différents acteurs et l’outil vidéo, met en exergue les réalités complexes de ces marges urbaines. Il expose leurs transformations contemporaines, mais également les tensions locales générées par une crise socio-politique libanaise et moyen-orientale, révélées ici via le prisme de la mondialisation migratoire. In fine, cette thèse interroge de manière à la fois décentrée, et ordinaire un ordre urbain généralement apprécié sous l’angle du confessionnalisme politique et questionne en miroir la nature du régime politique libanais
This thesis of social and radical geography focuses on power relations in Beirut through an analysis of the housing of migrant workers in the outskirts of the city. As a population with few resources and subject to stigmatization, African and Asian migrant workers nevertheless try to find lodgings within the capital. Taking a micro and intersected approach to the study of specific neighbourhoods (Bourj Hammoud, Karm al-Zeitoun, Sabra and the Palestinian camp of Mar Elias) and their inhabitants reveals the interweaving of long- and short-term migrant groups and frictions between the commercial interests of the existing community and those, admittedly more chaotic, of newcomers. While the outskirts of Beirut have now become a transition zone, spaces in which new plural dynamics are emerging at various levels, they are also spaces of exclusion and poverty, where the coexistence of these communities is constantly being challenged and weakened by instances of social injustice and civil inequality. This study of mobility, rental accommodation, access to housing and the ethnic economy draws on observations of spaces, interviews with actors and video films and provides insights into the complex realities within a marginal urban population. It also highlights contemporary transformations and local tensions caused by the social, economic and political crisis in Lebanon and the Middle East through the prism of international migration. In fine, this thesis takes a decentralized and ordinary approach to analysing an urban structure usually observed from the perspective of confessional politics and, at the same time, questions the overall Lebanese political regime

Entre 1910 et 1960, la Roumanie passe d’un pays agricole dominé par l’idéal de l’État-nation à une république socialiste sous le contrôle de l’URSS, tout en ayant traversé le stade de dictature « nationaliste » alliée à l’Allemagne nazie. Cette thèse explore, dans ce contexte, l’évolution des conceptions des dirigeants politiques, des planificateurs et des architectes quant au rôle et aux moyens d’action de l’État dans le domaine du logement aidé. Quelles catégories sociales sont privilégiées pendant les différents régimes politiques qui se succèdent au pouvoir ? Les idéologies officielles de ces régimes façonnent-elles effectivement les politiques publiques, les stratégies d’aménagement urbain et les projets architecturaux ? En somme, comment le politique influe-t-il sur la création de l’espace urbain ? Cette thèse relativise l’idée selon laquelle le mode d’habiter et de concevoir la ville et le logement obéissent, en Roumanie, à des séquences historiques séparées et dépendent pleinement des idéologies des régimes successifs. Elle explore par là-même l’émergence d’une « ville socialiste » faite de ruptures et de continuités avec les périodes précédentes, tout en étant le fruit d’une multiplicité d’acteurs et d’idées divergentes
From 1910 to 1960, Romania turns from an agricultural country dominated by the ideal of a « nation state » into a socialist republic controlled by the USSR, being in between a « nationalist » dictatorship allied to Nazi Germany. In this historical context this paper explores the evolution of the way political leaders, city planners and architects conceived the role played by the state and the tools that it can use in the field of public aids to housing. Which social categories are particularly privileged by these different political regimes? Are official ideologies really embedded in public policies, in city planning strategies and in architectural projects realized during these regimes? Moreover, by which means and to which extent do political discourses shape urban space? This paper puts into perspective the idea that the conceptions regarding the city and housing in Romania follow historical sequences that are completely distinct from each other and that are the product of political ideologies. Thus it investigates the emergence of a “socialist city”, made up of ruptures and of continuities, and produced by a multiplicity of actors and of divergent ideas

Depuis le début des années 2000, la France est devenue un terrain d’expérimentation majeur en matière de statuts intermédiaires d'occupation entre la location et l'accession visant à relever le défi du logement abordable. En particulier, le dispositif des organismes de foncier solidaire (OFS) et du bail réel solidaire (BRS) constitue une alternative pérenne aux formes dominantes de propriété, publique ou privée. S’inscrivant dans le sillage de l’économie institutionnaliste, cette thèse emprunte les outils d'analyse façonnés par Elinor Ostrom pour étudier la naissance de ce nouveau régime de propriété résidentielle. Notre travail de recherche intervention nous a permis d’étudier et d’accompagner la dynamique du changement institutionnel autour de l’introduction de ce dispositif en France. Trois principales expériences ont nourri nos réflexions : I) la participation au groupe de travail du Ministère du logement pour élaborer le cadre national du dispositif OFS-BRS ; II) le conseil aux maîtres d’ouvrage pour répondre à des consultations comme « Réinventer Paris » ; III) l’accompagnement de deux métropoles (Lille et Rennes) et de la Fédération des Coop’Hlm dans la création des tout premiers OFS. Les résultats de nos investigations nous invitent à prendre au sérieux l’hypothèse de l’émergence de sociétés post-propriétaires. Nous proposons ainsi une théorie de la diversité institutionnelle pour favoriser une large dispersion du capital-logement
Since the early 2000s, France has become a prominent testing ground to experiment intermediate housing tenures and to meet the challenge of affordable housing. Community land trust (CLT) represents a sustainable alternative to the dominant forms of property (public or private). Following the approach of institutional economics, this thesis borrows the analytical tools crafted by Elinor Ostrom to study the birth of this new residential property regime. With an action-research approach, we study and support the dynamics of institutional change around the implementation of this model in France. Our theoretical development is empirically grounded on three main personal experiences : I) involvement in the working group of the Ministry of Housing to build the national framework of CLT; II) consulting work with developers for competitions such as "Reinventing Paris" ; III) consulting missions for two municipal governments (Lille and Rennes) and the Fédération des Coop'Hlm engaged in the first experiments of CLTs. The results of our investigations invite serious acknowledgement of this hypothesis: the emergence of post-property societies. Thus, we propose a theory of institutional diversity to encourage a wide dispersion of housing capital

In the first chapter, I investigate the welfare effect of the government subsidizing medical insurance. To that extent, I construct and simulate a partial equilibrium computational model of medical care consumption and choice of insurance contracts. I use the overall utility of agents as a welfare measure and find that it is not welfare improving to subsidize uninsured agents by taxing insured ones. In addition I use the framework to verify the insurance contract choice effect and find a strong insurance contract choice effect. In Chapter 2, I investigate the effect of the price setting process under managed health care plans, such as HMOs and PPOs, on prices, profits of insurance companies and medical care providers, and household’s welfare compared to the indemnity plans prevalent before the advent of managed care. I construct a simple game played between a representative insurance company and a medical care provider to determine the price of medical care paid by insured and uninsured households. In addition, insurance companies set premiums not through solving the usual principal-agent problem which forces a zero profit condition, but rather and more realistically by optimizing profits. The outcome of this game is compared to the outcome of the indemnity plans where no price negotiations would occur. In Chapter 3, I investigate the effect of the suggested reform to the United States’ tax code in treatment of housing assets. In particular, I study the effect of the abolishment of the preferential tax treatment of housing assets (tax deductible mortgage interest payments and tax-free imputed rents) on the ownership and foreclosure rates in the housing market. I construct a model where heterogeneous agents decide on housing tenure in which default on housing mortgages occurs in equilibrium. I use this model to quantify the effect of this preferential tax treatment. I find that the elimination of the preferential tax treatment of housing assets results in a 33.4% reduction in foreclosures. Specifically, only eliminating the tax deductibility of interest on mortgage payments leads to a 12.4% reduction in foreclosure rates, while only taxing imputed rents generates a 32.5% reduction in foreclosure rates.
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O objetivo deste estudo é a análise do carácter económico e social da cidade do Porto no primeiro terço do século XIX, nas suas vertentes do trabalho (estrutura ocupacional) e do alojamento, verificando também da respetiva evolução e interação com o contexto espacial urbano e regional. A metodologia integrou análises sincrónicas e longitudinais baseadas em recenseamentos (entre 1800 e 1832-33), visando o vaivém entre o geral e o particular. Examinaram-se os movimento alfandegário e os circuitos migratórios, na exploração da inserção económico-social portuense nas diversas regiões. Os resultados revelaram tendências tradicionais (mas também emergências diversas), no habitat, que foi aprofundadamente caraterizado, bem como nos principais traços económico-sociais. O Porto mantém um padrão de sociedade moderna - produção artesanal e um pesado estrato social sem designação ocupacional, que totalizam perto do dobro dos efetivos ligados ao comércio e do triplo daqueles, ligados aos serviços de restauração, serviços pessoais, segurança e afins. Evoluções da estrutura laboral no período indiciam aumento deste último grupo, bem como dos trabalhadores profissionais e técnicos, sinais emergentes de contemporaneidade. Na produção, ocorre uma diversificação dos ofícios e queda daqueles mais tradicionais a favor daqueles com procura, como a têxtil. A geografia social revela mudança, avançando a partir do rio para norte, este e oeste, redesenhando os significados da cidade. Há indícios de dinamismo, nos movimentos migratórios e inclusive, alfandegários, com um comportamento corroborativo da noção de que a praça portuense teria efetuado retoma de negócios e circuitos com relativa brevidade após a crise de início de século.
The aim of this study is to analyze the economic and social character of the city of Porto in the first third of the nineteenth century, in his work aspects (occupational structure) and housing, checking also the respective development and interaction with the urban and regional spatial context . The methodology included synchronous and longitudinal analysis based on censuses (between 1800 and 1832-33), aimed at shuttling between the general and the particular. Customs movement and migrations were examined in the exploration of the economic and social integration of Porto in the various regions. The results revealed traditional trends (but also various emergencies), in the habitat, which was thoroughly characterized, as well as in major socio-economic traits. Porto maintains a standard of modern society - craft production and a heavy social stratum without occupational designation, which nearly double the number of trade-related people and triple those linked to restaurant services, personal services, security and related tasks. Developments in the labor structure in the period indicate increase in the latter group as well as professional and technical workers, emerging signs of contemporaneity. In production, there is a diversification of crafts and a decline of those more traditional in favor of those with demand, such as textiles. Social geography reveals change, moving from the river to the north, east and west, redesigning the meanings of the city. There are signs of dynamism in migration movements and even in customs, with a corroborative behavior of the notion that Porto would have made recovery business and circuits relatively soon after the beginning of century crisis.

JEL Classification: D15, H55, H75, J32, M31, M38
China has become an aging society and is confronted with issues of supporting the elderly. Ways of supporting elderly vary and are developing extremely fast. Meanwhile, conventional choices of staying at home to spend the rest of the elderly’s lives lag behind. Though senior housing considered one of the best-socialized ways of supporting the elderly, it is seen that occupancy rate of senior housing and the market of senior housing is shrinking. Thus, it is urgent to explore the influence factors of the demand for joining senior house in China. This thesis studies the behavior of joining senior housing of Guangzhou local elderly from the perspective of the interactive relationship of all the involved (government, real estate companies, operation institutions, and customers). The theory of planned behavior (TPB) defines the theoretical framework to analyze the influence factors of the demand for joining senior housing. Thus, the mechanism of intention towards joining senior housing is discussed regarding staying attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and payment ability. An empirical study is conducted about the relationship between customer needs and joining intention. First, from the perspective of staying attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and payment ability, twelve latent variables (expectations of joining senior housing, propensity of facilities, awareness of services, cultural values of supporting the elderly, social policies of supporting the elderly, perceived cost of joining senior housing, perceived reserved assets, perceived social security, perceived behavior control, joining intention and staying behavior) and twelve hypotheses are proposed. Second, a questionnaire is designed and data collection processed using a representative sample of interviewees. Using structural equation modeling, hypotheses regarding the mechanism and effect of influence factors are tested. Results confirmed that elements such as expectations of joining senior housing, the propensity of facilities, awareness of services and social policies of supporting the elderly exert a direct positive effect on the intention towards joining senior housing and indirect positive effect on staying behavior. Nevertheless, consumption value, the cultural value of supporting the elderly and perceived cost of joining senior housing have a negative effect on preventing the customer from choosing senior housing. Moreover, threesupply-front influence factors, i.e., the perceived cost of joining senior housing shows more negative affect, whereas perception of community services and the propensity of elderly caring facilities show more positive effect than others. Thus, raising the efficiency of supply front will promote the behavior of joining senior housing. At last, based on the current status of Chinese senior housing, strategies are developed to promote the occupancy rate of senior housing. It is argued that government-lead marketized operation of the senior housing along with efforts from the supplier are the true power to promote the development of senior housing and increase the occupancy rate of senior housing. Strategic actions to promote the occupancy rate of senior housing include: senior housing companies should have accurate positioning; policies supporting the development of senior housing industry should be issued; efficiency of supplying senior housing should be improved. Limitations of the research are also discussed and managerial implications are explored.
O envelhecimento rápido da população chinesa criou novos desafios à definição de políticas de apoio à terceira idade. Estas formas de apoio têm tomado diversas formas e apresentam um desenvolvimento extremamente rápido. Em paralelo, a escolha tradicional de envelhecer em casa é uma opção cada vez menos viável. Embora a habitação sénior seja vista como uma das melhores formas de socialização de apoio à terceira idade, as taxas de ocupação destes projetos e o mercado de habitação sénior têm diminuído na China. Assim, é urgente compreender os fatores que influenciam a procura e explicam a escolha de habitação sénior na China. Este trabalho de investigação estuda o comportamento de escolha de habitação sénior pela população idosa de Guangzhou, China, num contexto mais alargado de interação com todas as partes envolvidas (autoridades, empresas imobiliárias, empresas de gestão de habitação sénior e clientes). A teoria do comportamento planeado (TPB – Theory of planned behavior) define o quadro conceptual que permite analisar os fatores que influenciam a procura por habitação sénior. Assim, o mecanismo explicativo da intenção de entrar no regime de habitação sénior é analisado em termos de atitudes de participar nesta opção, normas subjetivas, controlo comportamental percebido e recursos monetários disponíveis (capacidade de pagamento). O estudo empírico analisa a relação entre as necessidades do cliente e as intenções de entrar no regime de habitação sénior. Primeiro, com base nas atitudes face a participar nesta modalidade, normas subjetivas, controlo comportamental percebido e recursos monetários disponíveis (capacidade de pagamento), doze variáveis latentes (espectativas de entrar no regime de habitação sénior, instalações, disponibilidade de serviços, valores culturais de apoio à terceira idade, políticas sociais de apoio à terceira idade, custo percebido de entrar no regime de habitação sénior, montante de bens materiais percebidos como necessários, segurança social percebida, controlo comportamental percebido, intenção e comportamento de participar na habitação sénior) e doze hipóteses são propostas. Segundo, desenvolveu-se um questionário e procedeu-se à recolha de dados utilizando uma amostra representativa de inquiridos do segmento em estudo. As hipóteses sobre o mecanismo e os fatores influenciadores em estudo são testados utilizando modelos com equações estruturais. Osresultados confirmam que a espec tativa de entrar no regime de habitação sénior, instalações, disponibilidade de serviços e as políticas sociais de apoio à terceira idade têm um efeito positivo direto na intenção de entrar para um regime de habitação sénior e um efeito indireto no comportamento associado. Em oposição, o valor de consumo, os valores culturais de apoio à terceira idade e o custo percebido de selecionar uma habitação sénior têm um efeito negativo na escolha de habitação sénior pelo consumidor. Para além disso, três fatores do lado da oferta, i.e., custo percebido de entrar no regime de habitação sénior mostra um efeito negativo, enquanto a perceção de serviços na comunidade e a disponibilidade de serviços para o segmento idoso mostram um efeito mais positivo. Assim, o aumento da eficiência da oferta promoverá o comportamento de escolha de habitação sénior. Por fim, tendo por base o contexto atual da habitação sénior na China, são desenvolvidas estratégias de promoção de modo a aumentar a taxa de ocupação das habitações sénior. A abertura deste sector à economia de mercado por parte do governo conjugada com o esforço por parte da oferta são os verdadeiros fatores de promoção do desenvolvimento da habitação sénior e do aumento da taxa de ocupação nestes empreendimentos. Ações estratégicas para aumentar a taxa de ocupação de empreendimentos de habitação sénior são: as empresas promotoras devem tornar o posicionamento dos empreendimentos mais preciso; as políticas de apoio ao desenvolvimento do sector de habitação sénior são necessárias; a eficiência da oferta de habitação sénior deve ser melhorada. As limitações da investigação são discutidas e implicações para a gestão propostas.

O tema objeto de estudo da presente dissertação é o direito legal de preferência no âmbito do Novo Regime do Arrendamento Urbano. Este direito assume uma posição de extrema importância nos negócios jurídicos para os quais se encontra previsto. As preferências legais são, neste caso em específico, indesejadas, principalmente pelo sujeito obrigado à preferência, pelo facto de consistirem em verdadeiros limites ao princípio da autonomia privada e da livre disposição das coisas. De todos os direitos de preferência concedidos no regime do arrendamento urbano, o direito de preferência do arrendatário na compra e venda ou dação em cumprimento, previsto na al. a), do n.º 1, do art. 1091º, do CC, pela sua importância é, constantemente, objeto de litígios, os quais nos propomos a analisar. O regime do arrendamento urbano é um dos ramos do direito em que se regista mais atividade legislativa. Assim, no decurso do presente trabalho, iremos estudar, de forma pormenorizada, os direitos de preferência presentes neste regime e as recentes alterações introduzidas nesta matéria.
The subject of study of this dissertation is the right of preference, under the urban lease scheme. This right assumes a position of extreme importance in the legal business for which it is envisaged. Legal preferences are, in this specific case, undesirable, especially by the subject forced to preference, because they consist of real limits to the principle of private autonomy and the free disposition of things. Of all preemptive rights granted in the urban lease, the right of first refusal of the tenant in the purchase and sale or payment in compliance, referred to in a), of paragraph 1, article 1091, CC, by its importance, is constantly object of disputes, which we propose to analyze. The urban lease regime is one of the areas of law on which there is most legislative activity. Thus, in the course of this study, we will study, in detail, the rights of preference in this regime and the recent changes in this area.

碩士
國立高雄第一科技大學
金融研究所
101
After the financial crisis broke out, many countries successively adopted expansionary monetary policy, which lowered borrow costs and made excessive capital flow to markets. In view of this situation, investors turned to seek high yield investment products to compensate for a loss in interest due to inflation. Besides, housing market and stock market are the main investment targets in Taiwan. Therefore, this paper examines the interaction among housing market, stock market, and money supply. Moreover, we also investigate whether there is a relationship of housing prices among different regions in Taiwan. Empirical results indicate that stock price has an effect on housing prices and money supply in Taiwan, Taipei City, New Taipei City, and Taichung City. Furthermore, the housing prices in Taipei affect that in Kaohsiung.

No mesmo ano em que se sedimentaram os efeitos das políticas de austeridade, em parte pela pressão das diretrizes emanadas das instituições europeias e mundiais, é promulgada a lei 31/2012, conhecida como a lei das rendas, procurando encerrar o congelamento decidido há mais de meio século e que, desde as últimas duas décadas do século passado, os sucessivos governos procuravam contornar. Esta e outras medidas, assentes num urbanismo de contenção e coincidentes com um contexto de apetência para a internacionalização do mercado imobiliário, vieram liberalizar ainda mais o mercado de arrendamento, dificultando o acesso à habitação, nas grandes cidades, como é caso da capital portuguesa. O presente estudo procurou analisar a incidência de diferentes impactos do Novo Regime do Arrendamento Urbano, através da constituição de perfis empíricos que retratam situações-tipo face ao atual contexto de arrendamento. Apoiando-se em entrevistas semi-directivas, realizadas a 19 indivíduos, na sua maioria, residentes na cidade de Lisboa, procurou-se explorar as perceções e estratégias dos arrendatários face ao contexto de vulnerabilidade e risco induzido pelo NRAU. Conclui-se, que os impactos induzidos direta ou indiretamente, pelo NRAU, têm incidência ao nível da situação habitacional dos indivíduos, particularmente visível, nas diferentes formas de incapacidade de acesso, pressão e expulsão da habitação, do mercado de arrendamento e da própria cidade que, sobretudo no seu centro, assiste a uma substituição de parte da sua população habitual, por residentes ocasionais e turistas. Estas questões não podem ser desligadas do papel do Estado na regulação do sector do arrendamento e, de modo particularmente expressivo, dos impactos induzidos por processos à escala global nos mercados habitacionais.
In the same year that the effects of austerity policies were set in motion, partially by the pressure of European and world institutions directives, such as law 31/2012. Known as the law of rents, it was enacted seeking to end the embargo established more than half a century and since the last two decades of the last century, the successive governments tried to get around. This and other measures, based on a containment urbanism and coinciding with a context of appetite for the internationalization of the real estate market, further liberalized the rental market, making it difficult to access housing in large cities, such as the Portuguese capital. The study sought to analyze the incidence of different impacts of the New Urban Lease Outline, through the constitution of empirical profiles that depict typical situations in relation to the current lease context. Leaning on semi-directive interviews where the majority of individuals interviewed are from the city of Lisbon, the study sought to explore tenants perceptions and strategies in the context of vulnerability and risk induced by the NRAU. The study concluded that the impacts induced directly or indirectly by the NRAU had an impression on the level of the housing situation of individuals, particularly visible in the different forms of inability to access, pressure and expulsion from housing, the rental market and the city itself which, mainly at its center, is seeing a replacement of part of its usual population, by occasional residents and tourists. These questions can not be separated from the role of the State in the regulation of the leasing sector, and particularly the global process-induced impacts on housing markets.

The topic of my thesis is Scattering of the prices offer of apartments in the Czech Republic and an assessment of the influence on an area of the apartment. The subject matter of my thesis is the evaluation of apartment prices according to individual regions in the Czech Republic and another purpose is an assessment with prices of apartments affected by the location and their social influence unemployment and safety of the location. The concepts of valuation apartments, price and value property and options valuation according to laws and regulations are included in the part of literary research. I mentioned factors affecting the price of an apartment. I analyzed prices of apartments, working opportunity in the location and safety of the location in the practical part of my thesis. I evaluated these influences with a suitable statistical method and I found out the dependence of apartments prices on their location.

A nossa tese tem como designação “Emergência e Desenvolvimento de uma Política Social de Habitação nas Regiões Ultraperiféricas (RUPs) da União Europeia: O caso da Habitação Social na Ilha da Madeira. O Bairro de Santo Amaro”. É composta por uma Introdução, 3 Partes, 8 Capítulos, 387páginas e Anexos, 93, num total de 484 páginas. É nosso objectivo, dar a conhecer e partilhar, de forma aprofundada e abrangente, toda a história da Habitação Social na RAM, abordando de forma mais abreviada, a habitação social na Europa a 28 e nas suas RUPs, comparando as diversas políticas públicas e privadas de promoção de Habitação Social, em todos eles. Elegemos como nosso objecto de estudo a HS na RAM e para tal estivemos a estudar, de forma empenhada, quer o designado Estado da Arte, no que concerne a HS, quer os dados de gestão, a situação/ambiente socioeconómico de cada um dos bairros de HS, na Madeira, enquanto comparámos, recorrendo a estes indicadores, todos e a cada um deles. Seleccionámos como nosso caso de estudo, um desses bairros, o BSAm, que está sujeito a tutela dupla, InvestimentosHabitacionaisdaMadeira e Câmara Municipal Funchal, a primeira mais tecnocrática, a segunda, mais social, para podermos avaliar, qual tem potenciado e obtido melhores indicadores individuais e colectivos, em termos sociais e de cidadania, dos seus inquilinos. Para tal, elegemos 3 mais 1 objectivos específicos e seus sub objectivos e após a sua definição e análise, trabalhámos específica e aprofundadamente, 3 objectivos finais, um, o endividamento endémico, outro referente à intervenção social e formação e um último sobre os potenciais efeitos da crise da Venezuela, na HS e na RAM, sob a forma de pergunta/resposta e como testemunho a passar, 16 questões/objectivos, com igual forma, agora mais abreviadas. Assim, no BSAm, praticámos observação directa e entrevistas não directivas e seguidamente, foi aplicado um inquérito, após a definição de uma amostra, respondido por 133 inquilinos, que nos propiciou um conhecimento mais aprofundado do todo grupal o qual, finalmente, foi analisado e cotejado com os indicadores de gestão que nos foram cedidos, pelas instituições de tutela, para todo o universo da HS, na RAM. Estes dados referentes à HS na RAM e os específicos do BSAm, tanto os estatísticos quanto os do inquérito, foram analisados, com recurso a ferramentas informáticas, para as quais tivemos formação específica e exportados para o SPSS 22.0 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences), sobre EXCEL, enquanto a leitura dos dados do inquérito, foi feita via “scanning” e seu software de conversão. A nossa pretensão final foi comparar e promover qual o mais adequado modelo de gestão de um bairro social, qual o que melhor promove a felicidade dos pertencentes a uma estrutura social deste tipo e finalmente apresentar de forma inequívoca, quais as melhores formas de intervenção social, assim como quais as principais ameaças, nomeadamente o endividamento, assim como o desinvestimento, que podem deitar a perder um projecto desta relevância pessoal e colectiva, que é a HS no seu todo, na RAM e no BSAm em particular.
Our thesis is entitled "Emergency and Development of a Social Housing Policy in the Outermost Regions of the European Union: The Case of Social Housing in Madeira Island. “The Neighborhood of Santo Amaro". BSAm”. It is composed of Introduction, 3 parts, 8 Chapters, 387 pages e Annexes, 93, in total 484 pages. It is our objective and goal to make known and share, in a comprehensive and abrangent way, the entire history of Social Housing in the Autonomous Region of Madeira, RAM, addressing in a more abbreviated way, social housing in Europe at 28 and in their UPRs, comparing the various public and private policies of HS promotion in all these spaces. So we chose as our object of study the SH in Madeira and for this we were studying, deeply, the designated State of the Art, in what concerns it, as well as the management data, the socioeconomic situation / environment of each one of the districts of HS, in Madeira, while comparing, using these indicators, each and every one of them. We chose as our case study one of these neighborhoods, the BSAm, which is subject to double tutelage, IHS and CMF, the first one more technocratic, the second one more social, so that we can evaluate, which has strengthened and obtained the best individual and collective social and citizenship indicators of their tenants. To that end, we have chosen three plus one specific objectives and their sub-objectives and, after defining and analyzing them, we have worked specifically and in depth on these same objectives, one, endemic indebtedness, another on social intervention and training and a final one on the potential effects of the crisis of Venezuela in HS on RAM, in the form of question / answer and as testimony to pass, 16 questions/objectives, with the same form, now more abbreviated. Thus, at BSAm, we performed direct observation and non-directive interviews and afterwards, a survey was applied, after a sample was defined, answered by 133 tenants, who gave us a more in-depth knowledge of the whole group which was finally analyzed and compared with the management indicators that were assigned to us, by the institutions of guardianship, for the entire HS universe, in RAM. These RAM’HS statistical and survey data, were analyzed using computer tools for which we had specific training and were exported to SPSS 22.0 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences), on EXCEL, while the data of the survey were read using scanning and converting software techniques. Our final intention was to compare and promote the most appropriate management model of a social neighborhood, which best promotes the happiness of those belonging to a social structure of this type and finally to present in an unequivocal way, the best forms of social intervention, as well as the main threats, such as indebtedness, as well as disinvestment, which may lead to the loss of a project of this personal and collective relevance, which is the SH as a whole, in RAM and in BSAm in particular.

碩士
國立中央大學
產業經濟研究所
105
House accompanied the major events through the human life and real estate purchasing became the most significant decision for everyone. Assets acquisitions should be cautious and discreet lessons, too. The study purpose is to evaluate the pricing and different impacts between new urban city and matured town, clarify the different characteristics between Sanxia District and Zhonghe District, both of which are located in New Taipei City and are the study topics which will cover deviation of two area nature, pricing and distinguishing feature. Although the empirical result reflect YIMBY (YES-IN-MY-BACK-YARD) facilities has positive correlation influence of real estate price and meet our expectation, but the marginal effect has tremendous difference.

The diploma thesis deals with industrial regions in Czech Republic. It is focused on delimitating industrial regions of selected centers in years 1991 and 2001. This was achieved by collecting relevant statistical data from 1991 and 2001 Population and housing census. Regional effect of these centers, based on commuting to industrial sector, was also examined. The author evaluated main changes of centers and their industrial estate in the period of transformation. He found the cause of these changes and identified crucial factors which nowadays affect commuting to industrial sector.