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Статті в журналах з теми "Hydrolysed feathers":
1
Fitriyanto, N. A., Y. Ramadhanti, Rismiyati, I. Rusyadi, A. Pertiwiningrum, R. A. Prasetyo, and Y. Erwanto. "Production of poultry feather hydrolysate using HCl and NaOH as a growth medium substrate for indigenous strains." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 951, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/951/1/012064.
Анотація:
Abstract The poultry feathers have a very high protein content due to it consists of 90% of crude protein, and it is an ideal material to obtain keratin protein. Due to Keratin’s difficulties and time-consuming decomposition, further processing is needed to degrade Keratin into simpler proteins that can be used as an alternative N-source. This study was aimed to evaluate the keratin hydrolysate from poultry feathers prepared by acidic (HCl) and alkaline (NaOH) compound utilization and its potency as the substrate medium for growth keratinolytic bacteria at a laboratory scale. Poultry feathers, including kampung (local breed) chicken feathers, layer chicken feathers, and local goose treat with HCL 12% and NaOH 20%. The results of the hydrolysate of poultry feathers using 12% HCl showed no significant changes. Visually, the feathers of birds that have been treated with 12% HCl show a colour change to brownish-yellow. The results of hydrolysis using NaOH showed better results than HCl for producing feather meals. The highest yield has occurred at local goose feathers at 95.7%, followed by Kampung and Layer chicken feathers at 93.17% and 78,75%. Based on the viability test, three indigenous strains (Bacillus cereus TD5B, B. cereus LS2B and Pseudomonas sp. PK4) grew in a medium with a substrate of kampung chicken feathers, layer chickens, and local goose feathers. It can be concluded that the hydrolysed poultry feathers made by NaOH 20% preparation had a potency as N-source in the bacterial growth medium.
2
Fitriyanto, N. A., Y. Ramadhanti, Rismiyati, I. Rusyadi, A. Pertiwiningrum, R. A. Prasetyo, and Y. Erwanto. "Enzymatic activity and amino acid production by indigenous keratinolytic strains on the various poultry feather substrate." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1059, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1059/1/012026.
Анотація:
Abstract This study aims to evaluate the capability of extracellular protease to hydrolyze keratin substrates of local poultry feathers and observing the amino acid profile. The indigenous strains (Bacillus cereus TD5B, Bacillus cereus LS2B, and Pseudomonas sp. PK4) were used in this study, and the obtained data were analysed descriptively. Bacillus cereus TD5B has a maximum activity at 0.003849062 unit/ml and 0.000310042 unit/ml on casein and commercial keratin substrates. Each hydrolyzed consisted of Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Serine, Glycine, Valine, Phenylalanine, Ileucine, Leucine, and Lysine. The differences between the three feather meals were on the amino acid’s concentration, the specific amino acid (Threonine) in the hydrolyzed kampung chicken feather meals, and the amino acid Alanine in the hydrolyzed layer feathers and also the goose feather meals. The SDS-PAGE results showed that the molecular weight of keratinase in the three hydrolyzed feather meals was observed at 100 kDa. In this study, the highest substrate degradation was observed by Bacillus cereus TD5B at chicken layer feathers (21.25%). During 21 days, Bacillus cereus LS2B could hydrolyze kampung feather at 38.8% during 23 days, and Pseudomonas sp. PK4 hydrolyzed kampung feather at 39.8% for 24 days.
3
Kormanjos, Sandor, Slavko Filipovic, Vera Radovic, Djordje Okanovic, and Zvonko Njezic. "Influence of the applied pressure of processing upon bioactive components of diets made of feathers." Chemical Industry 67, no. 1 (2013): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind120223044k.
Анотація:
The feathers gained by slaughtering fattening chickens can be processed into protein meal for feeding certain animals, as indicated by its chemical characteristics. However, raw feather proteins (keratin) are faintly digestible (cca. 19%), even inert in digestive tract. Digestion of feather proteins could be improved by hydrolysis (alkaline, enzymatic, microbiological or hydrothermal). Practically, hydrothermal processing of raw feathers is mostly applied. The influence of hydrothermal processing under the pressures of 3.0, 3.5 or 4.0 bar on the nutritive value of the resulting meal is presented in this paper. For the hydrolysis of raw feathers, semi continuous procedure was applied. Semi continuous procedure of feathers processing comprise hydrolysis of raw wet feathers followed by partial drying of hydrolyzed mass that has to be done in a hydrolyser with indirect heating. Continuous tubular dryer with recycled air was used during the final process of drying. Protein nitrogen decreased by 3.46% and 4.80% in comparison with total protein nitrogen content in raw feathers under the pressure of 3.0 and 3.5 bar, respectively. The highest applied hydrolysis pressure caused the greatest loss of protein nitrogen up to 9.52%. Hydrothermal hydrolysis under pressure has increased in vitro protein digestibility significantly. Under pressure of 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 bar digestibility of proteins increasing from 19.01 to 76.39, 81.71 and 87.03%, respectively. Under pressure of 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 bar cysteine content decreased from 6.44 to 4.17% (loss 35.25%), 3.94 (loss 38.825%) and to 3.75% (loss 41.77%), respectively. These decreases are statistically significant. It can be concluded that the hydrolysis carried out under the pressure of 3.5 bar, during the period of 25 minutes, and with the content of water in raw feathers of cca. 61% is the optimal technological process for converting raw feathers into diets for certain animal diets.
4
Pedrosa, Nely de Almeida, Cristiano José de Andrade, José Carlos Cunha Petrus, and Alcilene Rodrigues Monteiro. "Sequential Hydrolysis of Chicken Feathers Composed of Ultrasound and Enzymatic Steps: An Enhanced Protein Source with Bioactive Peptides." Biomass 2, no. 4 (September 30, 2022): 237–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomass2040016.
Анотація:
Chicken feather is a massive by-product. Its incorrect disposal can lead to serious environmental impacts. However, chicken feather is a promising low-cost keratin source. Keratin products have a wide application in the food and pharmaceutical industry. Mostly, chicken feathers are hydrolyzed by hydrothermal processes, and then applied into animal feed formulations. Despite the low cost, the hydrothermal hydrolysis leads to uncontrolled and low hydrolysis yield. Therefore, the aim of this work was to develop and optimize a sequential strategy of chicken feathers hydrolysis composed of ultrasound and enzymatic hydrolysis (savinase®) steps. In the first research step an experimental design was built and the optimum hydrolysis condition was obtained at 50 °C and 12.5% (enzyme/chicken feather), using three integrated rectors containing enzyme/substrate and sodium disulfite. Then, the ultrasound probe was added in the experimental apparatus in order to investigate the enzymatic hydrolysis assisted by ultrasound treatment. The enzymatic hydrolysis assisted by ultrasound treatment led to high concentrations of peptides, including a dipeptide (245.1868 m/z). Thus, the sequential hydrolysis strategy composed by two green technologies proposed in this study, enhanced the degree of hydrolysis of chicken feathers, producing bioactive peptides that can be used as ingredients in food products and other sectors.
5
Choi, Jong-Myung, and Paul V. Nelson. "Developing a Slow-release Nitrogen Fertilizer from Organic Sources: II. Using Poultry Feathers." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121, no. 4 (July 1996): 634–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.121.4.634.
Анотація:
The structure of feather keratin protein was modified in attempts to develop a slow-release N fertilizer of 12 weeks duration or longer by steam hydrolysis to break disulfide bonds, enzymatic hydrolysis with Bacillus licheniformis (Weigmann) to break polypeptide bonds, and steam hydrolysis (autoclaving) to hasten mineralization followed by cross-linking of the protein by a formaldehyde reaction to control the increased rate of mineralization. Release of N in potting substrate within elution columns from ground, but otherwise untreated, raw feathers occurred mainly during the first 5 weeks with a much smaller release occurring from weeks 8 to 12. Steam hydrolysis resulted in an increase of N during the first 5 weeks and a decrease during weeks 8 to 11. Cumulative N release over 11 weeks increased from 12% in raw feathers to 52% for feathers steam hydrolyzed for 90 minutes. This favored an immediately available fertilizer but not a slow-release fertilizer. Microbial hydrolysis with B. licheniformis resulted in a modest reduction of N release during the first 5 weeks and a small increase during weeks 8 to 11. Both shifts, while not desirable for an immediately available fertilizer, enhanced the slow-release fertilizer potential of feathers but not sufficiently to result in a useful product. Steam hydrolyzed feathers cross-linked with quantities of formaldehyde equal to 5% and 10% of the feather weight released less N during the first 5 weeks, more during weeks 6 and 7, and less during weeks 9 to 12 compared to raw feathers. The first two shifts were favorable for a slow-release fertilizer while the third was not.
6
Machado, Geruza Silveira, Ana Paula Folmer Correa, Paula Gabriela da Silva Pires, Letícia Marconatto, Adriano Brandelli, Alexandre de Mello Kessler, and Luciano Trevizan. "Determination of the Nutritional Value of Diet Containing Bacillus subtilis Hydrolyzed Feather Meal in Adult Dogs." Animals 11, no. 12 (December 14, 2021): 3553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11123553.
Анотація:
Feathers are naturally made up of non-digestible proteins. Under thermal processing, total tract digestibility can be partially improved. Furthermore, Bacillus subtilis (Bs) has shown a hydrolytic effect In vitro. Then, a Bs FTC01 was selected to hydrolyze enough feathers to produce a meal, and then test the quality and inclusion in the dog’s diet to measure the apparent total tract digestibility coefficient (ATTDC) in vivo and the microorganism’s ability to survive in the gastrointestinal tract. A basal diet was added with 9.09% hydrolyzed Bs feather meal (HFMBs) or 9.09% thermally hydrolyzed feather meal (HFMT). Nine adult dogs were randomized into two 10-day blocks and fed different diets. Microbial counts were performed on feather meal, diets and feces. The Bs was less effective in digesting the feathers, which reduced the ATTDC of dry matter, crude protein, energy and increased the production of fecal DM, but the fecal score was maintained (p > 0.05). The digestible energy of HFMT and HFMBs was 18,590 J/kg and 9196 J/kg, respectively. Bacillus subtilis showed limitation to digest feather in large scale, but the resistance of Bs to digestion was observed since it grown on feces culture.
7
Goldstein, Gerald, Kelly R. Flory, Beth Ann Browne, Samia Majid, Jann M. Ichida, and Edward H. Burtt Jr. "Bacterial Degradation of Black and White Feathers." Auk 121, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 656–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/121.3.656.
Анотація:
Abstract When feather-degrading Bacillus licheniformis is grown in culture, it secretes a keratinase that hydrolyzes the β-keratin matrix of a feather, thereby releasing oligopeptides that dissolve into the medium surrounding the feather and feather-degrading bacilli. These peptides absorb light passed through a sample of medium from which feather fragments, melanin granules, and bacteria have been removed by centrifugation. Samples of medium in which white, nonmelanic feathers are degrading absorb more light than samples of medium in which black, melanic feathers are degrading, which indicates that more oligopeptides are dissolved in medium surrounding white feathers than in medium surrounding black feathers. The differential absorption of light supports the conclusion that B. licheniformis degrades white feathers more rapidly than black feathers.
8
Dąbrowska, Małgorzata, Agata Sommer, Izabela Sinkiewicz, Antoni Taraszkiewicz, and Hanna Staroszczyk. "An optimal designed experiment for the alkaline hydrolysis of feather keratin." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 29, no. 16 (November 25, 2021): 24145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17649-2.
Анотація:
AbstractFeathers, burdensome waste from the poultry industry, can be a cheap source of keratin, a protein with excellent physicochemical, biological, and mechanical properties. Acid and alkaline hydrolyses are usually adopted for isolation of keratin from its natural resources. This study aimed at assessing the statistically significant effect of input variables in the alkaline hydrolysis of keratin from chicken feathers on the process yield and on the molecular weight of peptides obtained. The effect of the volume ratio of 1M NaOH to the feathers’ mass, the hydrolysis time, and the shaking speed of the reaction mixture on the process yield were analyzed. The use of statistical analysis at the design step of experiment allowed reducing the trial number from 27 to 9. Among the input variables analyzed, only the volume ratio of 1M NaOH to the feathers’ mass had a significant effect on the process yield, while none of them significantly affected the molecular weight of the peptides obtained. All hydrolysates were dominated by two peptides’ fractions, with molecular weights of ca. 130 and 250 kDa, and mixture of many peptides of weight close to 10 kDa and smaller. Alkaline hydrolysis of feather keratin yielded protein hydrolysates soluble over a wide pH range.
9
Choi, Jong-Myung, and Paul V. Nelson. "Developing a Slow-release Nitrogen Fertilizer from Organic Sources: III. Isolation and Action of a Feather-degrading Actinomycete." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121, no. 4 (July 1996): 639–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.121.4.639.
Анотація:
An actinomycete designated Streptomyces cn1 with a high proteolytic activity and capacity to degrade feather keratin was isolated and its effectiveness for altering feathers to yield a slow-release N fertilizer was evaluated. The pattern of N release in column elution tests from feathers ground to a particle size ≤1 mm, but otherwise unaltered, was characterized by a first period of release from weeks 2 through 5 with a high peak at week 3 and a second period of release from 14 to 20 weeks. The release of N during the first period was 10.5% and during the second period it was 7.3% for a total of only 17.8% of the N contained in these feathers. Grinding feathers to a finer particle size ≤0.5 mm caused increases in N release during the two periods to 14.7% and 15.8% N, respectively, for a total of 30.5% and second period N release began 5 weeks earlier at week 9. Microbial hydrolysis with Streptomyces cn1 for 1 though 5 days resulted in an adverse reduction in total N released, due in part to drying of feathers after hydrolysis. Hydrolysis of feathers for 7 days resulted in 42.6% of total N released over 20 weeks with 77.0% of this released during weeks 6 through 20. The second period of release began at week 8. Hydrolysis of feathers for 9 days was best for purposes of a slow-release fertilizer. Forty five percent of total N was released over 20 weeks with 89.3% of this released during the second period that began in week 7. Root substrate pH was increased in all treatments where feathers were applied. This would require a reduction in the rate of limestone incorporated into a commercial substrate when feather N is used. Pepsin digestibility and ninhydrin tests provided some insight into the N release mechanism but did not effectively predict N release from the feather products.
10
Adejumo, Isaac Oluseun, and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji. "Production and evaluation of biodegraded feather meal using immobilised and crude enzyme from Bacillus subtilis on broiler chickens." Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences 5, no. 10 (2018): 405–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21472/bjbs.051017.
Анотація:
The management of solid wastes has been a major concern to many cities of the world due to daily increasing rural-urban migration and globalization. Due to a greater consumption of poultry meat, the disposal of feather wastes has contributed to the daily increasing environmental pollution. Agricultural wastes (such as poultry feathers) are disposed by burning, which consequently constitute environmental pollution and their chemical or mechanical conversion into animal feed normally leads to minimization of amino acids. The application of biotechnology through the utilisation of enzymes is considered an easy and inexpensive means of producing valuable products from poultry feather wastes. Bacillus subtilis was isolated from a dumping site and the plates were incubated on nutrient agar. The treatments containing 200 mL each of crude enzyme, immobilized enzyme and sterilized water were added to the bioreactor for biodegradation of chicken feathers. After hydrolysis, the feathers were dried and the products labelled microbial biodegraded feather meal. The effect of temperature, keratinolytic activity and the influence of the immobilised and crude enzyme-degraded feather meal on broiler chickens were assessed. The optimal activity and biodegradative potential of the keratinolytic enzyme was observed as 45 oC and 48 h after fermentation, respectively. The weight gain of the birds fed immobilised enzyme-degraded feather meal-based diet compared with the control. The enzyme-degraded feather meal is safe for inclusion in broilers' diet and slight feeding manipulations could improve their performance.
Дисертації з теми "Hydrolysed feathers":
1
Eugenio, Francis Amann. "Équilibre et forme de l'apport en acides aminés dans l'alimentation : conséquences physiologiques et métaboliques chez le porc." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022NSARB358.
Анотація:
L'aliment apporte aux porcs des nutriments indispensables à leurs fonctions biologiques comme les acides aminés (AA). Dans l’aliment, les AA peuvent être apportés sous forme de protéines, de peptides ou bien sous forme libre directement assimilables. Les réponses métabolique et physiologique des porcs à l'apport en AA par l’aliment peuvent être influencées par l’équilibre des AA (profil) ainsi que par la forme sous laquelle ces AA sont apportés (protéines, peptides, libres). L’objectif de la thèse était d’évaluer les réponses métaboliques et physiologiques des porcs nourris avec un profil équilibré ou non en AA apportés sous forme de protéines, de peptides, ou sous forme d’AA libres. La réponse métabolique des porcs a été évaluée en étudiant la cinétique plasmatique postprandiale des AA et de différents métabolites. Nous avons comparé les cinétiques postprandiales de porcs adultes et en croissance pour étudier l’influence de l'équilibre des AA alimentaires. Les effets métaboliques deévaluées par la mesure de l’expression des transporteurs d'AA et de peptides et de la morphologie de la muqueuse. Nous avons montré que l'alimentation des porcs avec un régime avec un profil équilibré en AA entraîne une utilisation plus rapide des AA alimentaires par rapport à un régime avec un profil déséquilibré en AA. L'utilisation des AA par les tissus périphériques des porcs adultes est plus lente que celle des porcs en croissance. Par contre, l’utilisation des AA par le tube digestif et le foie au “premier passage” est plus importante chez les porcs adultes que chez les porcs en croissance. La digestibilité des AA des protéines est plus faible que celle des l'AA libres et des petits peptides, car ces deux derniers sont immédiatement disponibles sans avoir besoin d'être digérés. Cela entraîne une différence dans leur biodisponibilité pour les tissus périphériques et le statut métabolique des porcs. En outre, la forme de l'AA alimentaire influence la physiologie intestinale, comme le montrent la morphologie et l'abondance de divers transporteurs intestinaux d'AA et de peptides dans les différentes sections de l'intestin grêleFeeding animals is crucial for their life because they need nutrients like amino acids (AA). They use these AA for various biological processes like the synthesis of proteins and other biomolecules. Although, the metabolic and physiological response of pigs to feeding AA depends both on the dietary profile and form. The metabolic response of pigs was assessed by studying the dynamic changes in the postprandial plasma concentrations of different metabolites. Furthermore, as mature and growing animals have different metabolic needs and use of dietary AA, we used adult and growing pigs to study dietary AA balance. Meanwhile, as the form of AA has a direct impact on the rate of absorption of AA in the intestinal lumen, physiological adaptations like changes in morphology and gene expression of AA and peptide transporters were measured.We found that feeding pigs with a diet with a balanced AA profile results in quicker utilization of dietary AA compared to a diet with an unbalanced AA profile. The use of AA in the peripheral tissues of adult pigs is slower compared to growing pigs, conversely, more AA are utilized in the first-pass for adult pigs compared to growing pigs. There is a big difference in the AA digestibility of intact proteins compared to free AA and small peptides as the latter two are immediately available without the need for digestion. This causes a difference in their bioavailability to peripheral tissues and the metabolic status of pigs. Furthermore, the form of dietary AA influences intestinal physiology as seen in the morphology and the abundance of various intestinal AA and peptide transporters in the different sections of the small intestine of pigs
2
Holuša, Radomír. "Hydrolýza a následné zpracování drůbežího peří." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-318843.
Анотація:
The goal of this thesis is to introduce and explain technology of hydrolysis and subsequent processing of poultry feathers and make calculation of line for processing poultry feathers. This thesis also includes technological scheme of processing line, design and final evaluation of chosen processing technology.
3
Chang, Yu-Shan, and 張瑀珊. "Effects of dietary hydrolyzed soya protein on growthperformance, intestinal characteristics and blood biochemistry of red-feathered Taiwan country chickens." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/42hwh9.
Анотація:
碩士國立屏東科技大學
動物科學與畜產系所
105
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary hydrolyzed soya protein on growth performance, intestinal characteristics and blood biochemistry of red-feathered Taiwan country chickens. Three hundred and twenty day-old red-feathered Taiwan country chickens were randomly divided into 5 treatments. The five treatment groups were: A (basal diet), B (3.0% fish meal), C (2.5% HSP + G ), D (2.5% hydrolyzed soya protein, HSP) and E (5.0% HSP). The hydrolyzed soya protein used for present study was fermented by Lactobacillus acidophilus. The experiment lasted for 12 weeks; during experiment feed and water were provided ad libitum. Birds were weighed individually; feed consumption and feed conversion ratio (F/G) were recorded weekly. Birds were randomly selected from each treatment and were sacrificed on week 4, 8 and 12 for sample collection and analysis. The results showed that body weight of male chickens in the HSP group were significantly higher than that of the A group at 84 days of age, and body weights of female chickens was significantly higher in C group than A group at 84 days of age. Feed intake was not significantly different among treatments. Comparison with A group, feed conversion ratio of male chickens was improved during 1-84 days of age, when HSP was supplemented in diets. For organ weights ratio, the relative pancreas weight of male chickens in HSP groups was significantly decreased than that of the A group at 84 days of age. For nutrients digestibility, crude protein digestibility of male chickens in D group was significantly increased than that of the other groups at 84 days of age. For microorganism counts, the number of Lactobacilli in jejunum of female chickens in the E group was significantly increased than that of the A group at 28 days of age. In 56 days old broilers, the number of Lactobacilli in jejunum of male chickens and ileum of female chickens in the D and E groups were significantly increased than those of the A group, the number of Coliforms in jejunum of female chickens and ileum of male chickens in the C group were significantly decreased than those of the A group. In 84 days old broilers, the number of Enterococci in jejunum and ileum of male chickens in the HSP group was significantly lower than that of the A group, the number of Coliforms in the ileum of male chickens in C group was significantly lower than that of the A group. For blood biochemistry, in 28 days old broilers, the total protein concentration in sera of female chickens in C and D group were significantly higher than those of the A group. The albumin concentration in sera of female chickens in D and male chickens in C group were significantly higher than those of the A group. The total cholesterol concentration in sera of female chickens in D group was significantly lowered than that of the A group. In 56 days old broilers, compared with the A group, the total protein and albumin concentration in sera of female chickens were significantly higher than those of the C group, the alanine aminotransferase concentration in sera of female chickens was significantly lowered in the C group. The total cholesterol concentration in sera of female chickens was significantly lowered in the D group. In 84 days old broilers, the total cholesterol concentration in sera of female chickens was significantly lowered in the C group, the blood urea nitrogen concentration of female chickens in HSP groups was significantly lowered than that of A group. In summary, dietary HSP supplementation had improved growth performances, increased crude protein digestibility, increased Lactobacilli counts and decreased Coliforms counts in the intestine, increased total protein and albumin concentration in sera of chickens, and decreased blood urea nitrogen concentration in sera of chickens.
4
Chen, Ting-Rou, and 陳庭柔. "The Evaluation of Hydrolysis of Chicken Feather with Raw Enzyme from Bacillus licheniformis CCRC 14353 and Bacillus licheniformis CCRC 11594." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64804681303334625514.
Анотація:
碩士國立中興大學
畜產學系
92
捌、英文摘要 The Evaluation of Hydrolysis of Chicken Feather with Raw Enzyme from Bacillus licheniformis CCRC 14353 and Bacillus licheniformis CCRC 11594 Ting-Rou Chen Abstract Feathers composed of over 90% protein, the main component being keratin, a α-helix and the sulfide amino acid highly cross-linked interaction results in mechanical stability and resistance to proteolyses. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of enzymes from Bacillus licheniformis CCRC 14353 and Bacillus licheniformis CCRC 11594 for hydrolyses of chicken feather. The results were as the following : the CFU of B. licheniformis CCRC 14353 and B. licheniformis CCRC 11594 reached the maximum value (8.94 and 9.06 log CFU/mL) for 96 hrs of incubation, respectively. The enzyme activity of the bacteria strains increased with increasing of growth curve, and reached the maximum values which were 1.74 and 2.14 unit/mL for 132 hrs of incubation, respectively. The pH of two bacteria strains were slightly decreased when incubated for 24 hrs, but rose later until incubated for 150 hrs, the pH were 7.21 and 7.29 when determined at the end time in this research, respectively. SDS-PAGE analysis of the raw enzyme from the two bacteria strains revealed that the 30 kDa and 31 kDa protein can be detected. The optimum pH of enzyme activity of CCRC 14353 was pH 7 and pH 11, and the enzyme activity was 30.59 and 30.48 units/g protein, respectively; The optimum pH of enzyme activity of CCRC 11594 was pH 7 and pH 11, and the enzyme activity was 45.3 and 42.9 units/g protein, respectively. The optimum temperatures of enzyme activity of CCRC 14353 and CCRC 11594 were 70 and 60℃, and the enzyme activity was 35.12 and 65.71 units/g protein, individually. After the raw enzymes of CCRC 143534 and CCRC 11594 hydrolyzed chicken feather for 144 hrs, the total nitrogen content was significantly increased in solution when compared to the initial （0 hr）; as well as the total nitrogen content of CCRC 11594 was higher than that of CCRC 14353. The hydrolyzing efficiency of chicken feather treated by high temperature and high pressure was higher than the control. The raw enzymes of CCRC 143534 and CCRC 11594 were used to hydrolyze chicken feather in pH 7 solution, the pH were decreased after hydrolyzing for 24 hrs, and then increased with time. However, the pH of the same treatments in pH 11 solution was decreased with time, and maintained an alkalinity condition during hydrolysis. The loss percentage of chicken feather treated by both raw enzymes in pH 11 solution for 144 hrs were higher than those in pH 7 solution. The loss percentage of chicken feather treated by high temperature and high pressure was higher than the samples without treatment, especially in 1 % feather lot; The loss percentage of chicken feather by raw enzyme of CCRC 11594 was significantly more than that of CCRC 14353. In SEM observation, some chicks and broken particles were found on the surface of chicken feather barbs treated by raw enzymes from the two bacteria strains. Moreover, a distinctly more checks and broken particles were observed when chicken feather per treated by high temperature and pressure then treated by raw enzymes from the two bacteria strains. The appearance of chicken feathers were broken down and resulted in a high turbidity solution when they were treated by raw enzymes from the two bacteria strains for 144 hrs. Overall, conclusion chicken feather treated by raw enzymes from CCRC 11594 had better hydrolysis efficiency than CCRC 14353. On the other hand, a synergism was found when chicken feather per-treated by high temperature and pressure then treated by raw enzymes.
Частини книг з теми "Hydrolysed feathers":
1
Hertrampf, Joachim W., and Felicitas Piedad-Pascual. "Feather Meal (Hydrolysed)." In Handbook on Ingredients for Aquaculture Feeds, 131–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4018-8_15.
2
He, Wenliang, Peng Li, and Guoyao Wu. "Amino Acid Nutrition and Metabolism in Chickens." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 109–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54462-1_7.
Анотація:
AbstractBoth poultry meat and eggs provide high-quality animal protein [containing sufficient amounts and proper ratios of amino acids (AAs)] for human consumption and, therefore, play an important role in the growth, development, and health of all individuals. Because there are growing concerns about the suboptimal efficiencies of poultry production and its impact on environmental sustainability, much attention has been paid to the formulation of low-protein diets and precision nutrition through the addition of low-cost crystalline AAs or alternative sources of animal-protein feedstuffs. This necessitates a better understanding of AA nutrition and metabolism in chickens. Although historic nutrition research has focused on nutritionally essential amino acids (EAAs) that are not synthesized or are inadequately synthesized in the body, increasing evidence shows that the traditionally classified nutritionally nonessential amino acids (NEAAs), such as glutamine and glutamate, have physiological and regulatory roles other than protein synthesis in chicken growth and egg production. In addition, like other avian species, chickens do not synthesize adequately glycine or proline (the most abundant AAs in the body but present in plant-source feedstuffs at low content) relative to their nutritional and physiological needs. Therefore, these two AAs must be sufficient in poultry diets. Animal proteins (including ruminant meat & bone meal and hydrolyzed feather meal) are abundant sources of both glycine and proline in chicken nutrition. Clearly, chickens (including broilers and laying hens) have dietary requirements for all proteinogenic AAs to achieve their maximum productivity and maintain optimum health particularly under adverse conditions such as heat stress and disease. This is a paradigm shift in poultry nutrition from the 70-year-old “ideal protein” concept that concerned only about EAAs to the focus of functional AAs that include both EAAs and NEAAs.
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Kumar, Jitendra. "Microbial Hydrolysed Feather Protein as a Source of Amino Acids and Protein in the Diets of Animals Including Poultry." In Advances in Poultry Nutrition Research [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96925.
Анотація:
Feathers are hard waste products, mainly composed of hard β-keratin, and are produced in large quantities in commercial poultry processing plants. Therefore, their industrial utilization is important economically as well as environmentally. Feathers degradation through keratinolytic microorganisms has been considered as an important method for efficient bioconversion, nutritional enhancement and eco-friendliness. The use of crude keratinase significantly increased the amino acid digestibility of raw feathers and commercial feather meal. This enzyme increased the digestibility of commercial feather meal and could replace as much as 7% of the dietary protein for growing chicks. However, feathers are currently utilized on a limited basis as a dietary protein supplement for animal feed because feather meal production is an expensive process, requiring significant amounts of energy. This review paper explains the nutritive value of feathers which makes suitable and inexpensive animal and poultry feed.